We used the geological map and published rock density measurements to compile the digital rock density model for the Hong Kong territories.We then estimated the average density for the whole territory.According to our...We used the geological map and published rock density measurements to compile the digital rock density model for the Hong Kong territories.We then estimated the average density for the whole territory.According to our result,the rock density values in Hong Kong vary from 2101 to 2681 kg·m^(-3).These density values are typically smaller than the average density of 2670 kg·m^(-3),often adopted to represent the average density of the upper continental crust in physical geodesy and gravimetric geophysics applications.This finding reflects that the geological configuration in Hong Kong is mainly formed by light volcanic formations and lava flows with overlying sedimentary deposits at many locations,while the percentage of heavier metamorphic rocks is very low(less than 1%).This product will improve the accuracy of a detailed geoid model and orthometric heights.展开更多
The geodynamic hazards and risk assessment at the Karachaganak oil,gas,and condensate field(KOGCF)were explored on the northern board of the Pre-Caspian Basin to predict the consequences of the longterm exploitation o...The geodynamic hazards and risk assessment at the Karachaganak oil,gas,and condensate field(KOGCF)were explored on the northern board of the Pre-Caspian Basin to predict the consequences of the longterm exploitation of this field.We integrate multiple measurements,including repeated accurate leveling,Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements,and high precision gravimetric and seismological monitoring at the KOGCF.The results of geodynamic monitoring at the KOGCF for the first time made it possible to prove noticeable seismic deformation processes in the sedimentary cover under the influence of hydrocarbon production.The vertical displacements and horizontal movement along faults,changes in local gravity anomalies,and earthquake sources at depths comparable to hydrocarbon production intervals at the KOGCF have been identified.The maximum amplitudes of modern vertical movement of the earth’s surface and the minimum values of the differently oriented horizontal movement were revealed within the projection on the ground surface of the crest of the carbonate massif(Upper Devonian-Lower Permian age).The results suggest the expansion of uneven compression in the crest of the KOGCF while tension processes occur on its periphery.There is a decrease in gravity variations in relation to the slopes of this massif in areas with active hydrocarbon production.An extended zone of high-gradient steps of AGa anomalies,spatially coinciding with the position of fault zones,is mapped along the periphery of the contour of production wells.In the northeastern part of the KOGCF,seismic events were registered practically in the depth intervals of the productive horizons from which hydrocarbons are produced.A spatial relationship between the seismic events and the anomalous deformation activity in the northeast KOGCF has been revealed.Consequently,the field development has provoked both intense deformation of the earth’s surface and weak local seismicity.展开更多
The Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)positioning method has been significantly developed in geodetic surveying.However,the height obtained through GNSS observations is given in a geodetic height system that nee...The Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)positioning method has been significantly developed in geodetic surveying.However,the height obtained through GNSS observations is given in a geodetic height system that needs to be converted to orthometric height for engineering applications.Information on geoid height,which can be calculated using the global geopotential mode,is required to convert such GNSS observations into orthometric height.However,its accuracy is still insufficient for most engineering purposes.Therefore,a reliable geoid model is essential,especially in areas growing fast,e.g.,the central part of Java,Indonesia.In this study,we modeled the local geoid model in the central part of Java,Indonesia,using terrestrial-based gravity observations.The Stokes'formula with the second Helmert's condensation method under the Remove-Compute-Restore approach was implemented to model the geoid.The comparison between our best-performing geoid model and GNSS/leveling observations showed that the standard deviation of the geoid height differences was estimated to be 4.4 cm.This geoid result outperformed the commonly adopted global model of EGM2008 with the estimated standard deviation of geoid height differences of 10.7 cm.展开更多
Studies carried out in the Gontougo region aimed to describe the physical and petro-structural properties of the Tarkwaian formations of northeastern Côte d’Ivoire. The methodology developed is focused on the on...Studies carried out in the Gontougo region aimed to describe the physical and petro-structural properties of the Tarkwaian formations of northeastern Côte d’Ivoire. The methodology developed is focused on the one hand on the gravimetric geophysical method and on the other hand, on petro-structural studies. The geophysical results highlighted two gravimetric facies characterized respectively by high density (ΔBg > 121 mGal) and low density (ΔBg < 114 mGal) anomalies. From a lithological point of view, the denser domains are made up of intrusive rocks dominated by granodiorites and tonalites cutting low density facies composed of Tarkwaian formations (polygenic conglomerates and arkosic sandstones) and volcanics (tuffs and cinerites). Structurally, these different lithological groups are affected by brittle (fractures, faults, strike-slip) and ductile (folds, schistosities and mineral lineations) deformations. These structures are mainly oriented NNW-SSW, WNW-ESE and NE-SW. The description of the sulphide minerals reveals a style of gold mineralization of the Tarkwaian formations.展开更多
