BACKGROUND Secondary hypertension is a relatively rare condition most commonly caused by renovascular disease due to atherosclerotic vascular disease or fibromuscular dysplasia.Although accessory renal arteries are fr...BACKGROUND Secondary hypertension is a relatively rare condition most commonly caused by renovascular disease due to atherosclerotic vascular disease or fibromuscular dysplasia.Although accessory renal arteries are frequent,to date,only six cases of secondary hypertension determined by their existence have been reported.CASE SUMMARY We describe a case of a 39-year-old female who came to the emergency department with an urgent hypertensive crisis and hypertensive encephalopathy.Despite normal renal arteries,the computed tomography angiography revealed an inferior polar artery with 50%stenosis of its diameter.Conservative treatment with amlodipine,indapamide and perindopril was adopted,leading to blood pressure control within one month.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,there are controversies regarding accessory renal arteries as a potential etiology for secondary hypertension,but the seven similar cases already described,along with the current case,could reinforce the necessity of more studies concerning this subject.展开更多
Background and Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is now a global public health problem. In low- and middle-income countries such as the Congo, access to dialysis is low and inequitable. The prevention of CKD in...Background and Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is now a global public health problem. In low- and middle-income countries such as the Congo, access to dialysis is low and inequitable. The prevention of CKD involves raising awareness among patients at risk, such as those suffering from arterial hypertension (AH), by improving their knowledge of CKD. The objectives of our work were to determine the level of knowledge about CKD among hypertensive patients and to identify the factors associated with a low level of knowledge. Methodology: We conducted a 3-month descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study from 1 August to 30 October 2023 in 3 large public hospitals in Brazzaville (capital of the Republic of Congo). We included: hypertensive patients aged 18 and over who had freely consented to participate in our study and were able to answer the questions on the survey form. Patients with known hypertension who had been followed for less than 3 years and those with known chronic renal failure were not included. Results: The mean age was 58.4 ± 14.4 years (29 - 88 years). There were 121 men and 150 women (sex ratio = 0.8). All the patients were educated;37.2% with a higher level of education and 13.6% with primary education. 24 patients (9%) had a good level of knowledge about CKD and 153 (56%) had poor knowledge. A good level of knowledge was associated with the duration of hypertension, intellectual level and the existence of associated heart disease. Conclusion: Our study reveals a significant lack of knowledge about chronic kidney disease among hypertensive patients in Brazzaville.展开更多
Introduction: Arterial hypertension (AH) in children is under-diagnosed and often has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of hy...Introduction: Arterial hypertension (AH) in children is under-diagnosed and often has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of hypertension in children at the University Hospital of Bouaké, with a view to improving the prognosis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, analytical study carried out in the paediatrics department of Bouaké University Hospital. It concerned the medical records of children aged 4 to 15 hospitalised from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2020 for hypertension. Diagnosis was based on the simplified blood pressure guidelines of the Expert Consensus of the French Society of Hypertension. The variables studied were epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary. Quantitative variables were compared at the significance level p ≤ 0.05. Results: The hospital incidence of hypertension was 0.32% (69/21,642). The sex ratio was 0.72. 97.1% of the children were over five years of age. Oedema (49.3%) and breathing difficulties (20.2%) were the main reasons for consultation. Hypertension was classified as threatening (56.5%), confirmed (31.9%) and borderline (11.6%). The cause was renal in 66.7%, dominated by impure nephrotic syndrome (24.6%). Treatment for hypertension consisted mainly of a diuretic (79.7%) and a calcium channel blocker (47.8%). Outcome was favourable in 50.7% of cases. Mortality was 20.3%. No factor was significantly associated with death. Conclusion: Hypertension in children at Bouaké University Hospital is serious. The aetiology is mainly renal. Early diagnosis and management are key to improving prognosis.展开更多
At the cellular level, reduced kidney perfusion in atherosclerotic renal arthery disease (ARVD), induces hypoxia, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and cytokine activation. Impaired blood f...At the cellular level, reduced kidney perfusion in atherosclerotic renal arthery disease (ARVD), induces hypoxia, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and cytokine activation. Impaired blood flow in the kidneys creates a microenvironment triggering significant cytokine production, contributing to vascular damage and endothelial disfunction. Interactions between cytokines and endothelial, glomerular, and tubular cells often result in increased vessel permeability, and fibrosis, and contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Molecules such as endothelins, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide play a crucial role at the molecular level. The imbalance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator factors contributes to vascular dysfunction. Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes at the cellular level contribute to endothelial damage and structural changes in blood vessels. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) therapy in the context of ARVD holds promise in reducing fibrosis, promoting angiogenesis and enhancing overall outcomes in patients with this pathology. Recent data also indicates the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. They reduce oxidative stress caused by hypoxic conditions and enhance renal perfusion, contributing to the preservation of cellular function. Studies employing Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) imaging have identified adaptations to reduced blood flow, volume, and glomerular filtration rate in post-stenotic kidneys that preserve oxygenation in the medulla and cortex during medical therapy. Data from the literature indicate that despite the partial recovery of renal hypoxia and restoration of blood flow after revascularization, inflammatory cytokines and injury biomarkers remain elevated, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) does not recover in ARVD. Restoration of vascular patency alone has failed to reverse tubulointerstitial damage and partially explains the limited clinical benefit of renal stenting. Considering these findings, BOLD MR imaging emerges as a technique capable of providing insights into the critical juncture of irreversibility in ARVD. However, further research is needed to monitor renal hypoxia following renal artery stenting and the inflammatory response over an extended period in conjunction with optimal therapy involving MRAs and SGLT2 agonists. The aim of research at the molecular level enables the identification of potential therapeutic modalities targeting specific molecular pathways, opening the door to innovative approaches in treating renovascular hypertension.