This study aimed to investigate the dose-effect of iron on growth performance,antioxidant function.intestinal morphology,and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein in 1-to21-d-old yellow-feathered broilers....This study aimed to investigate the dose-effect of iron on growth performance,antioxidant function.intestinal morphology,and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein in 1-to21-d-old yellow-feathered broilers.A total of 7201-d-old yellow-feathered maleb roilers were allocated to 9 treatments with 8 replicate cages of 10 birds per cage.The dietary treatments were consisted of a basal diet(contained 79.6 mg Fe kg^(-1))supplemented with 0,20,40,60,80,160,320,640,and 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)in the form of FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O.Compared with the birds in the control group,birds supplemented with 20mg Fe kg^(-1)had higher average daily gain(ADG)(P<0.0001).Adding 640 and 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)significantly decreased ADG(P<0.0001)and average daily feed intake(ADFI)(P<0.0001)compared with supplementation of 20mg Fe kg^(-1).Malondialdehyde(MDA)concentration in plasma and duodenum increased linearly(P<0.0001),but MDA concentration in liver and jejunum increased linearly(P<0.05)or quadratically(P<0.05)with increased dietary Fe concentration.The villus height(VH)in duodenum and jejunum,and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(V/C)in duodenum decreased linearly(P?0.05)as dietary Feincreased.As dietary Fe increased,the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of claudin-1 decreased linearly(P=0.001),but the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of zona occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin decreased linearly(P?0.05)or quadratically(P?0.05).Compared with the supplementation of 20 mg Fe kg^(-1),the supplementation of640 mg Fe kg^(-1)or higher increased(P?0.05)MDA concentrations in plasma,duodenum,and jejunum,decreased VH in the duodenum and jejunum,and the addition of 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)reduced(P?0.05)the jejunal tight junction protein(claudin-1,ZO-1,occludin)mRNA abundance.In summary,640 mg of supplemental Fe kg^(-1)or greater was associated with decreased growth performance,increased oxidative stress,disrupted intestinal morphology,and reduced mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein.展开更多
Although accumulating data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)can significantly strengthen the immunity and boost the growth of domestic animals,its application potency ...Although accumulating data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)can significantly strengthen the immunity and boost the growth of domestic animals,its application potency still awaits verification in commercial fish species such as the large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus.The impacts of 90-day dietary supplementation of 1%and 2%BVC on survival and growth performance of the loach,and on the intestinal morphological characteristics and gut microflora were analyzed.Our data show that the large-scale loach supplied with BVC at the experimental doses had significant higher survival rates and better growth performance(indicated by greater weight gain(1.13–1.14 times),higher specific growth rate(1.04 times),and lower feed conversion ratio(0.88–0.89 times))compared to that of the control(P<0.05).Histological examination revealed significant longer villus(3.22–5.54 times),deeper crypt(1.77–1.87 times),and thicker muscle(1.59–3.17 times)in the intestines of large-scale loach fed with BVC(P<0.05).Furthermore,we found that the gut microflora consisted of significantly fewer proportions of potential pathogenic bacterial species(Aeromonas veronii and Escherichia coli),but significantly greater proportions of beneficial microbes(Lactococus raffinolactis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii).Therefore,dietary intake of BVC can promote intestinal tract development and optimize gut microflora,by which the survival and growth of large-scale loach may be improved.展开更多
This study was to determine the effects of riboflavin deficiency(RD)on intestinal development,jejunum mucosa proteome,cecal short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)profiling,and cecal microbial diversity and community of starter...This study was to determine the effects of riboflavin deficiency(RD)on intestinal development,jejunum mucosa proteome,cecal short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)profiling,and cecal microbial diversity and community of starter Pekin ducks.Male white Pekin ducks(1 d old,n=240)were allocated into 2 groups,with 12 replicates and 10 birds per replicate in each group.For 21 d,all ducks had ad libitum access to either an RD or a riboflavin adequate(control,CON)diet,formulated by supplementing a basal diet with 0 or 10 mg riboflavin per kg of diet,respectively.Compared to the CON group,growth retardation,high mortality,and poor riboflavin status were observed in the RD group.Furthermore,RD reduced the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of jejunum and ileum(P<0.05),indicating morphological alterations of the small intestine.In addition,dietary RD enhanced relative cecum weight and decreased cecal SCFA concentrations(P<0.05),including propionate,isobutyrate,butyrate,and