Data on discrete,isolated attributes of the marine economy are often used in traditional marine economic research.However,as the focus of urban research shifts from internal static attributes to external dynamic linka...Data on discrete,isolated attributes of the marine economy are often used in traditional marine economic research.However,as the focus of urban research shifts from internal static attributes to external dynamic linkages,the importance of marine economic net-work research is beginning to emerge.The construction of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas is necessary to change the flow of land and sea resources and optimize regional marine economic development.Employing data from headquarters and branches of sea-related A-share listed enterprises to construct the marine economic network in China,we use social network analysis(SNA)to discuss the characteristics of its evolution as of 2010,2015,and 2020 and its governance.The following results were obtained.1)In terms of topological characteristics,the scale of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas has accelerated and expan-ded,and the connections have become increasingly close;thus,this development has complex network characteristics.2)In terms of spatial structure,the intensity of the connection fluctuates and does not form stable development support;the group structure gradually becomes clear,but the overall pattern is fragmented;there are spatial differences in marine economic agglomeration radiation;the radi-ation effect of the eastern marine economic circle is obvious;and the polarization effect of northern and southern marine economic circles is significant.On this basis,we construct a framework for the governance of a marine economic network with the market,the government,and industry as the three governing bodies.By clarifying the driving factors and building objectives of marine economic network construction,this study aims to foster the high-quality development of China’s marine economy.展开更多
In the post-pandemic era,the global economic and security landscapes are fraught with complexities and uncertainties.Among them,four risk flashpoints merit attention:Certain countries are raising interest rates to sub...In the post-pandemic era,the global economic and security landscapes are fraught with complexities and uncertainties.Among them,four risk flashpoints merit attention:Certain countries are raising interest rates to subdue inflation,despite their already high levels of debt;the bulk commodities market is experiencing volatility,leading to global turbulence and change;trade protectionism is at the forefront of major-power rivalry in political and economic spheres;and regional security crises are compounding international tensions.Behind those flashpoints are contradictions that obstruct world peace and progress,including development imbalances,governance gaps,and structural tensions in global security.In the face of uncertainties,it is crucial for China to seize strategic opportunities and transform crises into favorable situations.China has launched the Global Development Initiative(GDI)and the Global Security Initiative(GSI)to contribute to global prosperity and security.The two initiatives demonstrate China’s commitment to addressing global deficits in peace,development,security,and governance.展开更多
Mainstream industrial policy research cannot fully explain how government interventions have helped China’s mobile communications industry catch up with and overtake those of advanced nations.China’s mobile communic...Mainstream industrial policy research cannot fully explain how government interventions have helped China’s mobile communications industry catch up with and overtake those of advanced nations.China’s mobile communications industry made breakthroughs in 3G,caught up with advanced nations in 4G,and gained a leadership position in 5G due to the implementation and improvement of a strategy of industrial competition that accommodates mainstream standards and prioritizes the mid-band spectrum based on the integrated“technology,standard and industry”deployment system and swift decision-making.The introduction of a perspective of a strategy of industrial competition may supplement industrial policy research in the following ways:First,when the concerted actions of numerous innovators are important for industrial competition performance,an effective strategy of industrial competition can be devised and overall coordinated by the government provided that is compatible with the catch-up development of emerging technological industries.Second,an industrial policy becomes effective when it is complementary with the strategic factors for long-term industrial performance such as the strategy of industrial competition and avoids serious disruptions to market-based mechanisms.展开更多
This paper aims at the theoretical analysis to the impact of government supervision and consumer purchasing behavior on food quality security, so as to look for safety strategies and measures to strengthen and improve...This paper aims at the theoretical analysis to the impact of government supervision and consumer purchasing behavior on food quality security, so as to look for safety strategies and measures to strengthen and improve the level of food safety in China. Reputation mechanism is introduced and Bayesian approach is based on, in which government supervision as well as consumer purchasing behavior is taken as crucial factors to impact on the food quality security. As to the proposed quantitative indicators, government supervision includes exposure rate, fine and etc.;at the same time, consumer purchasing behavior includes consumer’s WTP for security food and consumer expectations to food safety. Taking China’s dairy industry as an example, it makes simulation by Netlog. The results show that consumer purchasing behavior alone has little effect on the dairy companies’ decision-making to be honest or counterfeiting enterprises. However, combination government supervision with purchasing behavior has great impact, and plays very good effects on food safety.展开更多
