Potentilla anserina L.(PA)belongs to the Rosaceae family,is a common edible plant in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau areas of China.This study elucidates the mechanism upon which crude polysaccharide of PA(PAP)on fat accumu...Potentilla anserina L.(PA)belongs to the Rosaceae family,is a common edible plant in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau areas of China.This study elucidates the mechanism upon which crude polysaccharide of PA(PAP)on fat accumulation in HepG2 cells stimulated by oleic acid(OA)and high fat high sugar induced mice.The result revealed that PAP inhibited lipid accumulation in obese mice and ameliorated the degree of damage in OA-induced HepG2 cells.Specifically,compared to the control group,the TG and TC levels were decreased in cells and mice serum,the aspartate transaminase and alamine aminotransferase contents were declined in liver of obese mice by PAP treatment.The expressions of adipogenic genes of SREBP-1c,C/EBPα,PPARγ,and FAS were inhibited after PAP treatment.Moreover,PAP increased the mRNA levels of CPT-1 and PPARα,which were involved in fatty acid oxidation.The present results indicated the PAP could alleviate the damage of liver associated with obesity and PAP treatment might provide a dietary therapeutic option for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.展开更多
The present study aimed to investigate the hypolipidemic,antioxidant and cardiac risk-suppressing effects of Chakhao poireiton(CP),a GI-tagged pigmented black rice from India.In vitro and ex vivo studies confirmed tha...The present study aimed to investigate the hypolipidemic,antioxidant and cardiac risk-suppressing effects of Chakhao poireiton(CP),a GI-tagged pigmented black rice from India.In vitro and ex vivo studies confirmed that whole rice extracts of CP have potent antioxidant,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase,cholesterol esterase inhibitory,and antilipase effects.An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the ethanol extracts of CP on high-fat high-sugar induced hyperlipidemic rats.The ethanol extract significantly ameliorated lipid parameters and liver enzymes to normal.Levels of lactate dehydrogenase,creatine kinase-N-acetyl cysteine,C-reactive protein,and lipoprotein a were significantly lower in the extract-treated groups than those in the disease control group.A marked reduction of ApoB/ApoA1 and other atherogenic indices were observed in extract-treated groups.Twelve phenolic compounds,i.e.rosamarinic acid,gallic acid,protocatechuic acid etc.,were quantified in CP.This study provided the first evidence of the antihyperlipidemic and cardiac risk inhibitory effects of CP,which would be beneficial in preventing and managing hyperlipidemia,associated oxidative stress,and cardiac complications.展开更多
Modern technological lifestyles promote allergic diseases,especially food allergies.The underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be uncovered.Protein acetylation is one of the most important post-translational modifi...Modern technological lifestyles promote allergic diseases,especially food allergies.The underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be uncovered.Protein acetylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications,and it is involved in regulating multiple body metabolic processes.This study aimed to clarify the effects of a high-fat diet(HFD)on allergy risk and the underlying mechanisms.Four-week-old male C57 BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into two groups and fed a normal fat diet(NFD)or HFD for 24 weeks.Then,serum lipids were measured,and skeletal muscle was collected for acetylome analysis.Compared with the findings in the NFD group,HFD-fed mice were obese and hyperlipidemic.Acetylome analysis also revealed 32 differentially expressed proteins between the HFD and NFD groups.Among these,eight acetylated proteins were upregulated in the HFD group.In addition,13 and 11 proteins were acetylated only in the HFD group and NFD group,respectively.These proteins were mainly involved in regulating energy metabolism and mitochondrial function.This study provides information regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms by which HFD promotes allergy.展开更多
Epidemiological data show that the consumption of added sugars as ingredients in processed or prepared foods and caloric beverages has dramatically increased. Fructose and fructose-based sweeteners are the most common...Epidemiological data show that the consumption of added sugars as ingredients in processed or prepared foods and caloric beverages has dramatically increased. Fructose and fructose-based sweeteners are the most commonly added sugars and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55: 55% fructose, 42% glucose and 3% higher saccharides) accounts for over 40% of all added caloric sweeteners. Concerns regarding the health risk of added sugar follow the demonstration that the consumption of foods and beverages high in sugars is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and, more recently, ischemic heart and kidney diseases. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying the detrimental effects of sugar are not completely understood and their elucidation is critical to provide new insights on the health risk of fructose-based sweeteners. A better understanding of the key role of fructose overconsumption in the development of metabolic disorders may contribute to planning new strategies for preventing deleterious dietary behaviors from becoming established and, thus, curbing the rise in the number of insulin-resistant, obese and diabetic populations worldwide.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effect of novel probiotics on the clinical characteristics of high-fructose induced metabolic syndrome.METHODS:Male Wistar rats aged 4 wk were fed a 70% w/w high-fructose diet(n = 27) or chow di...AIM:To investigate the effect of novel probiotics on the clinical characteristics of high-fructose induced metabolic syndrome.METHODS:Male Wistar rats aged 4 wk were fed a 70% w/w high-fructose diet(n = 27) or chow diet(n = 9) for 3 wk to induce metabolic syndrome,the rats were then randomized into groups and administered probiotic [Lactobacillus curvatus(L.curvatus) HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum(L.plantarum) KY1032] at 109 cfu/d or 1010 cfu/d or placebo by oral gavage for 3 wk.Food intake and body weight were measured once a week.After 6 wk,the rats were fasted for 12 h,then anesthetized with diethyl ether and sacrificed.Blood samples were taken from the inferior vena cava for plasma analysis of glucose,insulin,C-peptide,totalcholesterol,triglycerides and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances.Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using mouse-specific Taqman probe sets to assess genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation,lipogenesis and cholesterol metabolism in the liver.Target gene expression was normalized to the housekeeping gene,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.RESULTS:Rodents fed a high-fructose diet developed clinical characteristics of the metabolic syndrome including increased plasma glucose,insulin,triglycerides,total cholesterol and oxidative stress levels,as well as increased liver mass and liver lipids compared to chow fed controls.Probiotic treatment(L.curvatus HY7601 and L.plantarum KY1032) at high(1010 cfu/d) or low dosage(109 cfu/d) lowered plasma glucose,insulin,triglycerides and oxidative stress levels.Only high-dose probiotic treatment reduced liver mass and liver cholesterol.Probiotic treatment reduced lipogenesis via downregulation of SREBP1,FAS and SCD1 mRNA levels and increased β-oxidation via up-regulation of PPARα and CPT2 mRNA levels.CONCLUSION:Probiotic L.curvatus HY7601 and L.plantarum KY1032 combined suppressed the clinical characteristics of high-fructose-induced metabolic syndrome,therefore,may provide a natural alternative for the treatment of diet-induced metabolic syndrome.展开更多