[（6-oxide-6H-dibenze（c, e）（1, 2）oxaphosphorin-6-yl）methyl]-butanedioic acid （DDP） was prepared and characterized. Solubilities of o-phenylphenol（OPP） in petroleum ether and DDP in acetone ＋ water solution w...[（6-oxide-6H-dibenze（c, e）（1, 2）oxaphosphorin-6-yl）methyl]-butanedioic acid （DDP） was prepared and characterized. Solubilities of o-phenylphenol（OPP） in petroleum ether and DDP in acetone ＋ water solution were measured by a gravimetrical method. The solubility data of OPP were well correlated using Francis equation. For the solubility of DDP in acetone aqueous solution, it was found that at each fixed temperature there existed a maximum when the acetone mass fraction in the solvent reached a certain concentration. The experiment shows that the fraction is approximately 0.6. The solubility data would be helpful for their industrial crystallization process.展开更多
This idea is based mainly on the most important biochemical process, which is the process of bioremediation, it is based on the use of anaerobic fermentation yeast/<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> in the co...This idea is based mainly on the most important biochemical process, which is the process of bioremediation, it is based on the use of anaerobic fermentation yeast/<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> in the conversion of sugar to alcohol and then oxidizing it to get food vinegar followed by some reactions of neutralization and heating using catalysts and increasing pressure to get water gas, or what it is called natural gas. This method produces three liters of natural gas using one liter of sugar solution. The main result of this process is getting 3 folds of natural gas from 1 liter of sugar in addition</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">that the source of biofuel is agricultural so it is free from the organic impurities that are always present with fossil fuels would be obtained and the biofuel obtained does not cause air pollution. Glucose is fermented under anaerobic conditions to avoid the formation of bread yeast.展开更多
Leaching is one of the major factors that alter the mechanical properties of cement-based composites.This study is aimed to investigate the effect of leaching on the properties of cement-based composites.Specimens wit...Leaching is one of the major factors that alter the mechanical properties of cement-based composites.This study is aimed to investigate the effect of leaching on the properties of cement-based composites.Specimens with two water/cementitious ratios and two mineral admixtures were tested.An electrical potential was applied to accelerate the leaching process.Compressive strength test,scanning electronic microscopy,thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted.Test results demonstrated that the calcium leaching reduced compressive strengths of concrete specimens,and such effect was prominent on the specimens without mineral admixtures.The leaching resistance increased with a decrease in water/cementitious ratio and an increase in amount of mineral admixtures.The mineral admixtures would reduce the amount of calcium hydroxide and refine the pore structure through pozzolanic reactions.A fair relationship was found between the calcium leaching and the compressive strength.展开更多
Based on results of the mobile gravity measurements of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and Digital Earthquake Observation Network of China, this paper shows the pattern of temporal gravity changes in...Based on results of the mobile gravity measurements of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and Digital Earthquake Observation Network of China, this paper shows the pattern of temporal gravity changes in China mainland on a time scale of 2 - 3 years since 1998, and gives an analysis of the patterns. The result shows that the temporal gravity changes basically reflect the current mass movement and occurrence of strong earthquakes.展开更多
The combustion behavior of typical components of MSW was examined with a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The experiments were done over the temperature range of room temperature to 1000 篊 at a heating rate of 10 ...The combustion behavior of typical components of MSW was examined with a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The experiments were done over the temperature range of room temperature to 1000 篊 at a heating rate of 10 篊/min and in an oxidizing atmosphere. The results indicated that the entire weight loss process of each typical component of MSW consists of one to three distinct combustion stages. The combustion of typical components of MSW could be modeled by one to three independent reactions. The corresponding parameters of typical components of MSW such as activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order were determined. The calculated results using the comprehensive kinetic model composed of one to three independent and consecutive reactions, agreed well with experimental results.展开更多
Background:According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory,the common processing methods for Ruxiang(frankincense)include stir-frying processing and vinegar processing.Methods:With network pharmacology and therma...Background:According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory,the common processing methods for Ruxiang(frankincense)include stir-frying processing and vinegar processing.Methods:With network pharmacology and thermal analysis methods,we selected and identified the main and irritating ingredients,established the pyrolysis characteristic parameters for identifying frankincense quality,quantified the starting and optimum temperature limits for processing frankincense,and analyzed the influences of processing adjuvants(vinegar)on combustion pyrolysis characteristics of frankincense.By applying Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry,high performance liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and UV-visible spectrometry,we evaluated the processing technology developed in our study of frankincense and its processed products.Results:Based on network pharmacology,we can find that the classical compounds of essential oil are the main pharmacodynamics components of frankincense possessing the anti-inflammatory,analgesia,anti-tumor,anti-ulcer and ant-inflammatory bowel disease effects.The pyrolysis combustion rate peaks of frankincense at 285.27±7.05℃and 476.99±13.46℃were the characteristic peaks used to identify