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of combining levamlodipine besylate and valsartan in the treatment of hypertension.Methods:This study selected 28 patients with hypertension as observation sub...Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of combining levamlodipine besylate and valsartan in the treatment of hypertension.Methods:This study selected 28 patients with hypertension as observation subjects.The treatment duration ranged from January 2020 to June 2023.Using the random number table method,patients were divided into two groups.The control group received treatment with valsartan,while the observation group received a combination of valsartan and levamlodipine besylate.Therapeutic effects and safety were compared between the groups,and changes in the patient’s blood pressure and renal function index levels were assessed.Results:The total clinical effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).The observation group demonstrated better diastolic blood pressure,systolic blood pressure,and renal function indicators compared to the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:The combined treatment of levamlodipine besylate and valsartan in patients with hypertension showed significant clinical efficacy and holds broad application value.展开更多
Many forms of human hypertension are associated with an increased systemic sympathetic activity. Especially the renal sympathetic nervous system has been found to play a prominent role in this context. Therefore, cath...Many forms of human hypertension are associated with an increased systemic sympathetic activity. Especially the renal sympathetic nervous system has been found to play a prominent role in this context. Therefore, catheterinterventional renal sympathetic denervation(RDN) has been established as a treatment for patients suffering from therapy resistant hypertension in the past decade. The initial enthusiasm for this treatment was markedly dampened by the results of the Symplicity-HTN-3 trial, although the transferability of the results into clinical practice to date appears to be questionable. In contrast to the extensive use of RDN in treating hypertensive patients within or without clinical trial settings over the past years, its effects on the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying therapy resistant hypertension are only partly understood and are part of ongoing research. Effects of RDN have been described on many levels in human trials: From altered systemic sympathetic activity across cardiac and metabolic alterations down to changes in renal function. Most of these changes could sustainably change long-term morbidity and mortality of the treated patients, even if blood pressure remains unchanged. Furthermore, a number of promising predictors for a successful treatment with RDN have been identified recently and further trials are ongoing. This will certainly help to improve the preselection of potential candidates for RDN and thereby optimize treatment outcomes. This review summarizes important pathophysiologic effects of renal denervation and illustrates the currently known predictors for therapy success.展开更多
Resistant hypertension remains a major clinical problem despite the available multidrug therapy.Over the next decades,its incidence will likely increase given that it is strongly associated with older age and obesity....Resistant hypertension remains a major clinical problem despite the available multidrug therapy.Over the next decades,its incidence will likely increase given that it is strongly associated with older age and obesity.Resistant hypertension patients have an increased cardiovascular risk,thus effective antihypertensive treatment will provide substantial health benefits.The crosstalk between sympathetic nervous system and kidneys plays a crucial role in hypertension.It influences several pathophysiological mechanisms such as the central sympathetic tone,the sodium balance and the systemic neurohumoral activation.In fact,studies using several animal models demonstrated that the renal denervation prevented and attenuated hypertension in multiple species.Large reductions in blood pressure were also observed in malignant hypertension patients submitted to sympathectomy surgeries.However,these approaches had an unacceptably high rates of periprocedural complications and disabling adverse events.Recently,an innovative non-pharmacological therapy that modulates sympathetic activation has been successfully developed.Renal sympathetic percutaneous denervation is an endovascular procedure that uses radiofrequency energy to destroy the autonomic renal nerves running inside the adventitia of renal arteries.This method represents a promising new approach to the strategy of inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system.The aim of this review is to examine the background knowledge that resulted in the development of this hypertension treatment and to critically appraise the available clinical evidence.展开更多
Peliosis hepatis(PH)is a vascular lesion of the liver that mimics a hepatic tumor.PH is often associated with underlying conditions,such as chronic infection and tumor malignancies,or with the use of anabolic steroids...Peliosis hepatis(PH)is a vascular lesion of the liver that mimics a hepatic tumor.PH is often associated with underlying conditions,such as chronic infection and tumor malignancies,or with the use of anabolic steroids,immunosuppressive drugs,and oral contraceptives.Most patients with PH are asymptomatic,but some present with abdominal distension and pain.In some cases,PH may induce intraperitoneal hemorrhage and portal hypertension.This study analyzed a 46-year-old male who received a transplanted kidney nine years prior and had undergone long-term immunosuppressive therapy following the renal transplantation.The patient experienced progressive abdominal distention and pain in the six months prior to this study.Initially,imaging studies revealed multiple liver tumor-like abnormalities,which were determined to be PH by pathological analysis.Because the hepatic lesions were progressively enlarged,the patient suffered from complications related to portal hypertension,such as intense ascites and esophageal varices bleeding.Although the patient was scheduled to undergo liver transplantation,he suffered hepatic failure and died prior to availability of a donor organ.展开更多