Free Fatty acid is an end-product of hepatic metabolism of fructose. Most of past studies have demonstrated significant relationship between gestational high fat diet and metabolic and physiology outcomes in offspring...Free Fatty acid is an end-product of hepatic metabolism of fructose. Most of past studies have demonstrated significant relationship between gestational high fat diet and metabolic and physiology outcomes in offspring. However, there is a scarce of data extended to the effects of high fructose diet-fed dams on juveniles’ progeny. Therefore, the present experiment was designed to examine the later effects of maternal high fructose diet intake during pregnancy and lactation on juvenile offspring rats emotional behaviors and memory abilities. We tested whether methyl donors supplemented to that high fructose diet could reverse the adverse effects. We found at two months of age, anxiety-like behavior and depression-like behavior were elevated in off springs of mother fed to high fructose diet and a sex difference effect with males were more affected than females. In addition, behavioral outcomes indicated that the high fructose diet also impaired spatial working and recognition memories in the Y-maze and object recognition test respectively. Blood glucose intolerance increased significantly in juvenile males rats of dams fed with high fructose diet when compared to females. However, a supplementation of the maternal diet with methyl donors attenuated all these changes. Our study suggested a controlled fructose diet supplemented to methyl donors during critical period of brain developing (in utero and pre-weaning stage), otherwise that could induced irreversible detrimental effects on offspring behavior and cognitive health.展开更多
Objective To examine the effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on lipid and glucose metabolism under a high dietary fat burden and to explore the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α （PPAR-α...Objective To examine the effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on lipid and glucose metabolism under a high dietary fat burden and to explore the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α （PPAR-α） in these effects. Methods Twenty male golden hamsters were randomly divided into CGA treatment group （n=10, given peritoneal injection of CGA solution prepared with PBS, 80 mg CGA/kg body weight daily）, and control group （n=10, given PBS i.p. at the average volume of the treatment group）. Animals in both groups were given 15% high fat diet. Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the level of biochemical parameters in fasting serum and tissues and the expression of hepatic mRNA and protein PPAR-α were determined. Results Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the levels of fasting serum triglyceride （TG）, free fatty acid （FFA）, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, glucose （FSG）, and insulin （FSI） were significantly lower in the GGA treatment group than in the control group. CGA also led to higher activity of hepatic lipase （HL） lower contents of TG and FFA in liver, and lower activity of lipoprotein lipase （LPL） in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, CGA significantly elevated significantly elevated the expression level of mRNA and protein expression in hepatic PPAR-α. Conclusion CGA can modify lipids and glucose metabolism, which may be attributed to PPAR-α facilitated lipid clearance in liver and improved insulin sensitivity.展开更多
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a common chronic liver disease worldwide.However,to date,there is no ideal therapy for this disease.AIM To study the effects of Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder on hi...BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a common chronic liver disease worldwide.However,to date,there is no ideal therapy for this disease.AIM To study the effects of Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder on high fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice.METHODS Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into three groups of eight.The control group(CON)was allowed ad libitum access to a normal chow diet.The high fat diet group(FAT)and Si-Ni-San group(SNS)were allowed ad libitum access to a high fat diet.The SNS group was intragastrically administered Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder(5.0 g/kg)once daily,and the CON and FAT groups were intragastrically administered distilled water.After 12 wk,body weight,liver index,visceral fat index,serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),portal lipopoly-saccharide(LPS),liver tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand liver triglycerides were measured.Intestinal microbiota were analyzed using a 16S r DNA sequencing technique.RESULTS Compared with the FAT group,the SNS group exhibited decreased body weight,liver index,visceral fat index,serum ALT,portal LPS,liver TNF-αand liver triglycerides(P<0.05).Intestinal microbiota analysis showed that the SNS group had different bacterial composition and function compared with the FAT group.In particular,Oscillospira genus was a bacterial biomarker of SNS group samples.CONCLUSION The beneficial effects of Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder on high fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice may be associated with its anti-inflammatory and changing intestinal microbiota effects.展开更多
Along with the rapid development of society, lifestyles and diets have gradually changed. Due to overwhelming material abundance, high fat, high sugar and high protein diets are common. Numerous studies have determine...Along with the rapid development of society, lifestyles and diets have gradually changed. Due to overwhelming material abundance, high fat, high sugar and high protein diets are common. Numerous studies have determined that diet and its impact on gut microbiota are closely related to obesity and metabolic diseases. Different dietary components affect gut microbiota, thus impacting gastrointestinal disease occurrence and development. A large number of related studies are progressing rapidly. Gut microbiota may be an important intermediate link, causing gastrointestinal diseases under the influence of changes in diet and genetic predisposition. To promote healthy gut microbiota and to prevent and cure gastrointestinal diseases, diets should be improved and supplemented with probiotics.展开更多
AIM To elucidate how high diet-induced endoplasmic reticulum-stress upregulates thioredoxin interacting protein expression in Müller cells leading to retinal inflammation. METHODS Male C57Bl/J mice were fed eithe...AIM To elucidate how high diet-induced endoplasmic reticulum-stress upregulates thioredoxin interacting protein expression in Müller cells leading to retinal inflammation. METHODS Male C57Bl/J mice were fed either normal diet or 60% high fat diet for 4-8 wk. During the 4 wk study, mice received phenyl-butyric acid(PBA); endoplasmic reticulum-stress inhibitor; for 2 wk. Insulin resistance was assessed by oral glucose tolerance. Effects of palmitate-bovine serum albumin(BSA)(400 μmol/L) were examined in retinal Müller glial cell line and primary Müller cells isolated from wild type and thioredoxin interacting protein knock-out mice. Expression of thioredoxin interacting protein, endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers, mi R-17-5p m RNA, as well as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein(NLRP3) and IL1β protein was determined.RESULTS High fat diet for 8 wk induced obesity and insulin resistance evident by increases in body weight and impaired glucose tolerance. By performing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found that high fat diet triggered the expression of retinal endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers(P < 0.05). These effects were associated with increased thioredoxin interacting protein and decreased mi R-17-5p expression, whichwere restored by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulumstress with PBA(P < 0.05). In vitro, palmitate-BSA triggered endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers, which was accompanied with reduced mi R-17-5p and induced thioredoxin interacting protein m RNA in retinal Müller glial cell line(P < 0.05). Palmitate upregulated NLRP3 and IL1β expression in primary Müller cells isolated from wild type. However, using primary Müller cells isolated from thioredoxin interacting protein knock-out mice abolished palmitate-mediated increase in NLRP3 and IL1β.CONCLUSION Our work suggests that targeting endoplasmic reticulumstress or thioredoxin interacting protein are potential therapeutic strategies for early intervention of obesityinduced retinal inflammation.展开更多
