The importance of a nation’s infrastructure is a vital core for economic growth, development, and innovation. Health, wealth, access to education, public safety, and helping prepare for global crises like pandemics a...The importance of a nation’s infrastructure is a vital core for economic growth, development, and innovation. Health, wealth, access to education, public safety, and helping prepare for global crises like pandemics are all dependent on functioning and reliable infrastructures. In decades, the substantial threats affecting infrastructures globally whether in the form of extreme weather, Covid-19 pandemic, or the threats of state and non-state actors’ hackers, demanded urgency in building resilience infrastructures both during crises and in more stable conditions. At the same time, the adoption of emerging and innovative technologies boosts the development of the infrastructures using information, communication, and technology (ICT) platform. This shift accelerated its evolution toward digitization where interdependent and interconnected cyberspace demands collaborative and holistic strategies in protecting critical and high risks infrastructure assets from a growing number of disruptive cyberattacks. These ever-evolving cyber threats are creating increasingly dangerous and targeted cyberattacks to damage or disrupt the critical infrastructures delivering vital services to government, energy, healthcare, transportation, telecommunication, and other critical sectors. The infrastructure’s high risks assets present serious challenges and are crucial to safety, efficiency, and reliability. Any nation must recognize and determine how to cope with any type of threats to their critical infrastructure as well as the strategies to remain resilient. This article first describes the challenges and the need for critical infrastructure protection including the related global risks challenges. It then reviews the United Nations, the European Union, and the United States’ strategies, priorities, and urgencies of critical infrastructure protection. Subsequently, it surveys the critical infrastructure protection resilience strategies including ISO, IEC, ISA, NIST, CAF and CMM frameworks.展开更多
In the context of today's big data and cloud computing,the global flow of data has become a powerful driver for international economic and investment growth.The EU and the U.S.have created two different paths for ...In the context of today's big data and cloud computing,the global flow of data has become a powerful driver for international economic and investment growth.The EU and the U.S.have created two different paths for the legal regulation of the cross-border flow of personal data due to their respective historical traditions and realistic demands.The requirements for data protection have shown significant differences.The EU advocates localization of data and firmly restricts cross-border flow of personal data.The U.S.tends to protect personal data through industry self-regulation and government law enforcement.At the same time,these two paths also merge and supplement with each other.Based on this,China needs to learn from the legal regulatory paths of the EU and the US,respectively,to establish a legal idea that places equal emphasis on personal data protection and the development of the information industry.In terms of domestic law,the Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China needs to be improved and supplemented by relevant supporting legislation to improve the operability of the law;the industry self-discipline guidelines should be established;and various types of cross-border data need to be classified and supervised.In terms of international law,it is necessary to participate in international cooperation based on the priority of data sovereignty and promote the signing of bilateral,multilateral agreements,and international treaties on the cross-border flow of personal data.展开更多
With regard to a multi-dimensional and multi-facetted implementation of the vision of a Digital Earth,capabilities to combine and analyze heterogeneous spatial data sources on the web are becoming increasingly importa...With regard to a multi-dimensional and multi-facetted implementation of the vision of a Digital Earth,capabilities to combine and analyze heterogeneous spatial data sources on the web are becoming increasingly important.In this article,an online system is conceptualized and implemented to facilitate spatial data analysis and decision making specifically for environmental applications.It supports a dynamic search and binding of suitable geoprocessing functionality with respect to the given input data and target description.Geoprocessing patterns are used to create an application-oriented abstraction layer on top of generic geoprocessing services available on the web.As an application scenario the determination and quality assessment for water body structures is taken.For this use case authoritative data,remote sensing imagery and citizen science data gets combined to gain a comprehensive picture of the various spatial,temporal and thematic aspects influencing the quality of inland waters.The prototypical implementation makes use of open standards to facilitate the integration with existing spatial data infrastructures.展开更多
文摘The importance of a nation’s infrastructure is a vital core for economic growth, development, and innovation. Health, wealth, access to education, public safety, and helping prepare for global crises like pandemics are all dependent on functioning and reliable infrastructures. In decades, the substantial threats affecting infrastructures globally whether in the form of extreme weather, Covid-19 pandemic, or the threats of state and non-state actors’ hackers, demanded urgency in building resilience infrastructures both during crises and in more stable conditions. At the same time, the adoption of emerging and innovative technologies boosts the development of the infrastructures using information, communication, and technology (ICT) platform. This shift accelerated its evolution toward digitization where interdependent and interconnected cyberspace demands collaborative and holistic strategies in protecting critical and high risks infrastructure assets from a growing number of disruptive cyberattacks. These ever-evolving cyber threats are creating increasingly dangerous and targeted cyberattacks to damage or disrupt the critical infrastructures delivering vital services to government, energy, healthcare, transportation, telecommunication, and other critical sectors. The infrastructure’s high risks assets present serious challenges and are crucial to safety, efficiency, and reliability. Any nation must recognize and determine how to cope with any type of threats to their critical infrastructure as well as the strategies to remain resilient. This article first describes the challenges and the need for critical infrastructure protection including the related global risks challenges. It then reviews the United Nations, the European Union, and the United States’ strategies, priorities, and urgencies of critical infrastructure protection. Subsequently, it surveys the critical infrastructure protection resilience strategies including ISO, IEC, ISA, NIST, CAF and CMM frameworks.
基金This article is supported by Law and Technology Institute,Renmin University of China.All mistakes and omissions are the responsibility of the author.
文摘In the context of today's big data and cloud computing,the global flow of data has become a powerful driver for international economic and investment growth.The EU and the U.S.have created two different paths for the legal regulation of the cross-border flow of personal data due to their respective historical traditions and realistic demands.The requirements for data protection have shown significant differences.The EU advocates localization of data and firmly restricts cross-border flow of personal data.The U.S.tends to protect personal data through industry self-regulation and government law enforcement.At the same time,these two paths also merge and supplement with each other.Based on this,China needs to learn from the legal regulatory paths of the EU and the US,respectively,to establish a legal idea that places equal emphasis on personal data protection and the development of the information industry.In terms of domestic law,the Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China needs to be improved and supplemented by relevant supporting legislation to improve the operability of the law;the industry self-discipline guidelines should be established;and various types of cross-border data need to be classified and supervised.In terms of international law,it is necessary to participate in international cooperation based on the priority of data sovereignty and promote the signing of bilateral,multilateral agreements,and international treaties on the cross-border flow of personal data.
基金This work was supported by Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung[grant number 033W039A]EU[grant number 308513]European Social Fund[grant number 100270097].
文摘With regard to a multi-dimensional and multi-facetted implementation of the vision of a Digital Earth,capabilities to combine and analyze heterogeneous spatial data sources on the web are becoming increasingly important.In this article,an online system is conceptualized and implemented to facilitate spatial data analysis and decision making specifically for environmental applications.It supports a dynamic search and binding of suitable geoprocessing functionality with respect to the given input data and target description.Geoprocessing patterns are used to create an application-oriented abstraction layer on top of generic geoprocessing services available on the web.As an application scenario the determination and quality assessment for water body structures is taken.For this use case authoritative data,remote sensing imagery and citizen science data gets combined to gain a comprehensive picture of the various spatial,temporal and thematic aspects influencing the quality of inland waters.The prototypical implementation makes use of open standards to facilitate the integration with existing spatial data infrastructures.
