To study the effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on proliferation inhibition, apoptotic induction, and the relationship between GA-induced apoptosis and intracellular Ca^2+ concentration in human breast carcinoma...To study the effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on proliferation inhibition, apoptotic induction, and the relationship between GA-induced apoptosis and intracellular Ca^2+ concentration in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Methods: After MCF-7 cells were treated with GA at the concentrations from 50 μmol/L to 250 μmol/L for 24 h, cell viability of proliferation was as sessed by MTTassay. After the cells were treated with 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L, and 200 μmol/L GA for 24 h, the rates of cell apoptosis were examined by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling method and flow cytometry with Annexin V/propidium iodide fluorescent stain. After the cells treated with 150 μmol/L GA for 24 h, intracellular Ca^2+ concentration was measured by Fure-2 fluorescein load method. Results: After the cells were treated with GA at the concentrations from 100 μmol/L to 250 μmol/L, the rates of proliferative inhibition were increased significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.01) in a dosedependent fashion. IC50 of the proliferation inhibition was 234.33 μmol/L. Treated with 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L, and 200 μmol/L, the rates of cell apoptosis were increased significantly (P<0.01). Intracellular Ca^2+ concentration after treatment with GA was higher evidently than that of control (P<0.05). Conclusion: 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid has the effects of the proliferation inhibition and the apoptotic induction on MCF-7 cells. The rise of intracellular Ca^2+ level may be depended on apoptosis induced by GA in MCF-7 cells.展开更多
Objective: To elucidate the effects of amlodipine on the proliferation and apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods: Light microscopy was used to determine the effects of amlodipine on cell morpho...Objective: To elucidate the effects of amlodipine on the proliferation and apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods: Light microscopy was used to determine the effects of amlodipine on cell morphology; Flow cytometry was used to quantitate cells undergoing apoptosis; the expression of a cell cycle-related protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and an antiapoptosis protein, Bcl-2 were assessed by immunocytochemistry. Results: Amlodipine concentration of 8.25 μmol/L (1/2 of IC50) affected the morphology, decreased the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2 and induced apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion: The effect of amlodipine on the antiproliferation of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells is related to inducement of apoptosis, and the decrease of the expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA may be the possible mechanism for proliferation inhibitory and inducement of apoptosis.展开更多
Objective: To detect the change of p38 protein expression and investigate the relationship of p38 and lymph nodes metastasis in human breast carcinomas. Methods: Sixty breast cancer cases were checked by S-P immunohis...Objective: To detect the change of p38 protein expression and investigate the relationship of p38 and lymph nodes metastasis in human breast carcinomas. Methods: Sixty breast cancer cases were checked by S-P immunohistochemistry technique and 30 breast cancer cases were examined by Western Blot. Results: Immunohistochemical results showed that p38 protein was observed in breast cancer and normal cytoplasm. P-p38 was positive in nucleus in breast cancer. P38 protein expressed positively in 29 out of 38 patients who had lymph nodes metastasis (positive rate 76.3%) and in 9 out of 22 patients who had no lymph nodes metastasis (positive rate 40.9%). There was a significant difference between these two groups (P<0.01). The positive rate of p-p38 in patients who had lymph nodes metastasis was 68.4%, and the positive rate in patients who had no metastasis was 36.4%, and there was a significant difference between these two groups (P<0.05). The result of western blot showed that the protein contents of p38 and p-p38 in patients with metastasis was higher than those in patients without metastasis (P<0.05). P38 and p-p38 protein expressions had relation with clinical pathological grades in breast cancer, higher in grade III than in grade I, II (P<0.05), while had no relation with patients’ age and tumor size (P>0.05). Conclusion: p38 and p-p38 protein expressions had relationship with lymph nodes metastasis and the levels of p38 and p-p38 protein expression in groups with lymph nodes metastasis were higher than in groups without lymph nodes metastasis. P38 and p-p38 protein expressions had relationship with clinical grades and had no relationship with patients’ age and tumor size.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the expression of ERK and p-ERK protein in human breast cancer and their corresponding tissue, to assess the significance of ERK signal pathway in tumorigenesis and progression of breast carc...Objective: To investigate the expression of ERK and p-ERK protein in human breast cancer and their corresponding tissue, to assess the significance of ERK signal pathway in tumorigenesis and progression of breast carcinoma. Methods: 40 breast cancer cases were used in S-P immunohistochemistry technique and Western Blot study. Results: The expression of ERK1, ERK2, and p- ERK protein levels increased remarkably in breast cancer tissues in comparison to normal tissues (P<0.01). The expression was upregulated by 1.32-, 1.53-and 4.27-fold, respectively. The overexpressions of ERK1, ERK2, and p- ERK proteins were obviously correlated with clinical stage of breast cancer. Protein levels of ERK and p-ERK were higher in stage III patients than in stage I and stage II patients (P<0.05). These proteins were strongly related with axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer, but not correlated with histopathological type and status of ER and PR of breast cancer. Expression of ERK1, and ERK2, protein showed a positive linear correlation. Conclusion: ERK signal transduction pathway is a key factor during human breast tumorigenesis and breast cancer progression.展开更多
Objective To investigate the marker protein of human breast carcinoma from nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs). Methods NMPs were injected subcutaneously into rabbit to get antiserum, which was used to detect the NMPs spec...Objective To investigate the marker protein of human breast carcinoma from nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs). Methods NMPs were injected subcutaneously into rabbit to get antiserum, which was used to detect the NMPs specificity for breast carcinoma. Results There was an apparent positive band (100 kD) in the NMPs of breast carcinoma, which did not exist in normal breast and other tumors that were detected.Conclusion One or one group of 100 kD NMPs were found to be related to human breast carcinoma, which may be involved in the carcinogenesis and development of human breast carcinoma and valuable for breast carcinoma diagnosis.展开更多
