Background:This study aimed to investigate the hydration properties of different-source fibrous materials by com-paring their water-binding capacity(WBC),water swelling capacity(WSC),viscosity,and in vivo effects of s...Background:This study aimed to investigate the hydration properties of different-source fibrous materials by com-paring their water-binding capacity(WBC),water swelling capacity(WSC),viscosity,and in vivo effects of selected samples on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,diarrhea,and intestinal health in weaned piglets.Methods:A total of 13 commercially available fibrous materials were first compared in chemical composition and in vitro hydration property.Subsequently,40 weaned piglets were randomized to five experimental dietary groups(8 piglets per group):control diet(a basal diet without dietary fiber,CON),basal diet supplemented with 5%microcrys-talline cellulose(MCC),5%wheat bran(WB),5%Moringa oleifera leaf powder(MOLP),or 5%sugar beet pulp(SBP),fol-lowed by analyzing their growth performance and diarrhea rate in a 28-d experiment.After the feeding experiment,anaesthetized piglets were killed,and their intestinal and colon content or plasma samples were analyzed in nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,intestinal barrier,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and bacterial population.Results:In vitro studies showed low hydration properties for WB and MCC,while medium hydration properties for MOLP and SBP.In vivo studies indicated that compared with medium hydration property groups,low hydration prop-erty groups showed(1)exacerbated diarrhea,impaired intestinal health,and reduced apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter,gross energy,acid detergent fiber,and neutral detergent fiber;(2)decreased SCFAs concentration and rela-tive levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium,but increased levels of Escherichia coli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in colon contents.Additionally,SBP showed optimal performance in reducing diarrhea and increasing SCFAs produc-tion.Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of fiber hydration properties with in vitro SCFAs production,and diarrhea index and nutrient digestibility were negatively and positively correlated with SCFAs levels in the colon contents of weaned piglets,respectively.Conclusions:Different-source dietary fibers varied in their hydration properties and impacts on diarrhea,microbial composition and SCFAs production in weaned piglets.WB and MCC could exacerbate diarrhea and impair nutrient digestibility,probably because their low hydration properties were detrimental to gut microbial homeostasis and fermentation.Our findings provide new ideas for rational use of fiber resources in weaned piglets.展开更多
Background In broiler chickens,necrotic enteritis(NE)infection can reduce production performance.Tannic acid has shown great potential as a treatment of NE in broilers.However,the appropriate dosage of tannic acid in ...Background In broiler chickens,necrotic enteritis(NE)infection can reduce production performance.Tannic acid has shown great potential as a treatment of NE in broilers.However,the appropriate dosage of tannic acid in NE of broilers and the improvement effect on intestinal health are not very clear.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of tannic acid on the production performance,immunity,and intestinal health of broilers by constructing an NE model with C.perfringens infection and determining the appropriate dosage of tannic acid with regard to NE.Results Challenged birds showed significant reduction in body weight,villus height,and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(P<0.05)and increase in the feed consumption gain ratio,intestinal lesion score,and crypt depth(P<0.05).The infection significantly reduced the relative Bacteroidota and Ligilactobacillus abundance(P<0.05)and increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota and cecal content of C.perfringens(P<0.05).Challenged birds fed diets supplemented with tannic acid showed significantly increased mRNA expression of nutrient transport carriers and intestinal barrier genes and growth performance and reduced serum zonulin and endotoxin levels(P<0.05).Addi-tion of tannic acid to the diet inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing the number of coccidia oocysts in feces and the content of C.perfringens in the cecum.Specifically,tannic acid reduced the serum levels of C reactive protein,myeloperoxidase,and specific IgY and ileal mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A levels in the ileal mucosa compared with those in the NE-infected birds.NE-infected birds fed diets supplemented with tannic acid also showed significantly increased relative Anaerocolumna,Thermoanaerobacterium,and Thermosinus abundance(P<0.05);their microbial composition and functional predictions were similar to those of the NC group.Conclusions Tannic acid in the diet alleviated NE by enhancing the intestinal barrier and absorption function.The recommended dietary tannic acid additive level is 500–750 mg/kg.Our study findings would be useful in reducing related economic losses in the broiler industry.展开更多
Background Soy protein supplements,with high crude protein and less antinutritional factors,are produced from soybean meal by different processes.This study evaluated the comparative effects of various soy protein sup...Background Soy protein supplements,with high crude protein and less antinutritional factors,are produced from soybean meal by different processes.This study evaluated the comparative effects of various soy protein supplements replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on the intestinal immune status,intestinal oxidative stress,mucosaassociated microbiota,and growth performance of nursery pigs.Methods Sixty nursery pigs(6.6±0.5 kg BW)were allotted to five treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks.Pigs were fed for 39 d in 3 phases(P1,P2,and P3).Treatments were:Control(CON),basal diet with fish meal 4%,2%,and 1%,poultry meal 10%,8%,and 4%,and blood plasma 4%,2%,and 1%for P1,P2,and P3,respectively;basal diet with soy protein concentrate(SPC),enzyme-treated soybean meal(ESB),fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus(FSBL),and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus(FSBB),replacing 1/3,2/3,and 3/3 of animal protein supplements for P1,P2,and P3,respectively.Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4.Results The SPC did not affect the BW,ADG,and G:F,whereas it tended to reduce(P=0.094)the ADFI and tended to increase(P=0.091)crypt cell proliferation.The ESM did not affect BW,ADG,ADFI,and G:F,whereas tended to decrease(P=0.098)protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa.The FSBL decreased(P<0.05)BW and ADG,increased(P<0.05)TNF-α,and Klebsiella and tended to increase MDA(P=0.065)and IgG(P=0.089)in jejunal mucosa.The FSBB tended to increase(P=0.073)TNF-α,increased(P<0.05)Clostridium and decreased(P<0.05)Achromobacter and alpha diversity of microbiota in jejunal mucosa.Conclusions Soy protein concentrate,enzyme-treated soybean meal,and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus could reduce the use of animal protein supplements up to 33%until 7 kg body weight,up to 67%from 7 to 11 kg body weight,and entirely from 11 kg body weight without affecting the intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs.Fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus,however,increased the immune reaction and oxidative stress in the intestine consequently reducing the growth performance.展开更多
Background Intestinal health plays a pivotal role in broiler chicken growth.Oregano aqueous extract(OAE)effec-tively exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.However,the protective effects of OAE on intestin...Background Intestinal health plays a pivotal role in broiler chicken growth.Oregano aqueous extract(OAE)effec-tively exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.However,the protective effects of OAE on intestinal health in broilers and the underlying mechanism remain unclear.This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of OAE on growth performance,the gut microbiota and intestinal health.A total of 8401-d-old male and female broilers(Arbor Acres)were randomly allocated into 6 groups as follows:basal diet(Con),Con+antibiotics(Anti,colistin sulfate 7 g/kg,roxarsone 35 g/kg),Con+400,500,600 and 700 mg/kg OAE(OAE400,OAE500,OAE600 and OAE700).Subse-quently,fermentation in vitro together with oral administration trials were carried out to further assess the function of OAE on intestinal health of broilers.Results Dietary 700 mg/kg OAE supplementation resulted in an increase(P<0.05)in body weight and a decrease(P<0.05)in feed conversion ratio when compared with the control during d 22 to 42 of the trial.OAE addition resulted in lower(P<0.05)jejunal crypt depth and mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-10 at d 42.In addition,dietary OAE addition increased the abundance of Firmicutes(P=0.087)and Lactobacillus(P<0.05)in the cecum,and increased(P<0.05)the content of acetic acid and butyric acid.In the in vitro fermentation test,OAE significantly increased(P<0.05)the abundance of Lactobacillus,decreased(P<0.05)the abundance of unspecified_Enterobacteriaceae,and increased the content of acetic acid(P<0.05).In the oral administration trial,higher(P<0.05)IL-4 expression was found in broilers when oral inoculation with oregano fermentation microorganisms at d 42.And SIgA content in the ileum was significantly increased(P=0.073)when giving OAE fermentation supernatant.Conclusions Dietary OAE addition could maintain intestinal health and improve growth performance through enhancing intestinal mucosal immunity and barrier function mediated by gut microbiota changes.展开更多