Background: Animal models of diet-induced obesity(DIO) are commonly used in medical research for mimicking human diseases. There is no universal animal model, and careful evaluation of variety of factors needs to be c...Background: Animal models of diet-induced obesity(DIO) are commonly used in medical research for mimicking human diseases. There is no universal animal model, and careful evaluation of variety of factors needs to be considered when designing new experiments. Here, we investigated the effect of 9 weeks high-fat diet(HFD) intervention, providing 60% energy from fat, on parameters of inflammation and insulin resistance in male C57 BL/6 J mice.Methods: Six weeks old mice were initiated on regular diet(RD) or HFD providing 60 kcal energy from fat for 9 weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured by glucometer, and fasting plasma levels of insulin and proinflammatory cytokines by Luminex assay. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by using QUICKI and HOMA2 indexes.Results: HFD mice showed ~ 40% higher body weight and ~ 20% larger abdominal circumference, due to an increase in the white adipose tissue mass. Liver examination revealed increased size and higher hepatic lipid accumulation in livers from HFD mice compared to their RD counterparts. Animals from the HFD group were characterized with significantly higher presence of crown-like structures(CLS) in WAT and higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines(TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, MCP-1, PAI-1, and resistin). HFD-fed mice also demonstrated impaired insulin sensitivity(lower QUICKI, higher HOMA-insulin resistance(HOMA-IR), and lower HOMA-percent sensitivity(HOMA-%S)) index values.Conclusion: Male C57 BL/6 J mice on 9 weeks HFD providing 60 kcal energy from fat display impaired insulin sensitivity and chronic inflammation, thus making this DIO mouse model appropriate for studies of early stages of obesity-related pathology.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of Platycodon grandi- florum extract (PGE) on lipid metabolism and FABP mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of high fat diet-induced obese rats. METHODS: PGE was treated to in...AIM: To investigate the effect of Platycodon grandi- florum extract (PGE) on lipid metabolism and FABP mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of high fat diet-induced obese rats. METHODS: PGE was treated to investigate the inhibitory effect on the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 differentiation and pancreatic lipase activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 439.03 ± 7.61 g were divided into four groups: the control groups that fed an experimental diet alone (C and H group) and PGE treatment groups that administered PGE along with a control diet or HFD at a concentration of 150 mg/kg body weight (C + PGE and H + PGE group, respectively) for 7 wk. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerol (TG) concentrations were measured from the tail vein of rats. Adipocyte cell area was measured from subcutaneous adipose tissue and the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) mRNA expression was analyzed by northern blot analysis. RESULTS: PGE treatment inhibited 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation, and also decreased pancreatic lipase activity. In this experiment, PGE signifi cantly reduced plasma TC and TG concentrations as well as body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue weight. PGE also significantly decreased the size of subcutaneous adipocytes. Furthermore, it significantly repressed the up-regulation of FABP mRNA expression induced by a high-fat feeding in subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: PGE has a plasma lipid lowering-effect and anti-obesity effect in obese rats fed a high fat diet.From these results, we can suggest the possibility that PGE can be used as a food ingredient or drug component to therapeutically control obesity.展开更多
Female Wister rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into sham operation group, ovariectomized （OVX） control group, and 20VX groups fed with soy isoflavone crude extract supplementation. The rats had free access to...Female Wister rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into sham operation group, ovariectomized （OVX） control group, and 20VX groups fed with soy isoflavone crude extract supplementation. The rats had free access to high fat diet and water for 9 weeks. No significant difference was found in body weight （BW）, total abdominal fat, food intake and food utilization rate between OVX control group and 20VX groups. However, the fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels were significantly higher in 20VX groups than in OVX control group （P〈0.05）. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test （IGTI＂） showed that the area under AUC was smaller in 20VX groups than in OVX control group （P〈0.05）. These findings showed that soy isoflavone crude extract supplementation can improve glucose tolerance and prevent high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats.展开更多
Obesity is a critical health issue worldwide.For a long time,the concept of drinking tea for health and pleasure is widely accepted.The strain of Andraca theae lives on the tea leaf and the bioactivity of its metaboli...Obesity is a critical health issue worldwide.For a long time,the concept of drinking tea for health and pleasure is widely accepted.The strain of Andraca theae lives on the tea leaf and the bioactivity of its metabolites in the feces is unknown yet.Thus,the objective of this study was to investigate whether the extract of tea(Taiwan Tea Experiment Station No.12(TE))and its metabolites from Andraca theae(TME)could prevent obesity in the high fat diet-induced obese rats.Our results showed that TE had higher concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)and caffeine than that from TME.TE significantly decreased abdominal adipose tissue,especially epididymal fat via increasing preadipocyte factor 1(Pref-1),SRY(sex determining region Y)-box 9(SOX-9)and decreasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ),CCAAT/enhancer binding protein(C/EBP)β,C/EBPαand C/EBPβprotein expression.Taken together,these results suggest that the content of tea polyphenols in TE play an important role for alleviating abdominal fat.展开更多
Long-term artificial sweetener intake is linked to increased risk of obesity. In the present study, supplement of natural sweetener from Siraitia grosvenorii(SG)(or Momordica grosvenorii) fruit, compared with the arti...Long-term artificial sweetener intake is linked to increased risk of obesity. In the present study, supplement of natural sweetener from Siraitia grosvenorii(SG)(or Momordica grosvenorii) fruit, compared with the artificial sweetener aspartame(ASM), was evaluated for anti-obesity effects on mice fed with high fat diet(HFD). We found that, in contrary to ASM, SG extracts prevented body weight gain, the insulin resistance and fat mass accumulation in HFD mice. SG extracts treatment inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and lowered the levels of the fat inflammatory cytokines(leptin, macrophage chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)) in adipose tissues. In addition, SG extracts supplement counteracted the remodeling of gut microbiota resulted from HFD. However, ASM supplement aggravated the HFD-induced obese performances, fat inflammation and dysregulation of gut microbiota. Taken together, our results indicate that supplement of SG extracts may represent a promising alternation of artificial sweeteners in preventing metabolic diseases.