BACKGROUND In the current World Health Organization classification,acinic cell carcinoma(AcCC)of the breast is considered a rare histological subtype of triple-negative breast cancer.Because of the few reports in the ...BACKGROUND In the current World Health Organization classification,acinic cell carcinoma(AcCC)of the breast is considered a rare histological subtype of triple-negative breast cancer.Because of the few reports in the literature,data concerning clinical outcomes are limited.Here,we report a case of AcCC of the breast in a 48-year-old woman.A 48-year-old woman with a mass in her right breast came to our hospital for further diagnosis.Mammography and an ultrasound(US)scan showed a mass in the upper inner side of the right breast.She then underwent surgery to resect the mass in her right breast.Postoperative pathological examination revealed that the tumor had abundant acinar-like structures formed by tumor cells with prominent eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm,consistent with acinar cell carcinoma.The results of immunohistochemical analysis supported the diagnosis of breast acinar cell carcinoma.Two months later,she underwent breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy.The pTNM stage was T2N0M0.After surgery,the patient received 30 radiotherapy sessions.The patient was followed up for a period of one year,and no recurrence was found.AcCC of the breast is a rare type of malignant tumor.Because it is usually asym-ptomatic and can be detected by imaging studies,routine breast US or mamm-ograms are important.However,there are no characteristic diagnostic imaging findings or clinical manifestations,so immunohistochemical examination is critical for an accurate diagnosis of AcCC of the breast.展开更多
Invasive breast carcinoma(BRCA)is associated with poor prognosis and high risk of mortality.Therefore,it is critical to identify novel biomarkers for the prognostic assessment of BRCA.Methods:The expression data of po...Invasive breast carcinoma(BRCA)is associated with poor prognosis and high risk of mortality.Therefore,it is critical to identify novel biomarkers for the prognostic assessment of BRCA.Methods:The expression data of polo-like kinase 1(PLK1)in BRCA and the corresponding clinical information were extracted from TCGA and GEO databases.PLK1 expression was validated in diverse breast cancer cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and western blotting.Single sample gene set enrichment analysis(ssGSEA)was performed to evaluate immune infiltration in the BRCA microenvironment,and the random forest(RF)and support vector machine(SVM)algorithms were used to screen for the hub infiltrating cells and calculate the immunophenoscore(IPS).The RF algorithm and COX regression model were applied to calculate survival risk scores based on the PLK1 expression and immune cell infiltration.Finally,a prognostic nomogram was constructed with the risk score and pathological stage,and its clinical potential was evaluated by plotting calibration charts and DCA curves.The application of the nomogram was further validated in an immunotherapy cohort.Results:PLK1 expression was significantly higher in the tumor samples in TCGA-BRCA cohort.Furthermore,PLK1 expression level,age and stage were identified as independent prognostic factors of BRCA.While the IPS was unaffected by PLK1 expression,the TMB and MATH scores were higher in the PLK1-high group,and the TIDE scores were higher for the PLK1-low patients.We also identified 6 immune cell types with high infiltration,along with 11 immune cell types with low infiltration in the PLK1-high tumors.A risk score was devised using PLK1 expression and hub immune cells,which predicted the prognosis of BRCA patients.In addition,a nomogram was constructed based on the risk score and pathological staging,and showed good predictive performance.Conclusions:PLK1 expression and immune cell infiltration can predict post-immunotherapy prognosis of BRCA patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Invasive breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells(OGCs) is an extremely rare morphology of breast carcinomas.To the best of our knowledge,the most recent case report describing this rare pa...BACKGROUND Invasive breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells(OGCs) is an extremely rare morphology of breast carcinomas.To the best of our knowledge,the most recent case report describing this rare pathology was published six years ago.The mechanism controlling the development of this unique histological formation is still unknown.Further,the prognosis of patients with OGC involvement is also controversial.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 48-year-old woman,who presented to the outpatient department with a palpable,growing,painless mass in her left breast for about one year.Sonography and mammography revealed a 26.5 mm ×18.8 mm asymmetric,lobular mass with circumscribed margin and the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System was category 4C.Sono-guided aspiration biopsy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma.The patient underwent breast conserving surgery and was diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma with OGCs,grade Ⅱ,with intermediate grade of ductal carcinoma in situ(ER:80%,3+,PR:80%,3+,HER-2:negative,Ki 67:30%).Adjuvant chemotherapy and post-operation radiotherapy were initiated thereafter.CONCLUSION As a rare morphology of breast cancer,breast carcinoma with OGC occurs most often in relatively young women,has less lymph node involvement,and its occurrence is not racedependent.展开更多
BACKGROUND Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma is classified as a rare type of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast by the 2012 WHO pathological and genetic classification criteria for breast tumors,which takes hyp...BACKGROUND Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma is classified as a rare type of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast by the 2012 WHO pathological and genetic classification criteria for breast tumors,which takes hyperplastic spindle cells as the main component and is often misdiagnosed as benign stromal proliferative lesions or benign mesenchymal tumors of the breast because of its mild morphology.Here,we collected the clinical data of 2 cases of fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast and performed pathomorphological observation and immunohistochemical staining of the surgically resected specimens.According to the clinical features,imaging features,immunophenotype,diagnosis and differential diagnosis of 2 cases of fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast,it was further differentiated.CASE SUMMARY Case 1:A 56-year-old postmenopausal female was admitted due to"right breast mass for over 1 year and local ulceration for over 1 mo".Physical examination showed a mass with a diameter of 4.5 cm×5.5 cm palpable at 2.5 cm from the nipple at 1 o'clock in the right breast.The skin on the surface of the mass ruptured about 3 cm,with a small amount of exudation and bleeding,less clear boundary,hard texture,fair activity,without obvious tenderness.No obvious abnormality was palpable in the left breast.No enlarged lymph nodes were palpable in the bilateral axillae and bilateral supraclavicular region.After removing the mass tissue,it was promptly sent to the pathology department for examination.Case 2:Female,52-years-old,premenopausal,admitted due to"right breast mass for more than 3 mo".Physical examination showed a 4.0 cm×4.0 cm diameter mass palpable at 2.0 cm of the nipple in the lower outer 7 o'clock direction of the right breast,with less clear boundary,hard texture,fair activity,no significant tenderness,no palpable significant abnormalities in the left breast,and no palpable enlarged lymph nodes in the bilateral axillae and bilateral supraclavicular region.The mass was resected and sent for pathological examination.Postoperative pathological examination revealed fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast in both patient 1 and patient 2.No systemic therapy and local radiotherapy were performed after surgery,and no tumor recurrence or metastasis was observed.CONCLUSION Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype of metaplastic carcinoma that is often misdiagnosed,and the diagnosis relies on medical history collection,complete sampling,and full use of immunohistochemical assessment.The risk of lymph node and distant metastasis is low,and the current treatment is based on complete surgical resection.The efficacy of systemic radiotherapy and chemotherapy is not clear.展开更多