Background:Over the past years,antibiotic growth promoter had been restricted in animal husbandry production in many countries because of antimicrobial resistance and foodborne antibiotic residues.However,the problems...Background:Over the past years,antibiotic growth promoter had been restricted in animal husbandry production in many countries because of antimicrobial resistance and foodborne antibiotic residues.However,the problems of poor intestinal health and low growth efficiency of piglets have not been solved completely in an antibiotic-free diet,and it is urgent to explore alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters.Methods:Here,a total of 532 weaned pigs were assigned to one of 4 treatments,the low amino acid(AA)level diet(d 1 to d 14 is 1.35%,d 15 to d 42 is 1.25%)(Low AA),the low AA level diet supplementation with a carvacrol-thymol blend(50 mg carvacrol and 50 mg thymol/kg of diet)(CB)(Low AA+CB),the high AA level diet(d 1 to d 14 is 1.50%,d 15 to d 42 is 1.40%)(High AA),and the high AA level diet supplementation with a CB(High AA+CB),respectively.Then we measured growth performance and intestinal health indicators of weaned pigs.Results:Results showed that high AA level significantly reduced plasma urea nitrogen,plasma Interleukin-6(IL-6)and fecal lipocalin-2 contents(P<0.05),significantly increased the relative abundance of fecal Lactobacillus and Enterococcus,and had a trend to increase the fecal secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA)and mucin 2(MUC 2)contents(P<0.05)in piglets,thereby alleviating the diarrhea of piglets and reducing the feed conversion ratio(FCR)of piglets during d 1~14 after weaning.Dietary supplementation with CB significantly increased the activity of plasma antioxidant enzymes T-SOD and GSH-px(P<0.05),while significantly reduced plasma malondialdehyde(MDA),plasma interleukin-1β(IL-1β),plasma endotoxin and D-lactic acid contents(P<0.05).Meanwhile,CB significantly decreased fecal lipocalin-2 contents and the abundance of fecal Escherichia coli(P<0.05).Thus,we hypothesis that dietary supplementation with CB significantly increased the average daily gain(ADG)of piglets(P<0.05)during d 1~14 after weaning through promoting intestinal health.Conclusion:These results suggest that high AA level and dietary supplementation with CB improved the growth performance of weaned pigs in an antibiotic-free diet by improving AA metabolism and intestinal antioxidant capacity.展开更多
The current contribution reviews absorption and metabolism of copper(Cu),Cu deficiency,Cu toxicity,Cu bioavailability,and effects of pharmacological levels of Cu on growth performance and intestinal health of pigs.Cop...The current contribution reviews absorption and metabolism of copper(Cu),Cu deficiency,Cu toxicity,Cu bioavailability,and effects of pharmacological levels of Cu on growth performance and intestinal health of pigs.Copper is a micro mineral involved in metabolic reactions including cellular respiration,tissue pigmentation,hemoglobin formation,and connective tissue development.Copper is mostly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract,particularly in the duodenum,but some Cu is absorbed in the stomach.One way to evaluate the efficacy of sources of Cu is to measure relative bioavailability where responses include tissue concentrations of Cu,concentrations of metalloproteins,and enzymatic activity of animals fed test diets containing graded levels of Cu.The requirement for Cu by pigs is 5 to 10 mg/kg diet,however,Cu can be included at growth-promoting levels(i.e.,75 to 250 mg/kg diet)in diets for weanling and growing pigs to reduce post-weaning diarrhea and improve growth performance.The consistently observed improvement in growth performance upon Cu supplementation is likely a result of increases in lipase activity,growth hormone secretion,and expression of genes involved in postabsorptive metabolism of lipids.The growth-promoting effects of dietary Cu have also been attributed to its bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties because Cu may change bacterial populations in the intestine,and thereby reduce inflammation caused by pathogens.However,further research is needed to determine potential interactions between Cu and non-nutritive feed additives(e.g.,enzymes,probiotics,phytobiotics),and the optimum quantity of Cu as well as the optimum duration of feeding supplemental Cu in diets for pigs should be further investigated.These gaps needs to be addressed to maximize inclusion of Cu in diets to improve growth performance while minimizing diseases and mortality.展开更多
Despite the fact that dietary fiber is predominant in common feedstuff, its level in the diets of monogastrics has seen a proportional increment with the inclusion of co-products. The source and composition of DF coul...Despite the fact that dietary fiber is predominant in common feedstuff, its level in the diets of monogastrics has seen a proportional increment with the inclusion of co-products. The source and composition of DF could be liable for enormous varieties in their use. A study carried out by scientists proposed that three major components constitute gut health: the diet, the mucosa, and the commensal microbiota. 70% of total body immune cells constitute the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, therefore it is important that it is included when defining intestinal health. Gut health is of substantial importance in the maintenance of growth performance and overall health of monogastrics. The fermentation of DF results in SCFA which enhances mucosal epithelial proliferation and villus height. Nonetheless, supplementing dietary fiber to the diet in moderation may result in an increase in gut size, volume, length and morphological structure of pigs and other non-ruminants. Gut health maintenance exhibits a certain level of complexity and a subtle balance between mucosa, diet, the commensal microflora, including the digestive epithelium and along with mucous overlaying it. The microbial changes of dietary fiber to monosaccharides in the gut include various principal occasions (reactions) intervened by the enzymatic collection of particularized groups from the gut microbiota. Because fermentation is dependent upon source, structure and physio-chemical properties of dietary fiber, it is therefore of great importance to have as much data as possible on various types of dietary fiber and how intestinal health can be enhanced by them. Thus, there is growing evidence that dietary fiber may have prebiotic effects in pigs. In addition, dietary fiber in diets improves pigs well-being by increasing satiety, influencing behaviour and improving overall health.<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>This review aims to shed more light on the dietary fiber levels and composition on the intestinal health of finishing pigs.</span></span></span>展开更多
Intestinal health is essential for the resistance to enteric diseases and for nutrient digestion and absorption to support growth.The intestine of nursery pigs are immature and vulnerable to external challenges,which ...Intestinal health is essential for the resistance to enteric diseases and for nutrient digestion and absorption to support growth.The intestine of nursery pigs are immature and vulnerable to external challenges,which cause negative impacts on the structure and function of the intestine.Among nutritional interventions,the benefits of milk are significant for the intestinal health of pigs.Milk coproducts have traditionally been used in starter feeds to improve the growth of nursery pigs,but their use is somewhat limited due to the high costs and potential risks of excessive lactose on the intestine.Thus,understanding a proper feeding level of milk carbohydrates is an important start of the feeding strategy.For nursery pigs,lactose is considered a highly digestible energy source compared with plant-based starch,whereas milk oligosaccharides are considered bioactive compounds modulating intestinal immunity and microbiota.Therefore,milk carbohydrates,mainly composed of lactose and oligosaccharides,have essential roles in the intestinal development and functions of nursery pigs.The proper feeding levels of lactose in starter feeds could be variable by weaning age,body weight,or genetic lines.Effects of lactose and milk oligosaccharides have been broadly studied in human health and animal production.Therefore,this review focuses on the mechanisms of lactose and milk oligosaccharides affecting intestinal maturation and functions through modulation of enterocyte proliferation,intestinal immunity,and intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs.展开更多
Spirulina is a popular herbal food that has a preventive effect on health.In the study,it aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of Spirulina platensis(Arthrospira platensis)on the morphological properties o...Spirulina is a popular herbal food that has a preventive effect on health.In the study,it aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of Spirulina platensis(Arthrospira platensis)on the morphological properties of the duodenum of rats,and to assign the effect of Spirulina on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in the rat duodenum,and thereby to observe the effects on intestinal health.30 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups for 45 days.The first group was received the basal diet;the second group was given 500 mg/kg Spirulina daily by oral gavage;the third group was given 1000 mg/kg Spirulina daily.The duodenum segments were taken at the end of the trial and processed for histological assay.Although the total mucosa,villus height and villus/cript ratio were found higher in high dose Spirulina,the lower cript depth was detected in same group compared to control and low dose group.A significant increase was observed at high dose compared to the control and low dose group in terms of PCNA expression intensity and proliferation index.Findings suggest that high dose of Spirulina may support the duodenal growth,and thereby intestinal health.展开更多
This paper was to determine the effects of dietary Litsea cubeba essential oil(LEO)supplementation on growth performance,immune function,antioxidant level,intestinal morphology and microbial composition in weaned pigl...This paper was to determine the effects of dietary Litsea cubeba essential oil(LEO)supplementation on growth performance,immune function,antioxidant level,intestinal morphology and microbial composition in weaned piglets.One hundred and ninety-two piglets(Duroc×[Large White×Landrace])with 6.85±0.22 kg mean body weight weaned at 21 d of age were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates and were fed with a basal diet(CON)or CON diet containing 100(LLEO),200(MLEO)and 400(HLEO)mg/kg LEO.The results revealed that HLEO supplementation(P<0.05)increased the average daily gain on d 28 compared with CON.MLEO and HLEO supplementation decreased(P<0.05)feed conversion ratio.LEO-containing diets had a lower(P<0.05)diarrhea rate.Supple-mentation with HLEO increased(P<0.05)total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)both in the serum and liver.Meanwhile,the supplementation of MLEO and HLEO resulted in higher(P<0.05)glutathione peroxidase(GPx)activities both in serum and liver.Supplementation of HLEO increased(P<0.05)serum immu-noglobulin A,immunoglobulin G and interleukin-10,whereas supplementation with MLEO and HLEO decreased(P<0.05)tumor necrosis factor-α.Villus height in the duodenum or jejunum was increased(P<0.05)in the HLEO group,and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum was also improved(P<0.05)in the MLEO group.The addition of LEO increased(P<0.05)the richness and diversity of the microbial community in the cecum,which mainly increased the relative abundance of Oscillospir-aceae_UCG-005,Faecalibacterium,Blautia and Coprococcus.Piglets supplemented with HLEO increased(P<0.05)the concentration of short chain fatty acids(SCFA),including acetic acid in the cecum and propionic acid in the colon.In conclusion,these findings indicated that LEO supplementation improved growth performance and intestinal health in weaned piglets.展开更多