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of mitofusin-2(MFN2) on insulin sensitivity and its potential targets in the liver of rats fed with a high-fat diet(HFD).METHODS:Rats were fed with a control or HFD for 4 or 8 wk,and wer...AIM:To investigate the effects of mitofusin-2(MFN2) on insulin sensitivity and its potential targets in the liver of rats fed with a high-fat diet(HFD).METHODS:Rats were fed with a control or HFD for 4 or 8 wk,and were then infected with a control or an MFN2 expressing adenovirus once a week for 3wk starting from the 9th wk.Blood glucose(BG),plasma insulin and insulin sensitivity of rats were determined at end of the 4th and 8th wk,and after treatment with different amounts of MFN2 expressing adenovirus(108,109 or 1010 vp/kg body weight).BG levels were measured by Accu-chek Active Meter.Plasma insulin levels were analyzed by using a Rat insulin enzymelinked immunosorbent assay kit.Insulin resistance was evaluated by measuring the glucose infusion rate(GIR) using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique.The expression or phosphorylation levels of MFN2 and essential molecules in the insulin signaling pathway,such as insulin receptor(INSR),insulin receptor substrate 2(IRS2),phosphoinositide-3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase beta(AKT2) and glucose transporter type 2(GLUT2) was assayed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western-blotting.RESULTS:After the end of 8wk,the body weight of rats receiving the normal control diet(ND) and the HFD was not significantly different(P>0.05).Compared with the ND group,GIR in the HFD group was significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the levels of BG,triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC) and insulin in the HFD group were significantly higher than those in the ND group(P<0.05).Expression of MFN2 mRNA and protein in liver of rats was significantly downregulated in the HFD group(P<0.01) after 8 wk of HFD feeding.The expression of INSR,IRS2 and GLUT2 were down-regulated markedly(P<0.01).Although there were no changes in PI3K-P85 and AKT2 expression,their phosphorylation levels were decreased significantly(P<0.01).After intervention with MFN2 expressing adenovirus for 3wk,the expression of MFN2 mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated(P<0.01).There was no difference in body weight of rats between the groups.The levels of BG,TG,TC and insulin in rats were lower than those in the Ad group(P<0.05),but GIR in rats infected with Ad-MFN2 was significantly increased(P<0.01),compared with the Ad group.The expression of INSR,IRS2 and GLUT2 was increased,while phosphorylation levels of PI3K-P85 and AKT2 were increased(P<0.01),compared with the Ad group.CONCLUSION:HFDs induce insulin resistance,and this can be reversed by MFN2 over-expression targeting the insulin signaling pathway.展开更多
Aim: The aim of the present study is to access the effect of olive oil supplementation against high fat diet induced fatty liver disease in mice. Methods: Mice were divided into five groups: Group I (normal diet), Gro...Aim: The aim of the present study is to access the effect of olive oil supplementation against high fat diet induced fatty liver disease in mice. Methods: Mice were divided into five groups: Group I (normal diet), Group II (high fat diet), Group III (olive oil), Group IV and V (High Fat Diet along with olive oil). All mice were fed for 16 weeks with weight measurements every 2 weeks and then sacrificed. Biochemical analysis of blood samples was done and mice livers were histologically examined. Results: Group II mice showed significant increase in body weight as compared with Group I (p < 0.05). Group IV and V mice were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in body weight as compared with Group II. Olive oil groups had significantly decreased triglyceride and low density lipoprotein levels as compared with Group II whereas high density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The liver enzymes were significantly increased in Group II as compared with other groups (p < 0.05). Liver histopathology revealed drastically increased lipid droplets in Group II mice as compared with Group IV & V. Conclusion: Olive oil causes weight reduction, decreases the serum triglycerides, normalizes the liver enzymes and significantly reduces the accumulation of fat in liver. Therefore, olive oil may represent a potential therapeutic alternative for NAFLD and other fatty diseases.展开更多
Background： It is well known that feeding a high concentrate（HC） diet to lactating ruminants likely induces subacute ruminal acidosis（SARA） and leads to a decrease in milk fat production. However, the effects of ...Background： It is well known that feeding a high concentrate（HC） diet to lactating ruminants likely induces subacute ruminal acidosis（SARA） and leads to a decrease in milk fat production. However, the effects of feeding a HC diet for long periods on milk fatty acids composition and the mechanism behind the decline of milk fat still remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of feeding a HC diet to lactating dairy goats on milk fat yield and fatty acids composition with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying the milk fat depression. Seventeen mid-lactating dairy goats were randomly allocated to three groups. The control treatment was fed a low-concentrate diet（35% concentrate, n = 5, LC） and there were two high-concentrate treatments（65% concentrate, HC）, one fed a high concentrate diet for a long period（19 wks, n = 7, HL）; one fed a high concentrate diet for a short period of time（4 wk, n = 5, HS）. Milk fat production and fatty acids profiles were measured. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying the changes in milk fat production and composition,the gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and DNA methylation in the mammary gland were also analyzed.Results： Milk production was increased by feeding the HC diet in the HS and HL groups compared with the LC diet（P 〈 0.01）, while the percentage of milk fat was lower in the HL（P 〈 0.05） but not in the HS group. The total amount of saturated fatty acids（SFA） in the milk was not changed by feeding the HC diet, whereas the levels of unsaturated fatty acids（UFA） and monounsaturated fatty acids（MUFA） were markedly decreased in the HL group compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. Among these fatty acids, the concentrations of C15：0（P 〈 0.01）, C17：0（P 〈 0.01）, C17：1（P 〈 0.01）, C18：1 n-9 c（P 〈 0.05）, C18：3 n-3 r（P 〈 0.01） and C20：0（P 〈 0.01） were markedly lower in the HL group, and the concentrations of C20：0（P 〈 0.05） and C18：3 n-3 r（P 〈 0.01） were lower in the HS group compared with the LC group. However, the concentrations of C18：2 n-6 c（P 〈 0.05） and C20：4 n-6（P 〈 0.05） in the milk fat were higher in the HS group. Real-time PCR results showed that the m RNA expression of the genes involved in milk fat production in the mammary gland was generally decreased in the HL and HS groups compared with the LC group. Among these genes, ACSL1, ACSS1 ＆ 2, ACACA, FAS, SCD, FADS2, and SREBP1 were downregulated in the mammary gland of the HL group（P 〈 0.05）, and the expressions of ACSS2, ACACA, and FADS2 m RNA were markedly decreased in the HS goats compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. In contrast to the gene expression, the level of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of the ACACA and SCD genes was increased in the HL group compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. The levels of ACSL1 protein expression and FAS enzyme activity were also decreased in the mammary gland of the HL compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions： Long-term feeding of a HC diet to lactating goats induced milk fat depression and FAs profile shift with lower MUFAs but higher SFAs. A general down-regulation of the gene expression involved in the milk fat production and a higher DNA methylation in the mammary gland may contribute to the decrease in milk fat production in goats fed a HC diet for long time periods.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Tibet Autonomous Region(XZ202201ZR0012G)Quality Evaluation and Efficient Utilization of Effective Components of Potentilla anserine Resources in Tibet(XZ202201ZD0001N).