isovalerate.The jejunum mucosa proteomics showed that 208 proteins were upregulated and 229 proteins were downregulated in the RD group compared to those in the CON group.Among these,RD mainly suppressed intestinal absorption and energy generation processes such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis,fatty acid beta oxidation,tricarboxylic acid cycle,and oxidative phosphorylation,leading to impaired ATP generation.In addition,RD decreased the community richness and diversity of the bacterial community in the cecum of ducks.Specifically,RD reduced the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in the cecum(P<0.05),such as Eubacterium coprostanoligenes,Prevotella and Faecalibacterium.Dietary RD resulted in growth depression and intestinal hypofunction of Pekin ducks,which could be associated with impaired intestinal absorption and energy generation processes in intestinal mucosa,as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis.These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of intestinal hypofunction due to RD.展开更多
Animal protein sources such as fishmeal and plasma powder are excellent and indispensable sources of energy,amino acid s,and minerals in animal production.Amino acid imbalance,especially methionine-to-sulfur amino aci...Animal protein sources such as fishmeal and plasma powder are excellent and indispensable sources of energy,amino acid s,and minerals in animal production.Amino acid imbalance,especially methionine-to-sulfur amino acid(Met:SAA)ratio,caused by an imbalance of animal protein meal leads to growth restriction.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of imbalanced Met:SAA ratio supplementation of different animal protein source diets on growth performance,plasma amino acid profiles,antioxidant capacity and intestinal morphology in a piglet model.Twenty-four weaned piglets(castrated males;BW=10.46±0.34 kg),assigned randomly into 3 groups(8 piglets/group),were fed for 28 d.Three experimental diets of equal energy and crude protein levels were as follows:1)a corn-soybean basal diet with a Met:SAA ratio at 0.51(BD);2)a plasma powder diet with a low Met:SAA ratio at 0.41(L-MR);3)a fishmeal diet with a high Met:SAA ratio at0.61(H-MR).Results revealed that compared to BD,L-MR significantly decreased(P<0.05)the activities of plasma total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase,plasma amino acid profiles,and significantly reduced(P<0.05)villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum.Additionally,L-MR significantly reduced(P<0.05)the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 7 member 9(SIC7 A9)in the ileum,and significantly increased(P<0.05)mRNA expression levels of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)in the duodenum,and Claudin-1,ZO-1,sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters 2(SNAT2)and SIC7 A7 in the j ejunum.HMR significantly increased(P<0.05)plasma SAA levels,and significantly reduced(P<0.05)average daily feed intake,villus height,and villus height-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio in the ileum compared to BD.In conclusion,L-MR may result in oxidative stress and villous atrophy but proves beneficial in improving intestinal barrier function and the activity of amino acid transporters for compensatory growth.H-MR may impair intestinal growth and development for weaned piglets.The research provides a guidance on the adequate Met:SAA ratio(0.51)supplementation in diet structure for weaned piglets.展开更多
Four delivery routes, via, feed, water, litter and oral gavage, were examined for their efficacy in delivering a novel probiotic of poultry origin, Lactobacillus johnsonii, to broilers. Seven treatments of 6 replicate...Four delivery routes, via, feed, water, litter and oral gavage, were examined for their efficacy in delivering a novel probiotic of poultry origin, Lactobacillus johnsonii, to broilers. Seven treatments of 6 replicates each were allocated using 336 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks. The treatments consisted of a basal diet with the probiotic candidate, L. johnsonii, added to the feed, and three treatments with L. johnsonii added to the drinking water, sprayed on the litter, or gavaged orally. In addition, a positive control treatment received the basal diet supplemented with zinc-bacitracin(Zn B, 50 mg/kg). The probiotic strain of L.johnsonii was detected in the ileum of the chicks for all four delivery routes. However, the addition of L.johnsonii as a probiotic candidate did not improve body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens raised on litter during the 5-week experimental period regardless of the route of administration. The probiotic treatments, regardless of the routes of delivery, affected(P < 0.05) the pH of the caecal digesta and tended(P = 0.06) to affect the p H of the ileal digesta on d 7, but the effect disappeared as the birds grew older. All probiotic treatments reduced the number of Enterobacteria in the caeca on d 21, and tended(P < 0.054) to reduce it in the ileum and caeca on d 7 and in the ileum on d 21 compared with the controls. The probiotic also tended to increase the number of lactic acid bacteria and lactobacilli in the ileum and caeca on d 7, but this trend was not evident on d 21. The trend appeared most pronounced when the probiotic was delivered orally or via litter. The probiotic also decreased(P <0.05) the population of Clostridium perfringens rapidly from an early age to d 21 in the caeca, leading to a3-fold decrease in the number of C. perfringens between d 7 and 21. It also showed that the probiotic treatment presented the lowest number of C. perfringens in the caeca. Delivery of the probiotic through feed, water and litter increased(P <0.01) the weight of the pancreas on d 21, but the probiotic did not affect other morphometric parameters of the gut. Furthermore, the probiotic did not affect the p H and the concentrations of short chain fatty acids and lactic acid in either the ileum or caeca.展开更多
