Production fragmentation has changed the distribution pattern of value added and thus emissions among countries.As a consequence,the gross trade statistics and territory-based emissions cannot reveal the real picture ...Production fragmentation has changed the distribution pattern of value added and thus emissions among countries.As a consequence,the gross trade statistics and territory-based emissions cannot reveal the real picture and generate misleading conclusions.In this aspect,input-output analysis,which describes the interdependence among industries and countries,becomes the suitable tool to reflect the true story and answer questions like“where is the value-added come from”and“who emits for whom”.Under this background,this paper reviews the relevant researches that use input-output analysis to study trade and its impact on the environment,from which we can also understand the development of input-output analysis over time.展开更多
Purpose:In this work,we want to examine whether or not there are some scientific fields to which contributions from Chinese scholars have been un der or over cited.Design/methodology/approach:We do so by comparing the...Purpose:In this work,we want to examine whether or not there are some scientific fields to which contributions from Chinese scholars have been un der or over cited.Design/methodology/approach:We do so by comparing the number of received citations and the IOF of publications in each scientific field from each country.The IOF is calculated from applying the modified closed system input–output analysis(MCSIOA)to the citation network.MCSIOA is a PageRank-like algorithm which means here that citations from the more influential subfields are weighted more towards the IOF.Findings:About 40% of subfields in physics in China are undercited,meaning that their net influence ranks are higher(better)than the direct rank,while about 75% of subfields in the USA and German are undercited.Research limitations:Only APS data is analyzed in this work.The expected citation influence is assumed to be represented by the IOF,and this can be wrong.Practical implications:MCSIOA provides a measure of net influences and according to that measure.Overall,Chinese physicists’publications are more likely overcited rather than being undercited.Originality/value:The issue of under or over cited has been analyzed in this work using MCSIOA.展开更多
China is facing challenges to tackle the threat of climate change while reducing social inequality.Poverty eradication requires improvement in the living conditions of low-income households,which leads in turn to high...China is facing challenges to tackle the threat of climate change while reducing social inequality.Poverty eradication requires improvement in the living conditions of low-income households,which leads in turn to higher carbon footprints and may undermine the efforts of climate change mitigation.Previous studies have assessed the climate impacts of poverty eradication,but few have quantified how the additional carbon emissions of poverty eradication are shared at the subnational level in China and the impact on China’s climate targets.We investigated the recent trend of carbon footprint inequality in China’s provinces and estimated the climate burden of different poverty reduction schemes,measured by increased carbon emissions.The results indicate that poverty eradication will not impede the achievement of national climate targets,with an average annual household carbon footprint increase of 0.1%–1.2%.However,the carbon emissions growth in less developed provinces can be 4.0%,five times that in wealthy regions.Less developed regions suffer a greater climate burden because of poverty eradication,which may offset carbon reduction efforts.Therefore,interregional collaboration is needed to coordinate inequality reduction with investments in low-carbon trajectories in all provinces.展开更多
The European Union(EU)is developing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)to address carbon leakage in international trade.However,the EU has paid inadequate attention to input-output linkages,specifically those...The European Union(EU)is developing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)to address carbon leakage in international trade.However,the EU has paid inadequate attention to input-output linkages,specifically those in the steel,aluminum,and fertiliser industries.This study aims to identify priority sectors eligible for initial regulation within the emissions-intensive trade-exposed(EITE)industries based on input-output linkages and compare its impacts with the current CBAM sector coverage.This study constructs a Global Production Network(GPN)and Carbon Flow Network(CFN)to present the input trade and embodied carbon flows for the EITE industries.This study highlights the role of the EITE industries as influential nodes in the production network and how the EITE industries in the EU contribute to carbon emissions.To improve the economy and political acceptability,CABM should cover four priority sectors with low economic impacts but a crucial role in reducing emissions,such as plastics,phosphorus fertiliser,aluminum,and copper industry.展开更多
In light of the growth in vertically specialized in global trade,the present paper uses input-output tables from the World Input-Output Database to construct an environmental multiregional input-output model to calcul...In light of the growth in vertically specialized in global trade,the present paper uses input-output tables from the World Input-Output Database to construct an environmental multiregional input-output model to calculate the CO_2 emissions embodied in China's international trade during 1995-2009.The advantage of this model lies in its incorporation of the reexported CO_2emissions component embodied in trade and its ability to differentiate domesticsourcedCO_2 emissions from foreign-sourced CO_2 emissions in trade.The results show that carbon emissions embodied in both China's exports and imports increased significantly during 1995-2009.One important reason for this is that the re-exported carbon emissions embodied in China's imported intermediate inputs increased substantially during this period.Our research reveals that accelerating the transformation of trade pattern and upgrading processing trade should be emphasized in the formulation of policy to prompt CO_2 emissions abatement in China.展开更多