文摘Potentilla anserina L.(PA)belongs to the Rosaceae family,is a common edible plant in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau areas of China.This study elucidates the mechanism upon which crude polysaccharide of PA(PAP)on fat accumulation in HepG2 cells stimulated by oleic acid(OA)and high fat high sugar induced mice.The result revealed that PAP inhibited lipid accumulation in obese mice and ameliorated the degree of damage in OA-induced HepG2 cells.Specifically,compared to the control group,the TG and TC levels were decreased in cells and mice serum,the aspartate transaminase and alamine aminotransferase contents were declined in liver of obese mice by PAP treatment.The expressions of adipogenic genes of SREBP-1c,C/EBPα,PPARγ,and FAS were inhibited after PAP treatment.Moreover,PAP increased the mRNA levels of CPT-1 and PPARα,which were involved in fatty acid oxidation.The present results indicated the PAP could alleviate the damage of liver associated with obesity and PAP treatment might provide a dietary therapeutic option for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
基金The authors acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science and Technology,Govt.of India,for funding(Grant No.DBT-NER/AGRI/29/2015).
文摘The present study aimed to investigate the hypolipidemic,antioxidant and cardiac risk-suppressing effects of Chakhao poireiton(CP),a GI-tagged pigmented black rice from India.In vitro and ex vivo studies confirmed that whole rice extracts of CP have potent antioxidant,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase,cholesterol esterase inhibitory,and antilipase effects.An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the ethanol extracts of CP on high-fat high-sugar induced hyperlipidemic rats.The ethanol extract significantly ameliorated lipid parameters and liver enzymes to normal.Levels of lactate dehydrogenase,creatine kinase-N-acetyl cysteine,C-reactive protein,and lipoprotein a were significantly lower in the extract-treated groups than those in the disease control group.A marked reduction of ApoB/ApoA1 and other atherogenic indices were observed in extract-treated groups.Twelve phenolic compounds,i.e.rosamarinic acid,gallic acid,protocatechuic acid etc.,were quantified in CP.This study provided the first evidence of the antihyperlipidemic and cardiac risk inhibitory effects of CP,which would be beneficial in preventing and managing hyperlipidemia,associated oxidative stress,and cardiac complications.
基金funded by the 111 project from the Education Ministry of China(B18053)。
文摘Modern technological lifestyles promote allergic diseases,especially food allergies.The underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be uncovered.Protein acetylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications,and it is involved in regulating multiple body metabolic processes.This study aimed to clarify the effects of a high-fat diet(HFD)on allergy risk and the underlying mechanisms.Four-week-old male C57 BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into two groups and fed a normal fat diet(NFD)or HFD for 24 weeks.Then,serum lipids were measured,and skeletal muscle was collected for acetylome analysis.Compared with the findings in the NFD group,HFD-fed mice were obese and hyperlipidemic.Acetylome analysis also revealed 32 differentially expressed proteins between the HFD and NFD groups.Among these,eight acetylated proteins were upregulated in the HFD group.In addition,13 and 11 proteins were acetylated only in the HFD group and NFD group,respectively.These proteins were mainly involved in regulating energy metabolism and mitochondrial function.This study provides information regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms by which HFD promotes allergy.
文摘Epidemiological data show that the consumption of added sugars as ingredients in processed or prepared foods and caloric beverages has dramatically increased. Fructose and fructose-based sweeteners are the most commonly added sugars and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55: 55% fructose, 42% glucose and 3% higher saccharides) accounts for over 40% of all added caloric sweeteners. Concerns regarding the health risk of added sugar follow the demonstration that the consumption of foods and beverages high in sugars is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and, more recently, ischemic heart and kidney diseases. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying the detrimental effects of sugar are not completely understood and their elucidation is critical to provide new insights on the health risk of fructose-based sweeteners. A better understanding of the key role of fructose overconsumption in the development of metabolic disorders may contribute to planning new strategies for preventing deleterious dietary behaviors from becoming established and, thus, curbing the rise in the number of insulin-resistant, obese and diabetic populations worldwide.
基金Supported by The Basic Science Research Program,Center for Food and Nutritional Genomicsthe National Research Foundation(NRF) of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology,No.2011-0000912Korea Yakult Co., Ltd.