BACKGROUND Recent reports have described cases of metachronous breast metastasis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.However,no similar cases of synchronous breast metastasis have been reported,and evidence that...BACKGROUND Recent reports have described cases of metachronous breast metastasis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.However,no similar cases of synchronous breast metastasis have been reported,and evidence that can be used to support the clinical diagnosis of stage IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma in patients with concurrent breast metastasis remains lacking.Therefore,additional evidence is required to elucidate the clinical characteristics of this condition and aid in the development of optimal management strategies.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 46-year-old woman who visited our hospital with a right breast mass as the first symptom.The first pathological biopsy report suggested triple-negative breast invasive carcinoma.Subsequent imaging revealed a nasopharyngeal mass.Further puncture biopsy of the nasopharyngeal mass,molecular pathological Epstein–Barr virus in situ hybridization,and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with breast metastasis.The patient did not undergo a mastectomy and achieved complete remission after chemotherapy and radiotherapy.She continued to receive oral chemotherapy as maintenance therapy and experienced no recurrence or metastasis during the 6-month follow-up period.CONCLUSION This case report suggests that breast specialists should carefully rule out secondary breast cancers when diagnosing and treating breast masses.Furthermore,clinicians should aim to identify the pathological type of the tumor to obtain the most accurate diagnosis and prevent excessive diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor...The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)has been of particular interest in the treatment of human malignancies.This literature commentary is intended to highlight the most recent findings associated with the widely-studied TKI agents and their clinical significance in improving the outcomes of HER2 positive BC.展开更多
XLN306 is a novel synthetic quinazoline derivative with potentially useful anticancer activity.In previous research,we showed that XLN306 is highly cytotoxic to many tumor cell lines.This paper reports an investigatio...XLN306 is a novel synthetic quinazoline derivative with potentially useful anticancer activity.In previous research,we showed that XLN306 is highly cytotoxic to many tumor cell lines.This paper reports an investigation of this cytotoxicity in a number of human carcinoma cell lines.The results show that human breast carcinoma MX-1 cells are extremely sensitive to XLN306 and that the cytotoxicity is due to dose-and time-dependent apoptosis as confirmed by DAPI stain and DNA fragmentation analysis.Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are involved in the apoptosis process.The findings indicate that XLN306 has apoptotic induction activity and may be useful for the management of various cancers,especially breast carcinoma.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect of MMP-9 inhibitor(Mki67)on the biology of human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC15 cell line and to explore its mechanism of action through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Methods:SCC15...Objective:To investigate the effect of MMP-9 inhibitor(Mki67)on the biology of human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC15 cell line and to explore its mechanism of action through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Methods:SCC15 cells were extracted,and the supernatant was discarded.The cells were then rinsed twice with PBS,and 0,2.5,5,and 10μL of Mki67(50 mg/mL)were added to the culture respectively.The inhibition rate of cell proliferation was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)method,and the cell migration was measured by Transwell chamber test.The cell apoptosis rate was detected by cytometry,and the p-Akt protein content in the cells of each group was determined by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kit.Results:The cell proliferation rates of the 2.5μL,5μL,and 10μL dose groups were all lower than the 0μL group(P<0.05)before treatment,and the cell proliferation rates in the 2.5μL,5μL,and 10μL dose groups decreased overtime(P<0.05).After 24 h,with the increase of Mki67 concentration,the number of migration and invasion gradually decreased(P<0.05),and the number of apoptosis gradually increased(P<0.05);besides,the relative expression of MMP-9,PI3K,and Akt mRNA decreased gradually(P<0.05),and the expression level of Akt mRNA was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion:MMP-9 inhibitor(Mki67)can inhibit the proliferation and migration of SCC15 cell line and induce apoptosis,and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.展开更多
BACKGROUND Invasive lobular carcinomas(ILC)form 5%-10%of breast cancer and rarely show overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2).AIM To describe the prevalence and prognostic factors of HER2 pos...BACKGROUND Invasive lobular carcinomas(ILC)form 5%-10%of breast cancer and rarely show overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2).AIM To describe the prevalence and prognostic factors of HER2 positive(HER2+)ILC in an Asian population.METHODS A retrospective review of patients with ILC seen between January 1985 and March 2018 at various SingHealth medical institutions was conducted.Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records.We examined clinicopathological characteristics and survival in relation to HER2 status.RESULTS A total of 864 patients were included.Prevalence of HER2 positivity was 10.1%(87 patients).Compared with HER2 negative(HER2-)ILC,HER2+ILC was associated with a higher proportion of estrogen receptor negative(24.4%vs 5.9%,P<0.001),progesterone receptor negative(PR-)(40.2%vs 24%,P=0.002)and grade 3 tumours(Grade 3,29.0%vs 10.2%,P<0.001).Overall survival rate was poorer in patients with HER2+compared to HER2-ILC(56.7%vs 72.9%alive at 10 years;hazard ratio 1.87,95%confidence interval:1.21-2.90,P=0.004).Based on multivariate analysis,negative prognostic factors for overall survival included HER2 positivity,PR negativity,older age,Indian ethnicity and higher tumour stage.CONCLUSION Prevalence of HER2+ILC was 10.1%.HER2+ILC was more likely to have poorer prognostic features such as estrogen receptor negative,PR-and higher tumour grade,and have a poorer survival.展开更多
Objective To detect HPV16 E6, E7 genes and cell-type specific enhancer (CTSE) of long control region (LCR) in breast carcinoma (BC). Methods HPV16 E6,E7 genes and CTSE were detected in 40 BCs and 20 normal breast tiss...Objective To detect HPV16 E6, E7 genes and cell-type specific enhancer (CTSE) of long control region (LCR) in breast carcinoma (BC). Methods HPV16 E6,E7 genes and CTSE were detected in 40 BCs and 20 normal breast tissue (NBT) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The positive rates of HPV16 E6, E7genes and CTSE were 60% (24/40),55% (22/40) and 67.5%(27/40)respectively in BCs, whereas only 5% (1/20), 5%(1/20) and 15% (3/20) in NBTs (P<0.05). There exited significant correlation between E6 gene and CTSE in BCs (P<0.05), as well as E7 gene and CTSE. The infection of HPV16 E6, E7 and CTSE had no statistic relationship with pathological features. Conclusion There were HPV16 E6, E7 genes and CTSE together in BCs and CTSE may play an important role in pathogenesis of BC.展开更多