frankincense quality.The specific temperature of slow-fire processing,including the vinegar processing and stir-frying processing,was 148.72±5.09℃.Heating for 5.67±0.98 min after reaching processing temperature was needed for processing frankincense with vinegar.The kinetics analysis showed that both frankincense and its vinegar mixture exhibited good linear relationships.The feasibility and practicability for our processing technology were verified through the determination of medicinal compounds by Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry,high performance liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and UV.Conclusion:Frankincense essential oils were the main active components of frankincense,which also can be taken as the internal chemical control indexes to judge the quality control and to optimize the processing technology of frankincense.The pyrolysis combustion rate peaks of frankincense at 285.27±7.05℃and 476.99±13.46℃were the characteristic peaks that can be used to identify frankincense quality.The optimum processing conditions of vinegar-processed frankincense with were as follows:with vinegar,20%;heating temperature,148.72±5.09℃;and heating time,5.67±0.98 min.Under these conditions,frankincense essential oil could cause a moderate effect on combustion pyrolysis characteristics to exert its corresponding pharmacological effects.展开更多
The thermal stability and decomposition kinetics of polysuccinimide (PSI) were investigated using analyzer DTG-60 under high purity nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates (3, 6, 9, 12 K/min). The thermal decom...The thermal stability and decomposition kinetics of polysuccinimide (PSI) were investigated using analyzer DTG-60 under high purity nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates (3, 6, 9, 12 K/min). The thermal decomposition mechanism of PSI was determined by Coats-Redfern method. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy (E), pre-exponential factor (A) and reaction order (n) were calculated by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger methods. The results show that the thermal decomposition of PSI under nitrogen atmosphere mainly occurs in the temperature range of 619.15-693.15 K, the reaction order (n) was , the activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A) were obtained to be 106.585 kJ/mol and 4.644 × 109 min-1, the integral and differential forms of the thermal decomposition mechanism of PSI were found to be and , respectively. The results play an important role in understanding the thermodynamic properties of polysuccinimide.展开更多
Two kinds of activated ways are used to prepare activated coal gangue fine powder, one is calcining coal gangue at 800℃ （gangue A）, and the other is calcining coal gangue with a certain calcite at 800℃ （gangue B...Two kinds of activated ways are used to prepare activated coal gangue fine powder, one is calcining coal gangue at 800℃ （gangue A）, and the other is calcining coal gangue with a certain calcite at 800℃ （gangue B）. The experiment shows that strengths of blended cement mortar with coal gangue B are higher than that of blended cement with coal gangue A. Hydration of cements with the two kinds of activated coal gangue is investigated through a differential thermal analysis. The weight loss due to Ca（OH）2 decomposition of hydration products by differential thermal analysis/thermo gravimetric （DTA/TG） can be used to quantify the pozzolanic reaction. A new method based on the composition of hydration cement is proposed to determine the degree of pozzolanic reaction. The results obtained suggest that the degree of pozzolanic reaction of gangue B is faster than that of gangue A.展开更多
Mineral exploration is done by different methods. Geophysical and geochemical studies are two powerful tools in this field. In integrated studies, the results of each study are used to determine the location of the dr...Mineral exploration is done by different methods. Geophysical and geochemical studies are two powerful tools in this field. In integrated studies, the results of each study are used to determine the location of the drilling boreholes. The purpose of this study is to use field geophysics to calculate the depth of mineral reserve. The study area is located 38 km from Zarand city called Jalalabad iron mine. In this study, gravimetric data were measured and mineral depth was calculated using the Euler method. 1314 readings have been performed in this area. The rocks of the region include volcanic and sedimentary. The source of the mineralization in the area is hydrothermal processes. After gravity measuring in the region, the data were corrected, then various methods such as anomalous map remaining in levels one and two, upward expansion, first and second-degree vertical derivatives, analytical method, and analytical signal were drawn, and finally, the depth of the deposit was estimated by Euler method. As a result, the depth of the mineral deposit was calculated to be between 20 and 30 meters on average.展开更多
The diffusion coefficient of volatiles in polymer solutions is a crucial parameter to describe the mass transfer efficiency and ability of volatiles.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)was used as a polymer,and ...The diffusion coefficient of volatiles in polymer solutions is a crucial parameter to describe the mass transfer efficiency and ability of volatiles.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)was used as a polymer,and cyclohexane was used as a volatile.A gravimetric analysis was applied to measure the diffusion coefficient of cyclohexane in POE.The devolatilization rate of the POE-cyclohexane system under different conditions was measured.The effects of temperature,film sample thickness,and initial concentration of volatiles on the devolatilization rate were discussed.Based on the devolatilization rate data,the average diffusion coefficient of cyclohexane in POE was obtained by fitting with a mathematical model.The experimental results indicate that the devolatilization rate increased with increasing temperature and initial concentration of volatiles,but it decreased with increasing sample thickness.As the thickness increased,the overall diffusion resistance increased.As the temperature increased,the molecular movement increased,resulting in the increase of average diffusion coefficient.The relationship between the diffusion coefficient of the POE-cyclohexane system and temperature follows the Arrhenius law.The diffusion activation energy E=6201.73 J/mol,and the pre-exponential factor of the diffusion coefficient D0=2.64×10^(-10) m^(2)/s.This work can provide basic data for exploring the devolatilization of POE polymers and serves as a useful reference for enhancing the effect of devolatilization.展开更多
