The biological activity of plant polysaccharides can be enhanced by sulfated modification.In this study,the immunomodulatory effect of sulfated Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides(SCP3)on macrophages RAW264.7 and its ...The biological activity of plant polysaccharides can be enhanced by sulfated modification.In this study,the immunomodulatory effect of sulfated Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides(SCP3)on macrophages RAW264.7 and its potential molecular mechanism were investigated.Results showed that SCP3 at 25-100μg/m L increased viability and improved phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells.Meanwhile,SCP3 could activate mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathways,which increased the phosphorylation of Erk1/2,JNK,p38 and NF-κB p65,promoting secretion of cytokines tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),interleukin 6(IL-6)and nitric oxide(NO)as well as the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS).In addition,Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)receptor inhibitors were able to block the production of NO and TNF-αby SCP3-stimulated macrophages.Based on Western blot analysis and validation using specific inhibitors against MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways,the results demonstrated that SCP3 induced macrophages activation and enhanced TNF-αand NO production via TLR4-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways.In summary,SCP3 has significant immunomodulatory potential.The underlying molecular mechanism was that SCP3 activates macrophages via TLR4 receptors to promote ROS production,which in turn activates the downstream MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and then increases the secretion levels of cytokines and NO.展开更多
A new water-soluble heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 15 k Da was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Boletus reticulatus Schaeff.Structural characterization results revealed that B.reticulatus Schaeff ...A new water-soluble heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 15 k Da was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Boletus reticulatus Schaeff.Structural characterization results revealed that B.reticulatus Schaeff polysaccharide(BRS-X)had a backbone of 1,6-linkedα-D-galactose and 1,2,6-linkedα-D-galactose which branches were mainly composed of a terminal 4-linkedβ-D-glucose and the ratio of D-galactose and D-glucose was 5:1.Bioactivity assays indicated that BRS-X displayed a strong proliferative activity in T cells and B cells and promoted the secretion of immunoglobulin G(Ig G),Ig E,Ig D and Ig M.In addition,BRS-X could facilitate the proliferation and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells and could significantly inhibit the growth of tumors in S180-bearing mice.The results of transcriptome sequencing analysis illustrated that total 46 genes enriched in MAPK and total 34 genes enriched in PI3 K/Akt signaling pathways in BRS-X group.The protein VEGF and VEGFR expression were significantly reduced under the treatment with BRS-X.These findings provide a scientific basis for the edible and medicinal value of BRS-X.展开更多
The polysaccharides from edible fungus showed many kinds of biological activities,including anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-inflammatory,anti-diabetes,improving functional constipation activities.In particular,the im...The polysaccharides from edible fungus showed many kinds of biological activities,including anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-inflammatory,anti-diabetes,improving functional constipation activities.In particular,the immunomodulatory effects have been paid more and more attention by scholars,but there was no systematic introduction of their immunomodulatory mechanism.So,this review introduced the immunomodulatory effects and mechanism of edible fungus polysaccharides in recent years,and then the relationships between structure and immunomodulatory effect were also discussed.展开更多
It is currently difficult for conventional treatments of acute pancreatitis(AP),which primarily consist of antiinflammatory therapies,to prevent the progression of AP or to improve its outcome.This may be because the ...It is currently difficult for conventional treatments of acute pancreatitis(AP),which primarily consist of antiinflammatory therapies,to prevent the progression of AP or to improve its outcome.This may be because the occurrence and progression of AP,which involves various inflammatory cells and cytokines,includes a series of complex immune events.Considering the complex immune system alterations during the course of AP,it is necessary to monitor the indicators related to immune cells and inflammatory mediators and to develop more individualized interventions for AP patients using immunomodulatory therapy.This review discusses the recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies.It has been suggested that overactive inflammatory responses should be inhibited and excessive immunosuppression should be avoided in the early stages of AP.The optimal duration of anti-inflammatory therapy may be shorter than previously expected(<24 h),and appropriate immunostimulatory therapies should be administered during the period from the 3rd d to the 14th d in the courseof AP.A combination therapy of anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating drugs would hopefully constitute an alternative to anti-inflammatory drug monotherapy.Additionally,the detection of the genotypes of critical inflammatory mediators may be useful for screening populations of AP patients at high risk of severe infections to enable the administration of early interventions to improve their prognosis.展开更多
The most common age-related neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease(AD) characterized by aggregated amyloid-β(Aβ) peptides in extracellular plaques and aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau protein in intr...The most common age-related neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease(AD) characterized by aggregated amyloid-β(Aβ) peptides in extracellular plaques and aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau protein in intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles,together with loss of cholinergic neurons,synaptic alterations,and chronic inflammation within the brain.These lead to progressive impairment of cognitive function.There is evidence of innate immune activation in AD with microgliosis.Classically-activated microglia(M1 state) secrete inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators,and peripheral immune cells are recruited to inflammation sites in the brain.The few drugs approved by the US FDA for the treatment of AD improve symptoms but do not change the course of disease progression and may cause some undesirable effects.Translation of active and passive immunotherapy targeting Aβ in AD animal model trials had limited success in clinical trials.Treatment with immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory agents early in the disease process,while not preventive,is able to inhibit the inflammatory consequences of both Aβ and tau aggregation.The studies described in this review have identified several agents with immunomodulatory properties that alleviated AD pathology and cognitive impairment in animal models of AD.The majority of the animal studies reviewed had used transgenic models of early-onset AD.More effort needs to be given to creat models of late-onset AD.The effects of a combinational therapy involving two or more of the tested pharmaceutical agents,or one of these agents given in conjunction with one of the cell-based therapies,in an aged animal model of AD would warrant investigation.展开更多