Over-use or misuse of antibiotics in livestock and poultry production contributes to the rising threat of antibiotic resistance in animals and has negative ecological effects.Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacter...Over-use or misuse of antibiotics in livestock and poultry production contributes to the rising threat of antibiotic resistance in animals and has negative ecological effects.Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria(LAB-EPS)are a class of biological macromolecules which are secreted by lactic acid bacteria to the outside of the cell wall during their growth and metabolism.Numerous studies demonstrated that LAB-EPS have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities and are able to regulate intestinal health and the immune system in livestock.They are biodegradable,nontoxic and bio-compatible,which are considered as ideal alternatives to antibiotics.This review aims to discuss and summarize recent research findings of LAB-EPS on regulation of intestinal health and the immune system in animals,and thus provide scientific justification for commercial applications of LAB-EPS in livestock.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of using soy protein concentrate (SPC) to replace animal protein supplements on mucosa-associated microbiota,intestinal health,and growth performance of nursery pigs.Fifty-six newly...This study investigated the effects of using soy protein concentrate (SPC) to replace animal protein supplements on mucosa-associated microbiota,intestinal health,and growth performance of nursery pigs.Fifty-six newly weaned pigs (BW=6.4±0.6 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design.Pigs were fed for 35 d in 3 phases (P;1,2,3) for 10,12,13 d,respectively.Dietary treatments were:(1) basal diet with fish meal (P1:4%,P2:2%,and P3:1%),poultry meal (P1:10%,P2:8%,and P3:4%),and blood plasma (P1:4%,P2:2%,and P3:1%),where SPC replacing none (NC);(2) basal diet with SPC replacing fish meal (RFM);(3) basal diet with SPC replacing poultry meal (RPM);(4) basal diet with SPC replacing blood plasma (RBP);and (5) basal diet with SPC replacing all animal protein supplements (PC).Growth performance was recorded for each phase.Pigs were euthanized on d 35 to collect jejunal mucosa and tissue to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota,and ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients.Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS.Overall,RFM,RPM,and RBP did not affect growth performance,whereas PC decreased (P<0.05) ADG and ADFI.The RPM increased (P<0.05) Prevotella stercorea and decreased (P<0.05) Helicobacter rappini.The PC decreased (P<0.05) H.rappini,whilst increasing (P<0.05) Prevotella copri,Propionibacterium acnes,and Pelomonas aquatica.The RFM tended to increase (P=0.096) immunoglobulin A in the jejunum.The PC tended to decrease (P=0.078) jejunal crypt cell proliferation.There were no differences in the villus height,AID of nutrients,intestinal inflammation,and intestinal oxidative stress among treatments.In conclusion,SPC can replace fish meal,poultry meal,or blood plasma individually without affecting growth performance and intestinal health,and AID of nutrients of nursery pigs.Particularly SPC replacing poultry meal benefitted intestinal health by reducing H.rappini and increasing P.stercorea.However,SPC replacing all three animal protein supplements reduced growth of nursery pigs mainly by reducing feed intake.展开更多
To explore the effects of fermented rapeseed meal(FRSM)on growth performance and intestinal health,a total of 30 growing pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments consisting of corn-soybean meal diet(CSD),rapese...To explore the effects of fermented rapeseed meal(FRSM)on growth performance and intestinal health,a total of 30 growing pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments consisting of corn-soybean meal diet(CSD),rapeseed meal diet(RSD),and fermented rapeseed meal diet(FRSD).Results showed that compared with RSD,FRSD feeding increased the average daily gain and final body weight in pigs(P<0.01).Compared with RSD feeding,FRSD feeding elevated the apparent digestibility of crude protein,acid detergent fiber,and ether extract in pigs(P<0.01).Moreover,the FRSD group exhibited greater apparent ileal digestibility of His,Thr,Lys,and Ser than the RSD group(P<0.01).The digestible energy,metabolic energy,and nitrogen utilization were higher in the FRSD and CSD groups than in the RSD group(P<0.01).As compared to the RSD,FRSD feeding decreased the serum concentration of leptin but significantly increased the concentrations of immunoglobulin(Ig)A,IgG,ghrelin,and enzyme activities of amylase,lipase,and trypsin in the pancreas(P<0.05).Interestingly,the villus height,the ratio of villus height to crypt depth,and the activities of brush border enzymes(e.g.,maltase and sucrase)in the small intestine were higher in the CSD and FRSD groups than in the RSD group(P<0.05).As compared to the RSD,the FRSD feeding not only increased the expression level of the occludin in the small intestinal epithelium(P<0.05)but also elevated the expression levels of claudin-1,MUC1,and PepT1 genes in the duodenum,and elevated the expression levels of SGLT1 and CAT1 genes in the jejunum(P<0.05).Importantly,FRSD feeding significantly decreased the abundance of Escherichia coli,but increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and the content of butyrate in the cecum and colon(P<0.05).These results indicated that compared with rapeseed meal,fermented rapeseed meal exhibited a positive effect on improving the growth performance and intestinal health in growing pigs,and the results may also help develop novel protein sources for animal nutrition and the feed industry.展开更多
Given the key role of methionine in biological processes,adequate methionine should be provided to meet the nutritional requirements.DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid(DL-HMTBA)has been considered as an importa...Given the key role of methionine in biological processes,adequate methionine should be provided to meet the nutritional requirements.DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid(DL-HMTBA)has been considered as an important source of methionine.However,the effects of different sources and levels of methionine on the intestinal health status have not been clarified yet.An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different dietary sources and levels of methionine on the intestinal epithelial barrier,inflammatory cytokines expression,ileal morphology,microbiota composition,and cecal short chain fatty acids(SCFA)profiles.For this purpose,720 male Arbor Acre broiler chicks at 1 d old were randomly assigned to a 2×3 factorial arrangement with 2 methionine sources(DL-methionine and DLHMTBA)and 3 total sulfur amino acids(TSAA)levels(80%,100%,and 120%of Arbor Acre recommendation).The results showed that DL-HMTBA supplementation promoted intestinal physical barrier at both gene expression level of claudin-1 and serum diamine oxidase level(P<0.05),and the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 m RNA expression was down-regulated by dietary DL-HMTBA supplementation compared with the DL-methionine group(P<0.05).Meanwhile,an upregulated gene expression of claudin-1 and zonula occluden-1(ZO-1)were observed in the low-TSAA treatment on d 14(P<0.05),whereas this treatment increased the expression of IL-1βand IL-6(P<0.05).Villus height to crypt depth ratio was high(P<0.05)in the middle-level TSAA group.Furthermore,DL-HMTBA supplementation optimized the microbiota of the ileum especially the relative abundance of Lactobacillus,where the digestion and absorption were completed,and elevated the concentrations of SCFA(acetate,propionate,and butyrate)in the cecal content on d 21(P<0.01).In conclusion,dietary DL-HMTBA supplementation improved the intestinal barrier function,immune homeostasis and optimized the microbiota to promote intestinal health status in broiler chickens.展开更多
Background Rosemary extract(RE)has been reported to exert antioxidant property.However,the application of RE in late-phase laying hens on egg quality,intestinal barrier and microbiota,and oviductal function has not be...Background Rosemary extract(RE)has been reported to exert antioxidant property.However,the application of RE in late-phase laying hens on egg quality,intestinal barrier and microbiota,and oviductal function has not been systematically studied.This study was investigated to detect the potential effects of RE on performance,egg quality,serum parameters,intestinal heath,cecal microbiota and metabolism,and oviductal gene expressions in late-phase laying hens.A total of 21065-week-old“Jing Tint 6”laying hens were randomly allocated into five treatments with six replicates and seven birds per replicate and fed basal diet(CON)or basal diet supplemented with chlortetracycline at 50 mg/kg(CTC)or RE at 50 mg/kg(RE50),100 mg/kg(RE100),and 200 mg/kg(RE200).Results Our results showed that RE200 improved(P<0.05)Haugh unit and n-6/n-3 of egg yolk,serum superoxide dismutase(SOD)compared with CON.No significant differences were observed for Haugh unit and n-6/n-3 of egg yolk among CTC,RE50,RE100 and RE200 groups.Compared with CTC and RE50 groups,RE200 increased serum SOD activity on d 28 and 56.Compared with CON,RE supplementation decreased(P<0.05)total cholesterol(TC)level.CTC,RE100 and RE200 decreased(P<0.05)serum interleukin-6(IL-6)content compared with CON.CTC and RE200 increased jejunal m RNA expression of ZO-1 and Occludin compared with CON.The biomarkers of cecal microbiota and metabolite induced by RE 200,including Firmicutes,Eisenbergiella,Paraprevotella,Papillibacter,and butyrate,were closely associated with Haugh unit,n-6/n-3,SOD,IL-6,and TC.PICRUSt2 analysis indicated that RE altered carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism of cecal microbiota and increased butyrate synthesizing enzymes,including 3-oxoacid Co A-transferase and butyrate-acetoacetate Co A-transferase.Moreover,transcriptomic analysis revealed that RE200 improved gene expressions and functional pathways related to immunity and albumen formation in the oviductal magnum.Conclusions Dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg RE could increase egg quality of late-phase laying hens via modulating intestinal barrier,cecal microbiota and metabolism,and oviductal function.Overall,RE could be used as a promising feed additive to improve egg quality of laying hens at late stage of production.