[Objectives]To explore the compatibility rules of neonatal parenteral nutrition(PN)prescriptions based on association rules and hierarchical cluster analysis,thereby providing a reference for standardizing neonatal pa...[Objectives]To explore the compatibility rules of neonatal parenteral nutrition(PN)prescriptions based on association rules and hierarchical cluster analysis,thereby providing a reference for standardizing neonatal parenteral nutrition supportive therapy.[Methods]The data about neonatal PN formulations prepared by the Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services(PIVAS)of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University from July 2015 to June 2021 were collected.The general information of the prescriptions and the frequency of drug use were analyzed with Excel 2019;the boxplot of drug dosing was drawn using GraphPad 8.0 software;and SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS Statistics 26.0 were used to perform association rules and hierarchical cluster analysis.[Results]A total of 11488 PN prescriptions were collected from 1421 newborns,involving 18 kinds of drugs,which were divided into 11 types of nutrients.Association rules analysis yielded 84 nutrient substance combinations.The combination of fat emulsion-water-soluble vitamins-fat-soluble vitamins-glucose-amino acids had the highest confidence(99.95%).The hierarchical cluster analysis divided nutrients into 5 types.[Conclusions]The prescriptions of PN for newborns were composed of five types of nutrients:amino acids,fat emulsion,glucose,water-soluble vitamins,and fat-soluble vitamins.According to the lack of electrolytes and trace elements,appropriate drugs can be chosen to meet nutritional demands.This study provides reference basis for reasonable selection of drugs for neonatal PN prescriptions and further standardization of PN supportive therapy in newborns.展开更多
The paper deals with cluster analysis and comparison of clustering methods. Cluster analysis belongs to multivariate statistical methods. Cluster analysis is defined as general logical technique, procedure, which allo...The paper deals with cluster analysis and comparison of clustering methods. Cluster analysis belongs to multivariate statistical methods. Cluster analysis is defined as general logical technique, procedure, which allows clustering variable objects into groups-clusters on the basis of similarity or dissimilarity. Cluster analysis involves computational procedures, of which purpose is to reduce a set of data on several relatively homogenous groups-clusters, while the condition of reduction is maximal and simultaneously minimal similarity of clusters. Similarity of objects is studied by the degree of similarity (correlation coefficient and association coefficient) or the degree of dissimilarity-degree of distance (distance coefficient). Methods of cluster analysis are on the basis of clustering classified as hierarchical or non-hierarchical methods.展开更多
The fruits of leguminous plants Cercis Chinensis Bunge are still overlooked although they have been reported to be antioxidative because of the limited information on the phytochemicals of C.chinensis fruits.A simple,...The fruits of leguminous plants Cercis Chinensis Bunge are still overlooked although they have been reported to be antioxidative because of the limited information on the phytochemicals of C.chinensis fruits.A simple,rapid and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the identification and quantitation of the major bioactive components in C.chinensis fruits.Eighteen polyphenols were identified,which are first reported in C.chinensis fruits.Moreover,ten components were simultaneously quantified.The validated quantitative method was proved to be sensitive,reproducible and accurate.Then,it was applied to analyze batches of C.chinensis fruits from different phytomorph and areas.The principal components analysis(PCA)realized visualization and reduction of data set dimension while the hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)indicated that the content of phenolic acids or all ten components might be used to differentiate C.chinensis fruits of different phytomorph.展开更多
This study focuses on the geochemical and bacteriological investigation of surface and ground water in the Bamoun plateau (Western-Cameroon). During the period from September 2013 to August 2014, 71 samples were colle...This study focuses on the geochemical and bacteriological investigation of surface and ground water in the Bamoun plateau (Western-Cameroon). During the period from September 2013 to August 2014, 71 samples were collected from two springs, one borehole, four wells and the Nchi stream for analysis of major elements. In order to obtain the characteristics of the various species of bacteria, 7 samples were selected. The analytical method adopted for this study is the conventional hydrochemical technic and multivariate statistical analysis, coupled with the hydrogeochemical modelling. The results revealed that, water from the zone under study are acidic to basic, very weakly to weakly mineralized. Four types of water were identified: 1) CaMg-HCO<sub>3</sub>;2) CaMg-Cl-SO<sub>4</sub>;3) NaCl-SO<sub>4</sub> and 4) NaK-HCO<sub>3</sub>. The major elements were all listed in the World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water quality, except for nitrates which was found at a concentration > 50 mg /l <span style="white-space:nowrap;">NO<sup>-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">3</sub> </span>in the borehole F401. As for the hydrobiological aspect, the entire sample contained all the bacteriological species except for spring S301 and well P401. According to the hydrogeochemical modelling, the Gibbs model and multivariate statistical tests, the quality of surface and ground water of the Foumban locality is influenced by two important factors: 1) the natural factors characterized by the water-rock interaction, evapotranspiration/crystallization, 2) the anthropogenic factors such as: uncontrolled discharges of liquid and solid effluents of all kinds and without any prior treatment within the ground and the strong urbanization accompanied by lack of sanitation and insufficient care.展开更多