Objective: Secretory breast carcinoma(SBC) is a rare type of breast malignancy, accounting for less than 0.02% of all infiltrating breast malignancies. The pure SBC, a type of SBC without another type of breast malign...Objective: Secretory breast carcinoma(SBC) is a rare type of breast malignancy, accounting for less than 0.02% of all infiltrating breast malignancies. The pure SBC, a type of SBC without another type of breast malignant neoplasm, is particularly rare. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic and molecular features of pure SBC.Methods: The main pathological parameters such as estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor(PR), and human epithelial growth factor receptor 2(C-erbB-2) were detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC), and the clinicopathologic and prognostic difference were compared with invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC). Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to identify the ETV6-NTRK3 rearrangement of SBC.Results: We found that the positivity rates of ER, PR, C-erbB-2, p53, and S-100 were 47.7%(21/44), 52.3%(23/44), 36.4%(16/44), 27.3%(12/44), and 95.5%(42/44), respectively, which were higher than those reported in previous studies. Special periodic acid-Schiff analysis was performed in 36 patients, and the value of the Ki-67 index ranged from 1% to 50%(mean value:10%). Interestingly, most patients with pure SBC harbored an ETV6-NTRK3 rearrangement with an 88.6%(39/44) expression rate. Compared with IDC, the tumor size of most patients with SBC was larger than 2 cm(P = 0.024). Ultrasound showed benign lesions, and the total misdiagnosis rate was higher(P = 0.020). Although the pathological classification was mostly triple-negative breast cancers(P = 0.036), there was less metastasis(P = 0.029), and the overall prognosis was better than that of the IDC group.Conclusions: Although axillary lymph node metastasis, local recurrence, or distant metastasis may occur, SBC is also considered an indolent neoplasm with a good prognosis. Once diagnosed, surgical treatment should be performed as soon as possible,followed by appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy, irradiation, and endocrine therapies.展开更多
Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC) of the breast is a rare special subtype of breast cancer characterized by the presence of a dual cell population of luminal and basaloid cells arranged in specific growth patterns. Most b...Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC) of the breast is a rare special subtype of breast cancer characterized by the presence of a dual cell population of luminal and basaloid cells arranged in specific growth patterns. Most breast cancers with triple-negative, basal-like breast features(i.e., tumors that are devoid of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression, and express basal cell markers) are generally high-grade tumors with an aggressive clinical course. Conversely, while ACCs also display a triple-negative, basal-like phenotype, they are usually low-grade and exhibit an indolent clinical behavior. Many discoveries regarding the molecular and genetic features of the ACC, including a specific chromosomal translocation t(6;9) that results in a MYB-NFIB fusion gene, have been made in recent years. This comprehensive review provides our experience with ACC of the breast, as well as an overview of clinical, histopathological, and molecular genetic features.展开更多
AIM To assess the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B virus(HBV) or hepatitis C virus(HCV) coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV).METHODS A retrospective c...AIM To assess the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B virus(HBV) or hepatitis C virus(HCV) coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV).METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed, including patients with chronic liver disease due to HBV or HCV, with and without HIV coinfection. Patients were selected in the largest tertiary public hospital complex in southern Brazil between January 2007 and June 2014. We assessed demographic and clinical data, including lifestyle habits such as illicit drug use or alcohol abuse, in addition to frequency and reasons for hospital admissions via medical records review.RESULTS Of 804 patients were included(399 with HIV coinfection and 405 monoinfected with HBV or HCV). Coinfected patients were younger(36.7 ± 10 vs 46.3 ± 12.5, P < 0.001). Liver cirrhosis was observed in 31.3% of HIV-negative patients and in 16.5% of coinfected(P < 0.001). HCC was diagnosed in 36 patients(10 HIV coinfected and 26 monoinfected). The incidence density of HCC in coinfected and monoinfected patients was 0.25 and 0.72 cases per 100 patient-years(95%CI: 0.12-0.46 vs 0.47-1.05)(long-rank P = 0.002), respectively. The ratio for the HCC incidence rate was 2.98 for HIV-negative. However, when adjusting for age or when only cirrhotic are analyzed, the absence of HIV lost statistical significance for the development of HCC. CONCLUSION In this study, the presence of HIV coinfection in chronic liver disease due to HBV or HCV showed no relation to the increase of HCC incidence.展开更多
Background: Patients with intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) are most commonly treated with transarterial chemoembolization(TACE). Previous studies showed that TACE combined with recombinant human ...Background: Patients with intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) are most commonly treated with transarterial chemoembolization(TACE). Previous studies showed that TACE combined with recombinant human adenovirus type 5(H101) may provide a clinical survival benefit. In the present study, we aimed to determine the survival benefit of TACE with or without H101 for patients with intermediate to advanced HCC and to develop an e ective nomogram for predicting individual survival outcomes of these patients.Methods: We retrospectively collected data from 590 patients with intermediate to advanced HCC who were treated at Sun Yat?sen University Cancer Center between January 2007 and July 2015. After propensity score matching, 238 patients who received TACE with H101(TACE with H101 group) and 238 patients who received TACE without H101(TACE group) were analyzed. Overall survival(OS) was evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method; the nomogram was developed based on Cox regression analysis. Discrimination and calibration were measured using the concordance index(c?index) and calibration plots.Results: Clinical and radiologic features were similar between the two groups. OS rates were significantly lower in the TACE group than in the TACE with H101 group(1?year OS rate, 53.8% vs. 61.3%; 2?year OS rate, 33.4% vs. 44.2%; 3?year OS rate, 22.4% vs. 40.5%; all P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis for the entire cohort showed that alpha?fetoprotein level, alkaline phosphatase level, tumor size, metastasis, vascular invasion, and TACE with or without H101 were independent factors for OS, all of which were included in the nomogram. Calibration curves showed good agreement between nomogram?predicted survival and observed survival. The c?index of the nomogram for predict?ing OS was 0.716(95% confidence interval 0.686–0.746).Conclusions: TACE plus H101 extends the survival of patients with intermediate to advanced HCC. Our proposed nomogram provides individual survival prediction and stratification for patients with intermediate to advanced HCC who receive TACE with or without H101.展开更多