In the present work, the corrosion behavior of aluminium alloy engine block in 3.5% NaCl solution was studied. The work was carried out using conventional gravimetric measurements and complemented by scanning electron...In the present work, the corrosion behavior of aluminium alloy engine block in 3.5% NaCl solution was studied. The work was carried out using conventional gravimetric measurements and complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analyzer (EDX) investigations. The results obtained indicate that the main process the alloy undergoes, under the medium of exposure studied, is related to localized corrosion that takes place as a consequence of the process of alkalinization around the cathodic precipitates existing in the alloy. The alloy suffers a process of corrosion localized to the area surrounding the precipitates of the Al (Si, Mg) and Al-Mg, which resulted in hemispherical pits. This identification was confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis. No evidence was found of the formation of crystallographic pitting for exposure times up to 54 days. Gravimetric analysis confirmed that with varying exposure periods the weight loss of the alloy increases and the corrosion rate decreases with time.展开更多
The heated process of raw materials for electron trapping materials (ETM) is investigated by thermo-analysis method. The temperature ranges of raw materials experienced some physical and chemical change processes, suc...The heated process of raw materials for electron trapping materials (ETM) is investigated by thermo-analysis method. The temperature ranges of raw materials experienced some physical and chemical change processes, such as dehydration, organic solvent removal, crystal sulphur burning, oxidation of alkaline earth sulfides and solid phase reaction (rare earth doped) and so on, are obtained. The experimental results also show that the presence of trace oxygen in shielded gas is very harmful to prepare the ETM.The raw material thermo-analysis results provide very important experimental reference for optimizing the ETM preparation techniques.展开更多
The Colima Volcanic Complex trends in a nearly N-S direction in western Mexico, and one of its?structures, Colima volcano, is the most historically active volcano in the country. Immediately to the?N, there is another...The Colima Volcanic Complex trends in a nearly N-S direction in western Mexico, and one of its?structures, Colima volcano, is the most historically active volcano in the country. Immediately to the?N, there is another volcanic center called El Cántaro volcano, whose activity started around 1.7 Ma in its N portion and migrated to the S in various episodes. Volcanic activity migrated further south, from El Cántaro to the Colima Volcanic Complex where the southernmost manifestation, Hijos del Volcán domes, is located on the south slope of Fuego volcano. The above date appears to mark initiation of the rather continuous volcanic activity in the area. It has been noted that these volcanic manifestations lie on, or near the Rivera-Cocos inland plate boundary. Colima’s Fuego volcano is also the closest to the Middle America Trench, among the polygenetic volcanoes in Mexico. We submit that the anomalous location of volcanism in this area originates in an anomalous subduction process of the Rivera and Cocos plates and evoke a tectonic model, proposed elsewhere, to support the idea. Modeling gravimetric and aeromagnetic data we locate the magma chambers of the Fuego (active) and Nevado (extinct) volcanoes within a 65 mGals negative Bouguer anomaly elongated in a nearly N-S direction. The corresponding aeromagnetic map displays a magnetic high over the southern portion of the Fuego volcano edifice. We found two additional, associated structures whose anomalies have not been previously reported, which appear to follow the southward magmatic migration pattern. One of them is a collapse structure with a circular topographic expression, and the southernmost is a low-density intrusion ~1 km below sea level, associated with a moderate topographic bulge at the surface that we interpret as a magma body. Five lines cross the anomalies;gravimetric and magnetic fields are concurrently modeled along them to locate the magmatic bodies. In addition to the 2-D models we perform 3-D gravimetric and magnetic inversions. For each field a 3-D mesh is built under the area occupied by the Colima Volcanic Complex, the volume elements are then assigned density or magnetic susceptibility values and their surface contributions in various points are evaluated. The process is iterated until the difference between the measured and the calculated fields is less than a predetermined value. The results of each inversion adequately and independently define the location of the magmatic chambers although they cannot distinguish between the individual chambers of the Nevado and Fuego volcanoes. 2-D and 3-D results complement each other and consistently show the locations of potential magmatic regions. Our models support a multiple, complex magmatic system that appears to continue to spread southwardly, which can pose additional volcanic risks to an already threatened local population.展开更多