Objective:To explore the immunomodulatory properties of 80% ethanol extract and butanol fraction of Gentiana olivieri(G. olivieri) Griseb on Balb/C mice.Methods:The study was performed with basic models of immunomodul...Objective:To explore the immunomodulatory properties of 80% ethanol extract and butanol fraction of Gentiana olivieri(G. olivieri) Griseb on Balb/C mice.Methods:The study was performed with basic models of immunomodulation such as the humoral antibody response(hemoglutination antibody titres), cell mediated immune response(delayed type hypersensitivity and in vivocarbon clearance or phagocytosis). Ethanol(80%) extract of flowering aerial parts of G.olivieriand its butanol fraction were administered p.o.(orally) to the mice. Levamisole, 2.5 mg/kg was used as standard drug.Results:There was a potentiation of immune response to sheep red blood cells by cellular and humoral mediated mechanisms comparable to levamisole(2.5 mg/kg) by both 80% ethanol extract and the butanol fraction at doses of 50-200 mg/kg in male Balb/C mice. Both significantly(P<0.01) potentiated the humoral immune response in cyclophosphamide(250 mg/kg)immunosupressed mice at 100 and 200 mg/kg of each extract and fraction as compared to control.The potentiation of delayed type hypersensitivity response was statistically significant(P<0.01) at200 mg/kg of ethanol extract and 100, 200 mg/kg of butanol fraction as compared to control. The phagocytosis was significant at 200 mg/kg with butanol fraction ofG. olivieri.Conclusions:The results reveal the immunostimulant effects of plantG. olivieriin mice by acting through cellular and humoral immunity in experimental models of immunity in mice. Butanol fraction is the most effective at a dose level of 200 mg/kg.展开更多
Objective:In our continued efforts to isolate the active immunomodulatory and antiviral constituents of Loranthus micranthus Linn parasitic on Kola acuminata,we set out to fractionate the crude aqueous methanol extrac...Objective:In our continued efforts to isolate the active immunomodulatory and antiviral constituents of Loranthus micranthus Linn parasitic on Kola acuminata,we set out to fractionate the crude aqueous methanol extract of the plant.The establishment of the most potent fraction(s) as well as the isolation of the pure active secondary metabolite responsible for the immune stimulatory and antiviral activities in Eastern Nigeria mistletoe has become very needful.This will enable us prove our assumption that this particular specie is different from the European version,Viscum album.Methods:Five solvents of varying polarity namely n-hexane,chloroform, ethylacetate,acetone and methanol were successively employed in the complete fractionation of the crude aqueous -methanol extract of Eastern Nigerian mistletoe,Loranthus micranthus Linn.,harvested from Kola acuminata in that order.The fractions were dried in-vacuo using a rotary evaporator maintained at a temperature of(40±5)℃.The different fractions were screened for immunomodulatory activity using a universal model:the cellular - mediated delayed type hypersensivity test in experimental mice.This was performed by administering two different dose levels:250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of each fraction against standard positive and negative control. Results:Results of the study established dose-dependent immunostimulatory(upregulatory) effects of the five fractions of the extract as the model used in the study with different percentage stimulations compared to controls.At the dose levels of 500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight,the percentage stimulation observed were as following:chloroform fraction 311.11%and 122.22%,ethyl acetate fraction 193.38%and 95. 56%,n-hexane 155.56%and 3.50%,acetone fraction 95.56%and 51.11%and methanol fraction 68. 89%and 24.44%respectively.Levamisole,a known potent immunostimulant,afforded a stimulation of 68. 89%at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg.Conclusion:The study showed that the order of immunomodulatory potency is chloroform fraction > ethylacetate fraction > hexane fraction > acetone fraction > methanol fraction.Bioassayguided fractionation and purification of the active extracts led to the isolation of pure compounds phytochemically characterized as sterols and flavonoids.This work indicates that the main constituents of our local mistletoe responsible for immunostimulation are the flavonoids,terpenoids and or steroids.Glycosides,carbohydrates, tannins and alkaoids appear to augment the measured activities.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the efficacy of Viusid,a nutritional supplement,as an antioxidant and an immunomodulator in patients with chronic hepatitis C.METHODS:Sixty patients with chronic hepatitis C who were non-responders ...AIM:To investigate the efficacy of Viusid,a nutritional supplement,as an antioxidant and an immunomodulator in patients with chronic hepatitis C.METHODS:Sixty patients with chronic hepatitis C who were non-responders to standard antiviral treatment were randomly assigned to receive Viusid(3 sachets daily,n=30) or placebo(n=30) for 24 wk.The primary outcome was the change in serum malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals(lipid peroxidation products).Secondary outcomes were changes in serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and interleukin-10(IL-10).RESULTS:Statistically significant reductions in serum 4-hydroxyalkenals and malondialdehyde levels were observed in both groups in comparison with pretreatment values,but the patients who received Viusid showed a more marked reduction as compared with the control group(P=0.001).TNF-α levels significantly increased from 6.9 to 16.2 pg/mL(P< 0.01) in the patients who received placebo in comparison with almost unchanged levels,from 6.6 to 7.1 pg/mL(P=0.26),in the patients treated with Viusid(P=0.001).In addition,IL-10 levels were markedly increased in the patients treated with Viusid(from 2.6 to 8.3 pg/mL,P=0.04) in contrast to the patients assigned to placebo(from 2.8 to 4.1 pg/mL,P=0.09)(P=0.01).Likewise,the administration of Viusid markedly increased mean IFN-γ levels from 1.92 to 2.89 pg/mL(P< 0.001) in comparison with a reduction in mean levels from 1.80 to 1.68 pg/mL(P=0.70) in the placebo group(P< 0.0001).Viusid administration was well tolerated.CONCLUSION:Our results indicate that treatment with Viusid leads to a notable improvement of oxidative stress and immunological parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis C.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of the Algerian propolis ethanolic extract(EEP) against Echinococcus granulosus(E. granulosus) infection. Methods: In vitro scolicidal activity of EEP was investi...Objective: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of the Algerian propolis ethanolic extract(EEP) against Echinococcus granulosus(E. granulosus) infection. Methods: In vitro scolicidal activity of EEP was investigated on the protoscolices of hydatid cyst. This in vitro study was conducted by using an in vivo assay. BALB/c mice were inoculated with E. granulosus and treated with propolis for three months. Hydatid cysts development was assessed. Nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) production and inducible NO synthase, NF-κB, and TNF-α spleen expression were estimated by Griess method and immunofluorescence respectively.Results: Our study revealed that EEP has a high scolicidal activity against E. granulosus. Oral administration of EEP decreased TNF-α, NF-κB and inducible NO synthase expression in the spleen tissues in the CE+EEP group, in comparison with the CE group. Concomitantly, EEP treatment caused an important systemic decrease in NO and TNF-α levels. These findings are associated with the reduction of CE development. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating with interest the antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of the Algerian EEP, suggesting its therapeutic potential for the hydatid disease treatment.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the scolicidal and immunomodulatory effect of the Ziziphora tenuior(Z.tenuior) extract and its fractions.Methods:Protoscolices were treated with six concentrations(3,5,10,25,50,and 100 mg/mL) of ...Objective:To evaluate the scolicidal and immunomodulatory effect of the Ziziphora tenuior(Z.tenuior) extract and its fractions.Methods:Protoscolices were treated with six concentrations(3,5,10,25,50,and 100 mg/mL) of Z.tenuior extract and its fractions(ethanol,petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and chloroform) in periods of 10,20,30,40,50 and 60 minutes,and viability of protoscolices was evaluated using the 1.0%eosin.To examine the immunomodulatory effects of Ziziphora and its fractions on macrophage cells,the non-toxic concentration of extract and different fractions determined by MTT assay,and the Griess reaction was used to measure the level of nitrite as an indicator of nitric oxide by the macrophage cells in 10,100 and 200 μg/mL in 24 hours at 37 ℃.Results:In this study,the Z.tenuior extract at 10 mg/mL concentration was able to kill all protoscolices during 20 minutes.By increasing the concentration to 25 mg/mL,the scolicidal time reduced to 10 minutes.Regarding the effect of different fractions of Z.tenuior,the ethanolic fraction showed the highest scolicidal activity.The extract demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the activity of macrophages and reduced nitric oxide production.Although the petroleum ether and ethanolic fractions of the extract reduced nitric oxide production,nevertheless,this effect was only significant at 10 and 100 ug/mL concentrations(P<0.05).Conclusion:The Z.tenuior extract and its fractions were effective against protoscolices yet the effect of total extract was considerable.Our findings indicates that the extract and its ethanolic and petroleum ether fractions could have anti-inflammatory properties.展开更多