Human papillomavirus(HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. As a result, traditional paradigms in relation to the management of head and neck squamous cell c...Human papillomavirus(HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. As a result, traditional paradigms in relation to the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have been changing. Research into HPVrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is rapidly expanding, however many molecular pathological and clinical aspects of the role of HPV remain uncertain and are the subject of ongoing investigation. A detailed search of the literature pertaining to HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma was performed and information on the topic was gathered. In this article, we present an extensive review of the current literature on the role of HPV in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in relation to epidemiology, risk factors, carcinogenesis, biomarkers and clinicalimplications. HPV has been established as a causative agent in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and biologically active HPV can act as a prognosticator with better overall survival than HPV-negative tumours. A distinct group of younger patients with limited tobacco and alcohol exposure have emerged as characteristic of this HPV-related subset of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis are not completely understood and further studies are needed to assist development of optimal prevention and treatment modalities.展开更多
文摘To study the effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) on proliferation inhibition, apoptotic induction, and the relationship between GA-induced apoptosis and intracellular Ca^2+ concentration in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Methods: After MCF-7 cells were treated with GA at the concentrations from 50 μmol/L to 250 μmol/L for 24 h, cell viability of proliferation was as sessed by MTTassay. After the cells were treated with 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L, and 200 μmol/L GA for 24 h, the rates of cell apoptosis were examined by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling method and flow cytometry with Annexin V/propidium iodide fluorescent stain. After the cells treated with 150 μmol/L GA for 24 h, intracellular Ca^2+ concentration was measured by Fure-2 fluorescein load method. Results: After the cells were treated with GA at the concentrations from 100 μmol/L to 250 μmol/L, the rates of proliferative inhibition were increased significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.01) in a dosedependent fashion. IC50 of the proliferation inhibition was 234.33 μmol/L. Treated with 100 μmol/L, 150 μmol/L, and 200 μmol/L, the rates of cell apoptosis were increased significantly (P<0.01). Intracellular Ca^2+ concentration after treatment with GA was higher evidently than that of control (P<0.05). Conclusion: 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid has the effects of the proliferation inhibition and the apoptotic induction on MCF-7 cells. The rise of intracellular Ca^2+ level may be depended on apoptosis induced by GA in MCF-7 cells.
文摘Objective: To elucidate the effects of amlodipine on the proliferation and apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods: Light microscopy was used to determine the effects of amlodipine on cell morphology; Flow cytometry was used to quantitate cells undergoing apoptosis; the expression of a cell cycle-related protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and an antiapoptosis protein, Bcl-2 were assessed by immunocytochemistry. Results: Amlodipine concentration of 8.25 μmol/L (1/2 of IC50) affected the morphology, decreased the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2 and induced apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion: The effect of amlodipine on the antiproliferation of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells is related to inducement of apoptosis, and the decrease of the expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA may be the possible mechanism for proliferation inhibitory and inducement of apoptosis.
基金This work was supported by the ScienceFoundation of Education Ministry of Liaoning Province(No.2004D107).
文摘Objective: To detect the change of p38 protein expression and investigate the relationship of p38 and lymph nodes metastasis in human breast carcinomas. Methods: Sixty breast cancer cases were checked by S-P immunohistochemistry technique and 30 breast cancer cases were examined by Western Blot. Results: Immunohistochemical results showed that p38 protein was observed in breast cancer and normal cytoplasm. P-p38 was positive in nucleus in breast cancer. P38 protein expressed positively in 29 out of 38 patients who had lymph nodes metastasis (positive rate 76.3%) and in 9 out of 22 patients who had no lymph nodes metastasis (positive rate 40.9%). There was a significant difference between these two groups (P<0.01). The positive rate of p-p38 in patients who had lymph nodes metastasis was 68.4%, and the positive rate in patients who had no metastasis was 36.4%, and there was a significant difference between these two groups (P<0.05). The result of western blot showed that the protein contents of p38 and p-p38 in patients with metastasis was higher than those in patients without metastasis (P<0.05). P38 and p-p38 protein expressions had relation with clinical pathological grades in breast cancer, higher in grade III than in grade I, II (P<0.05), while had no relation with patients’ age and tumor size (P>0.05). Conclusion: p38 and p-p38 protein expressions had relationship with lymph nodes metastasis and the levels of p38 and p-p38 protein expression in groups with lymph nodes metastasis were higher than in groups without lymph nodes metastasis. P38 and p-p38 protein expressions had relationship with clinical grades and had no relationship with patients’ age and tumor size.
文摘Objective: To investigate the expression of ERK and p-ERK protein in human breast cancer and their corresponding tissue, to assess the significance of ERK signal pathway in tumorigenesis and progression of breast carcinoma. Methods: 40 breast cancer cases were used in S-P immunohistochemistry technique and Western Blot study. Results: The expression of ERK1, ERK2, and p- ERK protein levels increased remarkably in breast cancer tissues in comparison to normal tissues (P<0.01). The expression was upregulated by 1.32-, 1.53-and 4.27-fold, respectively. The overexpressions of ERK1, ERK2, and p- ERK proteins were obviously correlated with clinical stage of breast cancer. Protein levels of ERK and p-ERK were higher in stage III patients than in stage I and stage II patients (P<0.05). These proteins were strongly related with axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer, but not correlated with histopathological type and status of ER and PR of breast cancer. Expression of ERK1, and ERK2, protein showed a positive linear correlation. Conclusion: ERK signal transduction pathway is a key factor during human breast tumorigenesis and breast cancer progression.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30500600)
文摘Objective To investigate the marker protein of human breast carcinoma from nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs). Methods NMPs were injected subcutaneously into rabbit to get antiserum, which was used to detect the NMPs specificity for breast carcinoma. Results There was an apparent positive band (100 kD) in the NMPs of breast carcinoma, which did not exist in normal breast and other tumors that were detected.Conclusion One or one group of 100 kD NMPs were found to be related to human breast carcinoma, which may be involved in the carcinogenesis and development of human breast carcinoma and valuable for breast carcinoma diagnosis.
