Background:Exploring the efficacy,potential components,and mechanism of the combination of ginger essential oil and gingerols in the treatment of head wind disease based on network pharmacology technology with content...Background:Exploring the efficacy,potential components,and mechanism of the combination of ginger essential oil and gingerols in the treatment of head wind disease based on network pharmacology technology with content weight.Methods:The experimental groups were divided into:0:10,1:4,1:2,1:1,2:1,4:1,10:0.The relative content(Ri)of the chemical constituents of ginger's volatile oil was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Additionally,the physicochemical and biological property parameters(LogP,MDCK,PPB,MW)of the components were considered.To assess the quantitative effect of the components,a grading score was performed,and the quantitative effect index(Ki)was calculated.Subsequently,the target effect index(Ti)was calculated by combining the component-target matching score(Fit score).Using these calculations,the target effect score A was determined under the influence of multiple components targeting different targets.Key targets with A≥1000 were identified.To predict the targets related to head wind disease,the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(https://ctdbase.org/),Gene Cards(https://www.genecards.org/),and Disgenet database(https://www.disgenet.org/)were utilized.The key targets,obtained from different proportions of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol,were intersected with the predicted targets.This facilitated network pharmacological analysis and verification of the efficacy.Results:The content of volatile oil in ginger demonstrated an impact on key targets associated with the volatile oil group.Each specific combination of volatile oil consistently activated distinct pathways,with variations stemming from changes in content.Experimental testing revealed that different combinations of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol effectively alleviated migraine symptoms in rats.Conclusion:Through the application of content-weighted network pharmacology technology and pharmacodynamic verification,it was determined that altering the ratio between ginger's volatile oil and gingerol leads to variations in potential targets and pathways,consequently impacting its efficacy.展开更多
This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhiz...This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhizome. Drying of ginger was modeled, and then the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy were determined. For this purpose, the experiments were done at six levels of varied temperatures: 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The values of effective diffusion coefficients obtained in this work for the variously treated ginger rhizomes closely agreed with the average effective diffusion coefficients of other notable authors who determined the drying kinetics and convective heat transfer coefficients of ginger slices.展开更多
In previous study,we got a purified ginger polysaccharide UGP1 and verified its significant antitumor activities on colon cancer HCT116 cells.In this article,we aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of UGP1 exe...In previous study,we got a purified ginger polysaccharide UGP1 and verified its significant antitumor activities on colon cancer HCT116 cells.In this article,we aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of UGP1 exerted antitumor activities on colon cancer by using in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models.The results demonstrated that UGP1 could induce S-phase cell cycle arrest,up-regulate the expression of Bax and p53,down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2,and activate the downstream protein caspase-9 and caspase-3,which was related to intrinsic apoptosis pathway on HCT116 cells.Moreover,UGP1 significantly stimulated RAW264.7 cell proliferation and secretion activity.Similarly,UGP1 inhibited tumor proliferation on tumor-bearing mice,increased the expression of p53 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2,enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and decreased the secretion of pro-tumor cytokines TGF-βand b FGF in serum.In conclusion,it indicated that the UGP 1 could sup press human colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis via the regulation of p53,caspase-3,and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio-dependent pathway and regulating immune system activity.Thi s investigation provided basic theoretical mechanism of ginger polysaccharideexerted antitumor activities,and contributed to develop a possible functional food or adjuvant agent for prevention or treatment of colon cancer.展开更多
Cancer seriously endangers human health.Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common and major malignant tumor,and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing.Although there are effective treatments such as rad...Cancer seriously endangers human health.Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common and major malignant tumor,and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing.Although there are effective treatments such as radio-therapy and chemotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors,they are often accom-panied by serious side effects.According to the traditional Chinese medicine and food homology theory,many materials are both food and medicine.Moreover,food is just as capable of preventing and treating diseases as medicine.Medicine and food homologous herbs not only have excellent pharmacological effects and activities but also have few side effects.As a typical medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible uses,some components of ginger have been shown to have good efficacy and safety against cancer.A mass of evidence has also shown that ginger has anti-tumor effects on digestive tract cancers(such as gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer,laryngeal cancer,and pancreatic cancer)through a variety of pathways.The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action of the main components of ginger and their potential clinical applications in treating gastrointestinal tumors.展开更多
The consumption of maize and cowpea in Africa and developing countries is high,owing to the fact that they are readily available,coupled the with nutritional benefits they provide.Growth loss has been seen in crops cu...The consumption of maize and cowpea in Africa and developing countries is high,owing to the fact that they are readily available,coupled the with nutritional benefits they provide.Growth loss has been seen in crops cultivated on heavy metal polluted soils as a consequence of alterations in physiological and biochemical processes.This study was aimed at assessing the growth indices of seeds(maize and cowpea)grown on heavy metal contaminated soil treated with ginger extracts.The study adopted a Complete Randomized Design(CRD)in which growth indices of either maize or cowpea were examined from each crop type grown on soil without any pollutant or treatment and soils with metal pollutants;with or without treatment with ginger extracts in the individual experiments.Data were analyzed using ANOVA.The results showed that ginger extract induced oxidative stress on cowpea after 10 days of cultivation with root length significantly(P≤0.05)higher on the normal control-G-M and+L-G which recorded 7.60 and 7.3 cm respectively.Patterns of growth indices noticed after 30 and 40 days of cowpea cultivation were variable showing least growth in leaf development.Highest maize root(27.00 cm),shoot(8.85 cm)and leaf(25.25 cm)development were recorded in maize grown on soil without metal contamination but treated with ginger(+G-M-positive control)after days 10,40 and 40 after cultivation.It was observed that the soil contaminated with heavy metals affected the growth pattern of the crops thereby causing stunted growth,chlorosis,discoloration and wilting.It could be concluded that cowpea performed better in shoot of both treated and untreated soils even though the values were not significantly different from that of root and leaf while maize showed a decrease in shoot even though the values for root and leaf were not significantly different.展开更多