Following crustal stress and the tectonic evolutions that lead to the triggering of seisms is still premature, for technological reasons. Instead, in view of the energies involved, which are in the order of kilotons, ...Following crustal stress and the tectonic evolutions that lead to the triggering of seisms is still premature, for technological reasons. Instead, in view of the energies involved, which are in the order of kilotons, it is necessary to collect symptoms manifesting inside the Earth. The greater the stresses produced, the more evident will be the seismic signals manifesting on a global scale. From the point of view of teaching, it is proposed to study seismology in secondary schools using an ＂evidential＂ paradigm, rather than the ＂Galileian＂ sort. This will require a more modern approach, one that considers non-linearity an investigation model that is more in line with the Natural Science approach. To this effect, also the seismology lab is transformed from a place where reality is ＂reproduced＂, into a setting where comparisons are made in the intrinsic presence of clues rather than proofs. The instruments used to carry out this project, which is taking its first steps in an experimental form in Parma （Italy）, can be reproduced at low cost, but without forsaking precision measurements. The instruments in question are those used to detect radio anomalies, acoustic emissions produced in the deepest layers of the terrestrial crust, and variations in gravity that require a computer to interface data and elaborate signals 24/7.展开更多
基金supported by the Hong Kong GRF RGC project 15217222:“Modernization of the leveling network in the Hong Kong territories.”。
文摘We used the geological map and published rock density measurements to compile the digital rock density model for the Hong Kong territories.We then estimated the average density for the whole territory.According to our result,the rock density values in Hong Kong vary from 2101 to 2681 kg·m^(-3).These density values are typically smaller than the average density of 2670 kg·m^(-3),often adopted to represent the average density of the upper continental crust in physical geodesy and gravimetric geophysics applications.This finding reflects that the geological configuration in Hong Kong is mainly formed by light volcanic formations and lava flows with overlying sedimentary deposits at many locations,while the percentage of heavier metamorphic rocks is very low(less than 1%).This product will improve the accuracy of a detailed geoid model and orthometric heights.
文摘The geodynamic hazards and risk assessment at the Karachaganak oil,gas,and condensate field(KOGCF)were explored on the northern board of the Pre-Caspian Basin to predict the consequences of the longterm exploitation of this field.We integrate multiple measurements,including repeated accurate leveling,Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements,and high precision gravimetric and seismological monitoring at the KOGCF.The results of geodynamic monitoring at the KOGCF for the first time made it possible to prove noticeable seismic deformation processes in the sedimentary cover under the influence of hydrocarbon production.The vertical displacements and horizontal movement along faults,changes in local gravity anomalies,and earthquake sources at depths comparable to hydrocarbon production intervals at the KOGCF have been identified.The maximum amplitudes of modern vertical movement of the earth’s surface and the minimum values of the differently oriented horizontal movement were revealed within the projection on the ground surface of the crest of the carbonate massif(Upper Devonian-Lower Permian age).The results suggest the expansion of uneven compression in the crest of the KOGCF while tension processes occur on its periphery.There is a decrease in gravity variations in relation to the slopes of this massif in areas with active hydrocarbon production.An extended zone of high-gradient steps of AGa anomalies,spatially coinciding with the position of fault zones,is mapped along the periphery of the contour of production wells.In the northeastern part of the KOGCF,seismic events were registered practically in the depth intervals of the productive horizons from which hydrocarbons are produced.A spatial relationship between the seismic events and the anomalous deformation activity in the northeast KOGCF has been revealed.Consequently,the field development has provoked both intense deformation of the earth’s surface and weak local seismicity.
文摘The Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)positioning method has been significantly developed in geodetic surveying.However,the height obtained through GNSS observations is given in a geodetic height system that needs to be converted to orthometric height for engineering applications.Information on geoid height,which can be calculated using the global geopotential mode,is required to convert such GNSS observations into orthometric height.However,its accuracy is still insufficient for most engineering purposes.Therefore,a reliable geoid model is essential,especially in areas growing fast,e.g.,the central part of Java,Indonesia.In this study,we modeled the local geoid model in the central part of Java,Indonesia,using terrestrial-based gravity observations.The Stokes'formula with the second Helmert's condensation method under the Remove-Compute-Restore approach was implemented to model the geoid.The comparison between our best-performing geoid model and GNSS/leveling observations showed that the standard deviation of the geoid height differences was estimated to be 4.4 cm.This geoid result outperformed the commonly adopted global model of EGM2008 with the estimated standard deviation of geoid height differences of 10.7 cm.
文摘Studies carried out in the Gontougo region aimed to describe the physical and petro-structural properties of the Tarkwaian formations of northeastern Côte d’Ivoire. The methodology developed is focused on the one hand on the gravimetric geophysical method and on the other hand, on petro-structural studies. The geophysical results highlighted two gravimetric facies characterized respectively by high density (ΔBg > 121 mGal) and low density (ΔBg < 114 mGal) anomalies. From a lithological point of view, the denser domains are made up of intrusive rocks dominated by granodiorites and tonalites cutting low density facies composed of Tarkwaian formations (polygenic conglomerates and arkosic sandstones) and volcanics (tuffs and cinerites). Structurally, these different lithological groups are affected by brittle (fractures, faults, strike-slip) and ductile (folds, schistosities and mineral lineations) deformations. These structures are mainly oriented NNW-SSW, WNW-ESE and NE-SW. The description of the sulphide minerals reveals a style of gold mineralization of the Tarkwaian formations.