Huang Qi(黄芪Astragalus membranaceus)is a well-known and widely used herb in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)tonic preparations.It has been used for many ailments over the last 2000 years.Flavonoids,saponins,and poly...Huang Qi(黄芪Astragalus membranaceus)is a well-known and widely used herb in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)tonic preparations.It has been used for many ailments over the last 2000 years.Flavonoids,saponins,and polysaccharides have been shown to be the main compounds responsible for the biological and pharmacological activities,especially the immunomodulatory properties,of such tonic preparations.This review summarizes the published data on Astragalus extracts and fractions and the natural compounds responsible for the immunomodulatory activity with special reference to the modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B and related pathways(e.g.,Nrf2).In addition,this review highlights the importance of Astragalus membranaceus in TCM for treating patients with diseases related to immunocompromised conditions,such as cancer and diabetes.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of 20 methanolic extracts from Malaysian selected plants on CD18/11 a expression and phagocytosis activity of leukocytes using flow cytometry analysis.Methods:The effects of methan...Objective:To investigate the effects of 20 methanolic extracts from Malaysian selected plants on CD18/11 a expression and phagocytosis activity of leukocytes using flow cytometry analysis.Methods:The effects of methanolic extracts on CD18/11 a expression and phagocytosis of leukocytes were measured by labelling the cells with CD18-fluorescein isolhiocyanaie and ingestion labelled with Escherichia coli-fluorescein isothiocyanate and then analyzed using flow cytometer.Results:About 12 out of 20 methanolic extracts of selected Malaysian medicinal plants significantly(P≤0.05) inhibited the CD18/1 la expression of leukocytes at both concentrations of 6.25 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL in dose dependent manner.The most active inhibitory was shown in Citrus aurantifolia(Christm.) Swingle and Alpinia galangal(L.) Willd.at dosage 100ug/mL.Moreover,the Orthosiphon aristatus(Blume) Miq(O.aristatus).showed the highest stimulatory activity at the concentration of 100 μg/mL.Other than that,four plant extracts significantly(P<0.05) rose the phagocytosis activities of leukocytes in dose dependent manner.However,Annona muricata L.and O.aristatus showed the highest stimulated activities at the 100 pg/mL concentration.Conclusions:The results suggest that methanolic extracts of Cirrus aurantifolia.Alpinia gaiangal,O.aristatus and Annona muricata are able to modulate innate immune system and can potentially be recognized as therapeutic agents for modulating immune system.展开更多
Loranthus micranthus is the species of mistletoe peculiar to the eastern province of Nigeria.It has been shown to possess anti-diabetic,anumotility,antimicrobial and antihypertensive activities which are host-tree dep...Loranthus micranthus is the species of mistletoe peculiar to the eastern province of Nigeria.It has been shown to possess anti-diabetic,anumotility,antimicrobial and antihypertensive activities which are host-tree dependent. The antimicrobial activity was found to vary with the season during which the plant was harvested.We are of the opinion that this species should possess immunomodulating potentials as have been reported for the European species,Viscum album.In our efforts to establish the bio-activities and active principles in our local mistletoe, the immunomodulatory activity of n-hexane and methanol extracts from Loranthus micranthus parasitic on Persea americana was assessed at three dose levels ranging from 100 to 400 mg/kg body weight using delayed type hypersensitivity reaction(DTHR) and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression models in mice.This was compared with responses from a standard immunostimulatory drug,levamisole.Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the plant showed the presence of tannins,flavonoids,alkaloids,terpenoids,carbohydrates and saponins.Regression analysis indicated a dose-dependent response relationship in the parameters measured with over 170%increase for both extracts at the highest dose level.The one way ANOVA test showed significant variation in the parameters between the controls and the different dose levels.However,at 95%confidence level,(P【0.05),there was no statistically significant difference between the two extracts, an indication that the active immunomodulant(s) could be both in the polar and non-polar crude extract.In conclusion,the present results have established some immune stimulating actions of the Eastern Nigeria mistletoe, Loranthus micranthus thus indicating that this variant of the semi parasitic plant holds a strong promise as an immunostimulatory candidate.There is therefore,a basis for further detailed investigation on the fractions and specific constituents.Thus,these extracts from Loranthus micranthus possess pronounced immune stimulating action comparable to Levamisole in mouse-based models.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in vitro and in vivo.Methods:The antioxidant property of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves wa...Objective:To evaluate the immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in vitro and in vivo.Methods:The antioxidant property of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves was determined by measuring hydrogen peroxide scavenging and DPPH scavenging activity.The effect on cellular immunity in vivo was determined by measuring neutrophil adhesion,carbon clearance,sheep red blood cell induced DTH response and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression.In vitro anticancer activity was evaluated on human leukaemia cell line(HL-60)by MTT assay,caspase-3 activity,and cell cycle study.Results:The methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves showed antioxidant activity and significantly increased neutrophil adhesion,carbon clearance from blood,DTH response and cyclophosphamideinduced myelosuppression.The MTT assay showed a significant increase in the death of HL-60 cell line.A rise in caspase-3 activity and sub-G1 population in the presence of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves was observed.Conclusions:The methanolic extract of leaves of Bombax ceiba L possesses anticancer activity,immunomodulatory activity,and antioxidant properties,proving its therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of immuno-compromised diseases and cancers.展开更多
Langerhans cell histiocytosis(LCH)is a rare neoplastic disease in dendritic cells.LCH is classified as either a single-system(SS)or multisystem(MS)disease.There is not a standard first-line treatment for LCH in adults...Langerhans cell histiocytosis(LCH)is a rare neoplastic disease in dendritic cells.LCH is classified as either a single-system(SS)or multisystem(MS)disease.There is not a standard first-line treatment for LCH in adults.We analyzed the efficacy and safety of immunomodulatory drugs(IMiDs)by searching PubMed/MEDLINE for case reports previously published.The clinical response(nonactive disease or active disease that regressed)was 94%in SS and 53%in MS.IMiDs should only be considered for adults with cutaneous SS involvement;in MS,they should be used only for patients not eligible for more aggressive treatments.展开更多
The use of an antibiotic with immunomodulatory properties could be fascinating in treating multifactorial inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis(UC).We report our investigations into the immunomodulatory p...The use of an antibiotic with immunomodulatory properties could be fascinating in treating multifactorial inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis(UC).We report our investigations into the immunomodulatory properties of levornidazole,the S-enantiomer of ornidazole,which displayed a tremendous therapeutic potential in UC induced by dextran sodium sulfate(DSS).Levornidazole administration to DSS-colitic mice attenuated the intestinal inflammatory process,with an efficacy better than that shown by 5-amino salicylic acid.This was evidenced by decreased disease activity index,ameliorated macroscopic and microscopic colon damages,and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,levornidazole displayed anti-inflammatory activity through Caveolin-1-dependent reducing IL-1βand IL-18 secretion by macrophages contributing to its improvement of the intestinal inflammation,as confirmed in vitro and in vivo.In conclusion,these results pointed out that the immunomodulatory effects of levornidazole played a vital role in ameliorating the intestinal inflammatory process,which would be crucial for the translation of its use into clinical settings.展开更多