文摘BACKGROUND In the current World Health Organization classification,acinic cell carcinoma(AcCC)of the breast is considered a rare histological subtype of triple-negative breast cancer.Because of the few reports in the literature,data concerning clinical outcomes are limited.Here,we report a case of AcCC of the breast in a 48-year-old woman.A 48-year-old woman with a mass in her right breast came to our hospital for further diagnosis.Mammography and an ultrasound(US)scan showed a mass in the upper inner side of the right breast.She then underwent surgery to resect the mass in her right breast.Postoperative pathological examination revealed that the tumor had abundant acinar-like structures formed by tumor cells with prominent eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm,consistent with acinar cell carcinoma.The results of immunohistochemical analysis supported the diagnosis of breast acinar cell carcinoma.Two months later,she underwent breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy.The pTNM stage was T2N0M0.After surgery,the patient received 30 radiotherapy sessions.The patient was followed up for a period of one year,and no recurrence was found.AcCC of the breast is a rare type of malignant tumor.Because it is usually asym-ptomatic and can be detected by imaging studies,routine breast US or mamm-ograms are important.However,there are no characteristic diagnostic imaging findings or clinical manifestations,so immunohistochemical examination is critical for an accurate diagnosis of AcCC of the breast.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institutions of Auhui Province(Grant No.KJ2021A0352)the Research Fund Project of Anhui Medical University(Grant No.2020xkj236)Applied Medicine Research Project of Hefei Health Commission(Grant No.HWKJ2019-172-14).
文摘Invasive breast carcinoma(BRCA)is associated with poor prognosis and high risk of mortality.Therefore,it is critical to identify novel biomarkers for the prognostic assessment of BRCA.Methods:The expression data of polo-like kinase 1(PLK1)in BRCA and the corresponding clinical information were extracted from TCGA and GEO databases.PLK1 expression was validated in diverse breast cancer cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and western blotting.Single sample gene set enrichment analysis(ssGSEA)was performed to evaluate immune infiltration in the BRCA microenvironment,and the random forest(RF)and support vector machine(SVM)algorithms were used to screen for the hub infiltrating cells and calculate the immunophenoscore(IPS).The RF algorithm and COX regression model were applied to calculate survival risk scores based on the PLK1 expression and immune cell infiltration.Finally,a prognostic nomogram was constructed with the risk score and pathological stage,and its clinical potential was evaluated by plotting calibration charts and DCA curves.The application of the nomogram was further validated in an immunotherapy cohort.Results:PLK1 expression was significantly higher in the tumor samples in TCGA-BRCA cohort.Furthermore,PLK1 expression level,age and stage were identified as independent prognostic factors of BRCA.While the IPS was unaffected by PLK1 expression,the TMB and MATH scores were higher in the PLK1-high group,and the TIDE scores were higher for the PLK1-low patients.We also identified 6 immune cell types with high infiltration,along with 11 immune cell types with low infiltration in the PLK1-high tumors.A risk score was devised using PLK1 expression and hub immune cells,which predicted the prognosis of BRCA patients.In addition,a nomogram was constructed based on the risk score and pathological staging,and showed good predictive performance.Conclusions:PLK1 expression and immune cell infiltration can predict post-immunotherapy prognosis of BRCA patients.
文摘BACKGROUND Invasive breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells(OGCs) is an extremely rare morphology of breast carcinomas.To the best of our knowledge,the most recent case report describing this rare pathology was published six years ago.The mechanism controlling the development of this unique histological formation is still unknown.Further,the prognosis of patients with OGC involvement is also controversial.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 48-year-old woman,who presented to the outpatient department with a palpable,growing,painless mass in her left breast for about one year.Sonography and mammography revealed a 26.5 mm ×18.8 mm asymmetric,lobular mass with circumscribed margin and the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System was category 4C.Sono-guided aspiration biopsy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma.The patient underwent breast conserving surgery and was diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma with OGCs,grade Ⅱ,with intermediate grade of ductal carcinoma in situ(ER:80%,3+,PR:80%,3+,HER-2:negative,Ki 67:30%).Adjuvant chemotherapy and post-operation radiotherapy were initiated thereafter.CONCLUSION As a rare morphology of breast cancer,breast carcinoma with OGC occurs most often in relatively young women,has less lymph node involvement,and its occurrence is not racedependent.
基金Supported by 2020 Gansu Province Central Government Guide Local Science and Technology Development ProjectGansu Province Natural Science Fund,No.21JR1RA373.
文摘BACKGROUND Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma is classified as a rare type of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast by the 2012 WHO pathological and genetic classification criteria for breast tumors,which takes hyperplastic spindle cells as the main component and is often misdiagnosed as benign stromal proliferative lesions or benign mesenchymal tumors of the breast because of its mild morphology.Here,we collected the clinical data of 2 cases of fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast and performed pathomorphological observation and immunohistochemical staining of the surgically resected specimens.According to the clinical features,imaging features,immunophenotype,diagnosis and differential diagnosis of 2 cases of fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast,it was further differentiated.CASE SUMMARY Case 1:A 56-year-old postmenopausal female was admitted due to"right breast mass for over 1 year and local ulceration for over 1 mo".Physical examination showed a mass with a diameter of 4.5 cm×5.5 cm palpable at 2.5 cm from the nipple at 1 o'clock in the right breast.The skin on the surface of the mass ruptured about 3 cm,with a small amount of exudation and bleeding,less clear boundary,hard texture,fair activity,without obvious tenderness.No obvious abnormality was palpable in the left breast.No enlarged lymph nodes were palpable in the bilateral axillae and bilateral supraclavicular region.After removing the mass tissue,it was promptly sent to the pathology department for examination.Case 2:Female,52-years-old,premenopausal,admitted due to"right breast mass for more than 3 mo".Physical examination showed a 4.0 cm×4.0 cm diameter mass palpable at 2.0 cm of the nipple in the lower outer 7 o'clock direction of the right breast,with less clear boundary,hard texture,fair activity,no significant tenderness,no palpable significant abnormalities in the left breast,and no palpable enlarged lymph nodes in the bilateral axillae and bilateral supraclavicular region.The mass was resected and sent for pathological examination.Postoperative pathological examination revealed fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast in both patient 1 and patient 2.No systemic therapy and local radiotherapy were performed after surgery,and no tumor recurrence or metastasis was observed.CONCLUSION Fibromatosis-like metaplastic carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype of metaplastic carcinoma that is often misdiagnosed,and the diagnosis relies on medical history collection,complete sampling,and full use of immunohistochemical assessment.The risk of lymph node and distant metastasis is low,and the current treatment is based on complete surgical resection.The efficacy of systemic radiotherapy and chemotherapy is not clear.