Objective This study aims to investigate the protection of procyanidins and lycopene from the renal damage induced by mercuric chloride.Methods Rats were treated with either procyanidins or lycopene 2h before HgCl 2 s...Objective This study aims to investigate the protection of procyanidins and lycopene from the renal damage induced by mercuric chloride.Methods Rats were treated with either procyanidins or lycopene 2h before HgCl 2 subcutaneously injection,once daily treatment for 2 successive days.Results In comparison with HgCl 2 group,markers of renal function such as blood urea nitrogen in serum and urinary protein were decreased to (18.45±11.63) mmol/L and (15.93±9.36) mmol/L,(4.54±0.78) g/(g Cr) and (4.40±1.12) g/(g Cr).N‐acetyl‐beta‐D‐glucosaminidase,lactate dehydrogenase,alkaline phosphatase in urine were depressed to (125.49±11.68) U/(g Cr),(103.73±21.79) U/(g Cr),(101.99±12.28) U/(g Cr),and (113.19±23.74) U/(g Cr),(71.14±21.80) U/(g Cr),(73.64±21.51) U/(g Cr) in procyanidins and lycopene groups.Indicators of oxidative stress,for example,Glutathion was reduced to (45.58±9.89) μmol/(g pro) and (45.33±5.90) μmol/(g pro),and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,glutathione‐peroxidase were enhanced to (43.07±10.97) U/(mg pro) and (39.94±6.04) U/(mg pro),(83.85±18.48) U/(mg pro),and (85.62±12.68) U/(mg pro).Malondialdehyde was lowered to (0.95±0.12) (μmol/g pro) and (1.03±0.12) μmol/(g pro) in procyanidins and lycopene groups.ROS generation was decreased by 27.63% and 16.40% and apoptosis was also decreased in procyanidins and lycopene groups respectively.Pathological changes were much better as well.Conclusion Procyanidins and Lycopene play some protective role against mercury kidney damage.展开更多
BACKGROUND Resistant hypertension(RH)has always been a difficult problem in clinical diagnosis and treatment.At present,there is no recognized safe and effective minimally invasive treatment.CASE SUMMARY An 80-year-ol...BACKGROUND Resistant hypertension(RH)has always been a difficult problem in clinical diagnosis and treatment.At present,there is no recognized safe and effective minimally invasive treatment.CASE SUMMARY An 80-year-old woman was admitted to hospital due to trigeminal neuralgia(TN).The patient had a history of RH for more than 10 years and her blood pressure(BP)was not well-controlled.Before the treatment for TN,we decided to perform chemical renal sympathetic denervation with ethanol in the Pain Department of our hospital.One year after the operation,she stopped taking antihypertensive drugs,and her BP was satisfactorily controlled within 4 years after surgery.CONCLUSION Computed tomography-guided chemical renal sympathetic modulation may be a feasible method for the treatment of RH.展开更多
Hypertension is a multifactorial condition which makes the development of treatment approaches difficult.The vast majority of patients are treated with lifestyle measures either alone or in combination with antihypert...Hypertension is a multifactorial condition which makes the development of treatment approaches difficult.The vast majority of patients are treated with lifestyle measures either alone or in combination with antihypertensive drugs,and this approach is largely successful in controlling blood pressure.However,for a subgroup of patients,control of blood pressure remains resistant to this approach and therefore the development of new strategies is imperative.The sympathetic nervous system has been known to be implicated in hypertension for many decades,and evidence from studies in the past has revealed the benefit of reducing sympathetic nerve activity in the control of blood pressure albeit with severe side effects.Recent technological advances have allowed for specific targeting of the renal sympathetic nerves by catheter ablation.The Symplicity HTN-1 and HTN-2 trials have provided strong evidence for renal denervation giving rise to considerable blood pressure reductions in treatment-resistant hypertensives and,due to the high incidence of hypertension worldwide,this carries the promise of further reducing the global burden of hypertension and its attendant complications.Here we review the evidence for renal denervation in the management of hypertension.展开更多
<strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the correlation between residual renal function and hypertension in regular haemodialysis patients. <strong>Background:</strong> Initiating chronic dialy...<strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the correlation between residual renal function and hypertension in regular haemodialysis patients. <strong>Background:</strong> Initiating chronic dialysis treatment gives end-stage renal disease patients a new lease on life. However, the annual mortality rate in dialysis patients is ~20% and quality of life is substantially reduced. <strong>Patients and Methods:</strong> This study was carried out on a reasonable number of subjects on regular haemodialysis divided into two groups. All were given informed consent and, the study was approved by the ethics committee of Menoufia University. <strong>Results:</strong> There was significant relation between presence of residual renal function and hypertension in patients with ESRD on regular haemodialysis, but the relation between residual renal function and control of hypertension is not statistically significant. 40% of group 1 were hypertensive, 66.7% of group 2 patients were hypertensive, the interdialytic weight gain mean was 1.42 in group 1 and 2.37 in group 2. Control of hypertension was achieved in 63.6% of group 1 patients by one drug, 27.3% patients by 2 drugs;however 9.1% of patients need 3 drugs to control their blood pressure, while in group 2 40% of patients were controlled by one drug, 45% with 2 drugs and 15% need 3 drugs to control blood pressure. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> There is significant relation between presence of residual renal function and hypertension in patients with ESRD on regular haemodialysis, but the relation between residual renal function and control of hypertension is not statistically significant.展开更多
Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of lupus nephritis patients complicated with malignant hypertension.Methods We retrospectively studied 19 patients with lupus nephritis complicate...Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of lupus nephritis patients complicated with malignant hypertension.Methods We retrospectively studied 19 patients with lupus nephritis complicated with malignant hypertension who underwent renal biopsy between January 2002 and December 2006.Results Of 19 patients,3 were men and 16 were women,with a mean age of 24.4±7.7 years old.All had positive antinuclear antibodies and low serum complement was found in 13 patients.All were anemic and 12 of them were thrombocytopenic.Impaired renal function was found in 17 patients with an average serum creatinine of 184.5±88.9 μmol/L.Severe intrarenal arteriolar lesion was found in all patients.Six patients had lupus vasculopathy,11 patients had renal thrombotic microangiopathy lesion,2 had severe arteriosclerosis.All patients received steroids and immunosuppressive drugs,15 received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker(ARB)with resultant well-controlled blood pressure.Thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia resolved remarkably.The renal function improved or recovered in 14 of 17 patients,and 3 developed end-stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis.Conclusions Severe intrarenal vascular lesion complicated with renal nephritis parallels clinical manifestation of malignant hypertension.Renal pathology is the key of treatment strategy emphasizing on the significance of renal vascular involvement and type.On the basis of immunosuppressive drugs and steroids to control systemic lupus activity,timely initiation of ACEI/ARB could be of benefit to blood pressure control and long term renal survival.