Background:The establishment of stable microbiota in early life is beneficial to the individual.Changes in the intestinal environment during early life play a crucial role in modulating the gut microbiota.Therefore,ea...Background:The establishment of stable microbiota in early life is beneficial to the individual.Changes in the intestinal environment during early life play a crucial role in modulating the gut microbiota.Therefore,early intervention to change the intestinal environment can be regarded as a new regulation strategy for the growth and health of poultry.However,the effects of intestinal environmental changes on host physiology and metabolism are rarely reported.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of early inoculation with caecal fermentation broth on small intestine morphology,gene expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum,and cecum microbial metabolism of broilers.Results:Our data showed that early inoculation with caecal fermentation broth could improve intestine morphology.The small intestine villus height was significantly increased(P<0.05)in the intervened broilers compared to the control group,especially on day 28.A similar result was observed in the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(P<0.05).Meanwhile,we found early inoculation significantly increased(P<0.05)the expression levels of zonula occludens-1(ZO1)on days 14 and 28,claudin-1(CLDN1)on day 28,whereas the gene expression of claudin-2(CLDN2)was significantly decreased(P<0.05)on days 14 and 28.Gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry(GC-TOF/MS)technology was further implemented to systematically evaluate the microbial metabolite profiles.Principal component analysis(PCA)and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)displayed a distinct trend towards separation between the fermentation broth group(F group)and the control group(C group).The differentially expressed metabolites were identified,and they were mainly functionally enriched in beta-alanine metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.In addition,1,3-diaminopropane was selected as a key biomarker that responded to early inoculation with caecal fermentation broth.Conclusions:These results provide insight into intestinal metabolomics and confirm that early inoculation with caecal fermentation broth can be used as a potential strategy to improve intestinal health of broilers.展开更多
This study was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of saturated fatty acids with different chain lengths on growth performance,intestinal morphology,epithelial cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptos...This study was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of saturated fatty acids with different chain lengths on growth performance,intestinal morphology,epithelial cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis in weaned piglets.Thirty-two weaned piglets(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire,BW=7.81±0.26 kg)were weaned at 21 d and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments:(1)a basal diet(control);(2)control+0.3% butyrate(BT);(3)control+0.3%lauric acid(LA);(4)control+0.3% stearic acid(SA).All piglets were then slaughtered for tissue sampling after having been fed experimental diets for 28 d after weaning.Supplementation of BT increased the gain-to-feed ratio(G:F)(P<0.05)compared to piglets fed the control diet from 14 to 28 d.In addition,the villus height(VH)to crypt depth(CD)ratio(VH:CD ratio)of the ileum were higher in the BT and LA diets than that of the control diet(P<0.05).The SA-supplemented diet increased ileal VH(P<0.05),whereas the BT-supplemented diet increased jejunal CD(P<0.05).Compared to the control,diets supplemented with BT,LA,or SA all tended to increase jejunal proliferation(Ki67/crypt positive cells)(P=0.190);diets supplemented with BT or SA significantly increased the number of ki67-positive cells in the ileal crypt(P<0.05).Furthermore,in the jejunum,the protein expression of activated caspase 3 and villin were increased in piglets fed BT,LA,or SA diets compared to those on the control diet(P<0.05).In the ileum,compared with the control diet,the BT diet tended to increase the protein level of mammalian phosphorylation target of rapamycin(p-m TOR,P<0.10);LA or SA diets significantly increased p-m TOR protein expression(P<0.05).These results show that dietary supplementation of BT,LA,or SA promotes jejunal cell renewal in weaned piglets.At the same time,increased proliferation of ileal crypt cells by promoting p-m TOR expression has beneficial effects on ileal morphology in weaned piglets.展开更多