文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of novel probiotics on the clinical characteristics of high-fructose induced metabolic syndrome.METHODS:Male Wistar rats aged 4 wk were fed a 70% w/w high-fructose diet(n = 27) or chow diet(n = 9) for 3 wk to induce metabolic syndrome,the rats were then randomized into groups and administered probiotic [Lactobacillus curvatus(L.curvatus) HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum(L.plantarum) KY1032] at 109 cfu/d or 1010 cfu/d or placebo by oral gavage for 3 wk.Food intake and body weight were measured once a week.After 6 wk,the rats were fasted for 12 h,then anesthetized with diethyl ether and sacrificed.Blood samples were taken from the inferior vena cava for plasma analysis of glucose,insulin,C-peptide,totalcholesterol,triglycerides and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances.Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using mouse-specific Taqman probe sets to assess genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation,lipogenesis and cholesterol metabolism in the liver.Target gene expression was normalized to the housekeeping gene,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.RESULTS:Rodents fed a high-fructose diet developed clinical characteristics of the metabolic syndrome including increased plasma glucose,insulin,triglycerides,total cholesterol and oxidative stress levels,as well as increased liver mass and liver lipids compared to chow fed controls.Probiotic treatment(L.curvatus HY7601 and L.plantarum KY1032) at high(1010 cfu/d) or low dosage(109 cfu/d) lowered plasma glucose,insulin,triglycerides and oxidative stress levels.Only high-dose probiotic treatment reduced liver mass and liver cholesterol.Probiotic treatment reduced lipogenesis via downregulation of SREBP1,FAS and SCD1 mRNA levels and increased β-oxidation via up-regulation of PPARα and CPT2 mRNA levels.CONCLUSION:Probiotic L.curvatus HY7601 and L.plantarum KY1032 combined suppressed the clinical characteristics of high-fructose-induced metabolic syndrome,therefore,may provide a natural alternative for the treatment of diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
文摘Free Fatty acid is an end-product of hepatic metabolism of fructose. Most of past studies have demonstrated significant relationship between gestational high fat diet and metabolic and physiology outcomes in offspring. However, there is a scarce of data extended to the effects of high fructose diet-fed dams on juveniles’ progeny. Therefore, the present experiment was designed to examine the later effects of maternal high fructose diet intake during pregnancy and lactation on juvenile offspring rats emotional behaviors and memory abilities. We tested whether methyl donors supplemented to that high fructose diet could reverse the adverse effects. We found at two months of age, anxiety-like behavior and depression-like behavior were elevated in off springs of mother fed to high fructose diet and a sex difference effect with males were more affected than females. In addition, behavioral outcomes indicated that the high fructose diet also impaired spatial working and recognition memories in the Y-maze and object recognition test respectively. Blood glucose intolerance increased significantly in juvenile males rats of dams fed with high fructose diet when compared to females. However, a supplementation of the maternal diet with methyl donors attenuated all these changes. Our study suggested a controlled fructose diet supplemented to methyl donors during critical period of brain developing (in utero and pre-weaning stage), otherwise that could induced irreversible detrimental effects on offspring behavior and cognitive health.
基金supported by 2003 Nutrition Research Fund of Chinese Nutrition Society
文摘Objective To examine the effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on lipid and glucose metabolism under a high dietary fat burden and to explore the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α （PPAR-α） in these effects. Methods Twenty male golden hamsters were randomly divided into CGA treatment group （n=10, given peritoneal injection of CGA solution prepared with PBS, 80 mg CGA/kg body weight daily）, and control group （n=10, given PBS i.p. at the average volume of the treatment group）. Animals in both groups were given 15% high fat diet. Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the level of biochemical parameters in fasting serum and tissues and the expression of hepatic mRNA and protein PPAR-α were determined. Results Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the levels of fasting serum triglyceride （TG）, free fatty acid （FFA）, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, glucose （FSG）, and insulin （FSI） were significantly lower in the GGA treatment group than in the control group. CGA also led to higher activity of hepatic lipase （HL） lower contents of TG and FFA in liver, and lower activity of lipoprotein lipase （LPL） in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, CGA significantly elevated significantly elevated the expression level of mRNA and protein expression in hepatic PPAR-α. Conclusion CGA can modify lipids and glucose metabolism, which may be attributed to PPAR-α facilitated lipid clearance in liver and improved insulin sensitivity.
文摘BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a common chronic liver disease worldwide.However,to date,there is no ideal therapy for this disease.AIM To study the effects of Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder on high fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice.METHODS Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into three groups of eight.The control group(CON)was allowed ad libitum access to a normal chow diet.The high fat diet group(FAT)and Si-Ni-San group(SNS)were allowed ad libitum access to a high fat diet.The SNS group was intragastrically administered Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder(5.0 g/kg)once daily,and the CON and FAT groups were intragastrically administered distilled water.After 12 wk,body weight,liver index,visceral fat index,serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),portal lipopoly-saccharide(LPS),liver tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand liver triglycerides were measured.Intestinal microbiota were analyzed using a 16S r DNA sequencing technique.RESULTS Compared with the FAT group,the SNS group exhibited decreased body weight,liver index,visceral fat index,serum ALT,portal LPS,liver TNF-αand liver triglycerides(P<0.05).Intestinal microbiota analysis showed that the SNS group had different bacterial composition and function compared with the FAT group.In particular,Oscillospira genus was a bacterial biomarker of SNS group samples.CONCLUSION The beneficial effects of Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder on high fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice may be associated with its anti-inflammatory and changing intestinal microbiota effects.
文摘Along with the rapid development of society, lifestyles and diets have gradually changed. Due to overwhelming material abundance, high fat, high sugar and high protein diets are common. Numerous studies have determined that diet and its impact on gut microbiota are closely related to obesity and metabolic diseases. Different dietary components affect gut microbiota, thus impacting gastrointestinal disease occurrence and development. A large number of related studies are progressing rapidly. Gut microbiota may be an important intermediate link, causing gastrointestinal diseases under the influence of changes in diet and genetic predisposition. To promote healthy gut microbiota and to prevent and cure gastrointestinal diseases, diets should be improved and supplemented with probiotics.
文摘AIM To elucidate how high diet-induced endoplasmic reticulum-stress upregulates thioredoxin interacting protein expression in Müller cells leading to retinal inflammation. METHODS Male C57Bl/J mice were fed either normal diet or 60% high fat diet for 4-8 wk. During the 4 wk study, mice received phenyl-butyric acid(PBA); endoplasmic reticulum-stress inhibitor; for 2 wk. Insulin resistance was assessed by oral glucose tolerance. Effects of palmitate-bovine serum albumin(BSA)(400 μmol/L) were examined in retinal Müller glial cell line and primary Müller cells isolated from wild type and thioredoxin interacting protein knock-out mice. Expression of thioredoxin interacting protein, endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers, mi R-17-5p m RNA, as well as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein(NLRP3) and IL1β protein was determined.RESULTS High fat diet for 8 wk induced obesity and insulin resistance evident by increases in body weight and impaired glucose tolerance. By performing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found that high fat diet triggered the expression of retinal endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers(P < 0.05). These effects were associated with increased thioredoxin interacting protein and decreased mi R-17-5p expression, whichwere restored by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulumstress with PBA(P < 0.05). In vitro, palmitate-BSA triggered endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers, which was accompanied with reduced mi R-17-5p and induced thioredoxin interacting protein m RNA in retinal Müller glial cell line(P < 0.05). Palmitate upregulated NLRP3 and IL1β expression in primary Müller cells isolated from wild type. However, using primary Müller cells isolated from thioredoxin interacting protein knock-out mice abolished palmitate-mediated increase in NLRP3 and IL1β.CONCLUSION Our work suggests that targeting endoplasmic reticulumstress or thioredoxin interacting protein are potential therapeutic strategies for early intervention of obesityinduced retinal inflammation.