In this paper,the current situation of agricultural environmental pollution caused by the increase of chemicals input in agriculture in China was analyzed,and it is found that agricultural pollution is related to agri...In this paper,the current situation of agricultural environmental pollution caused by the increase of chemicals input in agriculture in China was analyzed,and it is found that agricultural pollution is related to agricultural industrial policies,urban-rural economic structure,funds input in pollution control,comprehensive environmental management,laws of pollution control,and so forth. To control agricultural pollution effectively,it is needed to implement integration of agricultural and environmental policies,establish environmentally friendly agricultural technology popularizing system,implement integrated planning and management of a basin,and set up and improve legislation to protect agricultural environment.展开更多
On March 23,1998,Russian President Boris Yeltsin stunned the nation by dis-missing the government of Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.Then henominated Mr.Sergei Kiriyenko,35,who had been OD the energy minister postf...On March 23,1998,Russian President Boris Yeltsin stunned the nation by dis-missing the government of Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.Then henominated Mr.Sergei Kiriyenko,35,who had been OD the energy minister postfor only three months,for the new head of the cabinet.This immediately ignited afierce political war of a month long between the executive and the legislature draw-ing great concern from the international community.At the moment when展开更多
Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for pat...Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.展开更多
The 21th century is a "quality century". Facing the s evere challenge about quality, all the developed industry countries attach impor tance to the research and education about quality project. With the deep...The 21th century is a "quality century". Facing the s evere challenge about quality, all the developed industry countries attach impor tance to the research and education about quality project. With the deepening of the reform of China and it’s joining to WTO, many industries and enterprises wi ll be confronted with severe challenge while being offered the opportunity to wa lk up to the world. The arrival of knowledge economy and web time has provided t he space for the innovation on enterprise management. It has also provided new m ethod and model for enterprise management, that is online management based on th e internet. The online management use an enterprise model including the goal of the enterprise and the scheme to carry out it to represent the whole operational of all the work. The online management is constructed on the integration of exp ert system, database, software and other technical models. How to scientifically manage the entire system of product, precisely master the condition of quantity and quality and analyze the rules of the change of produc t quality in order to carry out the overall control of quality, guarantee the go od condition of product as well as improve product quality and prolong it’s se rvice life was discussed in this thesis. Based on the above research the thesis also discussed how to develop the study on product quality information and const ruct it’s decision making support system. The concrete measures to improve peopl e’s concept of quality are also raised. Based on the type analysis, scientific management of product quality information should start from dynamic information of quality, instruction information as we ll as the information about the use, maintain, management and conservation of pr oduct, and induce them and further propose a design scheme of feedback system on product quality information, and then set up the blueprint of the information s ystem of product quality. This thesis included 7 chapters:1.the type of quality information;2.the content of quality information;3.the construction of the se nsitive web for transfering information, and collecting and transfering quality information rapidly and effectively;4.the way and procedure to transfer informa tion;5.the construction of quality information library for all phases; 6.the d isposal of quality information;7.the decision making support system of the mana gement of quality information;8.attach importance to three key factors on impro ving quality concept.展开更多
Taking cadmium pollution in X River as an example, the interaction between National People＇s Congress and local government was de- scribed. How the local government transforms its role in environment protection with ...Taking cadmium pollution in X River as an example, the interaction between National People＇s Congress and local government was de- scribed. How the local government transforms its role in environment protection with the help of several deputies to National People＇s Congress was expounded from the angle of social construction, which also enlightened the way to build an environment protection road with Chinese characteristics.展开更多