Previous studies on porous or nano particles zinc oxide(ZnO)in the piglets have mainly focused on growth performance and intestinal inflammation,but have scarcely explored the efficacy on gut microbiota.In addition,th...Previous studies on porous or nano particles zinc oxide(ZnO)in the piglets have mainly focused on growth performance and intestinal inflammation,but have scarcely explored the efficacy on gut microbiota.In addition,the efficacy of nano particles ZnO,which is related to its product quality,remains undefined.This study aimed to determine the efficacy of dietary 500 mg/kg porous or nano particles ZnO on the growth performance and gut microbiota of the weaned piglets.A total of 128 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to the dietary groups:NC(basal diet),PC(basal diet+3,000 mg/kg conventional ZnO),500HiZ(basal diet+500 mg/kg porous particles ZnO),and 500ZNP(basal diet+500 mg/kg nano particles ZnO).Compared with the NC diet group,both 500HiZ and 500ZNP increased(P<0.05)average daily feed intake(1 to 28 d)and average daily gain(1 to 28 d),and the 500ZNP tended to decrease feed to gain ratio(F:G ratio,1 to 28 d)(P=0.09).Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP decreased crypt depth of the ileum and increased claudin-2 in the duodenum and zonula occludens-1 in the ileum(P<0.05).Moreover,both 500HiZ and 500ZNP decreased IL-1βand tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a)in the jejunum and decreased TNF-a and IL-6 in the ileum(P<0.05).Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP increased microbialβ-diversity index in the ileum and microbial a-diversity indices in the colon of piglets(P<0.05).The probiotic genera Coprococcus(500ZNP)and Blautia(500HiZ)were positively correlated with the F:G ratio(1to 28 d)in colon of piglets(P<0.05).In addition,500HiZ promoted mitochondrial fusion protein 1(MFN1)and zinc transporter-1(ZnT-1)in the jejunum(P<0.05),whilst 500ZNP decreased MFN1 in the jejunum and ZnT-1 in the ileum(P<0.05).In summary,both 500HiZ and 500ZNP improved the growth performance of piglets,which is likely via the genera Blautia and Coprococcus,respectively.Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP improved barrier function and inflammation of the intestine,and 500HiZ achieved better efficacy than 500ZNP on intestine mitochondrial functions.展开更多
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth performance,blood parameters,intestinal morphology and intestinal immunity of growing pigs.A total of288 male pigs(44.35±...This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth performance,blood parameters,intestinal morphology and intestinal immunity of growing pigs.A total of288 male pigs(44.35±0.50 kg)were randomly assigned to groups with stocking densities of 2.46,1.23 and 0.82 m2/pig for a month.The results showed that there was no significant difference on growth performance among groups.Pigs in the stocking density of 0.82 m2/pig had the lowest backfat thickness and spleen weight index among groups(P<0.05).With increasing stocking density,the serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen(BUN),transglutaminase(TGG),alkaline phosphatase(AKP)and immunoglobulin A(Ig A)were increased,and albumin(ALB),albumin-to-globulin ratio(ALB:GLO),insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)and immunoglobulin(Ig M)were decreased(P<0.05),and cortisol tended to increase and glucose tended to decrease(0.05<P<0.1).Compared with the stocking density of 2.46 m2/pig,the ileal villus height and jejunal villus width decreased in stocking densities of 1.23 and 0.82 m2/pig(P<0.05).The duodenal villus height and ileal villus width in the stocking density of 0.82 m2/pig were the lowest among 3 groups(P<0.05).The content of immunoglobulin A in duodenum,jejunum and ileum mucosa increased along with increasing density(P<0.05).The contents of interleukin(IL)-2 in the spleen or liver and IL-10 in the spleen were higher in the stocking density of 0.82 m2/pig than in other 2 groups.These results showed that stocking density could affect the metabolism,intestinal morphology,and immunity of growing pigs and 1.23 m2/pig may be the suitable stocking density for the growing pigs in the present study.展开更多
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary folic acid on the growth performance,intestinal morphology,and intestinal epithelial cells renewal in post-weaning piglets.Twenty-eight piglets(weaned ...The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary folic acid on the growth performance,intestinal morphology,and intestinal epithelial cells renewal in post-weaning piglets.Twenty-eight piglets(weaned at day 21,initial body weight of 6.73±0.62 kg)were randomly allotted to 4 treat-ments with 7 pens per diet and 1 piglet per pen.The piglets were fed the same antibiotic-free and zinc oxide-free basal diets supplemented with folic acid at 0,3,9,and 18 mg/kg for 14 days.The results showed that dietary supplementation with folic acid increased villus height(VH)(P=0.003;linear,P=0.001),VH-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio(P=0.002;linear,P=0.001),villus surface area(VSA)(P=0.026;linear,P=0.010).The analyzed parameters ADG,serum urea nitrogen(BUN)content,VH,VSA,and serum folate(SF)concentration responded linearly to the dietary folic acid concentration when the dietary folic acid concentration was below 4.42,5.26,4.79,3.47,and 3.53 mg/kg respectively(R2=0.995,0.995,0.999,0.999,0.872,P=0.09,0.07,0.09,0.09,0.36,respectively),as assessed by a two-linear broken-line