Since China carries an increasingly significant responsibility in carbon emission reduction,a systematic assessment from the multi-scale and multi-regional perspective is essential to examine the region-specific carbo...Since China carries an increasingly significant responsibility in carbon emission reduction,a systematic assessment from the multi-scale and multi-regional perspective is essential to examine the region-specific carbon emissions and different kinds of carbon transfer patterns.By identifying carbon emission flows among 31 domestic provincial administrative regions and 184 foreign countries/economies,this work examines the domestic and foreign carbon emission flows of Chinese provinces/municipalities based on the intra-and inter-national relations.Overall,the provinces and municipalities in China are divided into 4 patterns according to carbon emission flows,among which inland provinces mainly engage in domestic carbon emission transfers,western regions generally receive carbon emissions with main carbon outflows in northeastern and central provinces,and coastal regions play an essential role in balancing carbon emission surpluses and deficits between domestic and foreign regions.For different sub-regions in China,recognizing carbon emission transfer relations contributes to the synergetic and sustainable regional development from a tele-connected perspective.With the nested network analysis,the multi-scale and multiregional assessments focusing upon China’s provinces and municipalities extend the existing research to both national and global scales,providing a solid foundation for sustainable regional development in China.展开更多
Guangdong Province,as one of China’s fast-developing regions,an important manufacturing base,and one of the national first round low-carbon pilots,still faces many challenges in controlling its total energy consumpti...Guangdong Province,as one of China’s fast-developing regions,an important manufacturing base,and one of the national first round low-carbon pilots,still faces many challenges in controlling its total energy consumption.Coal dominates Guangdong’s energy consumption and remains the major source of CO_(2).Previous research on factors influencing energy consumption has lacked a systematic analysis both from supply side(factors related to scale,structure,and technologies)and demand side(investment,consumption,and trade).This paper develops the logarithmic mean Divisia index(LMDI)method that focuses on the supply side and the structural decomposition analysis(SDA)method that focuses on the demand side to systematically identify the key factors driving coal consumption in Guangdong.Results are as follows:(1)Supply side analysis indicates that economic growth has always been the most important factor driving coal consumption growth,while energy intensity is the most important constraining factor.Industrial structure and energy structure have different impacts on coal consumption control during different development phases.(2)Demand side analysis indicates that coal is consumed mainly for international exports,inter-provincial exports,fixed capital formation,and urban household.(3)Industries with the fastest coal consumption growth driven by final demand have experienced significant shifts.Increments in industrial sectors were mainly driven by inter-provincial exports and urban household consumption in recent years.(4)Research on energy consumption in subnational regions under China’s new development pattern of“dual circulation”should not only focus on exports in the context of economic globalization but also pay more attention to inter-provincial exports on the background of strengthened interregional connections.展开更多
As the major primary energy importer in the world,China has engaged in considerable efforts to ensure energy security.However,little attention has been paid to China’s embodied primary energy exports.Separating the i...As the major primary energy importer in the world,China has engaged in considerable efforts to ensure energy security.However,little attention has been paid to China’s embodied primary energy exports.Separating the international export from regional final demand,this paper focuses on quantifying provincial primary energy requirement arising from China’s exports,and tracing its concrete interprovincial supply chains using multi-regional input-output analysis and structural path analysis.Results show that China’s embodied primary energy uses in exports(EEE)reached 633.01 Mtce in 2012,compared to 565.15 Mtce in 2007.Four fifths of the EEE were supplied through interprovincial trade.Eastern coastal provinces accounted for nearly 70%of the national total EEE,while their primary energy supply mainly sourced from the central and western provinces.Most interprovincial supply chain paths of embodied primary energy exports were traced to the coal mining sectors of Shanxi,Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi.Critical receiving sectors in the final export provinces were Chemical industry,Metallurgy,Electronic equipment,Textile and other manufacturing sectors.Important transmission sectors were Electricity and hot water production and supply and Petroleum refining,coking,etc.In view of the specific role of exports in primary energy requirements,provincial energy uses are largely dependent on its domestic trade position and degrees of industrial participation in the global economy.Managing critical industrial sectors and supply chain paths associated with the international exports provide new insights to ensure China’s energy security and to formulate targeted energy policies.展开更多
