Super rice breeding in China has been very successful over the past 3 decades, and the Chinese government has made great efforts to support breeding and cultivation of both conventional and hybrid super rice. In this ...Super rice breeding in China has been very successful over the past 3 decades, and the Chinese government has made great efforts to support breeding and cultivation of both conventional and hybrid super rice. In this review, we focus on the progress in and potential of super rice breeding. After the establishment of the breeding theory and strategy of "generating an ideotype with strong heterosis through inter-subspecies hybridization, by using gene pyramiding to combine elite traits through composite-crossing to breed super rice varieties with both ideotype and strong hybrid vigor", a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in both conventional and super hybrid rice breeding. A number of new genetic materials with ideotype have been created successfully, and the Ministry of Agriculture of China has approved 156 novel super rice varieties and combinations for commercialization. During the Developing the Super Rice Varieties Program, great attention has also been paid to the integration and demonstration of the rice production technology. Collaboration between industry and university researchers has led to technological innovations and initiation of a demonstration system for super hybrid rice. With widespread cultivation of super rice with higher quality and yield, as well as resistance or tolerance to abiotic or biotic stresses, the yield of rice production per unit has reached a new level. In addition to increased quality and yield, hybrid rice breeding has also led to improvements in many other agronomic traits, such as resistance to pests and diseases, resistance to lodging, and optimized light distribution in population. Achievements in super rice breeding and innovation in rice production have made major contributions to the progress in rice sciences and worldwide food security.展开更多
To address the global demand for rapeseed while considering farmers’profit,we face the challenges of making a quantum leap in seed yield and,at the same time,reducing yield loss due to biotic and abiotic stresses.We ...To address the global demand for rapeseed while considering farmers’profit,we face the challenges of making a quantum leap in seed yield and,at the same time,reducing yield loss due to biotic and abiotic stresses.We also face the challenge of efficiently applying new transformative biotechnology tools such as gene editing and breeding by genome design to increase rapeseed productivity and profitability.In this Perspective,we review advances in research on the physiological and genetic bases of both stress factorsaffected yield stability and seed yield potential,focusing on source–sink relationships and allocation of photosynthetic assimilates to vegetative growth and seed development.We propose research directions and highlight the role of plant architecture in the relative contributions of the root system,leaves,and pods to seed yield.We call for de novo design of new rapeseed crops.We review trait variation in existing germplasm and biotechnologies available for crop design.Finally,we discuss opportunities to apply fundamental knowledge and key germplasm to rapeseed production and propose an ideotype for de novo design of future rapeseed cultivars.展开更多
An increase in productivity is always one of the main goals of any crop breeding program including rice. However, many goals can be identified for this crop varying in importance from region to region, country to coun...An increase in productivity is always one of the main goals of any crop breeding program including rice. However, many goals can be identified for this crop varying in importance from region to region, country to country, and even within a given country. Increase in grain yield potential is the major goal of almost all rice breeders programs. The major impacts are related to the development of new strategies to increase the genetic grain yield potential of the varieties. Rice breeders have been very successful in improving the crop. Some milestones are the contribution to the green revolution with the semi-dwarf varieties, the new rice plant type and hybrid rice. The main breeding method used to improve rice is the pedigree, but development of hybrids and population improvement are added to the breeder’s portfolio. Breeders have been taking advantage of biotechnology tools to enhance their breeding capacity;however, many programs are still struggling on how to integrate them into the breeding programs and how to balance the allocation of resources between conventional and modern tools.展开更多
Weeds are a major constraint in canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) production worldwide, as they cause significant reductions in seed yield and quality. Crop interference is one of the approaches to tackle ...Weeds are a major constraint in canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) production worldwide, as they cause significant reductions in seed yield and quality. Crop interference is one of the approaches to tackle weed infestation along with other agronomic interventions. In Australia, studies have shown genetic variation in the canola capability to suppress annual ryegrass (<i>Lolium rigidum</i> Gaudin) in the field and under in vitro conditions. Early-season crop biomass accumulation and greater plant height are desired attributes for suppression weeds in canola. However, the canola ideotype for interference traits against this weed has not been studied under glasshouse conditions. In this study, we compared the competitive ability of 26 canola genotypes against annual ryegrass under both glasshouse and field conditions. Five canola genotypes consistently showed the ability to suppress growth of annual ryegrass. Both at glasshouse and field conditions, the shoot biomass, largely contributed by leaf biomass, was significantly associated with suppression ability. Our results suggest that a glasshouse-based evaluation approach can be used to determine the suppressive ability of advanced breeding lines for suppression of ryegrass growth. Based on our analysis, we suggest that initial screening of large collections of germplasm can be conducted under glasshouse conditions, with selected genotypes further evaluated in the field.展开更多