Eighty male albino rats of Westar strain (350 ± 10 g), 10 to 12 weeks old were divided into four groups. The groups treated are as following. The first control group (Gp. I) was given intraperitoneally in normal ...Eighty male albino rats of Westar strain (350 ± 10 g), 10 to 12 weeks old were divided into four groups. The groups treated are as following. The first control group (Gp. I) was given intraperitoneally in normal saline (1 mL). The second group (Gp. II) was orally infected with 3 × 1012 CFU of E. coli /Kg. BW. The third group (Gp. III) was infected with E. coli and treated with (0.5%) lactoferrin (LF) 72 hours before E. coli infection in filtered tap water for the duration of the experiment (21 days). The fourth group (Gp. IV) was administrated with LF only (0.5%) in drinking water. Two separate blood samples were collected from heart puncture at the end of 1st, and 3rd week post-treatment for immunological studies. The Leukogram in E. coli treated group was insignificant compared with the control group while lymphocytosis was clear compared with the infected group. Total protein, albumin, α-globulin and β-globulin were展开更多
Parkinson's disease(PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease for which the characteristic motor symptoms emerge after an extensive loss of dopamine containing neurons.The cell bodies of these neurons are pr...Parkinson's disease(PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease for which the characteristic motor symptoms emerge after an extensive loss of dopamine containing neurons.The cell bodies of these neurons are present in the substantia nigra,with the nerve terminals being in the striatum.Both innate and adaptive immune responses may contribute to dopaminergic neurodegeneration and disease progression is potentially linked to these.Studies in the last twenty years have indicated an important role for neuroinflammation in PD through degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway.Characteristic of neuroinflammation is the activation of brain glial cells,principally microglia and astrocytes that release various soluble factors.Many of these factors are proinflammatory and neurotoxic and harmful to nigral dopaminergic neurons.Recent studies have identified several different agents with immunomodulatory properties that protected dopaminergic neurons from degeneration and death in animal models of PD.All of the agents were effective in reducing the motor deficit and alleviating dopaminergic neurotoxicity and,when measured,preventing the decrease of dopamine upon being administered therapeutically after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,6-hydroxydopamine,rotenone-lesioning or delivery of adeno-associated virus-α-synuclein to the ventral midbrain of animals.Some of these agents were shown to exert an anti-inflammatory action,decrease oxidative stress,and reduce lipid peroxidation products.Activation of microglia and astrocytes was also decreased,as well as infiltration of T cells into the substantia nigra.Pretreatment with fingolimod,tanshinoine I,dimethyl fumarate,thalidomide,or cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide as a preventive strategy ameliorated motor deficits and nigral dopaminergic neurotoxicity in brain-lesioned animals.Immunomodulatory agents could be used to treat patients with early clinical signs of the disease or potentially even prior to disease onset in those identified as having pre-disposing risk,including genetic factors.展开更多
Seaweed Complex Preparation(SCP) is a clinical traditional Chinese medicine preparation which is composed of seven traditional Chinese herbs,and it has been used for treatment of lung cancer,liver cancer and digestive...Seaweed Complex Preparation(SCP) is a clinical traditional Chinese medicine preparation which is composed of seven traditional Chinese herbs,and it has been used for treatment of lung cancer,liver cancer and digestive cancer.However,little information is available about the pharmacodynamic basis.The antitumor,immunomodulatory and free radical scavenging effects of SCP were evaluated in this study.Transplanted tumor in vivo method was used to determine the antitumor effect.The effects on splenocyte proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophages in tumor-bearing mice were measured by the MTT method and the phagocytizing cock red blood cell(CRBC) method respectively.The scavenging activities of SCP on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in vitro were investigated.It was found that the medium-dose and high-dose of SCP could significantly inhibit the growth of transplanted hepatic tumor of murine hepatocarcinoma cell line H22,and promote proliferation of splenocytes and phagocytosis of macrophages.SCP possessed noticeable scavenging activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals.The antitumor effects of SCP might be achieved by improving immune system and scavenging free radicals,which is in accordance with the viewpoint of traditional Chinese medicine in promoting the body resistance and eliminating pathogenic factors for cancer treatment.展开更多
TW19 is a diterpene compound isolated from the root cortex of Tripterygium Wil- fordii Hood. F.. Its effects on the immune function in ICR mice and the male fertility in SD rats, ICR mice and Kunming mice were evaluat...TW19 is a diterpene compound isolated from the root cortex of Tripterygium Wil- fordii Hood. F.. Its effects on the immune function in ICR mice and the male fertility in SD rats, ICR mice and Kunming mice were evaluated. TW19 was given orally for 5 weeks. Then the antifertilitic effect was assessed by mating test. The results showed that ED50, for anti-fertilitic were 332μg/kg, 369. 9μg/kg and 286. 8 μg/kg per day in SD rats, ICR mice and Kunming mice respectively. After the treatment of TW19 at antifertility dose for 5 weeks consecutively, the spermatozoa density and motility of trial animals reduced significantly, The weight of testic also declined in SD rats and Kunming mice, but no effects were observed in ICR mice. TW19 inhibited prolifera- tion of splenic T and B-lymphocytes of ICR mice in vitro and hence inhibited the anti- body formation in vivo, but compared with T 4, the immunosuppressive effect of TW19 was less obvious.展开更多
基金the financial supports by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060594)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,China(20202BAB205006)。
文摘The biological activity of plant polysaccharides can be enhanced by sulfated modification.In this study,the immunomodulatory effect of sulfated Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides(SCP3)on macrophages RAW264.7 and its potential molecular mechanism were investigated.Results showed that SCP3 at 25-100μg/m L increased viability and improved phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells.Meanwhile,SCP3 could activate mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathways,which increased the phosphorylation of Erk1/2,JNK,p38 and NF-κB p65,promoting secretion of cytokines tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),interleukin 6(IL-6)and nitric oxide(NO)as well as the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS).In addition,Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)receptor inhibitors were able to block the production of NO and TNF-αby SCP3-stimulated macrophages.Based on Western blot analysis and validation using specific inhibitors against MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways,the results demonstrated that SCP3 induced macrophages activation and enhanced TNF-αand NO production via TLR4-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways.In summary,SCP3 has significant immunomodulatory potential.The underlying molecular mechanism was that SCP3 activates macrophages via TLR4 receptors to promote ROS production,which in turn activates the downstream MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and then increases the secretion levels of cytokines and NO.