Malaysia's rapid economic and demographic development have placed negative pressure on its water supplies and the quality of the Juru River, which is close to the nation's capital and its major source of water...Malaysia's rapid economic and demographic development have placed negative pressure on its water supplies and the quality of the Juru River, which is close to the nation's capital and its major source of water. Healthy aquatic ecosystems are supported by physicochemical properties and biological diversity. This study evaluated the anthropogenic impacts on aquatic biodiversity, especially plankton, fish, and macrobenthos, as well as the water quality of the Juru River in the Penang area. Aquatic biodiversity and river water parameters were collected from ten sampling stations along the Juru River. Seven variables were used to assess the physicochemical environment: pH, temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand. At each sampling station, the total number of plankton, fish, and macrobenthic taxa were counted and analyzed. The relationships between the physicochemical parameters and aquatic biodiversity were investigated with biotypological analysis, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and linear regression analysis. These analyses showed that the richness and diversity indices were generally influenced by salinity, temperature, TSS, BOD, and pH. The data obtained in this study supported the bioindicator concept. The findings, as they related to scientifically informed conservation, could serve as a model for Juru River management, as well as for river management throughout Malaysia and other tropical Asian countries.展开更多
Banana is an important crop grown in Oman and there is a dearth of information on its genetic diversity to assist in crop breeding and improvement programs.This study employed amplified fragment length polymorphism(AF...Banana is an important crop grown in Oman and there is a dearth of information on its genetic diversity to assist in crop breeding and improvement programs.This study employed amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) to investigate the genetic variation in local banana cultivars from the southern region of Oman.Using 12 primer combinations,a total of 1094 bands were scored,of which 1012 were polymorphic.Eighty-two unique markers were identified,which revealed the distinct separation of the seven cultivars.The results obtained show that AFLP can be used to differentiate the banana cultivars.Further classification by phylogenetic,hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses showed significant differences between the clusters found with molecular markers and those clusters created by previous studies using morphological analysis.Based on the analytical results,a consensus dendrogram of the banana cultivars is presented.展开更多
The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as Hongzao(or Hong-Zao) in Chinese and cultivated in China for more than 4 000 years, has shown to have hepatoprotective property. In previous study, we have isolated and iden...The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as Hongzao(or Hong-Zao) in Chinese and cultivated in China for more than 4 000 years, has shown to have hepatoprotective property. In previous study, we have isolated and identified 27 known compounds from Z. jujuba fruits, which demonstrated anti-tumor activity. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection-mass spectrometry(HPLC-DAD-MS) method was successfully applied to the simultaneous characterization and quantitation of 18 constituents in 28 Z. jujuba samples, comprised of 12 cultivars from different regions in China, by comparing their HPLC retention times, MS spectra, UV spectra, and NMR data with those of reference compounds. The quantitative method was validated with excellent linearity(R^(2 )> 0.999 1), preferable intra-and inter-day precisions(RSD < 2.78%), and good recoveries(94.96%–102.65%). The content variation of 18 compounds was analyzed by a chemometric method(hierarchical cluster analysis). In addition, these constituents showed protection against carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4)) intoxicated Hep G2 cell lines by decreasing lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) levels. Results in this study illustrated that the content of all 18 compounds examined has significant difference and variation among cultivars and extracts. The proposed method can serve as a prerequisite for quality control of bioactive compounds in Z. jujuba products.展开更多
The cost of highway is affected by many factors.Its composition and calculation are complicated and have great ambiguity.Calculating the cost of highway according to the traditional highway engineering estimation meth...The cost of highway is affected by many factors.Its composition and calculation are complicated and have great ambiguity.Calculating the cost of highway according to the traditional highway engineering estimation method is a completely tedious task.Constructing a highway cost prediction model can forecast the value promptly and improve the accuracy of highway engineering cost.This work sorts out and collects 60 sets of measured data of highway engineering;establishes an expressway cost index system based on 10 factors,including main route mileage,roadbed width,roadbed earthwork,and number of bridges;and processes the data through principal component analysis(PCA)and hierarchical cluster analysis.Particle swarm optimization(PSO)is used to obtain the optimal parameter combination of the regularization parameter c and the kernel function width coefficientin least squares support vector machine(LSSVM).Results show that the average relative and mean square errors of the PCA-PSO-LSSVM model are 0.79%and 10.01%,respectively.Compared with BP neural networks and unoptimized LSSVM model,the PCA-PSO-LSSVM model has smaller relative errors,better generalization ability,and higher prediction accuracy,thereby providing a new method for highway cost prediction in complex environments.展开更多