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Breviscapine on essential hypertension (EH) patients complicated with micro-albuminuria of renal impairment. Methods: Seventy-six EH patients were randomly assigned to the contro...Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Breviscapine on essential hypertension (EH) patients complicated with micro-albuminuria of renal impairment. Methods: Seventy-six EH patients were randomly assigned to the control group and the treated group, the former was given amlodipine, captopril/uropidil and the latter was given in addition Breviscapine intravenously dripped for 2 treatment courses. The indexes of serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood and urinary β 2-microglobulin (β 2-MG), and quantitative determination of 24 hrs urinary protein were evaluated before and after treatment. Results: In the control group, compared with before treatment, the quantitative determination of 24 hrs urinary protein got reduced significantly ( P <0.05), while in the treated group, both urinary β 2-MG and quantitative determination of 24 hrs urinary protein got lowered significantly ( P <0.05 and P <0.01). But after treatment, compared with the control group, urinary β 2-MG and quantitative determination of 24 hrs urinary protein in the treated group were obviously reduced ( P <0.05). Conclusion: Besides lowering blood pressure effectively, Breviscapine could improve the renal function significantly and reduce the urinary micro-albuminuria, hence showing promising effect on renal protection.展开更多
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of percutaneous transluminal renalr stenting (PTRS) on hypertension and renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease.Methods A t...Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of percutaneous transluminal renalr stenting (PTRS) on hypertension and renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease.Methods A total of 147 stents were deployed in 147 lesions of 135 consecutive patients for poorly controlled hypertension or preservation of renal function. Clinical follow-up of the effect of the procedure on renal function, blood pressure control, number of antihypertensive medications, and survival was performed in 128 (95%) patients after 22±14 months. Angiographic follow-up were performed in 70% of the patients at 7.24-5.6 months after PTRS. Results The immediate technical success was 100%. At 22±14 months, systolic and diastolic blood pressures significantly decreased (from 172±23 to 159±20 mm Hg and from 93±16 to 85±13 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.05). The number of antihypertensive medications was reduced on average by 0.74 (from 2.6±1.8 to 1.9±1.7, P<0.01). Among the 49 patients whose renal function was impaired initially (Serum creatinine concentration (SCC) >130 μmol/L), SCC was improved in 25%, became stabilized in 48% and continued to deteriorate in 27%. When SCC was <130 μtmol/L, 97% of the patients remained stabilized, while only 2 patients, SCC deteriorated by 22 months. The cumulative probability of survival was 96% (129/135) at 22 months, with 3 deaths related to end-stage renal disease. The in-stentrestenosis rate was 7.4% (7/95) at a mean follow up of 7.2±5.6 months.Conclusions In patients with atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis, PTRS could beneficially affect blood pressure control and may improve or prevent further deterioration of renal function.展开更多
Objectives To investigate clinical characteristics, target organ damage, and the associated risk factors of the patients aged ≥ 80 yearswith true resistant hypertension （RH）. Methods Patients aged ≥ 80 years with ...Objectives To investigate clinical characteristics, target organ damage, and the associated risk factors of the patients aged ≥ 80 yearswith true resistant hypertension （RH）. Methods Patients aged ≥ 80 years with hypertension （n = 1163） were included in this study. Theincluded participants attended a structured clinical examination and an evaluation of RH was carried out. The prevalence, clinical characteristicsand target organ damage of patients with RH were assessed. The associated clinical risk factors were analyzed by using logistic regression.Results The prevalence of RH diagnosis by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring assessment was 21.15%. End-diastolic left ven-tricular internal dimension, left ventricular mass index as well as prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy were significantly greater in pa-tients with RH than in control group. The common carotid artery intimal media thickness, carotid walls thickness, common carotid arterydiameter and relative wall thickness were significant greater in RH group than in control. A relatively higher level of creatinine, estimatedglomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria and retinal changes was found in RIt group than in control. A multivariate analysis showed thatpatients with a history of diabetes, higher body mass index （BMI） and lipid profiles were independent risk factors of RH. Conclusions Theprevalence of RH in patients aged ≥ 80 years was within the range of reported rates of the general population. Subjects with RH diagnosisshowed a higher occurrence of target organ damage than patients with well controlled blood pressure. Patients with diabetes, higher BMI andserum lipid profiles were independent risk factors for RH in patients aged ≥ 80 years.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of antioxidant TBHQ on renal damage caused by doxorubicin chemotherapy in mice with hepatic cancer.Methods:Cell H22 of mice with hepatic cancer which was s...Objective:To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of antioxidant TBHQ on renal damage caused by doxorubicin chemotherapy in mice with hepatic cancer.Methods:Cell H22 of mice with hepatic cancer which was subcultured for three times was subcutaneously transplanted to the groin of right lower limb of 45 SPF Kunming mice to establish the transplanted tumor model.The doxorubicin chemotherapy group and antioxidant intervention group received intraperitoneal injection of ADM(1 mg/kg·0.2 mL/2d).The model control group received normal saline(NS) of the same volume at the same time.1%TBHQ was added into the diet of mice of the antioxidant intervention group.Seven weeks later,morning urines and peripheral blood were randomly collected to detect UAIb,UCr,BUN,Scr and UAlb/Cr levels.All mice were beheaded.The renal tissues were made into homogenate,and SOD,T-AOC and MDA content in tissues were detected followed by cell lysis.All data were processed using SPSS 19.0.Results:The UAlb/Cr,BUN.Scr and MDA of doxorubicin chemotherapy group were significantly higher those of model control group and the activities of SOD,T-AOC in doxorubicin chemotherapy group were lower than those of model control group(P<0.01).The UAlb/Cr,BUN,Scr and MDA of antioxidant intervention group were lower than those of doxorubicin chemotherapy group and the activities of SOD,T-AOC of antioxidant intervention group were higher than those of doxorubicin chemotherapy group doxorubicin chemotherapy group(P<0.05).The BUN of model control group was higher than that of blank group,and T-AOC was lower than that of blank group,and difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusions:Doxorubicin chemotherapy could lead to abnormal antioxidant capacity and renal function of tumor-bearing mice with hepatic cancer.TBHQ antioxidant intervention could effectively improve the antioxidant capacity of renal tissue and reduce the renal damage caused by doxorubicin to some extent.展开更多