I the context of the Corporate Governance Code enactment in Japan, we examine how newly introduced outside directors in Japanese boards obtain information to take part in the decision-making process. We conducted a sy...I the context of the Corporate Governance Code enactment in Japan, we examine how newly introduced outside directors in Japanese boards obtain information to take part in the decision-making process. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and found 18 peer-reviewed publications in a time span between 2000 and 2016 that described the asymmetry of information between the insider group of board directors （including the CEO） and the outside board members. Our fmdings show that for the course of more than a decade, despite all changes and reforms, the role of board directors, whether insiders or outsiders, is still supplementary. They are treated more as advisors than active part in the decision-making process. We reveal different insider sources of information as forming social ties with the CEO and/or inside board directors and collaboration with Audit ＆ Supervisory Board （Kansayaku）, which can help reduce this asymmetry and improve the decision-making process. We assume that it will be easier for the outsiders to establish contacts and form social ties with the Audit ＆ Supervisory Board members because of their unspoken lower status and thus to obtain more information about the company internal affairs and discussions that take place during the informal meetings, where only insiders （including the CEO） are present.展开更多
The content of China＇s economic transformation is not single, and this article argues that it includes three parts. The first is the reform of economic system, the second is the change in the pattern of economic grow...The content of China＇s economic transformation is not single, and this article argues that it includes three parts. The first is the reform of economic system, the second is the change in the pattern of economic growth, and the third is the adjustment of economic structure. Government is the leading force of China＇s economic transformation, and repeated reform of government institutions has brought about some changes to government functions. But problems are obvious that lag changes of government functions have become an obstacle in China＇s economic transformation. This article describes the historical evolution and the reality of China＇s economic transformation, and analyzes the main reasons of lag changes in government functions, and reveals that the transformation of government functions is the key for successful transformation of China＇s economy.展开更多
There is an urgent need for China's rural land transfer in order to develop modern agriculture,ensure food security,transfer rural population,and accelerate industrialization and urbanization.At present,there is s...There is an urgent need for China's rural land transfer in order to develop modern agriculture,ensure food security,transfer rural population,and accelerate industrialization and urbanization.At present,there is still disordered transfer of rural land in China,making the interests of the transferors and transferees difficult to be effectively guaranteed;there is inefficient transfer,leading to decline in actual agricultural production level after transfer;there is jobless transfer,leading to difficult placement for rural surplus labor after transfer,seriously restricting rural land transfer.Therefore,the Chinese government's legal responsibility,economic responsibility and social responsibility in rural land transfer should be further strengthened.展开更多
This paper delves into the intricate interplay between artificial intelligence(AI)systems and the perpetuation of Anti-Black racism within the United States medical industry.Despite the promising potential of AI to en...This paper delves into the intricate interplay between artificial intelligence(AI)systems and the perpetuation of Anti-Black racism within the United States medical industry.Despite the promising potential of AI to enhance healthcare outcomes and reduce disparities,there is a growing concern that these technologies may inadvertently/advertently exacerbate existing racial inequalities.Focusing specifically on the experiences of Black patients,this research investigates how the following AI components:medical algorithms,machine learning,and natural learning processes are contributing to the unequal distribution of medical resources,diagnosis,and health care treatment of those classified as Black.Furthermore,this review employs a multidisciplinary approach,combining insights from computer science,medical ethics,and social justice theory to analyze the mechanisms through which AI systems may encode and reinforce racial biases.By dissecting the three primary components of AI,this paper aims to present a clear understanding of how these technologies work,how they intersect,and how they may inherently perpetuate harmful stereotypes resulting in negligent outcomes for Black patients.Furthermore,this paper explores the ethical implications of deploying AI in healthcare settings and calls for increased transparency,accountability,and diversity in the development and implementation of these technologies.Finally,it is important that I prefer the following paper with a clear and concise definition of what I refer to as Anti-Black racism throughout the text.Therefore,I assert the following:Anti-Black racism refers to prejudice,discrimination,or antagonism directed against individuals or communities of African descent based on their race.It involves the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over another and the systemic and institutional practices that perpetuate inequality and disadvantage for Black people.Furthermore,I proclaim that this form of racism can be manifested in various ways,such as unequal access to opportunities,resources,education,employment,and fair treatment within social,economic,and political systems.It is also pertinent to acknowledge that Anti-Black racism is deeply rooted in historical and societal structures throughout the U.S.borders and beyond,leading to systemic disadvantages and disparities that impact the well-being and life chances of Black individuals and communities.Addressing Anti-Black racism involves recognizing and challenging both individual attitudes and systemic structures that contribute to discrimination and inequality.Efforts to combat Anti-Black racism include promoting awareness,education,advocacy for policy changes,and fostering a culture of inclusivity and equality.展开更多