Objective: To study in vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol as an alternative therapy for Cystic echinococcosis. Methods: Effect of a commonly used herbal product and ginger(Zingi...Objective: To study in vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol as an alternative therapy for Cystic echinococcosis. Methods: Effect of a commonly used herbal product and ginger(Zingiber officinale) towards protoscoleces(PSC) and cyst wall in vitro was studied. The effect of [6]-gingerol, and the pungent constituent of ginger, was also evaluated on PSC culture. Furthermore, the activity of both extracts in association with interferon-gamma(IFN-γ) on PSC co-cultured with mononuclear cells of hydatic patients was evaluated. The nitric oxide(NO) production was measured in each co-culture. Results: Ginger exhibited a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect against PSC and cyst wall. Interestingly, ginger was more effective than the [6]-gingerol. Moreover, additional parasitic effect between extracts and IFN-γ are also observed in co-cultures. Furthermore, both extracts attenuated the NO production elicited by this infection or by the IFN-γ. Conclusions: Ginger has an important anti-hydatic effect in vitro. This effect is amplified in the presence of IFN-γ. Moreover, this herbal product may protect against host's cell death by reducing the high levels of NO. Ginger may act, at least, through the [6]-gingerol. All our data suggest the promising use of ginger in the treatment of Echinococcus granulosus infection.展开更多
With the development of aquaculture, there is an urgent demand for an alternative antibacterial agent to reduce the drug resistance and environmental pollution caused by the abuse of antibiotics. Recently, silver nano...With the development of aquaculture, there is an urgent demand for an alternative antibacterial agent to reduce the drug resistance and environmental pollution caused by the abuse of antibiotics. Recently, silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) have been viewed as a novel type of antimicrobial agents due to their unique advantages. In this study,Ag NPs were biosynthesized with the ginger rhizomes extract. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of the Ag NPs were fully analyzed against six typical aquatic pathogens. The results indicated that the components in ginger extract could function as the chemical reductant to synthesize Ag NPs. Moreover, compared with the Ag NPs synthesized by chemical methods, the biosynthesized Ag NPs were smaller, and had higher stability and antibacterial activity. Therefore, the biosynthesized Ag NPs using ginger extract may have prospective applications in aquaculture.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the additive action of ginger starch on the antifungal activity of honey against Candida albicans(C.albicans).Methods:C.albicans was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of ...Objective:To evaluate the additive action of ginger starch on the antifungal activity of honey against Candida albicans(C.albicans).Methods:C.albicans was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of four varieties of Algerian honey.Lower concentrations of honey than the MIC were incubated with a set of concentrations of starch and then added to media to detennine the minimum additive inhibitory concentration(MAIC).Results:The MIC for the four varieties of honey without starch against C.albicans ranged between 38%and 42%(v/v).When starch was incubated with honey and then added to media,a MIC drop was noticed with each variety.MAIC of the four varieties ranged between 32%honey(v/v)with 4%starch and 36%honey(v/v) with 2%starch.Conclusions:The use of ginger starch allows honey benefit and will constitute an alternative way against the resistance to antifungal agents.展开更多
Chronic ethanol consumption is associated with changes in the function and structure of the lungs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the lungs and whether ginger extrac...Chronic ethanol consumption is associated with changes in the function and structure of the lungs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the lungs and whether ginger extract mitigated pulmonary abnormalities induced by ethanol in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into the control group, the ethanol group, and the ethanol plus ginger extract group. Six weeks of ethanol treatment increased the proliferation of lung cells, and induced fibrosis, inflammation and leukocyte infiltration. A significant rise in the level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, NADPH oxidase, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein was also observed. Ginger extract significantly ameliorated the above changes. These findings indicate that ethanol induces abnormalities in the lungs by oxidative DNA damage and oxidative stress, and that these effects can be alleviated by ginger, which may function as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.展开更多
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Ginger has been used as a condiment and for the treatment of ailments for many y...Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Ginger has been used as a condiment and for the treatment of ailments for many years. However, there are limited studies on the antioxidant and scavenging power of processed ginger. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects that processing has on the total phenolic and flavanoid content of ginger and its antioxidant potential using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Radical-Scavenging Activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Fresh ginger (FG) was used as a control with oven drying (OD) sun drying (SD) and freeze drying (FD) as processing methods. Freeze-dried ginger (77.87%) showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) free radical scavenging ability as compared to other treatment groups (18.40% - 72.90%). However, sundried ginger had the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power at 35.28 ± 0.69 mmol Fe (II)/mg ginger. Total phenolic content content (mg GAE/100g) for fresh, oven died, sun-dried, and freeze-dried were 514.02 ± 3.92, 796.46 ± 8.16, 878.76 ± 13.17, and 1021.15 ± 12.95, respectively. Flavanoid content of processed ginger was highest in freeze-dried samples (458.82 CE/100g ginger).展开更多