[Objectives] A simple and reliable HPLC fingerprint method was developed for the identification of dried barks of Ilex rotunda and I. godajam. [Methods] Nine batches of dried barks of I. rotunda,and seven batches of d...[Objectives] A simple and reliable HPLC fingerprint method was developed for the identification of dried barks of Ilex rotunda and I. godajam. [Methods] Nine batches of dried barks of I. rotunda,and seven batches of dried barks of I. godajam collected from different pharmacies and arboretums in different regions of China were used to establish fingerprints. The software Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Traditional Chinese Medicine( 2004 A Edition) was used to evaluate the fingerprints. [Results]The fingerprints of dried barks of I. rotunda and I. godajam were established. Methodological study met the technical requirements of fingerprints. The similarities of the fingerprints of dried barks of I. rotunda and I. godajam were all more than 0. 8 and 0. 9 respectively. There were 31 and 28 common peaks in I. rotunda and I. godajam,which could be classified into two clusters by principal component analysis( PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. [Conclusions] The feasibility and advantages of used HPLC fingerprints were verified,and the results indicated that the HPLC fingerprint as a characteristic distinguishing method combining similarity evaluation,principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis can be successfully used to identify the authenticity of dried barks of I. rotunda and I. godajam.展开更多
Groundwater resources in the North China Plain(NCP)are undergoing tremendous changes in response to the operation of groundwater exploitation reduction(GWER)project.To identify groundwater evolution in this complex co...Groundwater resources in the North China Plain(NCP)are undergoing tremendous changes in response to the operation of groundwater exploitation reduction(GWER)project.To identify groundwater evolution in this complex context,hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)and principal component analysis(PCA)were combined to interpret an integrated dataset of stable isotopes and chemical data from four sampling campaigns in a pilot area of groundwater control.We proposed a novel HCA approach integrating stable isotopes and chemical signals,which successfully partitioned the groundwater samples into the unconfined and the confined water samples.Stable isotopic evidence showed that the lateral inflow and the surface water may contribute more to groundwater recharge in this region than local modern precipitation.The unconfined water's main hydrochemical types were Na type with mixed anions,and Na-Cl-SO_(4)type,while the confined water was mainly Na-Cl and Na-SO_(4)types.Geochemical processes mainly involved the dissolution/precipitation of halite,gypsum,Glauber's salt,feldspar,calcite and dolomite,as well as the cation exchange.PCA results showed that water-rock interaction(i.e.,salinity-based and alkalinity-based processes)predominated the hydrochemical evolution,along with local nitrate contamination resulting from fertilizers and domestic sewage.The GWER project regulated the natural evolution of unconfined water chemistry,and significantly reduced the unconfined water's salinity(mainly Na^(+),Mg^(2+),SO_(4)^(2-)).This may be attributed to upward leakage from low-salinity confined water at some parts of the aquifer.Additionally,insignificant changes in the confined water's salinity reflected that the impact of GWER on the confined aquifer was negligible.This study facilitates the groundwater classification effectively in the areas lack of geological data,and enhances the knowledge of groundwater chemical evolution in such a region where groundwater restoration is in progress,with important implications for groundwater sustainable management in similar basins worldwide.展开更多
Objective:Authentication is vital to the reduction of the misuse of Panax species due to their extensive array of uses and similarities between species.However,the current authentication approach is time-consuming,lab...Objective:Authentication is vital to the reduction of the misuse of Panax species due to their extensive array of uses and similarities between species.However,the current authentication approach is time-consuming,laborious,and costly.The aim of this study is to discriminate the botanical origins of five species in Panax genus by a rapid and simple approach.Methods:Here,an electronic tongue(E-tongue)was applied to discriminate the botanical origins of five species of Panax,i.e.,Panax quinquefolius,Panax japonicus,P.japonicus var.major,Panax zingiberensis,and Panax notoginseng(representative high-,middle-,and low-latitude plants),and the four geographical origins of P.japonicus and P.japonicus var.major plants.Data preprocessing methods,including principal component analysis(PCA),hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA),and linear discriminant analysis(LDA),were used.Results:Three models can discriminate five species of Panax genus and four plants of P.japonicus and P.japonicus var.major from different geographical origins.LDA was superior to PCA and HCA in terms of satisfactory classification.Conclusion:The findings confirmed the potential of the E-tongue for performing rapid,simple,and cost-effective discrimination via LDA.展开更多
The potential accumulation of platinum group elements(PGE)in the environment from automobile catalysts is high in urban areas,with the major sinks being roadside soils.Therefore,this investigation presented the detail...The potential accumulation of platinum group elements(PGE)in the environment from automobile catalysts is high in urban areas,with the major sinks being roadside soils.Therefore,this investigation presented the detailed study on characterized concentrations of Pt and Pd and their enrichment ratios in urban roadside soils in Xuzhou,China in March 2003.Data from 21 roadside topsoil samples analyzed by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometer(ICP-MS)illustrated that the medians of concentrations of Pt and Pd were 2.9 and 2.8 ng/g,respectively.Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that Pt and Pd were mainly from traffic emissions.Compared to unpolluted soils,computation of Pt and Pd enrichment ratios suggested that the Xuzhou roadside soils had average enrichment factors of 3.53 for Pt(in range of 1.22–5.73)and of 3.37 for Pd(in range of 1.35–4.46).Lower Pt/Pd ratios(in range of 0.35–2.86)in relation to similar studies in other countries were observed,which might be due to the different Pt/Pd ratios in Chinese automobile catalytic converters.Moreover,fine fraction(,250 mm)contained higher concentrations of Pt and Pd compared to the coarse fraction(250–500 mm).展开更多