The Western liberal view of global governance can no longer effectively address the challenges facing the world today or respond to the demands of developing countries in the fields of human rights and development.Mea...The Western liberal view of global governance can no longer effectively address the challenges facing the world today or respond to the demands of developing countries in the fields of human rights and development.Meanwhile,the United Nations human rights and development agenda also has its limitations.Against such a backdrop,China's path of human rights development has avoided the trap of human rights confrontation and the clash of civilizations.It has set an example of complementarity and positive interaction between human rights and development by unifying collective human rights with individual human rights and integrating the universality and particularity of human rights.Xi Jinping,general secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,delivered a speech at the 37th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on China's Path of Human Rights Development.This elevated China's human rights development to a new historical height.Practice has proved that China's concept and path of human rights in the new era have not only effectively promoted the development of its human rights cause,but also contributed Chinese wisdom to the global cause of human rights and development with a larger concept of human rights.Under the framework of the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind,the Belt and Road Initiative,and the Global Development Initiative,China has contributed to enhancing the discourse power of developing countries in human rights and building a fairer,more just,more reasonable and more inclusive system for global human rights governance.展开更多
Studying the process of the decision-making in family is a necessity. The main aim of this study is to recognize the factors affecting decision-making in family. This investigation has been performed by using the surv...Studying the process of the decision-making in family is a necessity. The main aim of this study is to recognize the factors affecting decision-making in family. This investigation has been performed by using the survey method and 200 people were studied, emphasizing the approaches of Collins, Ingellhart, Weber, and Watt. The present study attempts to probe the role of women in power relationships in family. To analyze the data, the multivariable regression has been used. The result from the multivariable regression statistical analysis of participation in family decision-making equals R2 = .3. It can be concluded that the duration of marriage life, age, and men＇s age of marriage have affected the women＇s family participation. The comparison of regression quotient shows that marriage duration has the most share in dependent variable changes.展开更多
The dual functions of government participation and governance in the development of the existing building energy-saving renovation market determine the importance of the government’s scientific and effective actions....The dual functions of government participation and governance in the development of the existing building energy-saving renovation market determine the importance of the government’s scientific and effective actions.Continuously improving the government’s role is to promote the effective operation of the existing building energy-saving renovation market.Based on the inherent requirements of improving the government governance capacity in the development of the existing building energy-saving renovation market,this paper constructs the implementation path for the development of the existing building’s energy-saving renovation market from the three dimensions of practical concept,practical process and practical methods.From the four aspects of improving the legal and regulatory system,building a market information sharing platform,establishing a sound market supervision mechanism,and consolidating and improving the market accountability system,we will structure the existing building energysaving renovation market development to improve the government’s ability to restrain and implement measures.From the four levels of improving the market incentive mechanism,optimizing the market financing environment,clarifying the position of market resource allocation,and building a social operation platform,design measures to improve government incentives in the development of the existing building energy conservation renovation market.From the shaping of governance yuan organizational roles,governance capacity and responsibilities of departments at all levels to define boundaries,to build four main interactive platform governance perspective,the main parties demand balance the interests of both the governance capacity development planning in the government market,building energy-saving market to enhance the implementation of countermeasures.In order to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the existing building energy-saving renovation market based on the enhancement of government governance capacity.展开更多
On February 12,the Anhui ProvincialPeople’s Government made a decisionon the speeding up of the use of foreigncapital.The decision involved the followingseven aspects: 1.To seize the opportunity to reviseideology and...On February 12,the Anhui ProvincialPeople’s Government made a decisionon the speeding up of the use of foreigncapital.The decision involved the followingseven aspects: 1.To seize the opportunity to reviseideology and to open up a new situation formaking use of foreign capital.The decisionurges the various localities to seize the righttime to shift their focus to making good useof their own advantages,and improving thelocal investment climate and the quality ofservice in the light of their actual conditionsso as to absorb more foreign funds.Meanwhile,enterprises must be led to face the marketand to join equal competition so as to pushforward the use of foreign funds to a展开更多