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation with acidifiers on the growth performance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A total of 648 male Arbor Acres broiler ch...This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation with acidifiers on the growth performance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A total of 648 male Arbor Acres broiler chickens at 1 d old were randomly divided into 6 groups,and each group consisted of 6 replicates with 18 broilers per replicate.The dietary treatments were as follows:negative control(NC,the basal diet),NC+antibiotic(enramycin,8 mg/kg,positive control[PC]),NC+phosphoric acid(PA,0.1,0.2,and 0.3 g/kg),and NC+lactic acid(LA,0.3 g/kg).The feeding trial lasted for 42 d.The results showed that the feed-to-gain ratio of the NC+acidifier groups was lower than that of the NC and PC groups from 1 to 42 d(P<0.05).Compared with the values in the NC group,the pH of breast muscle was significantly higher in the NC+PA(0.2 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05),and the cooking loss was lower in the breast muscle of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05).In addition,the shear force of the breast muscle and thigh muscle and the pH value in the crop,gizzard and duodenum of the antibiotic and acidifier groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the trypsin,chymotrypsin,and lipase activities of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.2 and 0.3 g/kg)groups,as well as the villus height-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)group was significantly greater(P<0.05)compared with those in the NC group.Meanwhile,the number of total aerobic bacteria,Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the cecum of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups were decreased(P<0.05).Collectively,diet supplementation with acidifiers could improve the growth per-formance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broilers,in which the effects of PA(0.1 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg)are better than the other supplementations.展开更多
With the ever-growing strict prohibitions on antibiotic growth promoters(AGP)in animal production,in-feed probiotics are becoming attractive alternatives to antibiotics in the poultry industry.To investigate the effec...With the ever-growing strict prohibitions on antibiotic growth promoters(AGP)in animal production,in-feed probiotics are becoming attractive alternatives to antibiotics in the poultry industry.To investigate the effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 and Lactobacillus plantarum 16 on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers,540 male Cobb 500 broilers of 1 d old were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 30 chicks per replicate.Broilers were fed with either a basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 1×108 colony-forming units(CFU)/kg P.polymyxa 10(BSC10)or L.plantarum 16(Lac16)for 42 d.Results showed that Lac16 treatment improved(P<0.05)the growth performance(body weight and feed conversion)of broilers at the starter phase,while BSC10 treatment slightly improved(P>0.05)the growth performance of the starter phase broilers.The increased villus height(P<0.05)at d 14,21 and 42 and villus height to crypt depth ratio(P<0.05)at d 14 and 21 were observed in the ileum of the 2 probiotic groups.Besides,transmission electron microscopy results showed that the 2 probiotics enhanced the intestinal epithelial barrier.Both probiotic treatments up-regulated(P<0.05)the mRNA expression of fatty acid binding protein 1(FABP1)and sodium-dependent glucose transporters-1(SGLT-1)in the ileal mucosa of broilers at d 21.In addition,BSC10 and Lac16 treatments significantly(P<0.05)increased the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria,such as Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,Lachnospira and Cop-rococcu,and significantly(P<0.05)decreased the relative abundance of enteric pathogens(Escherichia coli,Bacteroides fragilis and Shigella sonnei).Furthermore,the 2 probiotic treatments also increased the positive connection among the intestinal microbes and the carbohydrate metabolism-related pathways of the intes-tinal bacteria(P<0.05),with decreasing(P<0.05)nucleotides biosynthesis-related pathways of the intestinal bacteria.Overall,these results suggest that the 2 probiotics,especially Lac16,have a potential beneficial effect on the growth performance and intestinal health of starter phase broilers.展开更多
The primary aim of this experiment was to critically explore the relationship between the different levels of mixed organic acids(MOA)and growth performance,serum antioxidant status and intestinal health of weaned pig...The primary aim of this experiment was to critically explore the relationship between the different levels of mixed organic acids(MOA)and growth performance,serum antioxidant status and intestinal health of weaned piglets,as well as to investigate the potential possibility of MOA alternative to antibiotics growth promoters(AGP).A total of 180 healthy piglets(Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire];weighing 7.81±1.51 kg each,weaned at d 28)were randomly divided into 5 treatments:1)basal diet(CON);2)CON+chlorinomycin(75 mg/kg)+virginiamycin(15 mg/kg)+guitaromycin(50 mg/kg)(AGP);3)CON+MOA(3,000 mg/kg)(OA1);4)CON+MOA(5,000 mg/kg)(OA2);5)CON+MOA(7,000 mg/kg)(OA3).This study design included 6 replicates per treatment with 6 piglets per pen(barrow:gilt=1:1)and the experiment was separated into phase 1(d 1 to 14)and phase 2(d 15 to 28).In phases 1,2 and overall,compared with the CON,the feed conversion ratio(FCR)was reduced(P<0.01)and the average daily gain(ADG)was increased(P<0.05)in piglets supplemented with AGP,OA1 and OA2.The con-centration of serum immunoglobulins G(IgG)was improved(P<0.05)in piglets supplemented with OA2 in phase 2.In the jejunum and ileum,the villus height:crypt depth ratio was significantly increased(P<0.01)in piglets fed AGP and OA1.The mRNA expression level of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)(P<0.01)was up-regulated in piglets supplemented with OA1 and OA2.The piglets fed AGP,OA1 and OA2 showed an increase(P<0.05)in the content of acetate acid and total volatile fatty acids(TVFA)in the cecum,and butyric acid and TVFA in the colon compared with CON.Also,OA1 lowered(P<0.05)the content of Lachnospiraceae in piglets.These results demonstrated that MOA at 3,000 or 5,000 mg/kg could be an alternative to antibiotics due to the positive effects on performance,immune parameters,and intestinal health of weaned piglets.However,from the results of the quadratic fitting curve,it is inferred that MOA at a dose of 4,000 mg/kg may produce a better effect.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of tannic acid(TA)on growth performance,diarrhea rate,nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets.A total of 180 weaned pigl...This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of tannic acid(TA)on growth performance,diarrhea rate,nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets.A total of 180 weaned piglets(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire,24 d of age,initial average BW=7.77±0.17 kg)were allotted to 5 groups(6 pigs/pen and 6 replicates/group)in a randomized complete block design according to their gender and body weight.Piglets were fed a basal diet,or the basal diet supplemented with 0.05%,0.1%,0.2%or 0.4%TA for 28 d.The supplementary levels of TA in the diets were obtained by adding tannalbin containing 51%TA and 40.17%protein.The results showed that,compared with the CON group,dietary TA did not affect ADFI,ADG or F:G,and linearly reduced(P<0.01)the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of piglets.There were no significant effects on apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)in the 0.05%,0.1%and 0.2%TA groups,while negative effects(P<0.05)on apparent digestibility of crude protein and gross energy were observed in the 0.4%TA group.In addition,the nutrient digestibility of dry matter,crude protein and gross energy linearly decreased(P<0.01)with the increase of TA dosage.Supplementation of TA increased(P<0.05)the villus height of the duodenum and jejunum,as well as increased(P<0.05)catalase(CAT)activity in serum.Dietary TA improved(P<0.05)the Bacillus counts in cecal digesta.Further,TA significantly improved(P<0.05)Bacillus counts and reduced(P<0.05)the Escherichia coli counts in colonic digesta.The concentration of acetic acid,pro pionic acid,butyric acid and isovaleric acid in cecal digesta were significantly increased(P<0.05).The mRNA expression level of zonula occludens-1(Z0-1),zonula occludens-2(ZI-2),and claudin-2(CLDN-2)in the jejunum were greater(P<0.05)in TA supplemented groups.The study showed that,compared to the control,TA prevented post-weaning diarrhea and improved intestinal health of weaned piglets,and the appropriate level of TA supplementation would be from 0.1%to 0.2%.展开更多
The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation,immune system modulation,and consequently the enhancement of the h...The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation,immune system modulation,and consequently the enhancement of the health and growth performance of the host.This review aimed to provide updated scientific information on the interaction among intestinal microbiota,dietary components,and intestinal health of pigs.The small intestine is a key site to evaluate the interaction of the microbiota,diet,and host because it is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays an important role within the immune system.The diet and its associated components such as feed additives are the main factors affecting the microbial composition and is central in stimulating a beneficial population of microbiota.The microbiotaehost interaction modulates the immune system,and,concurrently,the immune system helps to modulate the microbiota composition.The direct interaction between the microbiota and the host is an indication that the mucosa-associated microbiota can be more effective in evaluating its effect on health parameters.It was demonstrated that the mucosa-associated microbiota should be evaluated when analyzing the interaction among diets,microbiota,and health.In addition,supplementation of feed additives aimed to promote the intestinal health of pigs should consider their roles in the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota as biomarkers to predict the response of growth performance to dietary interventions.展开更多
基金funded by Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32172744 and 31902165)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515012116)Natural Science Foundation of Guangzhou City(202102080090).