The study was carried out to develop and compare Ginger candy from fresh indigenous and China Ginger. Ginger was immersed into the sugar solution with the concentrations of 50%, 60% and 70% sugar solution. Moisture, a...The study was carried out to develop and compare Ginger candy from fresh indigenous and China Ginger. Ginger was immersed into the sugar solution with the concentrations of 50%, 60% and 70% sugar solution. Moisture, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber and total sugar content and organoleptic quality and microbial status of the prepared candy were analyzed. Moisture, ash, protein, fat and crude fiber content was found to be lower with increased concentration of sugar solution used, whereas total sugar content was found to be higher. Total bacterial count was increased with increasing the concentration of sugar solution. The best characteristic of Ginger candy was found with 50% sugar solution, with highest nutrient and lowest microbial load than candy prepared with 60% and 70% sugar solution.展开更多
Spices have been used for centuries for food preservation, flavors, and medicinal properties. Research suggests that garlic, turmeric, and ginger contain potent antioxidants that may prevent and/or delay chronic disea...Spices have been used for centuries for food preservation, flavors, and medicinal properties. Research suggests that garlic, turmeric, and ginger contain potent antioxidants that may prevent and/or delay chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Heat treatment of spices may potentially increase antioxidative activity by modifying the inherent chemical structure of potent antioxidative compounds within spices. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of thermal treatment of garlic, ginger, and turmeric on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), trolox activity (TEAC), lipase, a-amylase, and a-glucosidase inhibition. Conventional stovetop heating of selected spices was performed followed by methanolic and aqueous extractions (1 - 5 minutes;70°C - 130°C). Overall methanolic extracts had higher phytochemical, antioxidative, and anti-diabetic potential. However, aqueous garlic extracts exhibited higher phytochemical and antioxidative potential over methanolic garlic extracts. The highest TPC for aqueous garlic extracts was observed at 1 minute (14.11 mg GAE/g) while methanolic garlic extracts at 1 minute were significantly lower (1.72 mg GAE/g). Methanolic turmeric extracts had highest TPC at 5 minutes (28.55 mg GAE/g). Time and temperature influenced antioxidant activity in the spices. Turmeric and ginger (methanolic extracts) resulted in higher percent inhibition of DPPH radical with an increase in time (5 minute) turmeric (86.9%) and ginger (79.09%) at 7.9 mg/mL concentration. The results of this study revealed both solvent and time for thermal treatment of spices influenced antioxidative potential as determined using DPPH and FRAP assays. Therefore, the use of thermal application on spices presents promise in potentiating the antioxidant content and thereby their potential health promoting properties. Spices are utilized in the U.S. food industry and increasing their use as a natural antioxidant preservative and flavoring agent may have beneficial impact in food product development.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to evaluate the safety of 45%prochloraz EW in ginger,and to study the residue and degradation of 45%prochloraz EW in ginger.[Method]45%Prochloraz EW was sprayed once at the dose of 455.625 g a...[Objective]The paper was to evaluate the safety of 45%prochloraz EW in ginger,and to study the residue and degradation of 45%prochloraz EW in ginger.[Method]45%Prochloraz EW was sprayed once at the dose of 455.625 g a.i./ha in dynamic degradation test,and ginger plants were collected at 2 h,1,3,5,7,14,21,28,35 and 42 d post spraying,respectively.45%Prochloraz EW was sprayed at the doses of 303.75 and 455.625 g a.i./ha for 2-3 times with an interval of 7 d in final residue test,and ginger plants were collected at 7,14 and 21 d post spraying,respectively.The content of prochloraz was quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography.[Result]Dynamic degradation test demonstrated that prochloraz degraded quickly in plants,and the half-life in Shandong and Anhui were 5.8 and 7.9 d,respectively.The final residue of prochloraz in ginger samples was<0.01-0.145 mg/kg,lower than the maximum residue limit of prochloraz in ginger formulated by European Union(0.2 mg/kg).[Conclusion]Prochloraz should be sprayed at the recommended dose of 202.5-303.75 g a.i./ha for prevention and control of anthracnose on ginger.The agent should be sprayed twice in the early stage of incidence,with an interval of 7 d,and the safety interval of 14 d was safe.展开更多
Objective:Pinellia Tuber,the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata,is widely used in Japanese Kampo medicines and traditional Chinese medicines.The unprocessed Pinellia Tuber is known to cause very strong acrid irritation a...Objective:Pinellia Tuber,the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata,is widely used in Japanese Kampo medicines and traditional Chinese medicines.The unprocessed Pinellia Tuber is known to cause very strong acrid irritation at oral and laryngopharynx mucosa.Recent studies have shown that the sharp needle-like crystals called raphides,that are composed of calcium oxalate and proteins,are the main causative substances of the irritation.Ginger,the rhizome of Zingiber officinale,has been used in the processing to reduce the acridity of Pinellia Tuber since before the sixth century,however,the mechanisms of reducing acridity have not been scientifically proved yet.Methods:We developed the raphides denaturation assay(RDA)to quantify the degree of denaturation in the raphides to cause irritation.By their lipophilic characters,the raphides could be extracted in petroleum ether(PE)layer from powdered Pinellia Tuber suspended in water,and the contents of the raphides in PE layer were measured by the absorbance.By this assay,we conducted the activity-guided fractionation from the boiling water extract of ginger to find the ingredients to denature the raphides.We also conducted the gustatory tests to detect the change of the irritation of the denatured raphides.Results:The treatment of powdered Pinellia Tuber suspension with ginger extract reduced the distribution of raphides in PE layer in RDA in a concentration-dependent manner.The activity-guided fractionation using RDA revealed that oxalic acid was the main active ingredient in ginger extract to denature the raphides of Pinellia Tuber.Oxalic acid reduced the lipophilicity of the raphides in the thermo-,time-,and concentration-dependent manners,and its activity was affected by pH.The treatment of powdered Pinellia Tuber suspension with oxalic acid significantly reduced its acrid irritation in gustatory test in human.Conclusions:We found that oxalic acid is the main active ingredient in ginger to reduce the acrid irritation of Pinellia Tuber.展开更多