基金supported by the Open Project Program of Irradiation Preservation Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy(FZBC2020009)the Open Research Fund Program of Departmental and Municipal Co-construction of Crops Genetic Improvement of Hill Land Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(2021CGIHL02)+2 种基金Science and Technology Support Project of Nanchong Science and Technology Bureau of Sichuan Province(20YFZJ0053 and 20YFZJ0054)the Sericulture Innovation Team of Sichuan Province(SCCXTD-2021-17)Laboratory of Sichuan Province(2021CGIHL02)。
文摘A new water-soluble heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 15 k Da was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Boletus reticulatus Schaeff.Structural characterization results revealed that B.reticulatus Schaeff polysaccharide(BRS-X)had a backbone of 1,6-linkedα-D-galactose and 1,2,6-linkedα-D-galactose which branches were mainly composed of a terminal 4-linkedβ-D-glucose and the ratio of D-galactose and D-glucose was 5:1.Bioactivity assays indicated that BRS-X displayed a strong proliferative activity in T cells and B cells and promoted the secretion of immunoglobulin G(Ig G),Ig E,Ig D and Ig M.In addition,BRS-X could facilitate the proliferation and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells and could significantly inhibit the growth of tumors in S180-bearing mice.The results of transcriptome sequencing analysis illustrated that total 46 genes enriched in MAPK and total 34 genes enriched in PI3 K/Akt signaling pathways in BRS-X group.The protein VEGF and VEGFR expression were significantly reduced under the treatment with BRS-X.These findings provide a scientific basis for the edible and medicinal value of BRS-X.
基金This research was financially supported by Major Public Welfare Projects in Henan Province(201300110200)National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0400200)+2 种基金Key scientific and technological key projects of Henan science and Technology Department(192102110214 and 202102110283)Henan Province Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project(182107000033)the special fund project of Zhengzhou basic and applied basic research(ZZSZX202003).
文摘The polysaccharides from edible fungus showed many kinds of biological activities,including anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-inflammatory,anti-diabetes,improving functional constipation activities.In particular,the immunomodulatory effects have been paid more and more attention by scholars,but there was no systematic introduction of their immunomodulatory mechanism.So,this review introduced the immunomodulatory effects and mechanism of edible fungus polysaccharides in recent years,and then the relationships between structure and immunomodulatory effect were also discussed.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81170384
文摘It is currently difficult for conventional treatments of acute pancreatitis(AP),which primarily consist of antiinflammatory therapies,to prevent the progression of AP or to improve its outcome.This may be because the occurrence and progression of AP,which involves various inflammatory cells and cytokines,includes a series of complex immune events.Considering the complex immune system alterations during the course of AP,it is necessary to monitor the indicators related to immune cells and inflammatory mediators and to develop more individualized interventions for AP patients using immunomodulatory therapy.This review discusses the recent advances in immunomodulatory therapies.It has been suggested that overactive inflammatory responses should be inhibited and excessive immunosuppression should be avoided in the early stages of AP.The optimal duration of anti-inflammatory therapy may be shorter than previously expected(<24 h),and appropriate immunostimulatory therapies should be administered during the period from the 3rd d to the 14th d in the courseof AP.A combination therapy of anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating drugs would hopefully constitute an alternative to anti-inflammatory drug monotherapy.Additionally,the detection of the genotypes of critical inflammatory mediators may be useful for screening populations of AP patients at high risk of severe infections to enable the administration of early interventions to improve their prognosis.
文摘The most common age-related neurodegenerative disease is Alzheimer's disease(AD) characterized by aggregated amyloid-β(Aβ) peptides in extracellular plaques and aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau protein in intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles,together with loss of cholinergic neurons,synaptic alterations,and chronic inflammation within the brain.These lead to progressive impairment of cognitive function.There is evidence of innate immune activation in AD with microgliosis.Classically-activated microglia(M1 state) secrete inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators,and peripheral immune cells are recruited to inflammation sites in the brain.The few drugs approved by the US FDA for the treatment of AD improve symptoms but do not change the course of disease progression and may cause some undesirable effects.Translation of active and passive immunotherapy targeting Aβ in AD animal model trials had limited success in clinical trials.Treatment with immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory agents early in the disease process,while not preventive,is able to inhibit the inflammatory consequences of both Aβ and tau aggregation.The studies described in this review have identified several agents with immunomodulatory properties that alleviated AD pathology and cognitive impairment in animal models of AD.The majority of the animal studies reviewed had used transgenic models of early-onset AD.More effort needs to be given to creat models of late-onset AD.The effects of a combinational therapy involving two or more of the tested pharmaceutical agents,or one of these agents given in conjunction with one of the cell-based therapies,in an aged animal model of AD would warrant investigation.