文摘Background:This study aimed to investigate the hydration properties of different-source fibrous materials by com-paring their water-binding capacity(WBC),water swelling capacity(WSC),viscosity,and in vivo effects of selected samples on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,diarrhea,and intestinal health in weaned piglets.Methods:A total of 13 commercially available fibrous materials were first compared in chemical composition and in vitro hydration property.Subsequently,40 weaned piglets were randomized to five experimental dietary groups(8 piglets per group):control diet(a basal diet without dietary fiber,CON),basal diet supplemented with 5%microcrys-talline cellulose(MCC),5%wheat bran(WB),5%Moringa oleifera leaf powder(MOLP),or 5%sugar beet pulp(SBP),fol-lowed by analyzing their growth performance and diarrhea rate in a 28-d experiment.After the feeding experiment,anaesthetized piglets were killed,and their intestinal and colon content or plasma samples were analyzed in nutrient digestibility,intestinal morphology,intestinal barrier,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and bacterial population.Results:In vitro studies showed low hydration properties for WB and MCC,while medium hydration properties for MOLP and SBP.In vivo studies indicated that compared with medium hydration property groups,low hydration prop-erty groups showed(1)exacerbated diarrhea,impaired intestinal health,and reduced apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter,gross energy,acid detergent fiber,and neutral detergent fiber;(2)decreased SCFAs concentration and rela-tive levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium,but increased levels of Escherichia coli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in colon contents.Additionally,SBP showed optimal performance in reducing diarrhea and increasing SCFAs produc-tion.Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of fiber hydration properties with in vitro SCFAs production,and diarrhea index and nutrient digestibility were negatively and positively correlated with SCFAs levels in the colon contents of weaned piglets,respectively.Conclusions:Different-source dietary fibers varied in their hydration properties and impacts on diarrhea,microbial composition and SCFAs production in weaned piglets.WB and MCC could exacerbate diarrhea and impair nutrient digestibility,probably because their low hydration properties were detrimental to gut microbial homeostasis and fermentation.Our findings provide new ideas for rational use of fiber resources in weaned piglets.
基金the China Agriculture Research System program(CARS-41-G11).
文摘Background In broiler chickens,necrotic enteritis(NE)infection can reduce production performance.Tannic acid has shown great potential as a treatment of NE in broilers.However,the appropriate dosage of tannic acid in NE of broilers and the improvement effect on intestinal health are not very clear.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of tannic acid on the production performance,immunity,and intestinal health of broilers by constructing an NE model with C.perfringens infection and determining the appropriate dosage of tannic acid with regard to NE.Results Challenged birds showed significant reduction in body weight,villus height,and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(P<0.05)and increase in the feed consumption gain ratio,intestinal lesion score,and crypt depth(P<0.05).The infection significantly reduced the relative Bacteroidota and Ligilactobacillus abundance(P<0.05)and increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota and cecal content of C.perfringens(P<0.05).Challenged birds fed diets supplemented with tannic acid showed significantly increased mRNA expression of nutrient transport carriers and intestinal barrier genes and growth performance and reduced serum zonulin and endotoxin levels(P<0.05).Addi-tion of tannic acid to the diet inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing the number of coccidia oocysts in feces and the content of C.perfringens in the cecum.Specifically,tannic acid reduced the serum levels of C reactive protein,myeloperoxidase,and specific IgY and ileal mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A levels in the ileal mucosa compared with those in the NE-infected birds.NE-infected birds fed diets supplemented with tannic acid also showed significantly increased relative Anaerocolumna,Thermoanaerobacterium,and Thermosinus abundance(P<0.05);their microbial composition and functional predictions were similar to those of the NC group.Conclusions Tannic acid in the diet alleviated NE by enhancing the intestinal barrier and absorption function.The recommended dietary tannic acid additive level is 500–750 mg/kg.Our study findings would be useful in reducing related economic losses in the broiler industry.
基金awarded and funded by USDA-NIFA Hatch Fund (#02636, Washington DC, USA)North Carolina Agricultural Foundation (#660101, Raleigh, NC, USA)CJ Cheil Jedang (Seoul, Korea)
文摘Background Soy protein supplements,with high crude protein and less antinutritional factors,are produced from soybean meal by different processes.This study evaluated the comparative effects of various soy protein supplements replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on the intestinal immune status,intestinal oxidative stress,mucosaassociated microbiota,and growth performance of nursery pigs.Methods Sixty nursery pigs(6.6±0.5 kg BW)were allotted to five treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks.Pigs were fed for 39 d in 3 phases(P1,P2,and P3).Treatments were:Control(CON),basal diet with fish meal 4%,2%,and 1%,poultry meal 10%,8%,and 4%,and blood plasma 4%,2%,and 1%for P1,P2,and P3,respectively;basal diet with soy protein concentrate(SPC),enzyme-treated soybean meal(ESB),fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus(FSBL),and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus(FSBB),replacing 1/3,2/3,and 3/3 of animal protein supplements for P1,P2,and P3,respectively.Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4.Results The SPC did not affect the BW,ADG,and G:F,whereas it tended to reduce(P=0.094)the ADFI and tended to increase(P=0.091)crypt cell proliferation.The ESM did not affect BW,ADG,ADFI,and G:F,whereas tended to decrease(P=0.098)protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa.The FSBL decreased(P<0.05)BW and ADG,increased(P<0.05)TNF-α,and Klebsiella and tended to increase MDA(P=0.065)and IgG(P=0.089)in jejunal mucosa.The FSBB tended to increase(P=0.073)TNF-α,increased(P<0.05)Clostridium and decreased(P<0.05)Achromobacter and alpha diversity of microbiota in jejunal mucosa.Conclusions Soy protein concentrate,enzyme-treated soybean meal,and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus could reduce the use of animal protein supplements up to 33%until 7 kg body weight,up to 67%from 7 to 11 kg body weight,and entirely from 11 kg body weight without affecting the intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs.Fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus,however,increased the immune reaction and oxidative stress in the intestine consequently reducing the growth performance.
基金funded by the National Science Foundation of China (31972529, 32272916)Shaanxi Livestock and Poultry Breeding Double-chain Fusion Key Project (2022GD-TSLD-46-0302)+2 种基金the Shaanxi Feed Engineering Technology Research Center (2019HBGC-16)the Program for Shaanxi Science&Technology (NYKJ-2018-YL15, 2019ZDXM3-02 and 2021TD-30)Special Funding for Animal Husbandry from Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (XN06)
文摘Background Intestinal health plays a pivotal role in broiler chicken growth.Oregano aqueous extract(OAE)effec-tively exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.However,the protective effects of OAE on intestinal health in broilers and the underlying mechanism remain unclear.This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of OAE on growth performance,the gut microbiota and intestinal health.A total of 8401-d-old male and female broilers(Arbor Acres)were randomly allocated into 6 groups as follows:basal diet(Con),Con+antibiotics(Anti,colistin sulfate 7 g/kg,roxarsone 35 g/kg),Con+400,500,600 and 700 mg/kg OAE(OAE400,OAE500,OAE600 and OAE700).Subse-quently,fermentation in vitro together with oral administration trials were carried out to further assess the function of OAE on intestinal health of broilers.Results Dietary 700 mg/kg OAE supplementation resulted in an increase(P<0.05)in body weight and a decrease(P<0.05)in feed conversion ratio when compared with the control during d 22 to 42 of the trial.OAE addition resulted in lower(P<0.05)jejunal crypt depth and mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-10 at d 42.In addition,dietary OAE addition increased the abundance of Firmicutes(P=0.087)and Lactobacillus(P<0.05)in the cecum,and increased(P<0.05)the content of acetic acid and butyric acid.In the in vitro fermentation test,OAE significantly increased(P<0.05)the abundance of Lactobacillus,decreased(P<0.05)the abundance of unspecified_Enterobacteriaceae,and increased the content of acetic acid(P<0.05).In the oral administration trial,higher(P<0.05)IL-4 expression was found in broilers when oral inoculation with oregano fermentation microorganisms at d 42.And SIgA content in the ileum was significantly increased(P=0.073)when giving OAE fermentation supernatant.Conclusions Dietary OAE addition could maintain intestinal health and improve growth performance through enhancing intestinal mucosal immunity and barrier function mediated by gut microbiota changes.
基金supported by Hubei Province Science and Technology Innovation Major Project(2019ABA081,2021BBA083)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA.