Biomass activated carbon(BAC)was produced from ginger stems by carbonization and activation presented high specific surface areas and mesoporous structures.The carbonization temperature of the ginger stems were contro...Biomass activated carbon(BAC)was produced from ginger stems by carbonization and activation presented high specific surface areas and mesoporous structures.The carbonization temperature of the ginger stems were controlled within 500~900℃.The optimal carbonization condition is as follows:carbonization temperature of 700℃,carbonization time of 6 h.The determined optimum activation condition is:temperature of 800℃,activator of KOH and carbonized product/alkali ratio of 1:4(w/w).The carbonization yield,BAC yield and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)surface area were measured and the adsorption performance of BAC to nitrogen was investigated.The results showed that the nitrogen adsorption isotherm curve was as type I isotherm.It was finally determined that the BET surface area was 660 m2/g under the abovementioned optimal conditions of carbonization and activation.The FESEM analysis indicates that the obtained BAC is of micropore structure.展开更多
Agricultural residues are important renewable biomass resources that have not received much research attention. Ginger stalk is a major agricultural waste in China.The extraction of cellulose from ginger stalk would c...Agricultural residues are important renewable biomass resources that have not received much research attention. Ginger stalk is a major agricultural waste in China.The extraction of cellulose from ginger stalk would convert this waste into a high value-added product and, simultaneously, contribute to environmental protection. This research studied the characteristics of cellulose extracted from ginger stalk by two different treatments:(i) potassium hydroxide(KOH) treatment and(ii) nitric acid-ethanol(NAE) treatment. The optimal condition for the KOH treatment was obtained, it was at 1∶30 solidto-liquid ratio(SLR) for 5 h extraction time with 14 wt% KOH. The optimal condition for the NAE treatment was as follows: 1∶40 SLR, 4 h extraction time, and a reaction temperature of 90℃. However, the cellulose obtained by NAE treatment was severely degraded than that by KOH treatment. The Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses revealed that both treatments successfully dissolved the lignin and hemicellulose. Two treatments showed a higher cellulose yield, and the extracted cellulose had more crystal structure.展开更多
Objective:The influence of two experimental starches - ginger starch obtained from Zingiber officinale and banana starch from Musa sapientum - on the mechanical and disintegration properties of chloroquine tablets hav...Objective:The influence of two experimental starches - ginger starch obtained from Zingiber officinale and banana starch from Musa sapientum - on the mechanical and disintegration properties of chloroquine tablets have been studied in comparison with the influence of official corn starch.Methods:Chloroquine tablets were formulated using various concentarions of the starches as binding agent.The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed in terms of crushing strength and friability and the crushing strength-friability ratio(CSFR) while drug release properties were evaluated based on disintegration and the time of tablets.Results:The ranking for crushing strength and CSFR was corn】banana】ginger starch while the ranking was reverse for friability.The disintegration time increased with packing fraction and starch concentration in the rank order of formulations containing corn】banana】ginger starch.The CSFR/DT values increased with concentration of starch binder indicating an improved balance between binding and disintegrant properties of the starches.Statistical analysis showed that there were significant(P【0.001) difference in the CSFR/DT for tablets containing the various starch binders.Conclusion:The mechanical and disintegration properties of the experimental starches compared favorably with those of corn starch and ginger starch could be more useful when faster tablet disintegration is desired.展开更多
To determine whether dried fermented ginger (DFG), fermented with Japanese mugwort silage juice, could be replaced by fermented corncob powder (FCP) as a of feed ingredient source without significant body weight decre...To determine whether dried fermented ginger (DFG), fermented with Japanese mugwort silage juice, could be replaced by fermented corncob powder (FCP) as a of feed ingredient source without significant body weight decrease or damage to visceral organs (using gross anatomical observation), to intestinal villi (using light microscopy), or to the epithelial cells on the villus apical surface (using scanning electron microscopy) the following investigation was performed. Sixty-four male broilers were allotted to 4 groups: a basal diet group (control group), and basal diet groups with DFG at a level of 50 ppm;with DFG at 50 ppm and FCP at 250 ppm (50 ppm DFG + 250 ppm FCP group);and with FCP at a level of 500 ppm (500 ppm FCP group). Feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass quality, small intestinal length and weight, and visceral organ weight were not different among groups. Furthermore, regarding intestinal villus height, villus area and crypt depth, a significant difference was not found among the groups. When these values of the control were expressed as an index of 100, the duodenal villus height of the 50 ppm DFG + 250 ppm FCP group and the 500 ppm FCP group were 114 and 119, respectively. The duodenal villus area of the 50 ppm DFG + 250 ppm FCP group and the 500 ppm FCP group were 125 and 158, respectively. These villus heights and areas are thought to be activated. On the epithelial cells on the villus apical surface in the duodenum and jejunum, the 50 ppm DFG + 250 ppm FCP group had protuberated cells into the intestinal lumen and deeper cells at the sites of recently exfoliated cells, suggesting that these cells are activated. The present results indicate that small amounts of fermented corncob powder can be used as a feed supplement when mixed with fermented ginger powder, due to the synergy between the two ingredients, resulting in a 6% increase in body weight gain。展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to guide scientific and rational use of emamectin benzoate in ginger.[Method]A field experiment was conducted to determine residue and degradation dynamics and final residue of emamectin benzo...[Objective]The paper was to guide scientific and rational use of emamectin benzoate in ginger.[Method]A field experiment was conducted to determine residue and degradation dynamics and final residue of emamectin benzoate in ginger.The residue of emamectin benzoate in ginger was determined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS).[Result]The half-life of emamectin benzoate in ginger was 2.2-3.4 d.As 5%emamectin benzoate WDG was sprayed on ginger at 7.5 and 11.25 g·a.i/hm^2 for consecutive 1-2 times,the residues of emamectin benzoate in ginger harvested at 7,14 and 21 d post spraying were lower than the quantitative limit of the method(0.01 mg/kg),and were lower than the stipulation in Japan as well(0.1 mg/kg).[Conclusion]It is safe to use emamectin benzoate in ginger with the harvest interval of 7 d according to the recommended dose.展开更多
基金Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Key Discipline of Shaanxi province(303061107)National key Research and Development plan(2018-YFC1706904)+2 种基金Discipline Innovation team Project of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine(2019-YL11)Shaanxi Province Key subject of pharmacy engineering of Shaanxi Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine administration(2017001)Key R&D Plan of Shaanxi Province,Development of Nasal Formulations of Ginger Medicinal Components Based on"Component Traditional Chinese Medicine"(2020SF-316).