Human activities interfere with natural Phosphorus(P)cycles by introducing increased levels of P emissions to air,land,and water.A supply-side analysis of P supply chains and associated P emissions can provide insight...Human activities interfere with natural Phosphorus(P)cycles by introducing increased levels of P emissions to air,land,and water.A supply-side analysis of P supply chains and associated P emissions can provide insights into underlying economic activities and transitions responsible for human-induced P emissions.Taking the China's Mainland as the case,this study constructs time-series physical input-output tables to describe P supply chains during 1949-2012.Subsequently,it identifies critical products and influencing factors of P supply chains enabling P emissions to the environment(including air,land,and water)from the supply perspective.The results show that phosphate rock,an important initial supplier of P from natural environment to China’s P supply chain,was responsible for 86%of P emissions in 2012.Moreover,food crops and livestock are important initial suppliers of P from soil to China’s P supply chain,through cultivation and pasturing,respectively.From 1949 to 2012,the change in primary input level was the largest driver of P emission increments,followed by changes in population,emission intensity,and primary input structure.On the contrary,changes in production structure reduced P emissions.These findings could support supply-side policy decisions on P emission control.展开更多
Many U.S.utilities incentivize residential energy reduction through rebates,often in response to state mandates for energy reduction or from a desire to reduce demand to mitigate the need to grow generating assets.The...Many U.S.utilities incentivize residential energy reduction through rebates,often in response to state mandates for energy reduction or from a desire to reduce demand to mitigate the need to grow generating assets.The assumption built into incentive programs is that the least efficient residences will be more likely take advantage of the rebates.This,however,is not always the case.The main goal of this study was to determine the potential for prioritized incentivization,i.e.,prioritizing incentives that deliver the greatest energy savings per invest-ment through an entire community.It uses a data mining approach that leverages known building and energy characteristics for predicting energy consumption of houses that collectively can be considered representative of all residences within an entire community.From this model,it estimates natural gas consumption and savings,and corresponding implementation costs associated with the adoption of the most impactful energy reduction measures.The resulting savings and cost estimates allow us to develop a sequential energy reduction strategy whereby the most economic measures within the whole utility district are addressed.The results show that an energy reduction of 36%can be achieved at a levelized cost of less than$14 per mmBTU($14,780 per MJ),demonstrating the strong potential of this approach.A corresponding Economic Input–Output Analysis captures the cascading community economic impacts of this strategy.The results show that for the roughly 45,000 single-family residences in the studied region,an initial energy efficiency investment of$26M could result in a total cascading multiplier economic impact of$41M and additional economic impacts of$2.2M for the lifetime of the considered energy efficiency measures.展开更多
文摘Production fragmentation has changed the distribution pattern of value added and thus emissions among countries.As a consequence,the gross trade statistics and territory-based emissions cannot reveal the real picture and generate misleading conclusions.In this aspect,input-output analysis,which describes the interdependence among industries and countries,becomes the suitable tool to reflect the true story and answer questions like“where is the value-added come from”and“who emits for whom”.Under this background,this paper reviews the relevant researches that use input-output analysis to study trade and its impact on the environment,from which we can also understand the development of input-output analysis over time.
文摘Purpose:In this work,we want to examine whether or not there are some scientific fields to which contributions from Chinese scholars have been un der or over cited.Design/methodology/approach:We do so by comparing the number of received citations and the IOF of publications in each scientific field from each country.The IOF is calculated from applying the modified closed system input–output analysis(MCSIOA)to the citation network.MCSIOA is a PageRank-like algorithm which means here that citations from the more influential subfields are weighted more towards the IOF.Findings:About 40% of subfields in physics in China are undercited,meaning that their net influence ranks are higher(better)than the direct rank,while about 75% of subfields in the USA and German are undercited.Research limitations:Only APS data is analyzed in this work.The expected citation influence is assumed to be represented by the IOF,and this can be wrong.Practical implications:MCSIOA provides a measure of net influences and according to that measure.Overall,Chinese physicists’publications are more likely overcited rather than being undercited.Originality/value:The issue of under or over cited has been analyzed in this work using MCSIOA.