文摘Background:Over the past years,antibiotic growth promoter had been restricted in animal husbandry production in many countries because of antimicrobial resistance and foodborne antibiotic residues.However,the problems of poor intestinal health and low growth efficiency of piglets have not been solved completely in an antibiotic-free diet,and it is urgent to explore alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters.Methods:Here,a total of 532 weaned pigs were assigned to one of 4 treatments,the low amino acid(AA)level diet(d 1 to d 14 is 1.35%,d 15 to d 42 is 1.25%)(Low AA),the low AA level diet supplementation with a carvacrol-thymol blend(50 mg carvacrol and 50 mg thymol/kg of diet)(CB)(Low AA+CB),the high AA level diet(d 1 to d 14 is 1.50%,d 15 to d 42 is 1.40%)(High AA),and the high AA level diet supplementation with a CB(High AA+CB),respectively.Then we measured growth performance and intestinal health indicators of weaned pigs.Results:Results showed that high AA level significantly reduced plasma urea nitrogen,plasma Interleukin-6(IL-6)and fecal lipocalin-2 contents(P<0.05),significantly increased the relative abundance of fecal Lactobacillus and Enterococcus,and had a trend to increase the fecal secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA)and mucin 2(MUC 2)contents(P<0.05)in piglets,thereby alleviating the diarrhea of piglets and reducing the feed conversion ratio(FCR)of piglets during d 1~14 after weaning.Dietary supplementation with CB significantly increased the activity of plasma antioxidant enzymes T-SOD and GSH-px(P<0.05),while significantly reduced plasma malondialdehyde(MDA),plasma interleukin-1β(IL-1β),plasma endotoxin and D-lactic acid contents(P<0.05).Meanwhile,CB significantly decreased fecal lipocalin-2 contents and the abundance of fecal Escherichia coli(P<0.05).Thus,we hypothesis that dietary supplementation with CB significantly increased the average daily gain(ADG)of piglets(P<0.05)during d 1~14 after weaning through promoting intestinal health.Conclusion:These results suggest that high AA level and dietary supplementation with CB improved the growth performance of weaned pigs in an antibiotic-free diet by improving AA metabolism and intestinal antioxidant capacity.
文摘The current contribution reviews absorption and metabolism of copper(Cu),Cu deficiency,Cu toxicity,Cu bioavailability,and effects of pharmacological levels of Cu on growth performance and intestinal health of pigs.Copper is a micro mineral involved in metabolic reactions including cellular respiration,tissue pigmentation,hemoglobin formation,and connective tissue development.Copper is mostly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract,particularly in the duodenum,but some Cu is absorbed in the stomach.One way to evaluate the efficacy of sources of Cu is to measure relative bioavailability where responses include tissue concentrations of Cu,concentrations of metalloproteins,and enzymatic activity of animals fed test diets containing graded levels of Cu.The requirement for Cu by pigs is 5 to 10 mg/kg diet,however,Cu can be included at growth-promoting levels(i.e.,75 to 250 mg/kg diet)in diets for weanling and growing pigs to reduce post-weaning diarrhea and improve growth performance.The consistently observed improvement in growth performance upon Cu supplementation is likely a result of increases in lipase activity,growth hormone secretion,and expression of genes involved in postabsorptive metabolism of lipids.The growth-promoting effects of dietary Cu have also been attributed to its bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties because Cu may change bacterial populations in the intestine,and thereby reduce inflammation caused by pathogens.However,further research is needed to determine potential interactions between Cu and non-nutritive feed additives(e.g.,enzymes,probiotics,phytobiotics),and the optimum quantity of Cu as well as the optimum duration of feeding supplemental Cu in diets for pigs should be further investigated.These gaps needs to be addressed to maximize inclusion of Cu in diets to improve growth performance while minimizing diseases and mortality.
文摘Despite the fact that dietary fiber is predominant in common feedstuff, its level in the diets of monogastrics has seen a proportional increment with the inclusion of co-products. The source and composition of DF could be liable for enormous varieties in their use. A study carried out by scientists proposed that three major components constitute gut health: the diet, the mucosa, and the commensal microbiota. 70% of total body immune cells constitute the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, therefore it is important that it is included when defining intestinal health. Gut health is of substantial importance in the maintenance of growth performance and overall health of monogastrics. The fermentation of DF results in SCFA which enhances mucosal epithelial proliferation and villus height. Nonetheless, supplementing dietary fiber to the diet in moderation may result in an increase in gut size, volume, length and morphological structure of pigs and other non-ruminants. Gut health maintenance exhibits a certain level of complexity and a subtle balance between mucosa, diet, the commensal microflora, including the digestive epithelium and along with mucous overlaying it. The microbial changes of dietary fiber to monosaccharides in the gut include various principal occasions (reactions) intervened by the enzymatic collection of particularized groups from the gut microbiota. Because fermentation is dependent upon source, structure and physio-chemical properties of dietary fiber, it is therefore of great importance to have as much data as possible on various types of dietary fiber and how intestinal health can be enhanced by them. Thus, there is growing evidence that dietary fiber may have prebiotic effects in pigs. In addition, dietary fiber in diets improves pigs well-being by increasing satiety, influencing behaviour and improving overall health.<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span>This review aims to shed more light on the dietary fiber levels and composition on the intestinal health of finishing pigs.</span></span></span>
基金funded by American Dairy Products Institute(Elmhurst,IL,USA)USDA-NIFA Hatch Fund(#02636,Washington DC,USA)North Carolina Agricultural Foundation(#660101,Raleigh,NC,USA)。
文摘Intestinal health is essential for the resistance to enteric diseases and for nutrient digestion and absorption to support growth.The intestine of nursery pigs are immature and vulnerable to external challenges,which cause negative impacts on the structure and function of the intestine.Among nutritional interventions,the benefits of milk are significant for the intestinal health of pigs.Milk coproducts have traditionally been used in starter feeds to improve the growth of nursery pigs,but their use is somewhat limited due to the high costs and potential risks of excessive lactose on the intestine.Thus,understanding a proper feeding level of milk carbohydrates is an important start of the feeding strategy.For nursery pigs,lactose is considered a highly digestible energy source compared with plant-based starch,whereas milk oligosaccharides are considered bioactive compounds modulating intestinal immunity and microbiota.Therefore,milk carbohydrates,mainly composed of lactose and oligosaccharides,have essential roles in the intestinal development and functions of nursery pigs.The proper feeding levels of lactose in starter feeds could be variable by weaning age,body weight,or genetic lines.Effects of lactose and milk oligosaccharides have been broadly studied in human health and animal production.Therefore,this review focuses on the mechanisms of lactose and milk oligosaccharides affecting intestinal maturation and functions through modulation of enterocyte proliferation,intestinal immunity,and intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs.
基金supported by grant from the Research Foundations of University(NKUBAP.10.GA.16.074)。
文摘Spirulina is a popular herbal food that has a preventive effect on health.In the study,it aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of Spirulina platensis(Arthrospira platensis)on the morphological properties of the duodenum of rats,and to assign the effect of Spirulina on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in the rat duodenum,and thereby to observe the effects on intestinal health.30 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups for 45 days.The first group was received the basal diet;the second group was given 500 mg/kg Spirulina daily by oral gavage;the third group was given 1000 mg/kg Spirulina daily.The duodenum segments were taken at the end of the trial and processed for histological assay.Although the total mucosa,villus height and villus/cript ratio were found higher in high dose Spirulina,the lower cript depth was detected in same group compared to control and low dose group.A significant increase was observed at high dose compared to the control and low dose group in terms of PCNA expression intensity and proliferation index.Findings suggest that high dose of Spirulina may support the duodenal growth,and thereby intestinal health.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1300403)the Youth Science Fund Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2022JJ40165)Earmarked Fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-35)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Key Research and Development Project(2020NK2031)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32130099).
文摘This paper was to determine the effects of dietary Litsea cubeba essential oil(LEO)supplementation on growth performance,immune function,antioxidant level,intestinal morphology and microbial composition in weaned piglets.One hundred and ninety-two piglets(Duroc×[Large White×Landrace])with 6.85±0.22 kg mean body weight weaned at 21 d of age were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates and were fed with a basal diet(CON)or CON diet containing 100(LLEO),200(MLEO)and 400(HLEO)mg/kg LEO.The results revealed that HLEO supplementation(P<0.05)increased the average daily gain on d 28 compared with CON.MLEO and HLEO supplementation decreased(P<0.05)feed conversion ratio.LEO-containing diets had a lower(P<0.05)diarrhea rate.Supple-mentation with HLEO increased(P<0.05)total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)both in the serum and liver.Meanwhile,the supplementation of MLEO and HLEO resulted in higher(P<0.05)glutathione peroxidase(GPx)activities both in serum and liver.Supplementation of HLEO increased(P<0.05)serum immu-noglobulin A,immunoglobulin G and interleukin-10,whereas supplementation with MLEO and HLEO decreased(P<0.05)tumor necrosis factor-α.Villus height in the duodenum or jejunum was increased(P<0.05)in the HLEO group,and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum was also improved(P<0.05)in the MLEO group.The addition of LEO increased(P<0.05)the richness and diversity of the microbial community in the cecum,which mainly increased the relative abundance of Oscillospir-aceae_UCG-005,Faecalibacterium,Blautia and Coprococcus.Piglets supplemented with HLEO increased(P<0.05)the concentration of short chain fatty acids(SCFA),including acetic acid in the cecum and propionic acid in the colon.In conclusion,these findings indicated that LEO supplementation improved growth performance and intestinal health in weaned piglets.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.32072773)the International Post-doctoral Exchange Fellowship Program of China and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Postdoctoral YouNong Program of China.