Government Performance Management is a new government management pattern. It plays an important role in the development of the local government and an important part of the government human resource management. Since ...Government Performance Management is a new government management pattern. It plays an important role in the development of the local government and an important part of the government human resource management. Since China began to implement its government performance management, it has obtained some initial results. But it is still in the exploratory and improvement stage. Because a lot of problems arise in the actual operation process, so theoretical research and practice experience need to be further improved. Therefore, analyzing the local government perfornaance management problems and exploring strategies to improve the performance management are currently the objective requirements of the socialist market economy construction and governance reform in China and will have great significance.展开更多
Based on the nature of Knowledge Economy, this paper discusses the necessity and urgency for Chinese government to adjust its functions in the new economy; presents some concrete strategies of taking good chances and ...Based on the nature of Knowledge Economy, this paper discusses the necessity and urgency for Chinese government to adjust its functions in the new economy; presents some concrete strategies of taking good chances and meeting the challenges of Knowledge Economy, including creating and protecting intellectual property rights, enhancing knowledge management, solving the problem of fairness and efficiency, breaking down local protectionism and building national innovation system.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of China(No.22JJD790029)。
文摘Data on discrete,isolated attributes of the marine economy are often used in traditional marine economic research.However,as the focus of urban research shifts from internal static attributes to external dynamic linkages,the importance of marine economic net-work research is beginning to emerge.The construction of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas is necessary to change the flow of land and sea resources and optimize regional marine economic development.Employing data from headquarters and branches of sea-related A-share listed enterprises to construct the marine economic network in China,we use social network analysis(SNA)to discuss the characteristics of its evolution as of 2010,2015,and 2020 and its governance.The following results were obtained.1)In terms of topological characteristics,the scale of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas has accelerated and expan-ded,and the connections have become increasingly close;thus,this development has complex network characteristics.2)In terms of spatial structure,the intensity of the connection fluctuates and does not form stable development support;the group structure gradually becomes clear,but the overall pattern is fragmented;there are spatial differences in marine economic agglomeration radiation;the radi-ation effect of the eastern marine economic circle is obvious;and the polarization effect of northern and southern marine economic circles is significant.On this basis,we construct a framework for the governance of a marine economic network with the market,the government,and industry as the three governing bodies.By clarifying the driving factors and building objectives of marine economic network construction,this study aims to foster the high-quality development of China’s marine economy.
基金supported by the key project of the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC):“Study on China-Russia Strategic Partnership for the New Era”(Grant No.20AGJ012).
文摘In the post-pandemic era,the global economic and security landscapes are fraught with complexities and uncertainties.Among them,four risk flashpoints merit attention:Certain countries are raising interest rates to subdue inflation,despite their already high levels of debt;the bulk commodities market is experiencing volatility,leading to global turbulence and change;trade protectionism is at the forefront of major-power rivalry in political and economic spheres;and regional security crises are compounding international tensions.Behind those flashpoints are contradictions that obstruct world peace and progress,including development imbalances,governance gaps,and structural tensions in global security.In the face of uncertainties,it is crucial for China to seize strategic opportunities and transform crises into favorable situations.China has launched the Global Development Initiative(GDI)and the Global Security Initiative(GSI)to contribute to global prosperity and security.The two initiatives demonstrate China’s commitment to addressing global deficits in peace,development,security,and governance.
文摘Mainstream industrial policy research cannot fully explain how government interventions have helped China’s mobile communications industry catch up with and overtake those of advanced nations.China’s mobile communications industry made breakthroughs in 3G,caught up with advanced nations in 4G,and gained a leadership position in 5G due to the implementation and improvement of a strategy of industrial competition that accommodates mainstream standards and prioritizes the mid-band spectrum based on the integrated“technology,standard and industry”deployment system and swift decision-making.The introduction of a perspective of a strategy of industrial competition may supplement industrial policy research in the following ways:First,when the concerted actions of numerous innovators are important for industrial competition performance,an effective strategy of industrial competition can be devised and overall coordinated by the government provided that is compatible with the catch-up development of emerging technological industries.Second,an industrial policy becomes effective when it is complementary with the strategic factors for long-term industrial performance such as the strategy of industrial competition and avoids serious disruptions to market-based mechanisms.