文摘BACKGROUND Recent reports have described cases of metachronous breast metastasis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.However,no similar cases of synchronous breast metastasis have been reported,and evidence that can be used to support the clinical diagnosis of stage IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma in patients with concurrent breast metastasis remains lacking.Therefore,additional evidence is required to elucidate the clinical characteristics of this condition and aid in the development of optimal management strategies.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 46-year-old woman who visited our hospital with a right breast mass as the first symptom.The first pathological biopsy report suggested triple-negative breast invasive carcinoma.Subsequent imaging revealed a nasopharyngeal mass.Further puncture biopsy of the nasopharyngeal mass,molecular pathological Epstein–Barr virus in situ hybridization,and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with breast metastasis.The patient did not undergo a mastectomy and achieved complete remission after chemotherapy and radiotherapy.She continued to receive oral chemotherapy as maintenance therapy and experienced no recurrence or metastasis during the 6-month follow-up period.CONCLUSION This case report suggests that breast specialists should carefully rule out secondary breast cancers when diagnosing and treating breast masses.Furthermore,clinicians should aim to identify the pathological type of the tumor to obtain the most accurate diagnosis and prevent excessive diagnosis and treatment.
基金Supported by the Elsa U.Pardee Foundation Grant,No.671432(to Sahu RP)NIH R21 Grant,No.ES033806(to Sahu RP).
文摘The body of evidence investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)directed therapy in patients with breast cancer(BC)has been growing within the last decade.Recently,the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)has been of particular interest in the treatment of human malignancies.This literature commentary is intended to highlight the most recent findings associated with the widely-studied TKI agents and their clinical significance in improving the outcomes of HER2 positive BC.
文摘XLN306 is a novel synthetic quinazoline derivative with potentially useful anticancer activity.In previous research,we showed that XLN306 is highly cytotoxic to many tumor cell lines.This paper reports an investigation of this cytotoxicity in a number of human carcinoma cell lines.The results show that human breast carcinoma MX-1 cells are extremely sensitive to XLN306 and that the cytotoxicity is due to dose-and time-dependent apoptosis as confirmed by DAPI stain and DNA fragmentation analysis.Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are involved in the apoptosis process.The findings indicate that XLN306 has apoptotic induction activity and may be useful for the management of various cancers,especially breast carcinoma.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of MMP-9 inhibitor(Mki67)on the biology of human oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC15 cell line and to explore its mechanism of action through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Methods:SCC15 cells were extracted,and the supernatant was discarded.The cells were then rinsed twice with PBS,and 0,2.5,5,and 10μL of Mki67(50 mg/mL)were added to the culture respectively.The inhibition rate of cell proliferation was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)method,and the cell migration was measured by Transwell chamber test.The cell apoptosis rate was detected by cytometry,and the p-Akt protein content in the cells of each group was determined by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kit.Results:The cell proliferation rates of the 2.5μL,5μL,and 10μL dose groups were all lower than the 0μL group(P<0.05)before treatment,and the cell proliferation rates in the 2.5μL,5μL,and 10μL dose groups decreased overtime(P<0.05).After 24 h,with the increase of Mki67 concentration,the number of migration and invasion gradually decreased(P<0.05),and the number of apoptosis gradually increased(P<0.05);besides,the relative expression of MMP-9,PI3K,and Akt mRNA decreased gradually(P<0.05),and the expression level of Akt mRNA was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion:MMP-9 inhibitor(Mki67)can inhibit the proliferation and migration of SCC15 cell line and induce apoptosis,and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
文摘BACKGROUND Invasive lobular carcinomas(ILC)form 5%-10%of breast cancer and rarely show overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2).AIM To describe the prevalence and prognostic factors of HER2 positive(HER2+)ILC in an Asian population.METHODS A retrospective review of patients with ILC seen between January 1985 and March 2018 at various SingHealth medical institutions was conducted.Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records.We examined clinicopathological characteristics and survival in relation to HER2 status.RESULTS A total of 864 patients were included.Prevalence of HER2 positivity was 10.1%(87 patients).Compared with HER2 negative(HER2-)ILC,HER2+ILC was associated with a higher proportion of estrogen receptor negative(24.4%vs 5.9%,P<0.001),progesterone receptor negative(PR-)(40.2%vs 24%,P=0.002)and grade 3 tumours(Grade 3,29.0%vs 10.2%,P<0.001).Overall survival rate was poorer in patients with HER2+compared to HER2-ILC(56.7%vs 72.9%alive at 10 years;hazard ratio 1.87,95%confidence interval:1.21-2.90,P=0.004).Based on multivariate analysis,negative prognostic factors for overall survival included HER2 positivity,PR negativity,older age,Indian ethnicity and higher tumour stage.CONCLUSION Prevalence of HER2+ILC was 10.1%.HER2+ILC was more likely to have poorer prognostic features such as estrogen receptor negative,PR-and higher tumour grade,and have a poorer survival.
基金National Nature and Science Foundation, China (30500600)
文摘Objective To detect HPV16 E6, E7 genes and cell-type specific enhancer (CTSE) of long control region (LCR) in breast carcinoma (BC). Methods HPV16 E6,E7 genes and CTSE were detected in 40 BCs and 20 normal breast tissue (NBT) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The positive rates of HPV16 E6, E7genes and CTSE were 60% (24/40),55% (22/40) and 67.5%(27/40)respectively in BCs, whereas only 5% (1/20), 5%(1/20) and 15% (3/20) in NBTs (P<0.05). There exited significant correlation between E6 gene and CTSE in BCs (P<0.05), as well as E7 gene and CTSE. The infection of HPV16 E6, E7 and CTSE had no statistic relationship with pathological features. Conclusion There were HPV16 E6, E7 genes and CTSE together in BCs and CTSE may play an important role in pathogenesis of BC.