This study aimed to propose climatic zones in the Brazilian semiarid region using multivariate statistical techniques and to characterize these zones for energy efficiency applications in buildings.Principal component...This study aimed to propose climatic zones in the Brazilian semiarid region using multivariate statistical techniques and to characterize these zones for energy efficiency applications in buildings.Principal component analysis(PCA)was used to select the variables with the greatest practical relevance.From this selection,hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)was used to spatially define climatically homogeneous zones.For each defined zone,the most feasible constructive thermal conditioning strategies were defined,and the thermal indexes of heat and degree-hours of cooling and heating were calculated.As result,PCA reduced the dimensionality of the initial database from 104 to 48 variables,among which the climatic and bioclimatic variables related to temperature stood out.From the HCA,three climatic zones were defined for the Brazilian semiarid region.For all zones,there was a high demand for constructive conditioning strategies,which have to be adopted in more than half of the total annual hours.The proposed zoning is adapted to the climatic aspects of the Brazilian semiarid and has significant potential for applications in construction planning in this region.Moreover,the methodology presented can be applied for establishing climatic zones in other regions,which can contribute to increasing the energy efficiency of buildings.展开更多
It is essential to develop effective methods for the quality control of the traditional medicine with multiple components.However,few researches on the quality control have been conducted to interpret the holistic cha...It is essential to develop effective methods for the quality control of the traditional medicine with multiple components.However,few researches on the quality control have been conducted to interpret the holistic characteristics of the traditional medicine in terms of dissolution/release.In this study,the multi-component release kinetics of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)dosage forms was characterized and mapped by multivariate analysis techniques in the field of‘‘-omics’’.The Liuweidihuang pill was used as a model formulation.The multi-component release kinetics of the concentrated and water-honeyed Liuweidihuang pills at rotation speeds of 50 and 100 rpm were analyzed by chemomic release kinetic theory and modified LC/MS/MS method.Mass features of 103(concentrated pills)and 101(water-honeyed pills)were selected with a linear correlation coefficient Z0.99 between mass responses and concentrations.To compose the chemomic standard spectrum,the relative abundance of both mass features was no less than 1%as compared with an internal standard.The correlation coefficients between six samples of various solutions were in line with analytical requirements of precision(rZ0.985).The score plots of principal component analysis showed that the concentrated Liuweidihuang pills presented better chemomic release reproducibility than the water-honeyed pills.Conversely,the impact of rotation speed on the chemomic release was less obvious.The heat maps of hierarchical clustering analysis did not show significant changes in individual clusters of mass features along different time intervals,reflecting the release integrity of the mass features.Therefore,both multivariate analysis methods,the principal component analysis and the hierarchical clustering analysis,seemed to be effective techniques to demonstrate the multiple component release performance of TCM.The research provided the basis of a new strategy for the quality control procedures of the dissolution/release for the traditional medicine and multi-component natural products to address increasing regulatory requirements and scrutiny across the world.展开更多
Objectives:The purpose of this paper was to construct a reliable methodology to discriminate the geographical origins of Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Shan planted in different regions in Sichuan,China.Materials and ...Objectives:The purpose of this paper was to construct a reliable methodology to discriminate the geographical origins of Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Shan planted in different regions in Sichuan,China.Materials and methods:Fatty acid profiles of roots and leaves of C.violaceum planted in various regions of Sichuan Province in China,namely Guangyuan(GY),Langzhong(LZ),Jintang(JT),Bazhong(BZ),and Shuangling(SL),were determined using GC-MS followed by multivariate statistical analyses,including orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis.Results:Leaves of C.violaceum showed the highest contents of hexadecatrienoic acid(3.21 g/kg),linoleic acid(6.62 g/kg),andα-linolenic acid(7.24 g/kg),which were all higher than those contained in roots.Chuanminshen violaceum samples collected from LZ,JT,and GY could be clearly distinguished based on fatty acid profiles of leaves and those collected from LZ,GY,and BZ could be clearly distinguished based on fatty acid profiles of roots.Conclusions:Chemometric method is used as a potential approach for analyses of fatty acid profiles of roots and leaves to control the quality of C.violaceum and their powered products.展开更多
基金Supported by Science and Technology Research and Development Project of Chengde City,Hebei Province(201706A043)Young Scholar Program of Hebei Pharmaceutical Association Hospital Pharmaceutical Research Project(2020—Hbsyxhqn0029).