Purpose:To set up the Sharma’s chronic intraocular hypertension model and investigate the intraocular pressure (IOP) as well as the optic nerve damage of this model in rat. Methods:The operations of the chronic intra...Purpose:To set up the Sharma’s chronic intraocular hypertension model and investigate the intraocular pressure (IOP) as well as the optic nerve damage of this model in rat. Methods:The operations of the chronic intraocular hypertension model were performed as described by Sharma in 60 male Lewis albino rats. IOP was measured using the Tono-Pen XL immediately after surgery and then at 5 day, 2 week or 4 week intervals. Cresyl violet staining of whole-mounted retinas was used to label retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), then RGCs were counted. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) staining was performed in the semi-thin cross sections of optic nerve of rat, in order to know whether the axons of optic nerve were degenerated or not. Results:There were 47 rats with higher IOP after the episcleral veins cauterized in 60 rats. The ratio of elevated IOP was 78.3%. The IOPs were stable in 4 weeks. After cresyl violet staining, the RGCs loss was 11.0% and 11.3% was found in the central and peripheral retina respectively after 2 weeks of increased IOP. After 4 weeks of increased IOP, the loss of RGCs was 17% for the central retina and 24.6% for the peripheral retina. In the retinas without higher IOP, there was no loss of RGCs. PPD staining showed that optic nerve of rat with about 5.3% damage of axons located at the superior temporal region. Region of affected optic nerve 1 mm posterior to the globe by light microscope showed evidence of damaged axons with axonal swelling and myelin debris. Conclusion:Sharma’s chronic intraocular hypertension model is a reproducible and effective glaucoma model, which mimics human glaucoma with chronically elevation IOP and induced RGCs loss and damage of optic nerve. Eye Science 2004;20:25-29.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Secondary hypertension is a relatively rare condition most commonly caused by renovascular disease due to atherosclerotic vascular disease or fibromuscular dysplasia.Although accessory renal arteries are frequent,to date,only six cases of secondary hypertension determined by their existence have been reported.CASE SUMMARY We describe a case of a 39-year-old female who came to the emergency department with an urgent hypertensive crisis and hypertensive encephalopathy.Despite normal renal arteries,the computed tomography angiography revealed an inferior polar artery with 50%stenosis of its diameter.Conservative treatment with amlodipine,indapamide and perindopril was adopted,leading to blood pressure control within one month.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,there are controversies regarding accessory renal arteries as a potential etiology for secondary hypertension,but the seven similar cases already described,along with the current case,could reinforce the necessity of more studies concerning this subject.
文摘Background and Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is now a global public health problem. In low- and middle-income countries such as the Congo, access to dialysis is low and inequitable. The prevention of CKD involves raising awareness among patients at risk, such as those suffering from arterial hypertension (AH), by improving their knowledge of CKD. The objectives of our work were to determine the level of knowledge about CKD among hypertensive patients and to identify the factors associated with a low level of knowledge. Methodology: We conducted a 3-month descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study from 1 August to 30 October 2023 in 3 large public hospitals in Brazzaville (capital of the Republic of Congo). We included: hypertensive patients aged 18 and over who had freely consented to participate in our study and were able to answer the questions on the survey form. Patients with known hypertension who had been followed for less than 3 years and those with known chronic renal failure were not included. Results: The mean age was 58.4 ± 14.4 years (29 - 88 years). There were 121 men and 150 women (sex ratio = 0.8). All the patients were educated;37.2% with a higher level of education and 13.6% with primary education. 24 patients (9%) had a good level of knowledge about CKD and 153 (56%) had poor knowledge. A good level of knowledge was associated with the duration of hypertension, intellectual level and the existence of associated heart disease. Conclusion: Our study reveals a significant lack of knowledge about chronic kidney disease among hypertensive patients in Brazzaville.
文摘Introduction: Arterial hypertension (AH) in children is under-diagnosed and often has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of hypertension in children at the University Hospital of Bouaké, with a view to improving the prognosis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, analytical study carried out in the paediatrics department of Bouaké University Hospital. It concerned the medical records of children aged 4 to 15 hospitalised from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2020 for hypertension. Diagnosis was based on the simplified blood pressure guidelines of the Expert Consensus of the French Society of Hypertension. The variables studied were epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary. Quantitative variables were compared at the significance level p ≤ 0.05. Results: The hospital incidence of hypertension was 0.32% (69/21,642). The sex ratio was 0.72. 97.1% of the children were over five years of age. Oedema (49.3%) and breathing difficulties (20.2%) were the main reasons for consultation. Hypertension was classified as threatening (56.5%), confirmed (31.9%) and borderline (11.6%). The cause was renal in 66.7%, dominated by impure nephrotic syndrome (24.6%). Treatment for hypertension consisted mainly of a diuretic (79.7%) and a calcium channel blocker (47.8%). Outcome was favourable in 50.7% of cases. Mortality was 20.3%. No factor was significantly associated with death. Conclusion: Hypertension in children at Bouaké University Hospital is serious. The aetiology is mainly renal. Early diagnosis and management are key to improving prognosis.