Glucosinolates(GSLs),found mainly in species of the Brassicaceae family,are one of the most well-studied classes of secondary metabolites.Produced by the action of myrosinase on GSLs,GSL-derived hydrolysis products(GH...Glucosinolates(GSLs),found mainly in species of the Brassicaceae family,are one of the most well-studied classes of secondary metabolites.Produced by the action of myrosinase on GSLs,GSL-derived hydrolysis products(GHPs)primarily defend against biotic stress in planta.They also significantly affect the quality of crop products,with a subset of GHPs contributing unique food flavors and multiple therapeutic benefits or causing disagreeable food odors and health risks.Here,we explore the potential of these bioactive functions,which could be exploited for future sustainable agriculture.We first summarize our accumulated understanding of GSL diversity and distribution across representative Brassicaceae species.We then systematically discuss and evaluate the potential of exploited and unutilized genes involved in GSL biosynthesis,transport,and hydrolysis as candidate GSL engineering targets.Benefiting from available information on GSL and GHP functions,we explore options for multifunctional Brassicaceae crop ideotypes to meet future demand for food diversification and sustainable crop production.An integrated roadmap is subsequently proposed to guide ideotype development,in which maximization of beneficial effects and minimization of detrimental effects of GHPs could be combined and associated with various end uses.Based on several use-case examples,we discuss advantages and limitations of available biotechnological approaches that may contribute to effective deployment and could provide novel insights for optimization of future GSL engineering.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300504)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-13)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201603002)
文摘Super rice breeding in China has been very successful over the past 3 decades, and the Chinese government has made great efforts to support breeding and cultivation of both conventional and hybrid super rice. In this review, we focus on the progress in and potential of super rice breeding. After the establishment of the breeding theory and strategy of "generating an ideotype with strong heterosis through inter-subspecies hybridization, by using gene pyramiding to combine elite traits through composite-crossing to breed super rice varieties with both ideotype and strong hybrid vigor", a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in both conventional and super hybrid rice breeding. A number of new genetic materials with ideotype have been created successfully, and the Ministry of Agriculture of China has approved 156 novel super rice varieties and combinations for commercialization. During the Developing the Super Rice Varieties Program, great attention has also been paid to the integration and demonstration of the rice production technology. Collaboration between industry and university researchers has led to technological innovations and initiation of a demonstration system for super hybrid rice. With widespread cultivation of super rice with higher quality and yield, as well as resistance or tolerance to abiotic or biotic stresses, the yield of rice production per unit has reached a new level. In addition to increased quality and yield, hybrid rice breeding has also led to improvements in many other agronomic traits, such as resistance to pests and diseases, resistance to lodging, and optimized light distribution in population. Achievements in super rice breeding and innovation in rice production have made major contributions to the progress in rice sciences and worldwide food security.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2034 and 32070217)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ZDRW202105 and CAASASTIP-2013-OCRI)。
文摘To address the global demand for rapeseed while considering farmers’profit,we face the challenges of making a quantum leap in seed yield and,at the same time,reducing yield loss due to biotic and abiotic stresses.We also face the challenge of efficiently applying new transformative biotechnology tools such as gene editing and breeding by genome design to increase rapeseed productivity and profitability.In this Perspective,we review advances in research on the physiological and genetic bases of both stress factorsaffected yield stability and seed yield potential,focusing on source–sink relationships and allocation of photosynthetic assimilates to vegetative growth and seed development.We propose research directions and highlight the role of plant architecture in the relative contributions of the root system,leaves,and pods to seed yield.We call for de novo design of new rapeseed crops.We review trait variation in existing germplasm and biotechnologies available for crop design.Finally,we discuss opportunities to apply fundamental knowledge and key germplasm to rapeseed production and propose an ideotype for de novo design of future rapeseed cultivars.