regression.Above these breakpoints,the response of ADG,VH,VSA,and SF plateaued in response to changes in dietary folic acid concentration.Moreover,dietary supplementation with folic acid significantly increased the lactase(P=0.001;linear,P=0.001)and sucrase activities(P=0.021;linear,P=0.010)in the jejunal mucosa of weaned piglets.The mRNA expression of solute carrier family 6 member 19(SLC6a19),solute carrier family 1 member 1(SLC7a1),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),the number of Ki67 positive cells,and cell shedding rate had a significant linear contrast(P=0.023,0.021,0.038,0.049,and 0.008,respectively)in dietary folic acid groups.In conclusion,our results indicate that folic acid supplementation can improve the growth performance and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets by maintaining the balance of epithelial cell renewal.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501977)the Sichuan Provincial Key R&D Project China(22ZDYF0194)the Double World-Class Project of Southwest Minzu University China(XM2023010)。
文摘This study aimed to investigate the dose-effect of iron on growth performance,antioxidant function.intestinal morphology,and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein in 1-to21-d-old yellow-feathered broilers.A total of 7201-d-old yellow-feathered maleb roilers were allocated to 9 treatments with 8 replicate cages of 10 birds per cage.The dietary treatments were consisted of a basal diet(contained 79.6 mg Fe kg^(-1))supplemented with 0,20,40,60,80,160,320,640,and 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)in the form of FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O.Compared with the birds in the control group,birds supplemented with 20mg Fe kg^(-1)had higher average daily gain(ADG)(P<0.0001).Adding 640 and 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)significantly decreased ADG(P<0.0001)and average daily feed intake(ADFI)(P<0.0001)compared with supplementation of 20mg Fe kg^(-1).Malondialdehyde(MDA)concentration in plasma and duodenum increased linearly(P<0.0001),but MDA concentration in liver and jejunum increased linearly(P<0.05)or quadratically(P<0.05)with increased dietary Fe concentration.The villus height(VH)in duodenum and jejunum,and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(V/C)in duodenum decreased linearly(P?0.05)as dietary Feincreased.As dietary Fe increased,the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of claudin-1 decreased linearly(P=0.001),but the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of zona occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin decreased linearly(P?0.05)or quadratically(P?0.05).Compared with the supplementation of 20 mg Fe kg^(-1),the supplementation of640 mg Fe kg^(-1)or higher increased(P?0.05)MDA concentrations in plasma,duodenum,and jejunum,decreased VH in the duodenum and jejunum,and the addition of 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)reduced(P?0.05)the jejunal tight junction protein(claudin-1,ZO-1,occludin)mRNA abundance.In summary,640 mg of supplemental Fe kg^(-1)or greater was associated with decreased growth performance,increased oxidative stress,disrupted intestinal morphology,and reduced mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein.
基金Supported by the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2021C02048)the Science and Technology Project of Wenzhou(No.2019ZX002-02)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LQ21C190003)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M671743)the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory Construction Plans(No.2020E10025)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics,SIO(No.MED2020004)。
文摘Although accumulating data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)can significantly strengthen the immunity and boost the growth of domestic animals,its application potency still awaits verification in commercial fish species such as the large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus.The impacts of 90-day dietary supplementation of 1%and 2%BVC on survival and growth performance of the loach,and on the intestinal morphological characteristics and gut microflora were analyzed.Our data show that the large-scale loach supplied with BVC at the experimental doses had significant higher survival rates and better growth performance(indicated by greater weight gain(1.13–1.14 times),higher specific growth rate(1.04 times),and lower feed conversion ratio(0.88–0.89 times))compared to that of the control(P<0.05).Histological examination revealed significant longer villus(3.22–5.54 times),deeper crypt(1.77–1.87 times),and thicker muscle(1.59–3.17 times)in the intestines of large-scale loach fed with BVC(P<0.05).Furthermore,we found that the gut microflora consisted of significantly fewer proportions of potential pathogenic bacterial species(Aeromonas veronii and Escherichia coli),but significantly greater proportions of beneficial microbes(Lactococus raffinolactis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii).Therefore,dietary intake of BVC can promote intestinal tract development and optimize gut microflora,by which the survival and growth of large-scale loach may be improved.
基金This work was supported by the earmarked fund for the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32002193)China Agricultural Research System(CARS-42).