文摘At the cellular level, reduced kidney perfusion in atherosclerotic renal arthery disease (ARVD), induces hypoxia, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and cytokine activation. Impaired blood flow in the kidneys creates a microenvironment triggering significant cytokine production, contributing to vascular damage and endothelial disfunction. Interactions between cytokines and endothelial, glomerular, and tubular cells often result in increased vessel permeability, and fibrosis, and contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Molecules such as endothelins, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide play a crucial role at the molecular level. The imbalance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator factors contributes to vascular dysfunction. Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes at the cellular level contribute to endothelial damage and structural changes in blood vessels. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) therapy in the context of ARVD holds promise in reducing fibrosis, promoting angiogenesis and enhancing overall outcomes in patients with this pathology. Recent data also indicates the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. They reduce oxidative stress caused by hypoxic conditions and enhance renal perfusion, contributing to the preservation of cellular function. Studies employing Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) imaging have identified adaptations to reduced blood flow, volume, and glomerular filtration rate in post-stenotic kidneys that preserve oxygenation in the medulla and cortex during medical therapy. Data from the literature indicate that despite the partial recovery of renal hypoxia and restoration of blood flow after revascularization, inflammatory cytokines and injury biomarkers remain elevated, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) does not recover in ARVD. Restoration of vascular patency alone has failed to reverse tubulointerstitial damage and partially explains the limited clinical benefit of renal stenting. Considering these findings, BOLD MR imaging emerges as a technique capable of providing insights into the critical juncture of irreversibility in ARVD. However, further research is needed to monitor renal hypoxia following renal artery stenting and the inflammatory response over an extended period in conjunction with optimal therapy involving MRAs and SGLT2 agonists. The aim of research at the molecular level enables the identification of potential therapeutic modalities targeting specific molecular pathways, opening the door to innovative approaches in treating renovascular hypertension.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of combining levamlodipine besylate and valsartan in the treatment of hypertension.Methods:This study selected 28 patients with hypertension as observation subjects.The treatment duration ranged from January 2020 to June 2023.Using the random number table method,patients were divided into two groups.The control group received treatment with valsartan,while the observation group received a combination of valsartan and levamlodipine besylate.Therapeutic effects and safety were compared between the groups,and changes in the patient’s blood pressure and renal function index levels were assessed.Results:The total clinical effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).The observation group demonstrated better diastolic blood pressure,systolic blood pressure,and renal function indicators compared to the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:The combined treatment of levamlodipine besylate and valsartan in patients with hypertension showed significant clinical efficacy and holds broad application value.
文摘Many forms of human hypertension are associated with an increased systemic sympathetic activity. Especially the renal sympathetic nervous system has been found to play a prominent role in this context. Therefore, catheterinterventional renal sympathetic denervation(RDN) has been established as a treatment for patients suffering from therapy resistant hypertension in the past decade. The initial enthusiasm for this treatment was markedly dampened by the results of the Symplicity-HTN-3 trial, although the transferability of the results into clinical practice to date appears to be questionable. In contrast to the extensive use of RDN in treating hypertensive patients within or without clinical trial settings over the past years, its effects on the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying therapy resistant hypertension are only partly understood and are part of ongoing research. Effects of RDN have been described on many levels in human trials: From altered systemic sympathetic activity across cardiac and metabolic alterations down to changes in renal function. Most of these changes could sustainably change long-term morbidity and mortality of the treated patients, even if blood pressure remains unchanged. Furthermore, a number of promising predictors for a successful treatment with RDN have been identified recently and further trials are ongoing. This will certainly help to improve the preselection of potential candidates for RDN and thereby optimize treatment outcomes. This review summarizes important pathophysiologic effects of renal denervation and illustrates the currently known predictors for therapy success.
文摘Resistant hypertension remains a major clinical problem despite the available multidrug therapy.Over the next decades,its incidence will likely increase given that it is strongly associated with older age and obesity.Resistant hypertension patients have an increased cardiovascular risk,thus effective antihypertensive treatment will provide substantial health benefits.The crosstalk between sympathetic nervous system and kidneys plays a crucial role in hypertension.It influences several pathophysiological mechanisms such as the central sympathetic tone,the sodium balance and the systemic neurohumoral activation.In fact,studies using several animal models demonstrated that the renal denervation prevented and attenuated hypertension in multiple species.Large reductions in blood pressure were also observed in malignant hypertension patients submitted to sympathectomy surgeries.However,these approaches had an unacceptably high rates of periprocedural complications and disabling adverse events.Recently,an innovative non-pharmacological therapy that modulates sympathetic activation has been successfully developed.Renal sympathetic percutaneous denervation is an endovascular procedure that uses radiofrequency energy to destroy the autonomic renal nerves running inside the adventitia of renal arteries.This method represents a promising new approach to the strategy of inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system.The aim of this review is to examine the background knowledge that resulted in the development of this hypertension treatment and to critically appraise the available clinical evidence.
文摘Peliosis hepatis(PH)is a vascular lesion of the liver that mimics a hepatic tumor.PH is often associated with underlying conditions,such as chronic infection and tumor malignancies,or with the use of anabolic steroids,immunosuppressive drugs,and oral contraceptives.Most patients with PH are asymptomatic,but some present with abdominal distension and pain.In some cases,PH may induce intraperitoneal hemorrhage and portal hypertension.This study analyzed a 46-year-old male who received a transplanted kidney nine years prior and had undergone long-term immunosuppressive therapy following the renal transplantation.The patient experienced progressive abdominal distention and pain in the six months prior to this study.Initially,imaging studies revealed multiple liver tumor-like abnormalities,which were determined to be PH by pathological analysis.Because the hepatic lesions were progressively enlarged,the patient suffered from complications related to portal hypertension,such as intense ascites and esophageal varices bleeding.Although the patient was scheduled to undergo liver transplantation,he suffered hepatic failure and died prior to availability of a donor organ.
文摘Objective This study aims to investigate the protection of procyanidins and lycopene from the renal damage induced by mercuric chloride.Methods Rats were treated with either procyanidins or lycopene 2h before HgCl 2 subcutaneously injection,once daily treatment for 2 successive days.Results In comparison with HgCl 2 group,markers of renal function such as blood urea nitrogen in serum and urinary protein were decreased to (18.45±11.63) mmol/L and (15.93±9.36) mmol/L,(4.54±0.78) g/(g Cr) and (4.40±1.12) g/(g Cr).N‐acetyl‐beta‐D‐glucosaminidase,lactate dehydrogenase,alkaline phosphatase in urine were depressed to (125.49±11.68) U/(g Cr),(103.73±21.79) U/(g Cr),(101.99±12.28) U/(g Cr),and (113.19±23.74) U/(g Cr),(71.14±21.80) U/(g Cr),(73.64±21.51) U/(g Cr) in procyanidins and lycopene groups.Indicators of oxidative stress,for example,Glutathion was reduced to (45.58±9.89) μmol/(g pro) and (45.33±5.90) μmol/(g pro),and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,glutathione‐peroxidase were enhanced to (43.07±10.97) U/(mg pro) and (39.94±6.04) U/(mg pro),(83.85±18.48) U/(mg pro),and (85.62±12.68) U/(mg pro).Malondialdehyde was lowered to (0.95±0.12) (μmol/g pro) and (1.03±0.12) μmol/(g pro) in procyanidins and lycopene groups.ROS generation was decreased by 27.63% and 16.40% and apoptosis was also decreased in procyanidins and lycopene groups respectively.Pathological changes were much better as well.Conclusion Procyanidins and Lycopene play some protective role against mercury kidney damage.