基金supported by the Royal Society(IECNSFC181115)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71834004 and 72225013)。
文摘China is facing challenges to tackle the threat of climate change while reducing social inequality.Poverty eradication requires improvement in the living conditions of low-income households,which leads in turn to higher carbon footprints and may undermine the efforts of climate change mitigation.Previous studies have assessed the climate impacts of poverty eradication,but few have quantified how the additional carbon emissions of poverty eradication are shared at the subnational level in China and the impact on China’s climate targets.We investigated the recent trend of carbon footprint inequality in China’s provinces and estimated the climate burden of different poverty reduction schemes,measured by increased carbon emissions.The results indicate that poverty eradication will not impede the achievement of national climate targets,with an average annual household carbon footprint increase of 0.1%–1.2%.However,the carbon emissions growth in less developed provinces can be 4.0%,five times that in wealthy regions.Less developed regions suffer a greater climate burden because of poverty eradication,which may offset carbon reduction efforts.Therefore,interregional collaboration is needed to coordinate inequality reduction with investments in low-carbon trajectories in all provinces.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Program (72133003)the Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research,Ministry of Education (22JZD008).
文摘The European Union(EU)is developing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)to address carbon leakage in international trade.However,the EU has paid inadequate attention to input-output linkages,specifically those in the steel,aluminum,and fertiliser industries.This study aims to identify priority sectors eligible for initial regulation within the emissions-intensive trade-exposed(EITE)industries based on input-output linkages and compare its impacts with the current CBAM sector coverage.This study constructs a Global Production Network(GPN)and Carbon Flow Network(CFN)to present the input trade and embodied carbon flows for the EITE industries.This study highlights the role of the EITE industries as influential nodes in the production network and how the EITE industries in the EU contribute to carbon emissions.To improve the economy and political acceptability,CABM should cover four priority sectors with low economic impacts but a crucial role in reducing emissions,such as plastics,phosphorus fertiliser,aluminum,and copper industry.
文摘In light of the growth in vertically specialized in global trade,the present paper uses input-output tables from the World Input-Output Database to construct an environmental multiregional input-output model to calculate the CO_2 emissions embodied in China's international trade during 1995-2009.The advantage of this model lies in its incorporation of the reexported CO_2emissions component embodied in trade and its ability to differentiate domesticsourcedCO_2 emissions from foreign-sourced CO_2 emissions in trade.The results show that carbon emissions embodied in both China's exports and imports increased significantly during 1995-2009.One important reason for this is that the re-exported carbon emissions embodied in China's imported intermediate inputs increased substantially during this period.Our research reveals that accelerating the transformation of trade pattern and upgrading processing trade should be emphasized in the formulation of policy to prompt CO_2 emissions abatement in China.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0602804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41701135,41871118&41601172)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDA20010102&XDA23100402)。
文摘Since China carries an increasingly significant responsibility in carbon emission reduction,a systematic assessment from the multi-scale and multi-regional perspective is essential to examine the region-specific carbon emissions and different kinds of carbon transfer patterns.By identifying carbon emission flows among 31 domestic provincial administrative regions and 184 foreign countries/economies,this work examines the domestic and foreign carbon emission flows of Chinese provinces/municipalities based on the intra-and inter-national relations.Overall,the provinces and municipalities in China are divided into 4 patterns according to carbon emission flows,among which inland provinces mainly engage in domestic carbon emission transfers,western regions generally receive carbon emissions with main carbon outflows in northeastern and central provinces,and coastal regions play an essential role in balancing carbon emission surpluses and deficits between domestic and foreign regions.For different sub-regions in China,recognizing carbon emission transfer relations contributes to the synergetic and sustainable regional development from a tele-connected perspective.With the nested network analysis,the multi-scale and multiregional assessments focusing upon China’s provinces and municipalities extend the existing research to both national and global scales,providing a solid foundation for sustainable regional development in China.
基金National Key Research and Development Program(2019YFB2103101)Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0301)+2 种基金GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development(2020GDASYL-20200102002)GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development(2020GDASYL-20200301003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41501144)。
文摘Guangdong Province,as one of China’s fast-developing regions,an important manufacturing base,and one of the national first round low-carbon pilots,still faces many challenges in controlling its total energy consumption.Coal dominates Guangdong’s energy consumption and remains the major source of CO_(2).Previous research on factors influencing energy consumption has lacked a systematic analysis both from supply side(factors related to scale,structure,and technologies)and demand side(investment,consumption,and trade).This paper develops the logarithmic mean Divisia index(LMDI)method that focuses on the supply side and the structural decomposition analysis(SDA)method that focuses on the demand side to systematically identify the key factors driving coal consumption in Guangdong.Results are as follows:(1)Supply side analysis indicates that economic growth has always been the most important factor driving coal consumption growth,while energy intensity is the most important constraining factor.Industrial structure and energy structure have different impacts on coal consumption control during different development phases.(2)Demand side analysis indicates that coal is consumed mainly for international exports,inter-provincial exports,fixed capital formation,and urban household.(3)Industries with the fastest coal consumption growth driven by final demand have experienced significant shifts.Increments in industrial sectors were mainly driven by inter-provincial exports and urban household consumption in recent years.(4)Research on energy consumption in subnational regions under China’s new development pattern of“dual circulation”should not only focus on exports in the context of economic globalization but also pay more attention to inter-provincial exports on the background of strengthened interregional connections.