文摘This paper aims at the theoretical analysis to the impact of government supervision and consumer purchasing behavior on food quality security, so as to look for safety strategies and measures to strengthen and improve the level of food safety in China. Reputation mechanism is introduced and Bayesian approach is based on, in which government supervision as well as consumer purchasing behavior is taken as crucial factors to impact on the food quality security. As to the proposed quantitative indicators, government supervision includes exposure rate, fine and etc.;at the same time, consumer purchasing behavior includes consumer’s WTP for security food and consumer expectations to food safety. Taking China’s dairy industry as an example, it makes simulation by Netlog. The results show that consumer purchasing behavior alone has little effect on the dairy companies’ decision-making to be honest or counterfeiting enterprises. However, combination government supervision with purchasing behavior has great impact, and plays very good effects on food safety.
文摘In this paper,the current situation of agricultural environmental pollution caused by the increase of chemicals input in agriculture in China was analyzed,and it is found that agricultural pollution is related to agricultural industrial policies,urban-rural economic structure,funds input in pollution control,comprehensive environmental management,laws of pollution control,and so forth. To control agricultural pollution effectively,it is needed to implement integration of agricultural and environmental policies,establish environmentally friendly agricultural technology popularizing system,implement integrated planning and management of a basin,and set up and improve legislation to protect agricultural environment.
文摘On March 23,1998,Russian President Boris Yeltsin stunned the nation by dis-missing the government of Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.Then henominated Mr.Sergei Kiriyenko,35,who had been OD the energy minister postfor only three months,for the new head of the cabinet.This immediately ignited afierce political war of a month long between the executive and the legislature draw-ing great concern from the international community.At the moment when
文摘Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.
文摘The 21th century is a "quality century". Facing the s evere challenge about quality, all the developed industry countries attach impor tance to the research and education about quality project. With the deepening of the reform of China and it’s joining to WTO, many industries and enterprises wi ll be confronted with severe challenge while being offered the opportunity to wa lk up to the world. The arrival of knowledge economy and web time has provided t he space for the innovation on enterprise management. It has also provided new m ethod and model for enterprise management, that is online management based on th e internet. The online management use an enterprise model including the goal of the enterprise and the scheme to carry out it to represent the whole operational of all the work. The online management is constructed on the integration of exp ert system, database, software and other technical models. How to scientifically manage the entire system of product, precisely master the condition of quantity and quality and analyze the rules of the change of produc t quality in order to carry out the overall control of quality, guarantee the go od condition of product as well as improve product quality and prolong it’s se rvice life was discussed in this thesis. Based on the above research the thesis also discussed how to develop the study on product quality information and const ruct it’s decision making support system. The concrete measures to improve peopl e’s concept of quality are also raised. Based on the type analysis, scientific management of product quality information should start from dynamic information of quality, instruction information as we ll as the information about the use, maintain, management and conservation of pr oduct, and induce them and further propose a design scheme of feedback system on product quality information, and then set up the blueprint of the information s ystem of product quality. This thesis included 7 chapters:1.the type of quality information;2.the content of quality information;3.the construction of the se nsitive web for transfering information, and collecting and transfering quality information rapidly and effectively;4.the way and procedure to transfer informa tion;5.the construction of quality information library for all phases; 6.the d isposal of quality information;7.the decision making support system of the mana gement of quality information;8.attach importance to three key factors on impro ving quality concept.
基金Supported by Particular Fund for Scientific Research in Universities
文摘Taking cadmium pollution in X River as an example, the interaction between National People＇s Congress and local government was de- scribed. How the local government transforms its role in environment protection with the help of several deputies to National People＇s Congress was expounded from the angle of social construction, which also enlightened the way to build an environment protection road with Chinese characteristics.