文摘Background:Exploring the efficacy,potential components,and mechanism of the combination of ginger essential oil and gingerols in the treatment of head wind disease based on network pharmacology technology with content weight.Methods:The experimental groups were divided into:0:10,1:4,1:2,1:1,2:1,4:1,10:0.The relative content(Ri)of the chemical constituents of ginger's volatile oil was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Additionally,the physicochemical and biological property parameters(LogP,MDCK,PPB,MW)of the components were considered.To assess the quantitative effect of the components,a grading score was performed,and the quantitative effect index(Ki)was calculated.Subsequently,the target effect index(Ti)was calculated by combining the component-target matching score(Fit score).Using these calculations,the target effect score A was determined under the influence of multiple components targeting different targets.Key targets with A≥1000 were identified.To predict the targets related to head wind disease,the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(https://ctdbase.org/),Gene Cards(https://www.genecards.org/),and Disgenet database(https://www.disgenet.org/)were utilized.The key targets,obtained from different proportions of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol,were intersected with the predicted targets.This facilitated network pharmacological analysis and verification of the efficacy.Results:The content of volatile oil in ginger demonstrated an impact on key targets associated with the volatile oil group.Each specific combination of volatile oil consistently activated distinct pathways,with variations stemming from changes in content.Experimental testing revealed that different combinations of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol effectively alleviated migraine symptoms in rats.Conclusion:Through the application of content-weighted network pharmacology technology and pharmacodynamic verification,it was determined that altering the ratio between ginger's volatile oil and gingerol leads to variations in potential targets and pathways,consequently impacting its efficacy.
文摘This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhizome. Drying of ginger was modeled, and then the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy were determined. For this purpose, the experiments were done at six levels of varied temperatures: 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The values of effective diffusion coefficients obtained in this work for the variously treated ginger rhizomes closely agreed with the average effective diffusion coefficients of other notable authors who determined the drying kinetics and convective heat transfer coefficients of ginger slices.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project“Modern food processing and food storage and transportation technology and equipment”(2017YFD0400203)。
文摘In previous study,we got a purified ginger polysaccharide UGP1 and verified its significant antitumor activities on colon cancer HCT116 cells.In this article,we aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of UGP1 exerted antitumor activities on colon cancer by using in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models.The results demonstrated that UGP1 could induce S-phase cell cycle arrest,up-regulate the expression of Bax and p53,down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2,and activate the downstream protein caspase-9 and caspase-3,which was related to intrinsic apoptosis pathway on HCT116 cells.Moreover,UGP1 significantly stimulated RAW264.7 cell proliferation and secretion activity.Similarly,UGP1 inhibited tumor proliferation on tumor-bearing mice,increased the expression of p53 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2,enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and decreased the secretion of pro-tumor cytokines TGF-βand b FGF in serum.In conclusion,it indicated that the UGP 1 could sup press human colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis via the regulation of p53,caspase-3,and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio-dependent pathway and regulating immune system activity.Thi s investigation provided basic theoretical mechanism of ginger polysaccharideexerted antitumor activities,and contributed to develop a possible functional food or adjuvant agent for prevention or treatment of colon cancer.
基金"Young Scholars of Western China"(Class A)_West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XAB2019AW13Ningxia Natural Science Foundation,No.2022AAC02039.
文摘Cancer seriously endangers human health.Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common and major malignant tumor,and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing.Although there are effective treatments such as radio-therapy and chemotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors,they are often accom-panied by serious side effects.According to the traditional Chinese medicine and food homology theory,many materials are both food and medicine.Moreover,food is just as capable of preventing and treating diseases as medicine.Medicine and food homologous herbs not only have excellent pharmacological effects and activities but also have few side effects.As a typical medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible uses,some components of ginger have been shown to have good efficacy and safety against cancer.A mass of evidence has also shown that ginger has anti-tumor effects on digestive tract cancers(such as gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer,laryngeal cancer,and pancreatic cancer)through a variety of pathways.The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action of the main components of ginger and their potential clinical applications in treating gastrointestinal tumors.