文摘Objective: Secretory breast carcinoma(SBC) is a rare type of breast malignancy, accounting for less than 0.02% of all infiltrating breast malignancies. The pure SBC, a type of SBC without another type of breast malignant neoplasm, is particularly rare. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic and molecular features of pure SBC.Methods: The main pathological parameters such as estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor(PR), and human epithelial growth factor receptor 2(C-erbB-2) were detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC), and the clinicopathologic and prognostic difference were compared with invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC). Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to identify the ETV6-NTRK3 rearrangement of SBC.Results: We found that the positivity rates of ER, PR, C-erbB-2, p53, and S-100 were 47.7%(21/44), 52.3%(23/44), 36.4%(16/44), 27.3%(12/44), and 95.5%(42/44), respectively, which were higher than those reported in previous studies. Special periodic acid-Schiff analysis was performed in 36 patients, and the value of the Ki-67 index ranged from 1% to 50%(mean value:10%). Interestingly, most patients with pure SBC harbored an ETV6-NTRK3 rearrangement with an 88.6%(39/44) expression rate. Compared with IDC, the tumor size of most patients with SBC was larger than 2 cm(P = 0.024). Ultrasound showed benign lesions, and the total misdiagnosis rate was higher(P = 0.020). Although the pathological classification was mostly triple-negative breast cancers(P = 0.036), there was less metastasis(P = 0.029), and the overall prognosis was better than that of the IDC group.Conclusions: Although axillary lymph node metastasis, local recurrence, or distant metastasis may occur, SBC is also considered an indolent neoplasm with a good prognosis. Once diagnosed, surgical treatment should be performed as soon as possible,followed by appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy, irradiation, and endocrine therapies.
文摘Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC) of the breast is a rare special subtype of breast cancer characterized by the presence of a dual cell population of luminal and basaloid cells arranged in specific growth patterns. Most breast cancers with triple-negative, basal-like breast features(i.e., tumors that are devoid of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression, and express basal cell markers) are generally high-grade tumors with an aggressive clinical course. Conversely, while ACCs also display a triple-negative, basal-like phenotype, they are usually low-grade and exhibit an indolent clinical behavior. Many discoveries regarding the molecular and genetic features of the ACC, including a specific chromosomal translocation t(6;9) that results in a MYB-NFIB fusion gene, have been made in recent years. This comprehensive review provides our experience with ACC of the breast, as well as an overview of clinical, histopathological, and molecular genetic features.
文摘AIM To assess the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B virus(HBV) or hepatitis C virus(HCV) coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV).METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed, including patients with chronic liver disease due to HBV or HCV, with and without HIV coinfection. Patients were selected in the largest tertiary public hospital complex in southern Brazil between January 2007 and June 2014. We assessed demographic and clinical data, including lifestyle habits such as illicit drug use or alcohol abuse, in addition to frequency and reasons for hospital admissions via medical records review.RESULTS Of 804 patients were included(399 with HIV coinfection and 405 monoinfected with HBV or HCV). Coinfected patients were younger(36.7 ± 10 vs 46.3 ± 12.5, P < 0.001). Liver cirrhosis was observed in 31.3% of HIV-negative patients and in 16.5% of coinfected(P < 0.001). HCC was diagnosed in 36 patients(10 HIV coinfected and 26 monoinfected). The incidence density of HCC in coinfected and monoinfected patients was 0.25 and 0.72 cases per 100 patient-years(95%CI: 0.12-0.46 vs 0.47-1.05)(long-rank P = 0.002), respectively. The ratio for the HCC incidence rate was 2.98 for HIV-negative. However, when adjusting for age or when only cirrhotic are analyzed, the absence of HIV lost statistical significance for the development of HCC. CONCLUSION In this study, the presence of HIV coinfection in chronic liver disease due to HBV or HCV showed no relation to the increase of HCC incidence.
文摘Background: Patients with intermediate to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) are most commonly treated with transarterial chemoembolization(TACE). Previous studies showed that TACE combined with recombinant human adenovirus type 5(H101) may provide a clinical survival benefit. In the present study, we aimed to determine the survival benefit of TACE with or without H101 for patients with intermediate to advanced HCC and to develop an e ective nomogram for predicting individual survival outcomes of these patients.Methods: We retrospectively collected data from 590 patients with intermediate to advanced HCC who were treated at Sun Yat?sen University Cancer Center between January 2007 and July 2015. After propensity score matching, 238 patients who received TACE with H101(TACE with H101 group) and 238 patients who received TACE without H101(TACE group) were analyzed. Overall survival(OS) was evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method; the nomogram was developed based on Cox regression analysis. Discrimination and calibration were measured using the concordance index(c?index) and calibration plots.Results: Clinical and radiologic features were similar between the two groups. OS rates were significantly lower in the TACE group than in the TACE with H101 group(1?year OS rate, 53.8% vs. 61.3%; 2?year OS rate, 33.4% vs. 44.2%; 3?year OS rate, 22.4% vs. 40.5%; all P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis for the entire cohort showed that alpha?fetoprotein level, alkaline phosphatase level, tumor size, metastasis, vascular invasion, and TACE with or without H101 were independent factors for OS, all of which were included in the nomogram. Calibration curves showed good agreement between nomogram?predicted survival and observed survival. The c?index of the nomogram for predict?ing OS was 0.716(95% confidence interval 0.686–0.746).Conclusions: TACE plus H101 extends the survival of patients with intermediate to advanced HCC. Our proposed nomogram provides individual survival prediction and stratification for patients with intermediate to advanced HCC who receive TACE with or without H101.
文摘Human papillomavirus(HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. As a result, traditional paradigms in relation to the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have been changing. Research into HPVrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is rapidly expanding, however many molecular pathological and clinical aspects of the role of HPV remain uncertain and are the subject of ongoing investigation. A detailed search of the literature pertaining to HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma was performed and information on the topic was gathered. In this article, we present an extensive review of the current literature on the role of HPV in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in relation to epidemiology, risk factors, carcinogenesis, biomarkers and clinicalimplications. HPV has been established as a causative agent in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and biologically active HPV can act as a prognosticator with better overall survival than HPV-negative tumours. A distinct group of younger patients with limited tobacco and alcohol exposure have emerged as characteristic of this HPV-related subset of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis are not completely understood and further studies are needed to assist development of optimal prevention and treatment modalities.