基金This study has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71774161 and 71804194)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,No.2722019JCT006).
文摘As the major primary energy importer in the world,China has engaged in considerable efforts to ensure energy security.However,little attention has been paid to China’s embodied primary energy exports.Separating the international export from regional final demand,this paper focuses on quantifying provincial primary energy requirement arising from China’s exports,and tracing its concrete interprovincial supply chains using multi-regional input-output analysis and structural path analysis.Results show that China’s embodied primary energy uses in exports(EEE)reached 633.01 Mtce in 2012,compared to 565.15 Mtce in 2007.Four fifths of the EEE were supplied through interprovincial trade.Eastern coastal provinces accounted for nearly 70%of the national total EEE,while their primary energy supply mainly sourced from the central and western provinces.Most interprovincial supply chain paths of embodied primary energy exports were traced to the coal mining sectors of Shanxi,Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi.Critical receiving sectors in the final export provinces were Chemical industry,Metallurgy,Electronic equipment,Textile and other manufacturing sectors.Important transmission sectors were Electricity and hot water production and supply and Petroleum refining,coking,etc.In view of the specific role of exports in primary energy requirements,provincial energy uses are largely dependent on its domestic trade position and degrees of industrial participation in the global economy.Managing critical industrial sectors and supply chain paths associated with the international exports provide new insights to ensure China’s energy security and to formulate targeted energy policies.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[71874014]Joint Fund Project of Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund[2019A1515110816]The Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams[2019ZT08L213].
文摘Human activities interfere with natural Phosphorus(P)cycles by introducing increased levels of P emissions to air,land,and water.A supply-side analysis of P supply chains and associated P emissions can provide insights into underlying economic activities and transitions responsible for human-induced P emissions.Taking the China's Mainland as the case,this study constructs time-series physical input-output tables to describe P supply chains during 1949-2012.Subsequently,it identifies critical products and influencing factors of P supply chains enabling P emissions to the environment(including air,land,and water)from the supply perspective.The results show that phosphate rock,an important initial supplier of P from natural environment to China’s P supply chain,was responsible for 86%of P emissions in 2012.Moreover,food crops and livestock are important initial suppliers of P from soil to China’s P supply chain,through cultivation and pasturing,respectively.From 1949 to 2012,the change in primary input level was the largest driver of P emission increments,followed by changes in population,emission intensity,and primary input structure.On the contrary,changes in production structure reduced P emissions.These findings could support supply-side policy decisions on P emission control.
文摘Many U.S.utilities incentivize residential energy reduction through rebates,often in response to state mandates for energy reduction or from a desire to reduce demand to mitigate the need to grow generating assets.The assumption built into incentive programs is that the least efficient residences will be more likely take advantage of the rebates.This,however,is not always the case.The main goal of this study was to determine the potential for prioritized incentivization,i.e.,prioritizing incentives that deliver the greatest energy savings per invest-ment through an entire community.It uses a data mining approach that leverages known building and energy characteristics for predicting energy consumption of houses that collectively can be considered representative of all residences within an entire community.From this model,it estimates natural gas consumption and savings,and corresponding implementation costs associated with the adoption of the most impactful energy reduction measures.The resulting savings and cost estimates allow us to develop a sequential energy reduction strategy whereby the most economic measures within the whole utility district are addressed.The results show that an energy reduction of 36%can be achieved at a levelized cost of less than$14 per mmBTU($14,780 per MJ),demonstrating the strong potential of this approach.A corresponding Economic Input–Output Analysis captures the cascading community economic impacts of this strategy.The results show that for the roughly 45,000 single-family residences in the studied region,an initial energy efficiency investment of$26M could result in a total cascading multiplier economic impact of$41M and additional economic impacts of$2.2M for the lifetime of the considered energy efficiency measures.