基金financially supported by Goverment of India(grant No.SR/FT/LS-0083/2008)
文摘Objective:To explore the immunomodulatory properties of 80% ethanol extract and butanol fraction of Gentiana olivieri(G. olivieri) Griseb on Balb/C mice.Methods:The study was performed with basic models of immunomodulation such as the humoral antibody response(hemoglutination antibody titres), cell mediated immune response(delayed type hypersensitivity and in vivocarbon clearance or phagocytosis). Ethanol(80%) extract of flowering aerial parts of G.olivieriand its butanol fraction were administered p.o.(orally) to the mice. Levamisole, 2.5 mg/kg was used as standard drug.Results:There was a potentiation of immune response to sheep red blood cells by cellular and humoral mediated mechanisms comparable to levamisole(2.5 mg/kg) by both 80% ethanol extract and the butanol fraction at doses of 50-200 mg/kg in male Balb/C mice. Both significantly(P<0.01) potentiated the humoral immune response in cyclophosphamide(250 mg/kg)immunosupressed mice at 100 and 200 mg/kg of each extract and fraction as compared to control.The potentiation of delayed type hypersensitivity response was statistically significant(P<0.01) at200 mg/kg of ethanol extract and 100, 200 mg/kg of butanol fraction as compared to control. The phagocytosis was significant at 200 mg/kg with butanol fraction ofG. olivieri.Conclusions:The results reveal the immunostimulant effects of plantG. olivieriin mice by acting through cellular and humoral immunity in experimental models of immunity in mice. Butanol fraction is the most effective at a dose level of 200 mg/kg.
文摘Objective:In our continued efforts to isolate the active immunomodulatory and antiviral constituents of Loranthus micranthus Linn parasitic on Kola acuminata,we set out to fractionate the crude aqueous methanol extract of the plant.The establishment of the most potent fraction(s) as well as the isolation of the pure active secondary metabolite responsible for the immune stimulatory and antiviral activities in Eastern Nigeria mistletoe has become very needful.This will enable us prove our assumption that this particular specie is different from the European version,Viscum album.Methods:Five solvents of varying polarity namely n-hexane,chloroform, ethylacetate,acetone and methanol were successively employed in the complete fractionation of the crude aqueous -methanol extract of Eastern Nigerian mistletoe,Loranthus micranthus Linn.,harvested from Kola acuminata in that order.The fractions were dried in-vacuo using a rotary evaporator maintained at a temperature of(40±5)℃.The different fractions were screened for immunomodulatory activity using a universal model:the cellular - mediated delayed type hypersensivity test in experimental mice.This was performed by administering two different dose levels:250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of each fraction against standard positive and negative control. Results:Results of the study established dose-dependent immunostimulatory(upregulatory) effects of the five fractions of the extract as the model used in the study with different percentage stimulations compared to controls.At the dose levels of 500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight,the percentage stimulation observed were as following:chloroform fraction 311.11%and 122.22%,ethyl acetate fraction 193.38%and 95. 56%,n-hexane 155.56%and 3.50%,acetone fraction 95.56%and 51.11%and methanol fraction 68. 89%and 24.44%respectively.Levamisole,a known potent immunostimulant,afforded a stimulation of 68. 89%at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg.Conclusion:The study showed that the order of immunomodulatory potency is chloroform fraction > ethylacetate fraction > hexane fraction > acetone fraction > methanol fraction.Bioassayguided fractionation and purification of the active extracts led to the isolation of pure compounds phytochemically characterized as sterols and flavonoids.This work indicates that the main constituents of our local mistletoe responsible for immunostimulation are the flavonoids,terpenoids and or steroids.Glycosides,carbohydrates, tannins and alkaoids appear to augment the measured activities.
基金Supported by (in part) A grant from Catalysis Laboratories,Spain
文摘AIM:To investigate the efficacy of Viusid,a nutritional supplement,as an antioxidant and an immunomodulator in patients with chronic hepatitis C.METHODS:Sixty patients with chronic hepatitis C who were non-responders to standard antiviral treatment were randomly assigned to receive Viusid(3 sachets daily,n=30) or placebo(n=30) for 24 wk.The primary outcome was the change in serum malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals(lipid peroxidation products).Secondary outcomes were changes in serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and interleukin-10(IL-10).RESULTS:Statistically significant reductions in serum 4-hydroxyalkenals and malondialdehyde levels were observed in both groups in comparison with pretreatment values,but the patients who received Viusid showed a more marked reduction as compared with the control group(P=0.001).TNF-α levels significantly increased from 6.9 to 16.2 pg/mL(P< 0.01) in the patients who received placebo in comparison with almost unchanged levels,from 6.6 to 7.1 pg/mL(P=0.26),in the patients treated with Viusid(P=0.001).In addition,IL-10 levels were markedly increased in the patients treated with Viusid(from 2.6 to 8.3 pg/mL,P=0.04) in contrast to the patients assigned to placebo(from 2.8 to 4.1 pg/mL,P=0.09)(P=0.01).Likewise,the administration of Viusid markedly increased mean IFN-γ levels from 1.92 to 2.89 pg/mL(P< 0.001) in comparison with a reduction in mean levels from 1.80 to 1.68 pg/mL(P=0.70) in the placebo group(P< 0.0001).Viusid administration was well tolerated.CONCLUSION:Our results indicate that treatment with Viusid leads to a notable improvement of oxidative stress and immunological parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
基金financially supported by Research Agency in Health Sciences ATRSS(N.59/DFPR/ATRSS)
文摘Objective: To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of the Algerian propolis ethanolic extract(EEP) against Echinococcus granulosus(E. granulosus) infection. Methods: In vitro scolicidal activity of EEP was investigated on the protoscolices of hydatid cyst. This in vitro study was conducted by using an in vivo assay. BALB/c mice were inoculated with E. granulosus and treated with propolis for three months. Hydatid cysts development was assessed. Nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) production and inducible NO synthase, NF-κB, and TNF-α spleen expression were estimated by Griess method and immunofluorescence respectively.Results: Our study revealed that EEP has a high scolicidal activity against E. granulosus. Oral administration of EEP decreased TNF-α, NF-κB and inducible NO synthase expression in the spleen tissues in the CE+EEP group, in comparison with the CE group. Concomitantly, EEP treatment caused an important systemic decrease in NO and TNF-α levels. These findings are associated with the reduction of CE development. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating with interest the antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of the Algerian EEP, suggesting its therapeutic potential for the hydatid disease treatment.