文摘The consumption of maize and cowpea in Africa and developing countries is high,owing to the fact that they are readily available,coupled the with nutritional benefits they provide.Growth loss has been seen in crops cultivated on heavy metal polluted soils as a consequence of alterations in physiological and biochemical processes.This study was aimed at assessing the growth indices of seeds(maize and cowpea)grown on heavy metal contaminated soil treated with ginger extracts.The study adopted a Complete Randomized Design(CRD)in which growth indices of either maize or cowpea were examined from each crop type grown on soil without any pollutant or treatment and soils with metal pollutants;with or without treatment with ginger extracts in the individual experiments.Data were analyzed using ANOVA.The results showed that ginger extract induced oxidative stress on cowpea after 10 days of cultivation with root length significantly(P≤0.05)higher on the normal control-G-M and+L-G which recorded 7.60 and 7.3 cm respectively.Patterns of growth indices noticed after 30 and 40 days of cowpea cultivation were variable showing least growth in leaf development.Highest maize root(27.00 cm),shoot(8.85 cm)and leaf(25.25 cm)development were recorded in maize grown on soil without metal contamination but treated with ginger(+G-M-positive control)after days 10,40 and 40 after cultivation.It was observed that the soil contaminated with heavy metals affected the growth pattern of the crops thereby causing stunted growth,chlorosis,discoloration and wilting.It could be concluded that cowpea performed better in shoot of both treated and untreated soils even though the values were not significantly different from that of root and leaf while maize showed a decrease in shoot even though the values for root and leaf were not significantly different.
基金supported by National Project in Health(PNRSanté-2011-2014)
文摘Objective: To study in vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol as an alternative therapy for Cystic echinococcosis. Methods: Effect of a commonly used herbal product and ginger(Zingiber officinale) towards protoscoleces(PSC) and cyst wall in vitro was studied. The effect of [6]-gingerol, and the pungent constituent of ginger, was also evaluated on PSC culture. Furthermore, the activity of both extracts in association with interferon-gamma(IFN-γ) on PSC co-cultured with mononuclear cells of hydatic patients was evaluated. The nitric oxide(NO) production was measured in each co-culture. Results: Ginger exhibited a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect against PSC and cyst wall. Interestingly, ginger was more effective than the [6]-gingerol. Moreover, additional parasitic effect between extracts and IFN-γ are also observed in co-cultures. Furthermore, both extracts attenuated the NO production elicited by this infection or by the IFN-γ. Conclusions: Ginger has an important anti-hydatic effect in vitro. This effect is amplified in the presence of IFN-γ. Moreover, this herbal product may protect against host's cell death by reducing the high levels of NO. Ginger may act, at least, through the [6]-gingerol. All our data suggest the promising use of ginger in the treatment of Echinococcus granulosus infection.
基金The Scientific Research Projects of Shandong University under contract No.J15LE03the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province under contract No.2016GNC111016the Key Research and Developement Program of Yantai under contract No.2016ZH059
文摘With the development of aquaculture, there is an urgent demand for an alternative antibacterial agent to reduce the drug resistance and environmental pollution caused by the abuse of antibiotics. Recently, silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) have been viewed as a novel type of antimicrobial agents due to their unique advantages. In this study,Ag NPs were biosynthesized with the ginger rhizomes extract. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of the Ag NPs were fully analyzed against six typical aquatic pathogens. The results indicated that the components in ginger extract could function as the chemical reductant to synthesize Ag NPs. Moreover, compared with the Ag NPs synthesized by chemical methods, the biosynthesized Ag NPs were smaller, and had higher stability and antibacterial activity. Therefore, the biosynthesized Ag NPs using ginger extract may have prospective applications in aquaculture.
基金financially supported by project CNEPRU,Institute of Veterinary Sciences.University Ibn-Khaldoun(TIARET).Algeria(grant No.F0232009/0009)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the additive action of ginger starch on the antifungal activity of honey against Candida albicans(C.albicans).Methods:C.albicans was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of four varieties of Algerian honey.Lower concentrations of honey than the MIC were incubated with a set of concentrations of starch and then added to media to detennine the minimum additive inhibitory concentration(MAIC).Results:The MIC for the four varieties of honey without starch against C.albicans ranged between 38%and 42%(v/v).When starch was incubated with honey and then added to media,a MIC drop was noticed with each variety.MAIC of the four varieties ranged between 32%honey(v/v)with 4%starch and 36%honey(v/v) with 2%starch.Conclusions:The use of ginger starch allows honey benefit and will constitute an alternative way against the resistance to antifungal agents.
文摘Chronic ethanol consumption is associated with changes in the function and structure of the lungs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the lungs and whether ginger extract mitigated pulmonary abnormalities induced by ethanol in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into the control group, the ethanol group, and the ethanol plus ginger extract group. Six weeks of ethanol treatment increased the proliferation of lung cells, and induced fibrosis, inflammation and leukocyte infiltration. A significant rise in the level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, NADPH oxidase, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein was also observed. Ginger extract significantly ameliorated the above changes. These findings indicate that ethanol induces abnormalities in the lungs by oxidative DNA damage and oxidative stress, and that these effects can be alleviated by ginger, which may function as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
文摘Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Ginger has been used as a condiment and for the treatment of ailments for many years. However, there are limited studies on the antioxidant and scavenging power of processed ginger. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects that processing has on the total phenolic and flavanoid content of ginger and its antioxidant potential using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Radical-Scavenging Activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). Fresh ginger (FG) was used as a control with oven drying (OD) sun drying (SD) and freeze drying (FD) as processing methods. Freeze-dried ginger (77.87%) showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) free radical scavenging ability as compared to other treatment groups (18.40% - 72.90%). However, sundried ginger had the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant power at 35.28 ± 0.69 mmol Fe (II)/mg ginger. Total phenolic content content (mg GAE/100g) for fresh, oven died, sun-dried, and freeze-dried were 514.02 ± 3.92, 796.46 ± 8.16, 878.76 ± 13.17, and 1021.15 ± 12.95, respectively. Flavanoid content of processed ginger was highest in freeze-dried samples (458.82 CE/100g ginger).