文摘An increase in productivity is always one of the main goals of any crop breeding program including rice. However, many goals can be identified for this crop varying in importance from region to region, country to country, and even within a given country. Increase in grain yield potential is the major goal of almost all rice breeders programs. The major impacts are related to the development of new strategies to increase the genetic grain yield potential of the varieties. Rice breeders have been very successful in improving the crop. Some milestones are the contribution to the green revolution with the semi-dwarf varieties, the new rice plant type and hybrid rice. The main breeding method used to improve rice is the pedigree, but development of hybrids and population improvement are added to the breeder’s portfolio. Breeders have been taking advantage of biotechnology tools to enhance their breeding capacity;however, many programs are still struggling on how to integrate them into the breeding programs and how to balance the allocation of resources between conventional and modern tools.
文摘Weeds are a major constraint in canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) production worldwide, as they cause significant reductions in seed yield and quality. Crop interference is one of the approaches to tackle weed infestation along with other agronomic interventions. In Australia, studies have shown genetic variation in the canola capability to suppress annual ryegrass (<i>Lolium rigidum</i> Gaudin) in the field and under in vitro conditions. Early-season crop biomass accumulation and greater plant height are desired attributes for suppression weeds in canola. However, the canola ideotype for interference traits against this weed has not been studied under glasshouse conditions. In this study, we compared the competitive ability of 26 canola genotypes against annual ryegrass under both glasshouse and field conditions. Five canola genotypes consistently showed the ability to suppress growth of annual ryegrass. Both at glasshouse and field conditions, the shoot biomass, largely contributed by leaf biomass, was significantly associated with suppression ability. Our results suggest that a glasshouse-based evaluation approach can be used to determine the suppressive ability of advanced breeding lines for suppression of ryegrass growth. Based on our analysis, we suggest that initial screening of large collections of germplasm can be conducted under glasshouse conditions, with selected genotypes further evaluated in the field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171982 and 31970564).
文摘Glucosinolates(GSLs),found mainly in species of the Brassicaceae family,are one of the most well-studied classes of secondary metabolites.Produced by the action of myrosinase on GSLs,GSL-derived hydrolysis products(GHPs)primarily defend against biotic stress in planta.They also significantly affect the quality of crop products,with a subset of GHPs contributing unique food flavors and multiple therapeutic benefits or causing disagreeable food odors and health risks.Here,we explore the potential of these bioactive functions,which could be exploited for future sustainable agriculture.We first summarize our accumulated understanding of GSL diversity and distribution across representative Brassicaceae species.We then systematically discuss and evaluate the potential of exploited and unutilized genes involved in GSL biosynthesis,transport,and hydrolysis as candidate GSL engineering targets.Benefiting from available information on GSL and GHP functions,we explore options for multifunctional Brassicaceae crop ideotypes to meet future demand for food diversification and sustainable crop production.An integrated roadmap is subsequently proposed to guide ideotype development,in which maximization of beneficial effects and minimization of detrimental effects of GHPs could be combined and associated with various end uses.Based on several use-case examples,we discuss advantages and limitations of available biotechnological approaches that may contribute to effective deployment and could provide novel insights for optimization of future GSL engineering.