文摘This study was to determine the effects of riboflavin deficiency(RD)on intestinal development,jejunum mucosa proteome,cecal short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)profiling,and cecal microbial diversity and community of starter Pekin ducks.Male white Pekin ducks(1 d old,n=240)were allocated into 2 groups,with 12 replicates and 10 birds per replicate in each group.For 21 d,all ducks had ad libitum access to either an RD or a riboflavin adequate(control,CON)diet,formulated by supplementing a basal diet with 0 or 10 mg riboflavin per kg of diet,respectively.Compared to the CON group,growth retardation,high mortality,and poor riboflavin status were observed in the RD group.Furthermore,RD reduced the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of jejunum and ileum(P<0.05),indicating morphological alterations of the small intestine.In addition,dietary RD enhanced relative cecum weight and decreased cecal SCFA concentrations(P<0.05),including propionate,isobutyrate,butyrate,and isovalerate.The jejunum mucosa proteomics showed that 208 proteins were upregulated and 229 proteins were downregulated in the RD group compared to those in the CON group.Among these,RD mainly suppressed intestinal absorption and energy generation processes such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis,fatty acid beta oxidation,tricarboxylic acid cycle,and oxidative phosphorylation,leading to impaired ATP generation.In addition,RD decreased the community richness and diversity of the bacterial community in the cecum of ducks.Specifically,RD reduced the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in the cecum(P<0.05),such as Eubacterium coprostanoligenes,Prevotella and Faecalibacterium.Dietary RD resulted in growth depression and intestinal hypofunction of Pekin ducks,which could be associated with impaired intestinal absorption and energy generation processes in intestinal mucosa,as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis.These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of intestinal hypofunction due to RD.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0501101)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(2018JJ3579)+5 种基金funded by the research program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31872985)Youth Talent Program of Hunan Province(2018RS3110)Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2019356)Youth Innovation Team Project of ISA,CAS(2017QNCXTD_TBE)Changsha Key Research System(kq1907074)the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-35)
文摘Animal protein sources such as fishmeal and plasma powder are excellent and indispensable sources of energy,amino acid s,and minerals in animal production.Amino acid imbalance,especially methionine-to-sulfur amino acid(Met:SAA)ratio,caused by an imbalance of animal protein meal leads to growth restriction.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of imbalanced Met:SAA ratio supplementation of different animal protein source diets on growth performance,plasma amino acid profiles,antioxidant capacity and intestinal morphology in a piglet model.Twenty-four weaned piglets(castrated males;BW=10.46±0.34 kg),assigned randomly into 3 groups(8 piglets/group),were fed for 28 d.Three experimental diets of equal energy and crude protein levels were as follows:1)a corn-soybean basal diet with a Met:SAA ratio at 0.51(BD);2)a plasma powder diet with a low Met:SAA ratio at 0.41(L-MR);3)a fishmeal diet with a high Met:SAA ratio at0.61(H-MR).Results revealed that compared to BD,L-MR significantly decreased(P<0.05)the activities of plasma total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase,plasma amino acid profiles,and significantly reduced(P<0.05)villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum.Additionally,L-MR significantly reduced(P<0.05)the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 7 member 9(SIC7 A9)in the ileum,and significantly increased(P<0.05)mRNA expression levels of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)in the duodenum,and Claudin-1,ZO-1,sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters 2(SNAT2)and SIC7 A7 in the j ejunum.HMR significantly increased(P<0.05)plasma SAA levels,and significantly reduced(P<0.05)average daily feed intake,villus height,and villus height-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio in the ileum compared to BD.In conclusion,L-MR may result in oxidative stress and villous atrophy but proves beneficial in improving intestinal barrier function and the activity of amino acid transporters for compensatory growth.H-MR may impair intestinal growth and development for weaned piglets.The research provides a guidance on the adequate Met:SAA ratio(0.51)supplementation in diet structure for weaned piglets.