文摘[（6-oxide-6H-dibenze（c, e）（1, 2）oxaphosphorin-6-yl）methyl]-butanedioic acid （DDP） was prepared and characterized. Solubilities of o-phenylphenol（OPP） in petroleum ether and DDP in acetone ＋ water solution were measured by a gravimetrical method. The solubility data of OPP were well correlated using Francis equation. For the solubility of DDP in acetone aqueous solution, it was found that at each fixed temperature there existed a maximum when the acetone mass fraction in the solvent reached a certain concentration. The experiment shows that the fraction is approximately 0.6. The solubility data would be helpful for their industrial crystallization process.
文摘This idea is based mainly on the most important biochemical process, which is the process of bioremediation, it is based on the use of anaerobic fermentation yeast/<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> in the conversion of sugar to alcohol and then oxidizing it to get food vinegar followed by some reactions of neutralization and heating using catalysts and increasing pressure to get water gas, or what it is called natural gas. This method produces three liters of natural gas using one liter of sugar solution. The main result of this process is getting 3 folds of natural gas from 1 liter of sugar in addition</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">that the source of biofuel is agricultural so it is free from the organic impurities that are always present with fossil fuels would be obtained and the biofuel obtained does not cause air pollution. Glucose is fermented under anaerobic conditions to avoid the formation of bread yeast.
文摘Leaching is one of the major factors that alter the mechanical properties of cement-based composites.This study is aimed to investigate the effect of leaching on the properties of cement-based composites.Specimens with two water/cementitious ratios and two mineral admixtures were tested.An electrical potential was applied to accelerate the leaching process.Compressive strength test,scanning electronic microscopy,thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted.Test results demonstrated that the calcium leaching reduced compressive strengths of concrete specimens,and such effect was prominent on the specimens without mineral admixtures.The leaching resistance increased with a decrease in water/cementitious ratio and an increase in amount of mineral admixtures.The mineral admixtures would reduce the amount of calcium hydroxide and refine the pore structure through pozzolanic reactions.A fair relationship was found between the calcium leaching and the compressive strength.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fundation(40374031)Special Project in the Study of Earthquake(2008419057)the National"Eleventh Five Years"Scientific and Technological Plan(2006BAC01B02-02-04)
文摘Based on results of the mobile gravity measurements of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and Digital Earthquake Observation Network of China, this paper shows the pattern of temporal gravity changes in China mainland on a time scale of 2 - 3 years since 1998, and gives an analysis of the patterns. The result shows that the temporal gravity changes basically reflect the current mass movement and occurrence of strong earthquakes.
基金supported by the Cultivation Project of Major Achievements Transformation of Sichuan Provincial Education Department(#14CZ0005)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(#21406184)
文摘The combustion behavior of typical components of MSW was examined with a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The experiments were done over the temperature range of room temperature to 1000 篊 at a heating rate of 10 篊/min and in an oxidizing atmosphere. The results indicated that the entire weight loss process of each typical component of MSW consists of one to three distinct combustion stages. The combustion of typical components of MSW could be modeled by one to three independent reactions. The corresponding parameters of typical components of MSW such as activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order were determined. The calculated results using the comprehensive kinetic model composed of one to three independent and consecutive reactions, agreed well with experimental results.
基金funded by Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(Grant No.2014ZD0302)Science and Technology Innovation Ability Cultivation Plan of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine(2019PY-154)Research Project of Health Commission of Shanxi Province(2019092)。
文摘Background:According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory,the common processing methods for Ruxiang(frankincense)include stir-frying processing and vinegar processing.Methods:With network pharmacology and thermal analysis methods,we selected and identified the main and irritating ingredients,established the pyrolysis characteristic parameters for identifying frankincense quality,quantified the starting and optimum temperature limits for processing frankincense,and analyzed the influences of processing adjuvants(vinegar)on combustion pyrolysis characteristics of frankincense.By applying Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry,high performance liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and UV-visible spectrometry,we evaluated the processing technology developed in our study of frankincense and its processed products.Results:Based on network pharmacology,we can find that the classical compounds of essential oil are the main pharmacodynamics components of frankincense possessing the anti-inflammatory,analgesia,anti-tumor,anti-ulcer and ant-inflammatory bowel disease effects.The pyrolysis combustion rate peaks of frankincense at 285.27±7.05℃and 476.99±13.46℃were the characteristic peaks used to identify frankincense quality.The specific temperature of slow-fire processing,including the vinegar processing and stir-frying processing,was 148.72±5.09℃.Heating for 5.67±0.98 min after reaching processing temperature was needed for processing frankincense with vinegar.The kinetics analysis showed that both frankincense and its vinegar mixture exhibited good linear relationships.The feasibility and practicability for our processing technology were verified through the determination of medicinal compounds by Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry,high performance liquid chromatography,gas chromatography and UV.Conclusion:Frankincense essential oils were the main active components of frankincense,which also can be taken as the internal chemical control indexes to judge the quality control and to optimize the processing technology of frankincense.The pyrolysis combustion rate peaks of frankincense at 285.27±7.05℃and 476.99±13.46℃were the characteristic peaks that can be used to identify frankincense quality.The optimum processing conditions of vinegar-processed frankincense with were as follows:with vinegar,20%;heating temperature,148.72±5.09℃;and heating time,5.67±0.98 min.Under these conditions,frankincense essential oil could cause a moderate effect on combustion pyrolysis characteristics to exert its corresponding pharmacological effects.