文摘Over-use or misuse of antibiotics in livestock and poultry production contributes to the rising threat of antibiotic resistance in animals and has negative ecological effects.Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria(LAB-EPS)are a class of biological macromolecules which are secreted by lactic acid bacteria to the outside of the cell wall during their growth and metabolism.Numerous studies demonstrated that LAB-EPS have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities and are able to regulate intestinal health and the immune system in livestock.They are biodegradable,nontoxic and bio-compatible,which are considered as ideal alternatives to antibiotics.This review aims to discuss and summarize recent research findings of LAB-EPS on regulation of intestinal health and the immune system in animals,and thus provide scientific justification for commercial applications of LAB-EPS in livestock.
基金Financial supports for this research from North Carolina Agricultural Foundation (#660101, Raleigh, NC, USA),USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Hatch #02893, Washington DC, USA), and CJ BIO (Seoul, Korea)。
文摘This study investigated the effects of using soy protein concentrate (SPC) to replace animal protein supplements on mucosa-associated microbiota,intestinal health,and growth performance of nursery pigs.Fifty-six newly weaned pigs (BW=6.4±0.6 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design.Pigs were fed for 35 d in 3 phases (P;1,2,3) for 10,12,13 d,respectively.Dietary treatments were:(1) basal diet with fish meal (P1:4%,P2:2%,and P3:1%),poultry meal (P1:10%,P2:8%,and P3:4%),and blood plasma (P1:4%,P2:2%,and P3:1%),where SPC replacing none (NC);(2) basal diet with SPC replacing fish meal (RFM);(3) basal diet with SPC replacing poultry meal (RPM);(4) basal diet with SPC replacing blood plasma (RBP);and (5) basal diet with SPC replacing all animal protein supplements (PC).Growth performance was recorded for each phase.Pigs were euthanized on d 35 to collect jejunal mucosa and tissue to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota,and ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients.Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS.Overall,RFM,RPM,and RBP did not affect growth performance,whereas PC decreased (P<0.05) ADG and ADFI.The RPM increased (P<0.05) Prevotella stercorea and decreased (P<0.05) Helicobacter rappini.The PC decreased (P<0.05) H.rappini,whilst increasing (P<0.05) Prevotella copri,Propionibacterium acnes,and Pelomonas aquatica.The RFM tended to increase (P=0.096) immunoglobulin A in the jejunum.The PC tended to decrease (P=0.078) jejunal crypt cell proliferation.There were no differences in the villus height,AID of nutrients,intestinal inflammation,and intestinal oxidative stress among treatments.In conclusion,SPC can replace fish meal,poultry meal,or blood plasma individually without affecting growth performance and intestinal health,and AID of nutrients of nursery pigs.Particularly SPC replacing poultry meal benefitted intestinal health by reducing H.rappini and increasing P.stercorea.However,SPC replacing all three animal protein supplements reduced growth of nursery pigs mainly by reducing feed intake.
基金This work was funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province(no.2020YFN0147)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31972599).
文摘To explore the effects of fermented rapeseed meal(FRSM)on growth performance and intestinal health,a total of 30 growing pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments consisting of corn-soybean meal diet(CSD),rapeseed meal diet(RSD),and fermented rapeseed meal diet(FRSD).Results showed that compared with RSD,FRSD feeding increased the average daily gain and final body weight in pigs(P<0.01).Compared with RSD feeding,FRSD feeding elevated the apparent digestibility of crude protein,acid detergent fiber,and ether extract in pigs(P<0.01).Moreover,the FRSD group exhibited greater apparent ileal digestibility of His,Thr,Lys,and Ser than the RSD group(P<0.01).The digestible energy,metabolic energy,and nitrogen utilization were higher in the FRSD and CSD groups than in the RSD group(P<0.01).As compared to the RSD,FRSD feeding decreased the serum concentration of leptin but significantly increased the concentrations of immunoglobulin(Ig)A,IgG,ghrelin,and enzyme activities of amylase,lipase,and trypsin in the pancreas(P<0.05).Interestingly,the villus height,the ratio of villus height to crypt depth,and the activities of brush border enzymes(e.g.,maltase and sucrase)in the small intestine were higher in the CSD and FRSD groups than in the RSD group(P<0.05).As compared to the RSD,the FRSD feeding not only increased the expression level of the occludin in the small intestinal epithelium(P<0.05)but also elevated the expression levels of claudin-1,MUC1,and PepT1 genes in the duodenum,and elevated the expression levels of SGLT1 and CAT1 genes in the jejunum(P<0.05).Importantly,FRSD feeding significantly decreased the abundance of Escherichia coli,but increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and the content of butyrate in the cecum and colon(P<0.05).These results indicated that compared with rapeseed meal,fermented rapeseed meal exhibited a positive effect on improving the growth performance and intestinal health in growing pigs,and the results may also help develop novel protein sources for animal nutrition and the feed industry.
基金This work has been supported by Adisseo France S.A.S(202104810410901)China Agriculture Research System Program(CA RS-41).
文摘Given the key role of methionine in biological processes,adequate methionine should be provided to meet the nutritional requirements.DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid(DL-HMTBA)has been considered as an important source of methionine.However,the effects of different sources and levels of methionine on the intestinal health status have not been clarified yet.An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different dietary sources and levels of methionine on the intestinal epithelial barrier,inflammatory cytokines expression,ileal morphology,microbiota composition,and cecal short chain fatty acids(SCFA)profiles.For this purpose,720 male Arbor Acre broiler chicks at 1 d old were randomly assigned to a 2×3 factorial arrangement with 2 methionine sources(DL-methionine and DLHMTBA)and 3 total sulfur amino acids(TSAA)levels(80%,100%,and 120%of Arbor Acre recommendation).The results showed that DL-HMTBA supplementation promoted intestinal physical barrier at both gene expression level of claudin-1 and serum diamine oxidase level(P<0.05),and the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 m RNA expression was down-regulated by dietary DL-HMTBA supplementation compared with the DL-methionine group(P<0.05).Meanwhile,an upregulated gene expression of claudin-1 and zonula occluden-1(ZO-1)were observed in the low-TSAA treatment on d 14(P<0.05),whereas this treatment increased the expression of IL-1βand IL-6(P<0.05).Villus height to crypt depth ratio was high(P<0.05)in the middle-level TSAA group.Furthermore,DL-HMTBA supplementation optimized the microbiota of the ileum especially the relative abundance of Lactobacillus,where the digestion and absorption were completed,and elevated the concentrations of SCFA(acetate,propionate,and butyrate)in the cecal content on d 21(P<0.01).In conclusion,dietary DL-HMTBA supplementation improved the intestinal barrier function,immune homeostasis and optimized the microbiota to promote intestinal health status in broiler chickens.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M723370)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA23080603)。
文摘Background Rosemary extract(RE)has been reported to exert antioxidant property.However,the application of RE in late-phase laying hens on egg quality,intestinal barrier and microbiota,and oviductal function has not been systematically studied.This study was investigated to detect the potential effects of RE on performance,egg quality,serum parameters,intestinal heath,cecal microbiota and metabolism,and oviductal gene expressions in late-phase laying hens.A total of 21065-week-old“Jing Tint 6”laying hens were randomly allocated into five treatments with six replicates and seven birds per replicate and fed basal diet(CON)or basal diet supplemented with chlortetracycline at 50 mg/kg(CTC)or RE at 50 mg/kg(RE50),100 mg/kg(RE100),and 200 mg/kg(RE200).Results Our results showed that RE200 improved(P<0.05)Haugh unit and n-6/n-3 of egg yolk,serum superoxide dismutase(SOD)compared with CON.No significant differences were observed for Haugh unit and n-6/n-3 of egg yolk among CTC,RE50,RE100 and RE200 groups.Compared with CTC and RE50 groups,RE200 increased serum SOD activity on d 28 and 56.Compared with CON,RE supplementation decreased(P<0.05)total cholesterol(TC)level.CTC,RE100 and RE200 decreased(P<0.05)serum interleukin-6(IL-6)content compared with CON.CTC and RE200 increased jejunal m RNA expression of ZO-1 and Occludin compared with CON.The biomarkers of cecal microbiota and metabolite induced by RE 200,including Firmicutes,Eisenbergiella,Paraprevotella,Papillibacter,and butyrate,were closely associated with Haugh unit,n-6/n-3,SOD,IL-6,and TC.PICRUSt2 analysis indicated that RE altered carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism of cecal microbiota and increased butyrate synthesizing enzymes,including 3-oxoacid Co A-transferase and butyrate-acetoacetate Co A-transferase.Moreover,transcriptomic analysis revealed that RE200 improved gene expressions and functional pathways related to immunity and albumen formation in the oviductal magnum.Conclusions Dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg RE could increase egg quality of late-phase laying hens via modulating intestinal barrier,cecal microbiota and metabolism,and oviductal function.Overall,RE could be used as a promising feed additive to improve egg quality of laying hens at late stage of production.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0500500)the Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition,PR China(2004DA125184F1710)