文摘[Objectives]To explore the compatibility rules of neonatal parenteral nutrition(PN)prescriptions based on association rules and hierarchical cluster analysis,thereby providing a reference for standardizing neonatal parenteral nutrition supportive therapy.[Methods]The data about neonatal PN formulations prepared by the Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services(PIVAS)of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University from July 2015 to June 2021 were collected.The general information of the prescriptions and the frequency of drug use were analyzed with Excel 2019;the boxplot of drug dosing was drawn using GraphPad 8.0 software;and SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS Statistics 26.0 were used to perform association rules and hierarchical cluster analysis.[Results]A total of 11488 PN prescriptions were collected from 1421 newborns,involving 18 kinds of drugs,which were divided into 11 types of nutrients.Association rules analysis yielded 84 nutrient substance combinations.The combination of fat emulsion-water-soluble vitamins-fat-soluble vitamins-glucose-amino acids had the highest confidence(99.95%).The hierarchical cluster analysis divided nutrients into 5 types.[Conclusions]The prescriptions of PN for newborns were composed of five types of nutrients:amino acids,fat emulsion,glucose,water-soluble vitamins,and fat-soluble vitamins.According to the lack of electrolytes and trace elements,appropriate drugs can be chosen to meet nutritional demands.This study provides reference basis for reasonable selection of drugs for neonatal PN prescriptions and further standardization of PN supportive therapy in newborns.
文摘The paper deals with cluster analysis and comparison of clustering methods. Cluster analysis belongs to multivariate statistical methods. Cluster analysis is defined as general logical technique, procedure, which allows clustering variable objects into groups-clusters on the basis of similarity or dissimilarity. Cluster analysis involves computational procedures, of which purpose is to reduce a set of data on several relatively homogenous groups-clusters, while the condition of reduction is maximal and simultaneously minimal similarity of clusters. Similarity of objects is studied by the degree of similarity (correlation coefficient and association coefficient) or the degree of dissimilarity-degree of distance (distance coefficient). Methods of cluster analysis are on the basis of clustering classified as hierarchical or non-hierarchical methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82073808,81872828,and 81573384)。
文摘The fruits of leguminous plants Cercis Chinensis Bunge are still overlooked although they have been reported to be antioxidative because of the limited information on the phytochemicals of C.chinensis fruits.A simple,rapid and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the identification and quantitation of the major bioactive components in C.chinensis fruits.Eighteen polyphenols were identified,which are first reported in C.chinensis fruits.Moreover,ten components were simultaneously quantified.The validated quantitative method was proved to be sensitive,reproducible and accurate.Then,it was applied to analyze batches of C.chinensis fruits from different phytomorph and areas.The principal components analysis(PCA)realized visualization and reduction of data set dimension while the hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)indicated that the content of phenolic acids or all ten components might be used to differentiate C.chinensis fruits of different phytomorph.
文摘This study focuses on the geochemical and bacteriological investigation of surface and ground water in the Bamoun plateau (Western-Cameroon). During the period from September 2013 to August 2014, 71 samples were collected from two springs, one borehole, four wells and the Nchi stream for analysis of major elements. In order to obtain the characteristics of the various species of bacteria, 7 samples were selected. The analytical method adopted for this study is the conventional hydrochemical technic and multivariate statistical analysis, coupled with the hydrogeochemical modelling. The results revealed that, water from the zone under study are acidic to basic, very weakly to weakly mineralized. Four types of water were identified: 1) CaMg-HCO<sub>3</sub>;2) CaMg-Cl-SO<sub>4</sub>;3) NaCl-SO<sub>4</sub> and 4) NaK-HCO<sub>3</sub>. The major elements were all listed in the World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water quality, except for nitrates which was found at a concentration > 50 mg /l <span style="white-space:nowrap;">NO<sup>-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">3</sub> </span>in the borehole F401. As for the hydrobiological aspect, the entire sample contained all the bacteriological species except for spring S301 and well P401. According to the hydrogeochemical modelling, the Gibbs model and multivariate statistical tests, the quality of surface and ground water of the Foumban locality is influenced by two important factors: 1) the natural factors characterized by the water-rock interaction, evapotranspiration/crystallization, 2) the anthropogenic factors such as: uncontrolled discharges of liquid and solid effluents of all kinds and without any prior treatment within the ground and the strong urbanization accompanied by lack of sanitation and insufficient care.