文摘BACKGROUND Resistant hypertension(RH)has always been a difficult problem in clinical diagnosis and treatment.At present,there is no recognized safe and effective minimally invasive treatment.CASE SUMMARY An 80-year-old woman was admitted to hospital due to trigeminal neuralgia(TN).The patient had a history of RH for more than 10 years and her blood pressure(BP)was not well-controlled.Before the treatment for TN,we decided to perform chemical renal sympathetic denervation with ethanol in the Pain Department of our hospital.One year after the operation,she stopped taking antihypertensive drugs,and her BP was satisfactorily controlled within 4 years after surgery.CONCLUSION Computed tomography-guided chemical renal sympathetic modulation may be a feasible method for the treatment of RH.
文摘Hypertension is a multifactorial condition which makes the development of treatment approaches difficult.The vast majority of patients are treated with lifestyle measures either alone or in combination with antihypertensive drugs,and this approach is largely successful in controlling blood pressure.However,for a subgroup of patients,control of blood pressure remains resistant to this approach and therefore the development of new strategies is imperative.The sympathetic nervous system has been known to be implicated in hypertension for many decades,and evidence from studies in the past has revealed the benefit of reducing sympathetic nerve activity in the control of blood pressure albeit with severe side effects.Recent technological advances have allowed for specific targeting of the renal sympathetic nerves by catheter ablation.The Symplicity HTN-1 and HTN-2 trials have provided strong evidence for renal denervation giving rise to considerable blood pressure reductions in treatment-resistant hypertensives and,due to the high incidence of hypertension worldwide,this carries the promise of further reducing the global burden of hypertension and its attendant complications.Here we review the evidence for renal denervation in the management of hypertension.
文摘<strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the correlation between residual renal function and hypertension in regular haemodialysis patients. <strong>Background:</strong> Initiating chronic dialysis treatment gives end-stage renal disease patients a new lease on life. However, the annual mortality rate in dialysis patients is ~20% and quality of life is substantially reduced. <strong>Patients and Methods:</strong> This study was carried out on a reasonable number of subjects on regular haemodialysis divided into two groups. All were given informed consent and, the study was approved by the ethics committee of Menoufia University. <strong>Results:</strong> There was significant relation between presence of residual renal function and hypertension in patients with ESRD on regular haemodialysis, but the relation between residual renal function and control of hypertension is not statistically significant. 40% of group 1 were hypertensive, 66.7% of group 2 patients were hypertensive, the interdialytic weight gain mean was 1.42 in group 1 and 2.37 in group 2. Control of hypertension was achieved in 63.6% of group 1 patients by one drug, 27.3% patients by 2 drugs;however 9.1% of patients need 3 drugs to control their blood pressure, while in group 2 40% of patients were controlled by one drug, 45% with 2 drugs and 15% need 3 drugs to control blood pressure. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> There is significant relation between presence of residual renal function and hypertension in patients with ESRD on regular haemodialysis, but the relation between residual renal function and control of hypertension is not statistically significant.
文摘Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of lupus nephritis patients complicated with malignant hypertension.Methods We retrospectively studied 19 patients with lupus nephritis complicated with malignant hypertension who underwent renal biopsy between January 2002 and December 2006.Results Of 19 patients,3 were men and 16 were women,with a mean age of 24.4±7.7 years old.All had positive antinuclear antibodies and low serum complement was found in 13 patients.All were anemic and 12 of them were thrombocytopenic.Impaired renal function was found in 17 patients with an average serum creatinine of 184.5±88.9 μmol/L.Severe intrarenal arteriolar lesion was found in all patients.Six patients had lupus vasculopathy,11 patients had renal thrombotic microangiopathy lesion,2 had severe arteriosclerosis.All patients received steroids and immunosuppressive drugs,15 received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker(ARB)with resultant well-controlled blood pressure.Thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia resolved remarkably.The renal function improved or recovered in 14 of 17 patients,and 3 developed end-stage renal disease on maintenance dialysis.Conclusions Severe intrarenal vascular lesion complicated with renal nephritis parallels clinical manifestation of malignant hypertension.Renal pathology is the key of treatment strategy emphasizing on the significance of renal vascular involvement and type.On the basis of immunosuppressive drugs and steroids to control systemic lupus activity,timely initiation of ACEI/ARB could be of benefit to blood pressure control and long term renal survival.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Breviscapine on essential hypertension (EH) patients complicated with micro-albuminuria of renal impairment. Methods: Seventy-six EH patients were randomly assigned to the control group and the treated group, the former was given amlodipine, captopril/uropidil and the latter was given in addition Breviscapine intravenously dripped for 2 treatment courses. The indexes of serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood and urinary β 2-microglobulin (β 2-MG), and quantitative determination of 24 hrs urinary protein were evaluated before and after treatment. Results: In the control group, compared with before treatment, the quantitative determination of 24 hrs urinary protein got reduced significantly ( P <0.05), while in the treated group, both urinary β 2-MG and quantitative determination of 24 hrs urinary protein got lowered significantly ( P <0.05 and P <0.01). But after treatment, compared with the control group, urinary β 2-MG and quantitative determination of 24 hrs urinary protein in the treated group were obviously reduced ( P <0.05). Conclusion: Besides lowering blood pressure effectively, Breviscapine could improve the renal function significantly and reduce the urinary micro-albuminuria, hence showing promising effect on renal protection.