文摘Four delivery routes, via, feed, water, litter and oral gavage, were examined for their efficacy in delivering a novel probiotic of poultry origin, Lactobacillus johnsonii, to broilers. Seven treatments of 6 replicates each were allocated using 336 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks. The treatments consisted of a basal diet with the probiotic candidate, L. johnsonii, added to the feed, and three treatments with L. johnsonii added to the drinking water, sprayed on the litter, or gavaged orally. In addition, a positive control treatment received the basal diet supplemented with zinc-bacitracin(Zn B, 50 mg/kg). The probiotic strain of L.johnsonii was detected in the ileum of the chicks for all four delivery routes. However, the addition of L.johnsonii as a probiotic candidate did not improve body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens raised on litter during the 5-week experimental period regardless of the route of administration. The probiotic treatments, regardless of the routes of delivery, affected(P < 0.05) the pH of the caecal digesta and tended(P = 0.06) to affect the p H of the ileal digesta on d 7, but the effect disappeared as the birds grew older. All probiotic treatments reduced the number of Enterobacteria in the caeca on d 21, and tended(P < 0.054) to reduce it in the ileum and caeca on d 7 and in the ileum on d 21 compared with the controls. The probiotic also tended to increase the number of lactic acid bacteria and lactobacilli in the ileum and caeca on d 7, but this trend was not evident on d 21. The trend appeared most pronounced when the probiotic was delivered orally or via litter. The probiotic also decreased(P <0.05) the population of Clostridium perfringens rapidly from an early age to d 21 in the caeca, leading to a3-fold decrease in the number of C. perfringens between d 7 and 21. It also showed that the probiotic treatment presented the lowest number of C. perfringens in the caeca. Delivery of the probiotic through feed, water and litter increased(P <0.01) the weight of the pancreas on d 21, but the probiotic did not affect other morphometric parameters of the gut. Furthermore, the probiotic did not affect the p H and the concentrations of short chain fatty acids and lactic acid in either the ileum or caeca.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0500501)State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agroproducts(2010DS700124-ZZ1905).
文摘Background:The establishment of stable microbiota in early life is beneficial to the individual.Changes in the intestinal environment during early life play a crucial role in modulating the gut microbiota.Therefore,early intervention to change the intestinal environment can be regarded as a new regulation strategy for the growth and health of poultry.However,the effects of intestinal environmental changes on host physiology and metabolism are rarely reported.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of early inoculation with caecal fermentation broth on small intestine morphology,gene expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum,and cecum microbial metabolism of broilers.Results:Our data showed that early inoculation with caecal fermentation broth could improve intestine morphology.The small intestine villus height was significantly increased(P<0.05)in the intervened broilers compared to the control group,especially on day 28.A similar result was observed in the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(P<0.05).Meanwhile,we found early inoculation significantly increased(P<0.05)the expression levels of zonula occludens-1(ZO1)on days 14 and 28,claudin-1(CLDN1)on day 28,whereas the gene expression of claudin-2(CLDN2)was significantly decreased(P<0.05)on days 14 and 28.Gas chromatography time-of-flight/mass spectrometry(GC-TOF/MS)technology was further implemented to systematically evaluate the microbial metabolite profiles.Principal component analysis(PCA)and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)displayed a distinct trend towards separation between the fermentation broth group(F group)and the control group(C group).The differentially expressed metabolites were identified,and they were mainly functionally enriched in beta-alanine metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.In addition,1,3-diaminopropane was selected as a key biomarker that responded to early inoculation with caecal fermentation broth.Conclusions:These results provide insight into intestinal metabolomics and confirm that early inoculation with caecal fermentation broth can be used as a potential strategy to improve intestinal health of broilers.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32130099)Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process open fund projects(Grant No.ISA2020113)。
文摘This study was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of saturated fatty acids with different chain lengths on growth performance,intestinal morphology,epithelial cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis in weaned piglets.Thirty-two weaned piglets(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire,BW=7.81±0.26 kg)were weaned at 21 d and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments:(1)a basal diet(control);(2)control+0.3% butyrate(BT);(3)control+0.3%lauric acid(LA);(4)control+0.3% stearic acid(SA).All piglets were then slaughtered for tissue sampling after having been fed experimental diets for 28 d after weaning.Supplementation of BT increased the gain-to-feed ratio(G:F)(P<0.05)compared to piglets fed the control diet from 14 to 28 d.In addition,the villus height(VH)to crypt depth(CD)ratio(VH:CD ratio)of the ileum were higher in the BT and LA diets than that of the control diet(P<0.05).The SA-supplemented diet increased ileal VH(P<0.05),whereas the BT-supplemented diet increased jejunal CD(P<0.05).Compared to the control,diets supplemented with BT,LA,or SA all tended to increase jejunal proliferation(Ki67/crypt positive cells)(P=0.190);diets supplemented with BT or SA significantly increased the number of ki67-positive cells in the ileal crypt(P<0.05).Furthermore,in the jejunum,the protein expression of activated caspase 3 and villin were increased in piglets fed BT,LA,or SA diets compared to those on the control diet(P<0.05).In the ileum,compared with the control diet,the BT diet tended to increase the protein level of mammalian phosphorylation target of rapamycin(p-m TOR,P<0.10);LA or SA diets significantly increased p-m TOR protein expression(P<0.05).These results show that dietary supplementation of BT,LA,or SA promotes jejunal cell renewal in weaned piglets.At the same time,increased proliferation of ileal crypt cells by promoting p-m TOR expression has beneficial effects on ileal morphology in weaned piglets.