文摘Malaysia's rapid economic and demographic development have placed negative pressure on its water supplies and the quality of the Juru River, which is close to the nation's capital and its major source of water. Healthy aquatic ecosystems are supported by physicochemical properties and biological diversity. This study evaluated the anthropogenic impacts on aquatic biodiversity, especially plankton, fish, and macrobenthos, as well as the water quality of the Juru River in the Penang area. Aquatic biodiversity and river water parameters were collected from ten sampling stations along the Juru River. Seven variables were used to assess the physicochemical environment: pH, temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand. At each sampling station, the total number of plankton, fish, and macrobenthic taxa were counted and analyzed. The relationships between the physicochemical parameters and aquatic biodiversity were investigated with biotypological analysis, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and linear regression analysis. These analyses showed that the richness and diversity indices were generally influenced by salinity, temperature, TSS, BOD, and pH. The data obtained in this study supported the bioindicator concept. The findings, as they related to scientifically informed conservation, could serve as a model for Juru River management, as well as for river management throughout Malaysia and other tropical Asian countries.
基金Project supported by Programs of Sultan Qaboos University (Nos SR/AGR/BIOR/05/01 and IG/AGR/PLANT/04/01),Sultanate of Oman,and the Research Chair in Postharvest Technology at the University of Stellenbosch,South Africa
文摘Banana is an important crop grown in Oman and there is a dearth of information on its genetic diversity to assist in crop breeding and improvement programs.This study employed amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) to investigate the genetic variation in local banana cultivars from the southern region of Oman.Using 12 primer combinations,a total of 1094 bands were scored,of which 1012 were polymorphic.Eighty-two unique markers were identified,which revealed the distinct separation of the seven cultivars.The results obtained show that AFLP can be used to differentiate the banana cultivars.Further classification by phylogenetic,hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses showed significant differences between the clusters found with molecular markers and those clusters created by previous studies using morphological analysis.Based on the analytical results,a consensus dendrogram of the banana cultivars is presented.
基金supported by a grant from Desert Control Research Institute of Shaanxi Province(No.203130012)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31570348)。
文摘The fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill., known as Hongzao(or Hong-Zao) in Chinese and cultivated in China for more than 4 000 years, has shown to have hepatoprotective property. In previous study, we have isolated and identified 27 known compounds from Z. jujuba fruits, which demonstrated anti-tumor activity. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection-mass spectrometry(HPLC-DAD-MS) method was successfully applied to the simultaneous characterization and quantitation of 18 constituents in 28 Z. jujuba samples, comprised of 12 cultivars from different regions in China, by comparing their HPLC retention times, MS spectra, UV spectra, and NMR data with those of reference compounds. The quantitative method was validated with excellent linearity(R^(2 )> 0.999 1), preferable intra-and inter-day precisions(RSD < 2.78%), and good recoveries(94.96%–102.65%). The content variation of 18 compounds was analyzed by a chemometric method(hierarchical cluster analysis). In addition, these constituents showed protection against carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4)) intoxicated Hep G2 cell lines by decreasing lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) levels. Results in this study illustrated that the content of all 18 compounds examined has significant difference and variation among cultivars and extracts. The proposed method can serve as a prerequisite for quality control of bioactive compounds in Z. jujuba products.
文摘The cost of highway is affected by many factors.Its composition and calculation are complicated and have great ambiguity.Calculating the cost of highway according to the traditional highway engineering estimation method is a completely tedious task.Constructing a highway cost prediction model can forecast the value promptly and improve the accuracy of highway engineering cost.This work sorts out and collects 60 sets of measured data of highway engineering;establishes an expressway cost index system based on 10 factors,including main route mileage,roadbed width,roadbed earthwork,and number of bridges;and processes the data through principal component analysis(PCA)and hierarchical cluster analysis.Particle swarm optimization(PSO)is used to obtain the optimal parameter combination of the regularization parameter c and the kernel function width coefficientin least squares support vector machine(LSSVM).Results show that the average relative and mean square errors of the PCA-PSO-LSSVM model are 0.79%and 10.01%,respectively.Compared with BP neural networks and unoptimized LSSVM model,the PCA-PSO-LSSVM model has smaller relative errors,better generalization ability,and higher prediction accuracy,thereby providing a new method for highway cost prediction in complex environments.