文摘The study was carried out to develop and compare Ginger candy from fresh indigenous and China Ginger. Ginger was immersed into the sugar solution with the concentrations of 50%, 60% and 70% sugar solution. Moisture, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber and total sugar content and organoleptic quality and microbial status of the prepared candy were analyzed. Moisture, ash, protein, fat and crude fiber content was found to be lower with increased concentration of sugar solution used, whereas total sugar content was found to be higher. Total bacterial count was increased with increasing the concentration of sugar solution. The best characteristic of Ginger candy was found with 50% sugar solution, with highest nutrient and lowest microbial load than candy prepared with 60% and 70% sugar solution.
文摘Spices have been used for centuries for food preservation, flavors, and medicinal properties. Research suggests that garlic, turmeric, and ginger contain potent antioxidants that may prevent and/or delay chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Heat treatment of spices may potentially increase antioxidative activity by modifying the inherent chemical structure of potent antioxidative compounds within spices. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of thermal treatment of garlic, ginger, and turmeric on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), trolox activity (TEAC), lipase, a-amylase, and a-glucosidase inhibition. Conventional stovetop heating of selected spices was performed followed by methanolic and aqueous extractions (1 - 5 minutes;70°C - 130°C). Overall methanolic extracts had higher phytochemical, antioxidative, and anti-diabetic potential. However, aqueous garlic extracts exhibited higher phytochemical and antioxidative potential over methanolic garlic extracts. The highest TPC for aqueous garlic extracts was observed at 1 minute (14.11 mg GAE/g) while methanolic garlic extracts at 1 minute were significantly lower (1.72 mg GAE/g). Methanolic turmeric extracts had highest TPC at 5 minutes (28.55 mg GAE/g). Time and temperature influenced antioxidant activity in the spices. Turmeric and ginger (methanolic extracts) resulted in higher percent inhibition of DPPH radical with an increase in time (5 minute) turmeric (86.9%) and ginger (79.09%) at 7.9 mg/mL concentration. The results of this study revealed both solvent and time for thermal treatment of spices influenced antioxidative potential as determined using DPPH and FRAP assays. Therefore, the use of thermal application on spices presents promise in potentiating the antioxidant content and thereby their potential health promoting properties. Spices are utilized in the U.S. food industry and increasing their use as a natural antioxidant preservative and flavoring agent may have beneficial impact in food product development.
基金Supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2018E19).
文摘[Objective]The paper was to evaluate the safety of 45%prochloraz EW in ginger,and to study the residue and degradation of 45%prochloraz EW in ginger.[Method]45%Prochloraz EW was sprayed once at the dose of 455.625 g a.i./ha in dynamic degradation test,and ginger plants were collected at 2 h,1,3,5,7,14,21,28,35 and 42 d post spraying,respectively.45%Prochloraz EW was sprayed at the doses of 303.75 and 455.625 g a.i./ha for 2-3 times with an interval of 7 d in final residue test,and ginger plants were collected at 7,14 and 21 d post spraying,respectively.The content of prochloraz was quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography.[Result]Dynamic degradation test demonstrated that prochloraz degraded quickly in plants,and the half-life in Shandong and Anhui were 5.8 and 7.9 d,respectively.The final residue of prochloraz in ginger samples was<0.01-0.145 mg/kg,lower than the maximum residue limit of prochloraz in ginger formulated by European Union(0.2 mg/kg).[Conclusion]Prochloraz should be sprayed at the recommended dose of 202.5-303.75 g a.i./ha for prevention and control of anthracnose on ginger.The agent should be sprayed twice in the early stage of incidence,with an interval of 7 d,and the safety interval of 14 d was safe.
基金the grant from Oriental Medicine Research Foundation in 2020.
文摘Objective:Pinellia Tuber,the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata,is widely used in Japanese Kampo medicines and traditional Chinese medicines.The unprocessed Pinellia Tuber is known to cause very strong acrid irritation at oral and laryngopharynx mucosa.Recent studies have shown that the sharp needle-like crystals called raphides,that are composed of calcium oxalate and proteins,are the main causative substances of the irritation.Ginger,the rhizome of Zingiber officinale,has been used in the processing to reduce the acridity of Pinellia Tuber since before the sixth century,however,the mechanisms of reducing acridity have not been scientifically proved yet.Methods:We developed the raphides denaturation assay(RDA)to quantify the degree of denaturation in the raphides to cause irritation.By their lipophilic characters,the raphides could be extracted in petroleum ether(PE)layer from powdered Pinellia Tuber suspended in water,and the contents of the raphides in PE layer were measured by the absorbance.By this assay,we conducted the activity-guided fractionation from the boiling water extract of ginger to find the ingredients to denature the raphides.We also conducted the gustatory tests to detect the change of the irritation of the denatured raphides.Results:The treatment of powdered Pinellia Tuber suspension with ginger extract reduced the distribution of raphides in PE layer in RDA in a concentration-dependent manner.The activity-guided fractionation using RDA revealed that oxalic acid was the main active ingredient in ginger extract to denature the raphides of Pinellia Tuber.Oxalic acid reduced the lipophilicity of the raphides in the thermo-,time-,and concentration-dependent manners,and its activity was affected by pH.The treatment of powdered Pinellia Tuber suspension with oxalic acid significantly reduced its acrid irritation in gustatory test in human.Conclusions:We found that oxalic acid is the main active ingredient in ginger to reduce the acrid irritation of Pinellia Tuber.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2017QB002)the key scientific research projects in Shandong Province (2018GGX104003)+2 种基金the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong (ts201511033)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education/ Shandong Province of China(No.KF201705)Shandong Province major innovation project (2018CXGC1001)
文摘Biomass activated carbon(BAC)was produced from ginger stems by carbonization and activation presented high specific surface areas and mesoporous structures.The carbonization temperature of the ginger stems were controlled within 500~900℃.The optimal carbonization condition is as follows:carbonization temperature of 700℃,carbonization time of 6 h.The determined optimum activation condition is:temperature of 800℃,activator of KOH and carbonized product/alkali ratio of 1:4(w/w).The carbonization yield,BAC yield and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)surface area were measured and the adsorption performance of BAC to nitrogen was investigated.The results showed that the nitrogen adsorption isotherm curve was as type I isotherm.It was finally determined that the BET surface area was 660 m2/g under the abovementioned optimal conditions of carbonization and activation.The FESEM analysis indicates that the obtained BAC is of micropore structure.