文摘I the context of the Corporate Governance Code enactment in Japan, we examine how newly introduced outside directors in Japanese boards obtain information to take part in the decision-making process. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and found 18 peer-reviewed publications in a time span between 2000 and 2016 that described the asymmetry of information between the insider group of board directors （including the CEO） and the outside board members. Our fmdings show that for the course of more than a decade, despite all changes and reforms, the role of board directors, whether insiders or outsiders, is still supplementary. They are treated more as advisors than active part in the decision-making process. We reveal different insider sources of information as forming social ties with the CEO and/or inside board directors and collaboration with Audit ＆ Supervisory Board （Kansayaku）, which can help reduce this asymmetry and improve the decision-making process. We assume that it will be easier for the outsiders to establish contacts and form social ties with the Audit ＆ Supervisory Board members because of their unspoken lower status and thus to obtain more information about the company internal affairs and discussions that take place during the informal meetings, where only insiders （including the CEO） are present.
文摘The content of China＇s economic transformation is not single, and this article argues that it includes three parts. The first is the reform of economic system, the second is the change in the pattern of economic growth, and the third is the adjustment of economic structure. Government is the leading force of China＇s economic transformation, and repeated reform of government institutions has brought about some changes to government functions. But problems are obvious that lag changes of government functions have become an obstacle in China＇s economic transformation. This article describes the historical evolution and the reality of China＇s economic transformation, and analyzes the main reasons of lag changes in government functions, and reveals that the transformation of government functions is the key for successful transformation of China＇s economy.
文摘There is an urgent need for China's rural land transfer in order to develop modern agriculture,ensure food security,transfer rural population,and accelerate industrialization and urbanization.At present,there is still disordered transfer of rural land in China,making the interests of the transferors and transferees difficult to be effectively guaranteed;there is inefficient transfer,leading to decline in actual agricultural production level after transfer;there is jobless transfer,leading to difficult placement for rural surplus labor after transfer,seriously restricting rural land transfer.Therefore,the Chinese government's legal responsibility,economic responsibility and social responsibility in rural land transfer should be further strengthened.
文摘This paper delves into the intricate interplay between artificial intelligence(AI)systems and the perpetuation of Anti-Black racism within the United States medical industry.Despite the promising potential of AI to enhance healthcare outcomes and reduce disparities,there is a growing concern that these technologies may inadvertently/advertently exacerbate existing racial inequalities.Focusing specifically on the experiences of Black patients,this research investigates how the following AI components:medical algorithms,machine learning,and natural learning processes are contributing to the unequal distribution of medical resources,diagnosis,and health care treatment of those classified as Black.Furthermore,this review employs a multidisciplinary approach,combining insights from computer science,medical ethics,and social justice theory to analyze the mechanisms through which AI systems may encode and reinforce racial biases.By dissecting the three primary components of AI,this paper aims to present a clear understanding of how these technologies work,how they intersect,and how they may inherently perpetuate harmful stereotypes resulting in negligent outcomes for Black patients.Furthermore,this paper explores the ethical implications of deploying AI in healthcare settings and calls for increased transparency,accountability,and diversity in the development and implementation of these technologies.Finally,it is important that I prefer the following paper with a clear and concise definition of what I refer to as Anti-Black racism throughout the text.Therefore,I assert the following:Anti-Black racism refers to prejudice,discrimination,or antagonism directed against individuals or communities of African descent based on their race.It involves the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over another and the systemic and institutional practices that perpetuate inequality and disadvantage for Black people.Furthermore,I proclaim that this form of racism can be manifested in various ways,such as unequal access to opportunities,resources,education,employment,and fair treatment within social,economic,and political systems.It is also pertinent to acknowledge that Anti-Black racism is deeply rooted in historical and societal structures throughout the U.S.borders and beyond,leading to systemic disadvantages and disparities that impact the well-being and life chances of Black individuals and communities.Addressing Anti-Black racism involves recognizing and challenging both individual attitudes and systemic structures that contribute to discrimination and inequality.Efforts to combat Anti-Black racism include promoting awareness,education,advocacy for policy changes,and fostering a culture of inclusivity and equality.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(24CX-TDO1)。
文摘The Western liberal view of global governance can no longer effectively address the challenges facing the world today or respond to the demands of developing countries in the fields of human rights and development.Meanwhile,the United Nations human rights and development agenda also has its limitations.Against such a backdrop,China's path of human rights development has avoided the trap of human rights confrontation and the clash of civilizations.It has set an example of complementarity and positive interaction between human rights and development by unifying collective human rights with individual human rights and integrating the universality and particularity of human rights.Xi Jinping,general secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,delivered a speech at the 37th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on China's Path of Human Rights Development.This elevated China's human rights development to a new historical height.Practice has proved that China's concept and path of human rights in the new era have not only effectively promoted the development of its human rights cause,but also contributed Chinese wisdom to the global cause of human rights and development with a larger concept of human rights.Under the framework of the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind,the Belt and Road Initiative,and the Global Development Initiative,China has contributed to enhancing the discourse power of developing countries in human rights and building a fairer,more just,more reasonable and more inclusive system for global human rights governance.