基金Supported by Special Project for Scientific Research of General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China(201210209)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-21)
文摘[Objectives] A simple and reliable HPLC fingerprint method was developed for the identification of dried barks of Ilex rotunda and I. godajam. [Methods] Nine batches of dried barks of I. rotunda,and seven batches of dried barks of I. godajam collected from different pharmacies and arboretums in different regions of China were used to establish fingerprints. The software Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Traditional Chinese Medicine( 2004 A Edition) was used to evaluate the fingerprints. [Results]The fingerprints of dried barks of I. rotunda and I. godajam were established. Methodological study met the technical requirements of fingerprints. The similarities of the fingerprints of dried barks of I. rotunda and I. godajam were all more than 0. 8 and 0. 9 respectively. There were 31 and 28 common peaks in I. rotunda and I. godajam,which could be classified into two clusters by principal component analysis( PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. [Conclusions] The feasibility and advantages of used HPLC fingerprints were verified,and the results indicated that the HPLC fingerprint as a characteristic distinguishing method combining similarity evaluation,principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis can be successfully used to identify the authenticity of dried barks of I. rotunda and I. godajam.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41901039)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Grant No.D2022402013)the Department of Education of Hebei Province(Grant No,BJ2021014).
文摘Groundwater resources in the North China Plain(NCP)are undergoing tremendous changes in response to the operation of groundwater exploitation reduction(GWER)project.To identify groundwater evolution in this complex context,hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)and principal component analysis(PCA)were combined to interpret an integrated dataset of stable isotopes and chemical data from four sampling campaigns in a pilot area of groundwater control.We proposed a novel HCA approach integrating stable isotopes and chemical signals,which successfully partitioned the groundwater samples into the unconfined and the confined water samples.Stable isotopic evidence showed that the lateral inflow and the surface water may contribute more to groundwater recharge in this region than local modern precipitation.The unconfined water's main hydrochemical types were Na type with mixed anions,and Na-Cl-SO_(4)type,while the confined water was mainly Na-Cl and Na-SO_(4)types.Geochemical processes mainly involved the dissolution/precipitation of halite,gypsum,Glauber's salt,feldspar,calcite and dolomite,as well as the cation exchange.PCA results showed that water-rock interaction(i.e.,salinity-based and alkalinity-based processes)predominated the hydrochemical evolution,along with local nitrate contamination resulting from fertilizers and domestic sewage.The GWER project regulated the natural evolution of unconfined water chemistry,and significantly reduced the unconfined water's salinity(mainly Na^(+),Mg^(2+),SO_(4)^(2-)).This may be attributed to upward leakage from low-salinity confined water at some parts of the aquifer.Additionally,insignificant changes in the confined water's salinity reflected that the impact of GWER on the confined aquifer was negligible.This study facilitates the groundwater classification effectively in the areas lack of geological data,and enhances the knowledge of groundwater chemical evolution in such a region where groundwater restoration is in progress,with important implications for groundwater sustainable management in similar basins worldwide.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.81473315)National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2018FY100701)+2 种基金Sichuan Province Science and Technology Plan Project(2018JZ0028)the Open Research Fund of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China(003109034001)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(no:2016-I2M-3-015)。
文摘Objective:Authentication is vital to the reduction of the misuse of Panax species due to their extensive array of uses and similarities between species.However,the current authentication approach is time-consuming,laborious,and costly.The aim of this study is to discriminate the botanical origins of five species in Panax genus by a rapid and simple approach.Methods:Here,an electronic tongue(E-tongue)was applied to discriminate the botanical origins of five species of Panax,i.e.,Panax quinquefolius,Panax japonicus,P.japonicus var.major,Panax zingiberensis,and Panax notoginseng(representative high-,middle-,and low-latitude plants),and the four geographical origins of P.japonicus and P.japonicus var.major plants.Data preprocessing methods,including principal component analysis(PCA),hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA),and linear discriminant analysis(LDA),were used.Results:Three models can discriminate five species of Panax genus and four plants of P.japonicus and P.japonicus var.major from different geographical origins.LDA was superior to PCA and HCA in terms of satisfactory classification.Conclusion:The findings confirmed the potential of the E-tongue for performing rapid,simple,and cost-effective discrimination via LDA.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Educational Bureau(No.07KJB610005)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.20070411029).