基金the Research Division of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences for supporting the project financiallythe Medicinal Plants Research Center,Institute of Medicinal Plants, (ACECR),Karaj,Iran
文摘Objective:To evaluate the scolicidal and immunomodulatory effect of the Ziziphora tenuior(Z.tenuior) extract and its fractions.Methods:Protoscolices were treated with six concentrations(3,5,10,25,50,and 100 mg/mL) of Z.tenuior extract and its fractions(ethanol,petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and chloroform) in periods of 10,20,30,40,50 and 60 minutes,and viability of protoscolices was evaluated using the 1.0%eosin.To examine the immunomodulatory effects of Ziziphora and its fractions on macrophage cells,the non-toxic concentration of extract and different fractions determined by MTT assay,and the Griess reaction was used to measure the level of nitrite as an indicator of nitric oxide by the macrophage cells in 10,100 and 200 μg/mL in 24 hours at 37 ℃.Results:In this study,the Z.tenuior extract at 10 mg/mL concentration was able to kill all protoscolices during 20 minutes.By increasing the concentration to 25 mg/mL,the scolicidal time reduced to 10 minutes.Regarding the effect of different fractions of Z.tenuior,the ethanolic fraction showed the highest scolicidal activity.The extract demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the activity of macrophages and reduced nitric oxide production.Although the petroleum ether and ethanolic fractions of the extract reduced nitric oxide production,nevertheless,this effect was only significant at 10 and 100 ug/mL concentrations(P<0.05).Conclusion:The Z.tenuior extract and its fractions were effective against protoscolices yet the effect of total extract was considerable.Our findings indicates that the extract and its ethanolic and petroleum ether fractions could have anti-inflammatory properties.
文摘Huang Qi(黄芪Astragalus membranaceus)is a well-known and widely used herb in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)tonic preparations.It has been used for many ailments over the last 2000 years.Flavonoids,saponins,and polysaccharides have been shown to be the main compounds responsible for the biological and pharmacological activities,especially the immunomodulatory properties,of such tonic preparations.This review summarizes the published data on Astragalus extracts and fractions and the natural compounds responsible for the immunomodulatory activity with special reference to the modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B and related pathways(e.g.,Nrf2).In addition,this review highlights the importance of Astragalus membranaceus in TCM for treating patients with diseases related to immunocompromised conditions,such as cancer and diabetes.
基金Supported by Ministry of Higher Education.Malaysia(Grant No.GUP-SK-07-23-042)
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of 20 methanolic extracts from Malaysian selected plants on CD18/11 a expression and phagocytosis activity of leukocytes using flow cytometry analysis.Methods:The effects of methanolic extracts on CD18/11 a expression and phagocytosis of leukocytes were measured by labelling the cells with CD18-fluorescein isolhiocyanaie and ingestion labelled with Escherichia coli-fluorescein isothiocyanate and then analyzed using flow cytometer.Results:About 12 out of 20 methanolic extracts of selected Malaysian medicinal plants significantly(P≤0.05) inhibited the CD18/1 la expression of leukocytes at both concentrations of 6.25 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL in dose dependent manner.The most active inhibitory was shown in Citrus aurantifolia(Christm.) Swingle and Alpinia galangal(L.) Willd.at dosage 100ug/mL.Moreover,the Orthosiphon aristatus(Blume) Miq(O.aristatus).showed the highest stimulatory activity at the concentration of 100 μg/mL.Other than that,four plant extracts significantly(P<0.05) rose the phagocytosis activities of leukocytes in dose dependent manner.However,Annona muricata L.and O.aristatus showed the highest stimulated activities at the 100 pg/mL concentration.Conclusions:The results suggest that methanolic extracts of Cirrus aurantifolia.Alpinia gaiangal,O.aristatus and Annona muricata are able to modulate innate immune system and can potentially be recognized as therapeutic agents for modulating immune system.
文摘Loranthus micranthus is the species of mistletoe peculiar to the eastern province of Nigeria.It has been shown to possess anti-diabetic,anumotility,antimicrobial and antihypertensive activities which are host-tree dependent. The antimicrobial activity was found to vary with the season during which the plant was harvested.We are of the opinion that this species should possess immunomodulating potentials as have been reported for the European species,Viscum album.In our efforts to establish the bio-activities and active principles in our local mistletoe, the immunomodulatory activity of n-hexane and methanol extracts from Loranthus micranthus parasitic on Persea americana was assessed at three dose levels ranging from 100 to 400 mg/kg body weight using delayed type hypersensitivity reaction(DTHR) and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression models in mice.This was compared with responses from a standard immunostimulatory drug,levamisole.Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the plant showed the presence of tannins,flavonoids,alkaloids,terpenoids,carbohydrates and saponins.Regression analysis indicated a dose-dependent response relationship in the parameters measured with over 170%increase for both extracts at the highest dose level.The one way ANOVA test showed significant variation in the parameters between the controls and the different dose levels.However,at 95%confidence level,(P【0.05),there was no statistically significant difference between the two extracts, an indication that the active immunomodulant(s) could be both in the polar and non-polar crude extract.In conclusion,the present results have established some immune stimulating actions of the Eastern Nigeria mistletoe, Loranthus micranthus thus indicating that this variant of the semi parasitic plant holds a strong promise as an immunostimulatory candidate.There is therefore,a basis for further detailed investigation on the fractions and specific constituents.Thus,these extracts from Loranthus micranthus possess pronounced immune stimulating action comparable to Levamisole in mouse-based models.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves in vitro and in vivo.Methods:The antioxidant property of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves was determined by measuring hydrogen peroxide scavenging and DPPH scavenging activity.The effect on cellular immunity in vivo was determined by measuring neutrophil adhesion,carbon clearance,sheep red blood cell induced DTH response and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression.In vitro anticancer activity was evaluated on human leukaemia cell line(HL-60)by MTT assay,caspase-3 activity,and cell cycle study.Results:The methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves showed antioxidant activity and significantly increased neutrophil adhesion,carbon clearance from blood,DTH response and cyclophosphamideinduced myelosuppression.The MTT assay showed a significant increase in the death of HL-60 cell line.A rise in caspase-3 activity and sub-G1 population in the presence of methanolic extract of Bombax ceiba leaves was observed.Conclusions:The methanolic extract of leaves of Bombax ceiba L possesses anticancer activity,immunomodulatory activity,and antioxidant properties,proving its therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of immuno-compromised diseases and cancers.