文摘This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation with acidifiers on the growth performance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A total of 648 male Arbor Acres broiler chickens at 1 d old were randomly divided into 6 groups,and each group consisted of 6 replicates with 18 broilers per replicate.The dietary treatments were as follows:negative control(NC,the basal diet),NC+antibiotic(enramycin,8 mg/kg,positive control[PC]),NC+phosphoric acid(PA,0.1,0.2,and 0.3 g/kg),and NC+lactic acid(LA,0.3 g/kg).The feeding trial lasted for 42 d.The results showed that the feed-to-gain ratio of the NC+acidifier groups was lower than that of the NC and PC groups from 1 to 42 d(P<0.05).Compared with the values in the NC group,the pH of breast muscle was significantly higher in the NC+PA(0.2 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05),and the cooking loss was lower in the breast muscle of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05).In addition,the shear force of the breast muscle and thigh muscle and the pH value in the crop,gizzard and duodenum of the antibiotic and acidifier groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the trypsin,chymotrypsin,and lipase activities of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.2 and 0.3 g/kg)groups,as well as the villus height-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)group was significantly greater(P<0.05)compared with those in the NC group.Meanwhile,the number of total aerobic bacteria,Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the cecum of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups were decreased(P<0.05).Collectively,diet supplementation with acidifiers could improve the growth per-formance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broilers,in which the effects of PA(0.1 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg)are better than the other supplementations.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.2014C32059 and No.2006C12086)the National High-Tech R&D Program Project(863)of China(No.2013AA102803D)
文摘With the ever-growing strict prohibitions on antibiotic growth promoters(AGP)in animal production,in-feed probiotics are becoming attractive alternatives to antibiotics in the poultry industry.To investigate the effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 and Lactobacillus plantarum 16 on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers,540 male Cobb 500 broilers of 1 d old were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 30 chicks per replicate.Broilers were fed with either a basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 1×108 colony-forming units(CFU)/kg P.polymyxa 10(BSC10)or L.plantarum 16(Lac16)for 42 d.Results showed that Lac16 treatment improved(P<0.05)the growth performance(body weight and feed conversion)of broilers at the starter phase,while BSC10 treatment slightly improved(P>0.05)the growth performance of the starter phase broilers.The increased villus height(P<0.05)at d 14,21 and 42 and villus height to crypt depth ratio(P<0.05)at d 14 and 21 were observed in the ileum of the 2 probiotic groups.Besides,transmission electron microscopy results showed that the 2 probiotics enhanced the intestinal epithelial barrier.Both probiotic treatments up-regulated(P<0.05)the mRNA expression of fatty acid binding protein 1(FABP1)and sodium-dependent glucose transporters-1(SGLT-1)in the ileal mucosa of broilers at d 21.In addition,BSC10 and Lac16 treatments significantly(P<0.05)increased the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria,such as Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,Lachnospira and Cop-rococcu,and significantly(P<0.05)decreased the relative abundance of enteric pathogens(Escherichia coli,Bacteroides fragilis and Shigella sonnei).Furthermore,the 2 probiotic treatments also increased the positive connection among the intestinal microbes and the carbohydrate metabolism-related pathways of the intes-tinal bacteria(P<0.05),with decreasing(P<0.05)nucleotides biosynthesis-related pathways of the intestinal bacteria.Overall,these results suggest that the 2 probiotics,especially Lac16,have a potential beneficial effect on the growth performance and intestinal health of starter phase broilers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772612)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(6202019)
文摘The primary aim of this experiment was to critically explore the relationship between the different levels of mixed organic acids(MOA)and growth performance,serum antioxidant status and intestinal health of weaned piglets,as well as to investigate the potential possibility of MOA alternative to antibiotics growth promoters(AGP).A total of 180 healthy piglets(Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire];weighing 7.81±1.51 kg each,weaned at d 28)were randomly divided into 5 treatments:1)basal diet(CON);2)CON+chlorinomycin(75 mg/kg)+virginiamycin(15 mg/kg)+guitaromycin(50 mg/kg)(AGP);3)CON+MOA(3,000 mg/kg)(OA1);4)CON+MOA(5,000 mg/kg)(OA2);5)CON+MOA(7,000 mg/kg)(OA3).This study design included 6 replicates per treatment with 6 piglets per pen(barrow:gilt=1:1)and the experiment was separated into phase 1(d 1 to 14)and phase 2(d 15 to 28).In phases 1,2 and overall,compared with the CON,the feed conversion ratio(FCR)was reduced(P<0.01)and the average daily gain(ADG)was increased(P<0.05)in piglets supplemented with AGP,OA1 and OA2.The con-centration of serum immunoglobulins G(IgG)was improved(P<0.05)in piglets supplemented with OA2 in phase 2.In the jejunum and ileum,the villus height:crypt depth ratio was significantly increased(P<0.01)in piglets fed AGP and OA1.The mRNA expression level of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)(P<0.01)was up-regulated in piglets supplemented with OA1 and OA2.The piglets fed AGP,OA1 and OA2 showed an increase(P<0.05)in the content of acetate acid and total volatile fatty acids(TVFA)in the cecum,and butyric acid and TVFA in the colon compared with CON.Also,OA1 lowered(P<0.05)the content of Lachnospiraceae in piglets.These results demonstrated that MOA at 3,000 or 5,000 mg/kg could be an alternative to antibiotics due to the positive effects on performance,immune parameters,and intestinal health of weaned piglets.However,from the results of the quadratic fitting curve,it is inferred that MOA at a dose of 4,000 mg/kg may produce a better effect.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Project(2016YFD0501204)Sichuan Provincial Transformation Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements(2020NZZJ005)+1 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-35)funded in part by Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.(Guang Zhou,China)。
文摘This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of tannic acid(TA)on growth performance,diarrhea rate,nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets.A total of 180 weaned piglets(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire,24 d of age,initial average BW=7.77±0.17 kg)were allotted to 5 groups(6 pigs/pen and 6 replicates/group)in a randomized complete block design according to their gender and body weight.Piglets were fed a basal diet,or the basal diet supplemented with 0.05%,0.1%,0.2%or 0.4%TA for 28 d.The supplementary levels of TA in the diets were obtained by adding tannalbin containing 51%TA and 40.17%protein.The results showed that,compared with the CON group,dietary TA did not affect ADFI,ADG or F:G,and linearly reduced(P<0.01)the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of piglets.There were no significant effects on apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)in the 0.05%,0.1%and 0.2%TA groups,while negative effects(P<0.05)on apparent digestibility of crude protein and gross energy were observed in the 0.4%TA group.In addition,the nutrient digestibility of dry matter,crude protein and gross energy linearly decreased(P<0.01)with the increase of TA dosage.Supplementation of TA increased(P<0.05)the villus height of the duodenum and jejunum,as well as increased(P<0.05)catalase(CAT)activity in serum.Dietary TA improved(P<0.05)the Bacillus counts in cecal digesta.Further,TA significantly improved(P<0.05)Bacillus counts and reduced(P<0.05)the Escherichia coli counts in colonic digesta.The concentration of acetic acid,pro pionic acid,butyric acid and isovaleric acid in cecal digesta were significantly increased(P<0.05).The mRNA expression level of zonula occludens-1(Z0-1),zonula occludens-2(ZI-2),and claudin-2(CLDN-2)in the jejunum were greater(P<0.05)in TA supplemented groups.The study showed that,compared to the control,TA prevented post-weaning diarrhea and improved intestinal health of weaned piglets,and the appropriate level of TA supplementation would be from 0.1%to 0.2%.
文摘The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation,immune system modulation,and consequently the enhancement of the health and growth performance of the host.This review aimed to provide updated scientific information on the interaction among intestinal microbiota,dietary components,and intestinal health of pigs.The small intestine is a key site to evaluate the interaction of the microbiota,diet,and host because it is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays an important role within the immune system.The diet and its associated components such as feed additives are the main factors affecting the microbial composition and is central in stimulating a beneficial population of microbiota.The microbiotaehost interaction modulates the immune system,and,concurrently,the immune system helps to modulate the microbiota composition.The direct interaction between the microbiota and the host is an indication that the mucosa-associated microbiota can be more effective in evaluating its effect on health parameters.It was demonstrated that the mucosa-associated microbiota should be evaluated when analyzing the interaction among diets,microbiota,and health.In addition,supplementation of feed additives aimed to promote the intestinal health of pigs should consider their roles in the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota as biomarkers to predict the response of growth performance to dietary interventions.
