The extracellular matrix is a diverse composition of glycoproteins and proteoglycans found in all cellular systems. The extracellular matrix, abundant in the mammalian central nervous system, is temporally and spatial...The extracellular matrix is a diverse composition of glycoproteins and proteoglycans found in all cellular systems. The extracellular matrix, abundant in the mammalian central nervous system, is temporally and spatially regulated and is a dynamic ＂living＂ entity that is reshaped and redesigned on a continuous basis in response to changing needs. Some modifications are adaptive and some are maladaptive. It is the maladaptive responses that pose a significant threat to successful axonal regeneration and/or sprouting following traumatic and spinal cord injuries, and has been the focus of a myriad of research laboratories for many years. This review focuses largely on the extracellular matrix component, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, with certain comparisons to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which tend to serve opposite functions in the central nervous system. Although about equally as well characterized as some of the other proteoglycans such as hyaluronan and dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are the most widely researched and discussed proteoglycans in the field of axonal injury and regeneration. Four laboratories discuss various aspects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and proteoglycans in general with respect to their structure and function （Beller and Snow）, the recent discovery of specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan receptors and what this may mean the field （Shen）, extracellular for increased advancements in matrix degradation by matrix metalloproteinases, which sculpt and resculpt to provide support for outgrowth, synapse formation, and synapse stability （Phillips et al.）, and the perilesion microenvironment with respect to immune system function in response to proteoglycans and central nervous system injuries （Jakeman et al.）.展开更多
AFRICA＇S largest cities are choking with traffic. In Egypt＇s capital Cairo, for example, congestion costs the country $8 billion a year in lost productivity, ad- ditional fuel consumption and the impact of pollution...AFRICA＇S largest cities are choking with traffic. In Egypt＇s capital Cairo, for example, congestion costs the country $8 billion a year in lost productivity, ad- ditional fuel consumption and the impact of pollution. according to a 2012 World Bank study. The highways of Lagos, Nigeria, are congested for hours every morning and afternoon, noted a 2013 study in the International Journal of Civil. Architectural, Structural and Construction Engineering. There is similar gridlock in Ethiopia＇s capital Addis Ababa, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola＇s Luanda and Nairobi in Kenya.展开更多
你未来理想的住处会在什么地方?选择可以避开闹市喧嚣的郊区?好主意!——不过那是要以长时间的通勤为代价的,想想那恼人的交通堵塞吧。本文作者提醒你:长时间久坐在车上会使人肥胖。很多人为了自己的腰围考虑而偏爱步行,那就该建立一条...你未来理想的住处会在什么地方?选择可以避开闹市喧嚣的郊区?好主意!——不过那是要以长时间的通勤为代价的,想想那恼人的交通堵塞吧。本文作者提醒你:长时间久坐在车上会使人肥胖。很多人为了自己的腰围考虑而偏爱步行,那就该建立一条“步行专用道”:The dream home of the 21st centu-ry may not have a picket fence in the countryside,but instead may be a pleasantstroll away from a bookstore or nice restaurant.你同意这一观点吗?展开更多
文摘The extracellular matrix is a diverse composition of glycoproteins and proteoglycans found in all cellular systems. The extracellular matrix, abundant in the mammalian central nervous system, is temporally and spatially regulated and is a dynamic ＂living＂ entity that is reshaped and redesigned on a continuous basis in response to changing needs. Some modifications are adaptive and some are maladaptive. It is the maladaptive responses that pose a significant threat to successful axonal regeneration and/or sprouting following traumatic and spinal cord injuries, and has been the focus of a myriad of research laboratories for many years. This review focuses largely on the extracellular matrix component, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, with certain comparisons to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which tend to serve opposite functions in the central nervous system. Although about equally as well characterized as some of the other proteoglycans such as hyaluronan and dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are the most widely researched and discussed proteoglycans in the field of axonal injury and regeneration. Four laboratories discuss various aspects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and proteoglycans in general with respect to their structure and function （Beller and Snow）, the recent discovery of specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan receptors and what this may mean the field （Shen）, extracellular for increased advancements in matrix degradation by matrix metalloproteinases, which sculpt and resculpt to provide support for outgrowth, synapse formation, and synapse stability （Phillips et al.）, and the perilesion microenvironment with respect to immune system function in response to proteoglycans and central nervous system injuries （Jakeman et al.）.
文摘AFRICA＇S largest cities are choking with traffic. In Egypt＇s capital Cairo, for example, congestion costs the country $8 billion a year in lost productivity, ad- ditional fuel consumption and the impact of pollution. according to a 2012 World Bank study. The highways of Lagos, Nigeria, are congested for hours every morning and afternoon, noted a 2013 study in the International Journal of Civil. Architectural, Structural and Construction Engineering. There is similar gridlock in Ethiopia＇s capital Addis Ababa, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola＇s Luanda and Nairobi in Kenya.
文摘你未来理想的住处会在什么地方?选择可以避开闹市喧嚣的郊区?好主意!——不过那是要以长时间的通勤为代价的,想想那恼人的交通堵塞吧。本文作者提醒你:长时间久坐在车上会使人肥胖。很多人为了自己的腰围考虑而偏爱步行,那就该建立一条“步行专用道”:The dream home of the 21st centu-ry may not have a picket fence in the countryside,but instead may be a pleasantstroll away from a bookstore or nice restaurant.你同意这一观点吗?
基金financially supported by the Research Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51971100)Postgraduate Innovation Project of Jiangsu(SY201906X)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Qinglan Projectsupport for this research by the Nature Science Foundation of Anhui,China(1908085QE218)the University Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province(KJ2021ZD63)。