文摘Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of percutaneous transluminal renalr stenting (PTRS) on hypertension and renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease.Methods A total of 147 stents were deployed in 147 lesions of 135 consecutive patients for poorly controlled hypertension or preservation of renal function. Clinical follow-up of the effect of the procedure on renal function, blood pressure control, number of antihypertensive medications, and survival was performed in 128 (95%) patients after 22±14 months. Angiographic follow-up were performed in 70% of the patients at 7.24-5.6 months after PTRS. Results The immediate technical success was 100%. At 22±14 months, systolic and diastolic blood pressures significantly decreased (from 172±23 to 159±20 mm Hg and from 93±16 to 85±13 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.05). The number of antihypertensive medications was reduced on average by 0.74 (from 2.6±1.8 to 1.9±1.7, P<0.01). Among the 49 patients whose renal function was impaired initially (Serum creatinine concentration (SCC) >130 μmol/L), SCC was improved in 25%, became stabilized in 48% and continued to deteriorate in 27%. When SCC was <130 μtmol/L, 97% of the patients remained stabilized, while only 2 patients, SCC deteriorated by 22 months. The cumulative probability of survival was 96% (129/135) at 22 months, with 3 deaths related to end-stage renal disease. The in-stentrestenosis rate was 7.4% (7/95) at a mean follow up of 7.2±5.6 months.Conclusions In patients with atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis, PTRS could beneficially affect blood pressure control and may improve or prevent further deterioration of renal function.
文摘Objectives To investigate clinical characteristics, target organ damage, and the associated risk factors of the patients aged ≥ 80 yearswith true resistant hypertension （RH）. Methods Patients aged ≥ 80 years with hypertension （n = 1163） were included in this study. Theincluded participants attended a structured clinical examination and an evaluation of RH was carried out. The prevalence, clinical characteristicsand target organ damage of patients with RH were assessed. The associated clinical risk factors were analyzed by using logistic regression.Results The prevalence of RH diagnosis by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring assessment was 21.15%. End-diastolic left ven-tricular internal dimension, left ventricular mass index as well as prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy were significantly greater in pa-tients with RH than in control group. The common carotid artery intimal media thickness, carotid walls thickness, common carotid arterydiameter and relative wall thickness were significant greater in RH group than in control. A relatively higher level of creatinine, estimatedglomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria and retinal changes was found in RIt group than in control. A multivariate analysis showed thatpatients with a history of diabetes, higher body mass index （BMI） and lipid profiles were independent risk factors of RH. Conclusions Theprevalence of RH in patients aged ≥ 80 years was within the range of reported rates of the general population. Subjects with RH diagnosisshowed a higher occurrence of target organ damage than patients with well controlled blood pressure. Patients with diabetes, higher BMI andserum lipid profiles were independent risk factors for RH in patients aged ≥ 80 years.
文摘Objective:To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of antioxidant TBHQ on renal damage caused by doxorubicin chemotherapy in mice with hepatic cancer.Methods:Cell H22 of mice with hepatic cancer which was subcultured for three times was subcutaneously transplanted to the groin of right lower limb of 45 SPF Kunming mice to establish the transplanted tumor model.The doxorubicin chemotherapy group and antioxidant intervention group received intraperitoneal injection of ADM(1 mg/kg·0.2 mL/2d).The model control group received normal saline(NS) of the same volume at the same time.1%TBHQ was added into the diet of mice of the antioxidant intervention group.Seven weeks later,morning urines and peripheral blood were randomly collected to detect UAIb,UCr,BUN,Scr and UAlb/Cr levels.All mice were beheaded.The renal tissues were made into homogenate,and SOD,T-AOC and MDA content in tissues were detected followed by cell lysis.All data were processed using SPSS 19.0.Results:The UAlb/Cr,BUN.Scr and MDA of doxorubicin chemotherapy group were significantly higher those of model control group and the activities of SOD,T-AOC in doxorubicin chemotherapy group were lower than those of model control group(P<0.01).The UAlb/Cr,BUN,Scr and MDA of antioxidant intervention group were lower than those of doxorubicin chemotherapy group and the activities of SOD,T-AOC of antioxidant intervention group were higher than those of doxorubicin chemotherapy group doxorubicin chemotherapy group(P<0.05).The BUN of model control group was higher than that of blank group,and T-AOC was lower than that of blank group,and difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusions:Doxorubicin chemotherapy could lead to abnormal antioxidant capacity and renal function of tumor-bearing mice with hepatic cancer.TBHQ antioxidant intervention could effectively improve the antioxidant capacity of renal tissue and reduce the renal damage caused by doxorubicin to some extent.
文摘Purpose:To set up the Sharma’s chronic intraocular hypertension model and investigate the intraocular pressure (IOP) as well as the optic nerve damage of this model in rat. Methods:The operations of the chronic intraocular hypertension model were performed as described by Sharma in 60 male Lewis albino rats. IOP was measured using the Tono-Pen XL immediately after surgery and then at 5 day, 2 week or 4 week intervals. Cresyl violet staining of whole-mounted retinas was used to label retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), then RGCs were counted. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) staining was performed in the semi-thin cross sections of optic nerve of rat, in order to know whether the axons of optic nerve were degenerated or not. Results:There were 47 rats with higher IOP after the episcleral veins cauterized in 60 rats. The ratio of elevated IOP was 78.3%. The IOPs were stable in 4 weeks. After cresyl violet staining, the RGCs loss was 11.0% and 11.3% was found in the central and peripheral retina respectively after 2 weeks of increased IOP. After 4 weeks of increased IOP, the loss of RGCs was 17% for the central retina and 24.6% for the peripheral retina. In the retinas without higher IOP, there was no loss of RGCs. PPD staining showed that optic nerve of rat with about 5.3% damage of axons located at the superior temporal region. Region of affected optic nerve 1 mm posterior to the globe by light microscope showed evidence of damaged axons with axonal swelling and myelin debris. Conclusion:Sharma’s chronic intraocular hypertension model is a reproducible and effective glaucoma model, which mimics human glaucoma with chronically elevation IOP and induced RGCs loss and damage of optic nerve. Eye Science 2004;20:25-29.