文摘The thermal stability and decomposition kinetics of polysuccinimide (PSI) were investigated using analyzer DTG-60 under high purity nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates (3, 6, 9, 12 K/min). The thermal decomposition mechanism of PSI was determined by Coats-Redfern method. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy (E), pre-exponential factor (A) and reaction order (n) were calculated by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger methods. The results show that the thermal decomposition of PSI under nitrogen atmosphere mainly occurs in the temperature range of 619.15-693.15 K, the reaction order (n) was , the activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A) were obtained to be 106.585 kJ/mol and 4.644 × 109 min-1, the integral and differential forms of the thermal decomposition mechanism of PSI were found to be and , respectively. The results play an important role in understanding the thermodynamic properties of polysuccinimide.
基金supported by the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Green Building Materials (Grant No.GBM-08-KF105)the Engineering Research Center of Railway Environmental Vibration and Noise, Ministry of Education (Grant No.01306020)
文摘Two kinds of activated ways are used to prepare activated coal gangue fine powder, one is calcining coal gangue at 800℃ （gangue A）, and the other is calcining coal gangue with a certain calcite at 800℃ （gangue B）. The experiment shows that strengths of blended cement mortar with coal gangue B are higher than that of blended cement with coal gangue A. Hydration of cements with the two kinds of activated coal gangue is investigated through a differential thermal analysis. The weight loss due to Ca（OH）2 decomposition of hydration products by differential thermal analysis/thermo gravimetric （DTA/TG） can be used to quantify the pozzolanic reaction. A new method based on the composition of hydration cement is proposed to determine the degree of pozzolanic reaction. The results obtained suggest that the degree of pozzolanic reaction of gangue B is faster than that of gangue A.
文摘Mineral exploration is done by different methods. Geophysical and geochemical studies are two powerful tools in this field. In integrated studies, the results of each study are used to determine the location of the drilling boreholes. The purpose of this study is to use field geophysics to calculate the depth of mineral reserve. The study area is located 38 km from Zarand city called Jalalabad iron mine. In this study, gravimetric data were measured and mineral depth was calculated using the Euler method. 1314 readings have been performed in this area. The rocks of the region include volcanic and sedimentary. The source of the mineralization in the area is hydrothermal processes. After gravity measuring in the region, the data were corrected, then various methods such as anomalous map remaining in levels one and two, upward expansion, first and second-degree vertical derivatives, analytical method, and analytical signal were drawn, and finally, the depth of the deposit was estimated by Euler method. As a result, the depth of the mineral deposit was calculated to be between 20 and 30 meters on average.
基金The authors wish to express their thanks for the financial support from the Polyolefin Elastomer Technology Development project(2020B-2619).
文摘The diffusion coefficient of volatiles in polymer solutions is a crucial parameter to describe the mass transfer efficiency and ability of volatiles.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)was used as a polymer,and cyclohexane was used as a volatile.A gravimetric analysis was applied to measure the diffusion coefficient of cyclohexane in POE.The devolatilization rate of the POE-cyclohexane system under different conditions was measured.The effects of temperature,film sample thickness,and initial concentration of volatiles on the devolatilization rate were discussed.Based on the devolatilization rate data,the average diffusion coefficient of cyclohexane in POE was obtained by fitting with a mathematical model.The experimental results indicate that the devolatilization rate increased with increasing temperature and initial concentration of volatiles,but it decreased with increasing sample thickness.As the thickness increased,the overall diffusion resistance increased.As the temperature increased,the molecular movement increased,resulting in the increase of average diffusion coefficient.The relationship between the diffusion coefficient of the POE-cyclohexane system and temperature follows the Arrhenius law.The diffusion activation energy E=6201.73 J/mol,and the pre-exponential factor of the diffusion coefficient D0=2.64×10^(-10) m^(2)/s.This work can provide basic data for exploring the devolatilization of POE polymers and serves as a useful reference for enhancing the effect of devolatilization.