文摘The potential accumulation of platinum group elements(PGE)in the environment from automobile catalysts is high in urban areas,with the major sinks being roadside soils.Therefore,this investigation presented the detailed study on characterized concentrations of Pt and Pd and their enrichment ratios in urban roadside soils in Xuzhou,China in March 2003.Data from 21 roadside topsoil samples analyzed by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometer(ICP-MS)illustrated that the medians of concentrations of Pt and Pd were 2.9 and 2.8 ng/g,respectively.Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that Pt and Pd were mainly from traffic emissions.Compared to unpolluted soils,computation of Pt and Pd enrichment ratios suggested that the Xuzhou roadside soils had average enrichment factors of 3.53 for Pt(in range of 1.22–5.73)and of 3.37 for Pd(in range of 1.35–4.46).Lower Pt/Pd ratios(in range of 0.35–2.86)in relation to similar studies in other countries were observed,which might be due to the different Pt/Pd ratios in Chinese automobile catalytic converters.Moreover,fine fraction(,250 mm)contained higher concentrations of Pt and Pd compared to the coarse fraction(250–500 mm).
基金This study was supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(Coordenac¸āo de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-CAPES,grant number 001).
文摘This study aimed to propose climatic zones in the Brazilian semiarid region using multivariate statistical techniques and to characterize these zones for energy efficiency applications in buildings.Principal component analysis(PCA)was used to select the variables with the greatest practical relevance.From this selection,hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)was used to spatially define climatically homogeneous zones.For each defined zone,the most feasible constructive thermal conditioning strategies were defined,and the thermal indexes of heat and degree-hours of cooling and heating were calculated.As result,PCA reduced the dimensionality of the initial database from 104 to 48 variables,among which the climatic and bioclimatic variables related to temperature stood out.From the HCA,three climatic zones were defined for the Brazilian semiarid region.For all zones,there was a high demand for constructive conditioning strategies,which have to be adopted in more than half of the total annual hours.The proposed zoning is adapted to the climatic aspects of the Brazilian semiarid and has significant potential for applications in construction planning in this region.Moreover,the methodology presented can be applied for establishing climatic zones in other regions,which can contribute to increasing the energy efficiency of buildings.
基金This work was supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(No.09dZ1973300)Key Projects in the National Science&Technology Pillar Program(No.2009ZX09304-003).
文摘It is essential to develop effective methods for the quality control of the traditional medicine with multiple components.However,few researches on the quality control have been conducted to interpret the holistic characteristics of the traditional medicine in terms of dissolution/release.In this study,the multi-component release kinetics of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)dosage forms was characterized and mapped by multivariate analysis techniques in the field of‘‘-omics’’.The Liuweidihuang pill was used as a model formulation.The multi-component release kinetics of the concentrated and water-honeyed Liuweidihuang pills at rotation speeds of 50 and 100 rpm were analyzed by chemomic release kinetic theory and modified LC/MS/MS method.Mass features of 103(concentrated pills)and 101(water-honeyed pills)were selected with a linear correlation coefficient Z0.99 between mass responses and concentrations.To compose the chemomic standard spectrum,the relative abundance of both mass features was no less than 1%as compared with an internal standard.The correlation coefficients between six samples of various solutions were in line with analytical requirements of precision(rZ0.985).The score plots of principal component analysis showed that the concentrated Liuweidihuang pills presented better chemomic release reproducibility than the water-honeyed pills.Conversely,the impact of rotation speed on the chemomic release was less obvious.The heat maps of hierarchical clustering analysis did not show significant changes in individual clusters of mass features along different time intervals,reflecting the release integrity of the mass features.Therefore,both multivariate analysis methods,the principal component analysis and the hierarchical clustering analysis,seemed to be effective techniques to demonstrate the multiple component release performance of TCM.The research provided the basis of a new strategy for the quality control procedures of the dissolution/release for the traditional medicine and multi-component natural products to address increasing regulatory requirements and scrutiny across the world.
基金This work was supported financially by the Education Department of Sichuan Province under Grant 17ZA0304.
文摘Objectives:The purpose of this paper was to construct a reliable methodology to discriminate the geographical origins of Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Shan planted in different regions in Sichuan,China.Materials and methods:Fatty acid profiles of roots and leaves of C.violaceum planted in various regions of Sichuan Province in China,namely Guangyuan(GY),Langzhong(LZ),Jintang(JT),Bazhong(BZ),and Shuangling(SL),were determined using GC-MS followed by multivariate statistical analyses,including orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis.Results:Leaves of C.violaceum showed the highest contents of hexadecatrienoic acid(3.21 g/kg),linoleic acid(6.62 g/kg),andα-linolenic acid(7.24 g/kg),which were all higher than those contained in roots.Chuanminshen violaceum samples collected from LZ,JT,and GY could be clearly distinguished based on fatty acid profiles of leaves and those collected from LZ,GY,and BZ could be clearly distinguished based on fatty acid profiles of roots.Conclusions:Chemometric method is used as a potential approach for analyses of fatty acid profiles of roots and leaves to control the quality of C.violaceum and their powered products.