基金financial support from the National Basic Research Program of China ( Grant No.2014CB460610 )National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.2157061214 and 21406126)Department of Education of Shandong Province (Grant No.J14LC11)
文摘Agricultural residues are important renewable biomass resources that have not received much research attention. Ginger stalk is a major agricultural waste in China.The extraction of cellulose from ginger stalk would convert this waste into a high value-added product and, simultaneously, contribute to environmental protection. This research studied the characteristics of cellulose extracted from ginger stalk by two different treatments:(i) potassium hydroxide(KOH) treatment and(ii) nitric acid-ethanol(NAE) treatment. The optimal condition for the KOH treatment was obtained, it was at 1∶30 solidto-liquid ratio(SLR) for 5 h extraction time with 14 wt% KOH. The optimal condition for the NAE treatment was as follows: 1∶40 SLR, 4 h extraction time, and a reaction temperature of 90℃. However, the cellulose obtained by NAE treatment was severely degraded than that by KOH treatment. The Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses revealed that both treatments successfully dissolved the lignin and hemicellulose. Two treatments showed a higher cellulose yield, and the extracted cellulose had more crystal structure.
基金supported by University of Ibadan Senate Research Grant to O.A.Odeku
文摘Objective:The influence of two experimental starches - ginger starch obtained from Zingiber officinale and banana starch from Musa sapientum - on the mechanical and disintegration properties of chloroquine tablets have been studied in comparison with the influence of official corn starch.Methods:Chloroquine tablets were formulated using various concentarions of the starches as binding agent.The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed in terms of crushing strength and friability and the crushing strength-friability ratio(CSFR) while drug release properties were evaluated based on disintegration and the time of tablets.Results:The ranking for crushing strength and CSFR was corn】banana】ginger starch while the ranking was reverse for friability.The disintegration time increased with packing fraction and starch concentration in the rank order of formulations containing corn】banana】ginger starch.The CSFR/DT values increased with concentration of starch binder indicating an improved balance between binding and disintegrant properties of the starches.Statistical analysis showed that there were significant(P【0.001) difference in the CSFR/DT for tablets containing the various starch binders.Conclusion:The mechanical and disintegration properties of the experimental starches compared favorably with those of corn starch and ginger starch could be more useful when faster tablet disintegration is desired.
文摘To determine whether dried fermented ginger (DFG), fermented with Japanese mugwort silage juice, could be replaced by fermented corncob powder (FCP) as a of feed ingredient source without significant body weight decrease or damage to visceral organs (using gross anatomical observation), to intestinal villi (using light microscopy), or to the epithelial cells on the villus apical surface (using scanning electron microscopy) the following investigation was performed. Sixty-four male broilers were allotted to 4 groups: a basal diet group (control group), and basal diet groups with DFG at a level of 50 ppm;with DFG at 50 ppm and FCP at 250 ppm (50 ppm DFG + 250 ppm FCP group);and with FCP at a level of 500 ppm (500 ppm FCP group). Feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency, carcass quality, small intestinal length and weight, and visceral organ weight were not different among groups. Furthermore, regarding intestinal villus height, villus area and crypt depth, a significant difference was not found among the groups. When these values of the control were expressed as an index of 100, the duodenal villus height of the 50 ppm DFG + 250 ppm FCP group and the 500 ppm FCP group were 114 and 119, respectively. The duodenal villus area of the 50 ppm DFG + 250 ppm FCP group and the 500 ppm FCP group were 125 and 158, respectively. These villus heights and areas are thought to be activated. On the epithelial cells on the villus apical surface in the duodenum and jejunum, the 50 ppm DFG + 250 ppm FCP group had protuberated cells into the intestinal lumen and deeper cells at the sites of recently exfoliated cells, suggesting that these cells are activated. The present results indicate that small amounts of fermented corncob powder can be used as a feed supplement when mixed with fermented ginger powder, due to the synergy between the two ingredients, resulting in a 6% increase in body weight gain。
基金Supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2018E19)
文摘[Objective]The paper was to guide scientific and rational use of emamectin benzoate in ginger.[Method]A field experiment was conducted to determine residue and degradation dynamics and final residue of emamectin benzoate in ginger.The residue of emamectin benzoate in ginger was determined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS).[Result]The half-life of emamectin benzoate in ginger was 2.2-3.4 d.As 5%emamectin benzoate WDG was sprayed on ginger at 7.5 and 11.25 g·a.i/hm^2 for consecutive 1-2 times,the residues of emamectin benzoate in ginger harvested at 7,14 and 21 d post spraying were lower than the quantitative limit of the method(0.01 mg/kg),and were lower than the stipulation in Japan as well(0.1 mg/kg).[Conclusion]It is safe to use emamectin benzoate in ginger with the harvest interval of 7 d according to the recommended dose.