文摘Langerhans cell histiocytosis(LCH)is a rare neoplastic disease in dendritic cells.LCH is classified as either a single-system(SS)or multisystem(MS)disease.There is not a standard first-line treatment for LCH in adults.We analyzed the efficacy and safety of immunomodulatory drugs(IMiDs)by searching PubMed/MEDLINE for case reports previously published.The clinical response(nonactive disease or active disease that regressed)was 94%in SS and 53%in MS.IMiDs should only be considered for adults with cutaneous SS involvement;in MS,they should be used only for patients not eligible for more aggressive treatments.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81703523,81701821,81771337)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20170244)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Xuzhou City(KH17024)Science&Technology Foundation of Xuzhou(KC18027)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Normal University(16XLR045)Foundation for Distinguished Medical Talents of Xuzhou.
文摘The use of an antibiotic with immunomodulatory properties could be fascinating in treating multifactorial inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis(UC).We report our investigations into the immunomodulatory properties of levornidazole,the S-enantiomer of ornidazole,which displayed a tremendous therapeutic potential in UC induced by dextran sodium sulfate(DSS).Levornidazole administration to DSS-colitic mice attenuated the intestinal inflammatory process,with an efficacy better than that shown by 5-amino salicylic acid.This was evidenced by decreased disease activity index,ameliorated macroscopic and microscopic colon damages,and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines.Additionally,levornidazole displayed anti-inflammatory activity through Caveolin-1-dependent reducing IL-1βand IL-18 secretion by macrophages contributing to its improvement of the intestinal inflammation,as confirmed in vitro and in vivo.In conclusion,these results pointed out that the immunomodulatory effects of levornidazole played a vital role in ameliorating the intestinal inflammatory process,which would be crucial for the translation of its use into clinical settings.
文摘Eighty male albino rats of Westar strain (350 ± 10 g), 10 to 12 weeks old were divided into four groups. The groups treated are as following. The first control group (Gp. I) was given intraperitoneally in normal saline (1 mL). The second group (Gp. II) was orally infected with 3 × 1012 CFU of E. coli /Kg. BW. The third group (Gp. III) was infected with E. coli and treated with (0.5%) lactoferrin (LF) 72 hours before E. coli infection in filtered tap water for the duration of the experiment (21 days). The fourth group (Gp. IV) was administrated with LF only (0.5%) in drinking water. Two separate blood samples were collected from heart puncture at the end of 1st, and 3rd week post-treatment for immunological studies. The Leukogram in E. coli treated group was insignificant compared with the control group while lymphocytosis was clear compared with the infected group. Total protein, albumin, α-globulin and β-globulin were
文摘Parkinson's disease(PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease for which the characteristic motor symptoms emerge after an extensive loss of dopamine containing neurons.The cell bodies of these neurons are present in the substantia nigra,with the nerve terminals being in the striatum.Both innate and adaptive immune responses may contribute to dopaminergic neurodegeneration and disease progression is potentially linked to these.Studies in the last twenty years have indicated an important role for neuroinflammation in PD through degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway.Characteristic of neuroinflammation is the activation of brain glial cells,principally microglia and astrocytes that release various soluble factors.Many of these factors are proinflammatory and neurotoxic and harmful to nigral dopaminergic neurons.Recent studies have identified several different agents with immunomodulatory properties that protected dopaminergic neurons from degeneration and death in animal models of PD.All of the agents were effective in reducing the motor deficit and alleviating dopaminergic neurotoxicity and,when measured,preventing the decrease of dopamine upon being administered therapeutically after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,6-hydroxydopamine,rotenone-lesioning or delivery of adeno-associated virus-α-synuclein to the ventral midbrain of animals.Some of these agents were shown to exert an anti-inflammatory action,decrease oxidative stress,and reduce lipid peroxidation products.Activation of microglia and astrocytes was also decreased,as well as infiltration of T cells into the substantia nigra.Pretreatment with fingolimod,tanshinoine I,dimethyl fumarate,thalidomide,or cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide as a preventive strategy ameliorated motor deficits and nigral dopaminergic neurotoxicity in brain-lesioned animals.Immunomodulatory agents could be used to treat patients with early clinical signs of the disease or potentially even prior to disease onset in those identified as having pre-disposing risk,including genetic factors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30572314)the Basic Research Program of Science and Technology,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2007FY210500)+1 种基金the Program of Chinese Offshore Investigation and Assessment,State Oceanic Administration of China(Nos.908-01-ST12,908-02-05-04)Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province,China(No.03BS109)
文摘Seaweed Complex Preparation(SCP) is a clinical traditional Chinese medicine preparation which is composed of seven traditional Chinese herbs,and it has been used for treatment of lung cancer,liver cancer and digestive cancer.However,little information is available about the pharmacodynamic basis.The antitumor,immunomodulatory and free radical scavenging effects of SCP were evaluated in this study.Transplanted tumor in vivo method was used to determine the antitumor effect.The effects on splenocyte proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophages in tumor-bearing mice were measured by the MTT method and the phagocytizing cock red blood cell(CRBC) method respectively.The scavenging activities of SCP on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in vitro were investigated.It was found that the medium-dose and high-dose of SCP could significantly inhibit the growth of transplanted hepatic tumor of murine hepatocarcinoma cell line H22,and promote proliferation of splenocytes and phagocytosis of macrophages.SCP possessed noticeable scavenging activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals.The antitumor effects of SCP might be achieved by improving immune system and scavenging free radicals,which is in accordance with the viewpoint of traditional Chinese medicine in promoting the body resistance and eliminating pathogenic factors for cancer treatment.
文摘TW19 is a diterpene compound isolated from the root cortex of Tripterygium Wil- fordii Hood. F.. Its effects on the immune function in ICR mice and the male fertility in SD rats, ICR mice and Kunming mice were evaluated. TW19 was given orally for 5 weeks. Then the antifertilitic effect was assessed by mating test. The results showed that ED50, for anti-fertilitic were 332μg/kg, 369. 9μg/kg and 286. 8 μg/kg per day in SD rats, ICR mice and Kunming mice respectively. After the treatment of TW19 at antifertility dose for 5 weeks consecutively, the spermatozoa density and motility of trial animals reduced significantly, The weight of testic also declined in SD rats and Kunming mice, but no effects were observed in ICR mice. TW19 inhibited prolifera- tion of splenic T and B-lymphocytes of ICR mice in vitro and hence inhibited the anti- body formation in vivo, but compared with T 4, the immunosuppressive effect of TW19 was less obvious.