文摘In the present work, the corrosion behavior of aluminium alloy engine block in 3.5% NaCl solution was studied. The work was carried out using conventional gravimetric measurements and complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analyzer (EDX) investigations. The results obtained indicate that the main process the alloy undergoes, under the medium of exposure studied, is related to localized corrosion that takes place as a consequence of the process of alkalinization around the cathodic precipitates existing in the alloy. The alloy suffers a process of corrosion localized to the area surrounding the precipitates of the Al (Si, Mg) and Al-Mg, which resulted in hemispherical pits. This identification was confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis. No evidence was found of the formation of crystallographic pitting for exposure times up to 54 days. Gravimetric analysis confirmed that with varying exposure periods the weight loss of the alloy increases and the corrosion rate decreases with time.
文摘The heated process of raw materials for electron trapping materials (ETM) is investigated by thermo-analysis method. The temperature ranges of raw materials experienced some physical and chemical change processes, such as dehydration, organic solvent removal, crystal sulphur burning, oxidation of alkaline earth sulfides and solid phase reaction (rare earth doped) and so on, are obtained. The experimental results also show that the presence of trace oxygen in shielded gas is very harmful to prepare the ETM.The raw material thermo-analysis results provide very important experimental reference for optimizing the ETM preparation techniques.
文摘The Colima Volcanic Complex trends in a nearly N-S direction in western Mexico, and one of its?structures, Colima volcano, is the most historically active volcano in the country. Immediately to the?N, there is another volcanic center called El Cántaro volcano, whose activity started around 1.7 Ma in its N portion and migrated to the S in various episodes. Volcanic activity migrated further south, from El Cántaro to the Colima Volcanic Complex where the southernmost manifestation, Hijos del Volcán domes, is located on the south slope of Fuego volcano. The above date appears to mark initiation of the rather continuous volcanic activity in the area. It has been noted that these volcanic manifestations lie on, or near the Rivera-Cocos inland plate boundary. Colima’s Fuego volcano is also the closest to the Middle America Trench, among the polygenetic volcanoes in Mexico. We submit that the anomalous location of volcanism in this area originates in an anomalous subduction process of the Rivera and Cocos plates and evoke a tectonic model, proposed elsewhere, to support the idea. Modeling gravimetric and aeromagnetic data we locate the magma chambers of the Fuego (active) and Nevado (extinct) volcanoes within a 65 mGals negative Bouguer anomaly elongated in a nearly N-S direction. The corresponding aeromagnetic map displays a magnetic high over the southern portion of the Fuego volcano edifice. We found two additional, associated structures whose anomalies have not been previously reported, which appear to follow the southward magmatic migration pattern. One of them is a collapse structure with a circular topographic expression, and the southernmost is a low-density intrusion ~1 km below sea level, associated with a moderate topographic bulge at the surface that we interpret as a magma body. Five lines cross the anomalies;gravimetric and magnetic fields are concurrently modeled along them to locate the magmatic bodies. In addition to the 2-D models we perform 3-D gravimetric and magnetic inversions. For each field a 3-D mesh is built under the area occupied by the Colima Volcanic Complex, the volume elements are then assigned density or magnetic susceptibility values and their surface contributions in various points are evaluated. The process is iterated until the difference between the measured and the calculated fields is less than a predetermined value. The results of each inversion adequately and independently define the location of the magmatic chambers although they cannot distinguish between the individual chambers of the Nevado and Fuego volcanoes. 2-D and 3-D results complement each other and consistently show the locations of potential magmatic regions. Our models support a multiple, complex magmatic system that appears to continue to spread southwardly, which can pose additional volcanic risks to an already threatened local population.
文摘Following crustal stress and the tectonic evolutions that lead to the triggering of seisms is still premature, for technological reasons. Instead, in view of the energies involved, which are in the order of kilotons, it is necessary to collect symptoms manifesting inside the Earth. The greater the stresses produced, the more evident will be the seismic signals manifesting on a global scale. From the point of view of teaching, it is proposed to study seismology in secondary schools using an ＂evidential＂ paradigm, rather than the ＂Galileian＂ sort. This will require a more modern approach, one that considers non-linearity an investigation model that is more in line with the Natural Science approach. To this effect, also the seismology lab is transformed from a place where reality is ＂reproduced＂, into a setting where comparisons are made in the intrinsic presence of clues rather than proofs. The instruments used to carry out this project, which is taking its first steps in an experimental form in Parma （Italy）, can be reproduced at low cost, but without forsaking precision measurements. The instruments in question are those used to detect radio anomalies, acoustic emissions produced in the deepest layers of the terrestrial crust, and variations in gravity that require a computer to interface data and elaborate signals 24/7.