基金Gerald J.and Dorothy R.Friedman New York Foundation for Medical Research
文摘Background: Animal models of diet-induced obesity(DIO) are commonly used in medical research for mimicking human diseases. There is no universal animal model, and careful evaluation of variety of factors needs to be considered when designing new experiments. Here, we investigated the effect of 9 weeks high-fat diet(HFD) intervention, providing 60% energy from fat, on parameters of inflammation and insulin resistance in male C57 BL/6 J mice.Methods: Six weeks old mice were initiated on regular diet(RD) or HFD providing 60 kcal energy from fat for 9 weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured by glucometer, and fasting plasma levels of insulin and proinflammatory cytokines by Luminex assay. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by using QUICKI and HOMA2 indexes.Results: HFD mice showed ~ 40% higher body weight and ~ 20% larger abdominal circumference, due to an increase in the white adipose tissue mass. Liver examination revealed increased size and higher hepatic lipid accumulation in livers from HFD mice compared to their RD counterparts. Animals from the HFD group were characterized with significantly higher presence of crown-like structures(CLS) in WAT and higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines(TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, MCP-1, PAI-1, and resistin). HFD-fed mice also demonstrated impaired insulin sensitivity(lower QUICKI, higher HOMA-insulin resistance(HOMA-IR), and lower HOMA-percent sensitivity(HOMA-%S)) index values.Conclusion: Male C57 BL/6 J mice on 9 weeks HFD providing 60 kcal energy from fat display impaired insulin sensitivity and chronic inflammation, thus making this DIO mouse model appropriate for studies of early stages of obesity-related pathology.
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of Platycodon grandi- florum extract (PGE) on lipid metabolism and FABP mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of high fat diet-induced obese rats. METHODS: PGE was treated to investigate the inhibitory effect on the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 differentiation and pancreatic lipase activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 439.03 ± 7.61 g were divided into four groups: the control groups that fed an experimental diet alone (C and H group) and PGE treatment groups that administered PGE along with a control diet or HFD at a concentration of 150 mg/kg body weight (C + PGE and H + PGE group, respectively) for 7 wk. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerol (TG) concentrations were measured from the tail vein of rats. Adipocyte cell area was measured from subcutaneous adipose tissue and the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) mRNA expression was analyzed by northern blot analysis. RESULTS: PGE treatment inhibited 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation, and also decreased pancreatic lipase activity. In this experiment, PGE signifi cantly reduced plasma TC and TG concentrations as well as body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue weight. PGE also significantly decreased the size of subcutaneous adipocytes. Furthermore, it significantly repressed the up-regulation of FABP mRNA expression induced by a high-fat feeding in subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: PGE has a plasma lipid lowering-effect and anti-obesity effect in obese rats fed a high fat diet.From these results, we can suggest the possibility that PGE can be used as a food ingredient or drug component to therapeutically control obesity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30972439)Bureau of Health Foundation,Heilongjiang Province(2006-300),(2012-768)Youth Fund of School of Public Health,HMU
文摘Female Wister rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into sham operation group, ovariectomized （OVX） control group, and 20VX groups fed with soy isoflavone crude extract supplementation. The rats had free access to high fat diet and water for 9 weeks. No significant difference was found in body weight （BW）, total abdominal fat, food intake and food utilization rate between OVX control group and 20VX groups. However, the fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels were significantly higher in 20VX groups than in OVX control group （P〈0.05）. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test （IGTI＂） showed that the area under AUC was smaller in 20VX groups than in OVX control group （P〈0.05）. These findings showed that soy isoflavone crude extract supplementation can improve glucose tolerance and prevent high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats.
基金This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology[105-2320-B-002-031-MY3,105-2628-B-002-003-MY3].
文摘Obesity is a critical health issue worldwide.For a long time,the concept of drinking tea for health and pleasure is widely accepted.The strain of Andraca theae lives on the tea leaf and the bioactivity of its metabolites in the feces is unknown yet.Thus,the objective of this study was to investigate whether the extract of tea(Taiwan Tea Experiment Station No.12(TE))and its metabolites from Andraca theae(TME)could prevent obesity in the high fat diet-induced obese rats.Our results showed that TE had higher concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)and caffeine than that from TME.TE significantly decreased abdominal adipose tissue,especially epididymal fat via increasing preadipocyte factor 1(Pref-1),SRY(sex determining region Y)-box 9(SOX-9)and decreasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ),CCAAT/enhancer binding protein(C/EBP)β,C/EBPαand C/EBPβprotein expression.Taken together,these results suggest that the content of tea polyphenols in TE play an important role for alleviating abdominal fat.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0905600)Tianjin Innovative Team Project(TD13-5087)Shangrao Crucial Research and Development Project(19A005)。
文摘Long-term artificial sweetener intake is linked to increased risk of obesity. In the present study, supplement of natural sweetener from Siraitia grosvenorii(SG)(or Momordica grosvenorii) fruit, compared with the artificial sweetener aspartame(ASM), was evaluated for anti-obesity effects on mice fed with high fat diet(HFD). We found that, in contrary to ASM, SG extracts prevented body weight gain, the insulin resistance and fat mass accumulation in HFD mice. SG extracts treatment inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and lowered the levels of the fat inflammatory cytokines(leptin, macrophage chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)) in adipose tissues. In addition, SG extracts supplement counteracted the remodeling of gut microbiota resulted from HFD. However, ASM supplement aggravated the HFD-induced obese performances, fat inflammation and dysregulation of gut microbiota. Taken together, our results indicate that supplement of SG extracts may represent a promising alternation of artificial sweeteners in preventing metabolic diseases.