文摘Studying the process of the decision-making in family is a necessity. The main aim of this study is to recognize the factors affecting decision-making in family. This investigation has been performed by using the survey method and 200 people were studied, emphasizing the approaches of Collins, Ingellhart, Weber, and Watt. The present study attempts to probe the role of women in power relationships in family. To analyze the data, the multivariable regression has been used. The result from the multivariable regression statistical analysis of participation in family decision-making equals R2 = .3. It can be concluded that the duration of marriage life, age, and men＇s age of marriage have affected the women＇s family participation. The comparison of regression quotient shows that marriage duration has the most share in dependent variable changes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71872122)Late-stage Subsidy Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Education Department of China(Grant No.20JHQ095)Higher Education Innovation Team of Tianjin(Grant No.TD13-5006)
文摘The dual functions of government participation and governance in the development of the existing building energy-saving renovation market determine the importance of the government’s scientific and effective actions.Continuously improving the government’s role is to promote the effective operation of the existing building energy-saving renovation market.Based on the inherent requirements of improving the government governance capacity in the development of the existing building energy-saving renovation market,this paper constructs the implementation path for the development of the existing building’s energy-saving renovation market from the three dimensions of practical concept,practical process and practical methods.From the four aspects of improving the legal and regulatory system,building a market information sharing platform,establishing a sound market supervision mechanism,and consolidating and improving the market accountability system,we will structure the existing building energysaving renovation market development to improve the government’s ability to restrain and implement measures.From the four levels of improving the market incentive mechanism,optimizing the market financing environment,clarifying the position of market resource allocation,and building a social operation platform,design measures to improve government incentives in the development of the existing building energy conservation renovation market.From the shaping of governance yuan organizational roles,governance capacity and responsibilities of departments at all levels to define boundaries,to build four main interactive platform governance perspective,the main parties demand balance the interests of both the governance capacity development planning in the government market,building energy-saving market to enhance the implementation of countermeasures.In order to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the existing building energy-saving renovation market based on the enhancement of government governance capacity.
文摘On February 12,the Anhui ProvincialPeople’s Government made a decisionon the speeding up of the use of foreigncapital.The decision involved the followingseven aspects: 1.To seize the opportunity to reviseideology and to open up a new situation formaking use of foreign capital.The decisionurges the various localities to seize the righttime to shift their focus to making good useof their own advantages,and improving thelocal investment climate and the quality ofservice in the light of their actual conditionsso as to absorb more foreign funds.Meanwhile,enterprises must be led to face the marketand to join equal competition so as to pushforward the use of foreign funds to a
文摘Government Performance Management is a new government management pattern. It plays an important role in the development of the local government and an important part of the government human resource management. Since China began to implement its government performance management, it has obtained some initial results. But it is still in the exploratory and improvement stage. Because a lot of problems arise in the actual operation process, so theoretical research and practice experience need to be further improved. Therefore, analyzing the local government perfornaance management problems and exploring strategies to improve the performance management are currently the objective requirements of the socialist market economy construction and governance reform in China and will have great significance.
基金This research was supported by Social Science Foundation of Jinan City. Its project number is 03 BMJ20 （approved in 2003）.
文摘Based on the nature of Knowledge Economy, this paper discusses the necessity and urgency for Chinese government to adjust its functions in the new economy; presents some concrete strategies of taking good chances and meeting the challenges of Knowledge Economy, including creating and protecting intellectual property rights, enhancing knowledge management, solving the problem of fairness and efficiency, breaking down local protectionism and building national innovation system.