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of mitofusin-2(MFN2) on insulin sensitivity and its potential targets in the liver of rats fed with a high-fat diet(HFD).METHODS:Rats were fed with a control or HFD for 4 or 8 wk,and were then infected with a control or an MFN2 expressing adenovirus once a week for 3wk starting from the 9th wk.Blood glucose(BG),plasma insulin and insulin sensitivity of rats were determined at end of the 4th and 8th wk,and after treatment with different amounts of MFN2 expressing adenovirus(108,109 or 1010 vp/kg body weight).BG levels were measured by Accu-chek Active Meter.Plasma insulin levels were analyzed by using a Rat insulin enzymelinked immunosorbent assay kit.Insulin resistance was evaluated by measuring the glucose infusion rate(GIR) using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique.The expression or phosphorylation levels of MFN2 and essential molecules in the insulin signaling pathway,such as insulin receptor(INSR),insulin receptor substrate 2(IRS2),phosphoinositide-3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase beta(AKT2) and glucose transporter type 2(GLUT2) was assayed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western-blotting.RESULTS:After the end of 8wk,the body weight of rats receiving the normal control diet(ND) and the HFD was not significantly different(P>0.05).Compared with the ND group,GIR in the HFD group was significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the levels of BG,triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC) and insulin in the HFD group were significantly higher than those in the ND group(P<0.05).Expression of MFN2 mRNA and protein in liver of rats was significantly downregulated in the HFD group(P<0.01) after 8 wk of HFD feeding.The expression of INSR,IRS2 and GLUT2 were down-regulated markedly(P<0.01).Although there were no changes in PI3K-P85 and AKT2 expression,their phosphorylation levels were decreased significantly(P<0.01).After intervention with MFN2 expressing adenovirus for 3wk,the expression of MFN2 mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated(P<0.01).There was no difference in body weight of rats between the groups.The levels of BG,TG,TC and insulin in rats were lower than those in the Ad group(P<0.05),but GIR in rats infected with Ad-MFN2 was significantly increased(P<0.01),compared with the Ad group.The expression of INSR,IRS2 and GLUT2 was increased,while phosphorylation levels of PI3K-P85 and AKT2 were increased(P<0.01),compared with the Ad group.CONCLUSION:HFDs induce insulin resistance,and this can be reversed by MFN2 over-expression targeting the insulin signaling pathway.
文摘Aim: The aim of the present study is to access the effect of olive oil supplementation against high fat diet induced fatty liver disease in mice. Methods: Mice were divided into five groups: Group I (normal diet), Group II (high fat diet), Group III (olive oil), Group IV and V (High Fat Diet along with olive oil). All mice were fed for 16 weeks with weight measurements every 2 weeks and then sacrificed. Biochemical analysis of blood samples was done and mice livers were histologically examined. Results: Group II mice showed significant increase in body weight as compared with Group I (p < 0.05). Group IV and V mice were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in body weight as compared with Group II. Olive oil groups had significantly decreased triglyceride and low density lipoprotein levels as compared with Group II whereas high density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The liver enzymes were significantly increased in Group II as compared with other groups (p < 0.05). Liver histopathology revealed drastically increased lipid droplets in Group II mice as compared with Group IV & V. Conclusion: Olive oil causes weight reduction, decreases the serum triglycerides, normalizes the liver enzymes and significantly reduces the accumulation of fat in liver. Therefore, olive oil may represent a potential therapeutic alternative for NAFLD and other fatty diseases.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(project no.31572433)the National Key R&D Program(2016YFD0501203)+1 种基金the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-13-0862)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘Background： It is well known that feeding a high concentrate（HC） diet to lactating ruminants likely induces subacute ruminal acidosis（SARA） and leads to a decrease in milk fat production. However, the effects of feeding a HC diet for long periods on milk fatty acids composition and the mechanism behind the decline of milk fat still remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of feeding a HC diet to lactating dairy goats on milk fat yield and fatty acids composition with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying the milk fat depression. Seventeen mid-lactating dairy goats were randomly allocated to three groups. The control treatment was fed a low-concentrate diet（35% concentrate, n = 5, LC） and there were two high-concentrate treatments（65% concentrate, HC）, one fed a high concentrate diet for a long period（19 wks, n = 7, HL）; one fed a high concentrate diet for a short period of time（4 wk, n = 5, HS）. Milk fat production and fatty acids profiles were measured. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying the changes in milk fat production and composition,the gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and DNA methylation in the mammary gland were also analyzed.Results： Milk production was increased by feeding the HC diet in the HS and HL groups compared with the LC diet（P 〈 0.01）, while the percentage of milk fat was lower in the HL（P 〈 0.05） but not in the HS group. The total amount of saturated fatty acids（SFA） in the milk was not changed by feeding the HC diet, whereas the levels of unsaturated fatty acids（UFA） and monounsaturated fatty acids（MUFA） were markedly decreased in the HL group compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. Among these fatty acids, the concentrations of C15：0（P 〈 0.01）, C17：0（P 〈 0.01）, C17：1（P 〈 0.01）, C18：1 n-9 c（P 〈 0.05）, C18：3 n-3 r（P 〈 0.01） and C20：0（P 〈 0.01） were markedly lower in the HL group, and the concentrations of C20：0（P 〈 0.05） and C18：3 n-3 r（P 〈 0.01） were lower in the HS group compared with the LC group. However, the concentrations of C18：2 n-6 c（P 〈 0.05） and C20：4 n-6（P 〈 0.05） in the milk fat were higher in the HS group. Real-time PCR results showed that the m RNA expression of the genes involved in milk fat production in the mammary gland was generally decreased in the HL and HS groups compared with the LC group. Among these genes, ACSL1, ACSS1 ＆ 2, ACACA, FAS, SCD, FADS2, and SREBP1 were downregulated in the mammary gland of the HL group（P 〈 0.05）, and the expressions of ACSS2, ACACA, and FADS2 m RNA were markedly decreased in the HS goats compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. In contrast to the gene expression, the level of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of the ACACA and SCD genes was increased in the HL group compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. The levels of ACSL1 protein expression and FAS enzyme activity were also decreased in the mammary gland of the HL compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions： Long-term feeding of a HC diet to lactating goats induced milk fat depression and FAs profile shift with lower MUFAs but higher SFAs. A general down-regulation of the gene expression involved in the milk fat production and a higher DNA methylation in the mammary gland may contribute to the decrease in milk fat production in goats fed a HC diet for long time periods.