基金the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-35)the Tianjin Synthetic Biotechnology Innovation Capacity Improvement Project,China(TSBICIP-CXRC038) for providing financial support.
文摘Previous studies on porous or nano particles zinc oxide(ZnO)in the piglets have mainly focused on growth performance and intestinal inflammation,but have scarcely explored the efficacy on gut microbiota.In addition,the efficacy of nano particles ZnO,which is related to its product quality,remains undefined.This study aimed to determine the efficacy of dietary 500 mg/kg porous or nano particles ZnO on the growth performance and gut microbiota of the weaned piglets.A total of 128 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to the dietary groups:NC(basal diet),PC(basal diet+3,000 mg/kg conventional ZnO),500HiZ(basal diet+500 mg/kg porous particles ZnO),and 500ZNP(basal diet+500 mg/kg nano particles ZnO).Compared with the NC diet group,both 500HiZ and 500ZNP increased(P<0.05)average daily feed intake(1 to 28 d)and average daily gain(1 to 28 d),and the 500ZNP tended to decrease feed to gain ratio(F:G ratio,1 to 28 d)(P=0.09).Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP decreased crypt depth of the ileum and increased claudin-2 in the duodenum and zonula occludens-1 in the ileum(P<0.05).Moreover,both 500HiZ and 500ZNP decreased IL-1βand tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a)in the jejunum and decreased TNF-a and IL-6 in the ileum(P<0.05).Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP increased microbialβ-diversity index in the ileum and microbial a-diversity indices in the colon of piglets(P<0.05).The probiotic genera Coprococcus(500ZNP)and Blautia(500HiZ)were positively correlated with the F:G ratio(1to 28 d)in colon of piglets(P<0.05).In addition,500HiZ promoted mitochondrial fusion protein 1(MFN1)and zinc transporter-1(ZnT-1)in the jejunum(P<0.05),whilst 500ZNP decreased MFN1 in the jejunum and ZnT-1 in the ileum(P<0.05).In summary,both 500HiZ and 500ZNP improved the growth performance of piglets,which is likely via the genera Blautia and Coprococcus,respectively.Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP improved barrier function and inflammation of the intestine,and 500HiZ achieved better efficacy than 500ZNP on intestine mitochondrial functions.
基金supported by the National key R&D projects of China(2016YFD0500504)Agricultural innovation project of Hunan Province(2019TD01)
文摘This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on growth performance,blood parameters,intestinal morphology and intestinal immunity of growing pigs.A total of288 male pigs(44.35±0.50 kg)were randomly assigned to groups with stocking densities of 2.46,1.23 and 0.82 m2/pig for a month.The results showed that there was no significant difference on growth performance among groups.Pigs in the stocking density of 0.82 m2/pig had the lowest backfat thickness and spleen weight index among groups(P<0.05).With increasing stocking density,the serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen(BUN),transglutaminase(TGG),alkaline phosphatase(AKP)and immunoglobulin A(Ig A)were increased,and albumin(ALB),albumin-to-globulin ratio(ALB:GLO),insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)and immunoglobulin(Ig M)were decreased(P<0.05),and cortisol tended to increase and glucose tended to decrease(0.05<P<0.1).Compared with the stocking density of 2.46 m2/pig,the ileal villus height and jejunal villus width decreased in stocking densities of 1.23 and 0.82 m2/pig(P<0.05).The duodenal villus height and ileal villus width in the stocking density of 0.82 m2/pig were the lowest among 3 groups(P<0.05).The content of immunoglobulin A in duodenum,jejunum and ileum mucosa increased along with increasing density(P<0.05).The contents of interleukin(IL)-2 in the spleen or liver and IL-10 in the spleen were higher in the stocking density of 0.82 m2/pig than in other 2 groups.These results showed that stocking density could affect the metabolism,intestinal morphology,and immunity of growing pigs and 1.23 m2/pig may be the suitable stocking density for the growing pigs in the present study.
基金Key Programs of frontier scientific research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDY-SSW-SMC008)National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2016YFD0501201)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2017JJ1020).
文摘The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary folic acid on the growth performance,intestinal morphology,and intestinal epithelial cells renewal in post-weaning piglets.Twenty-eight piglets(weaned at day 21,initial body weight of 6.73±0.62 kg)were randomly allotted to 4 treat-ments with 7 pens per diet and 1 piglet per pen.The piglets were fed the same antibiotic-free and zinc oxide-free basal diets supplemented with folic acid at 0,3,9,and 18 mg/kg for 14 days.The results showed that dietary supplementation with folic acid increased villus height(VH)(P=0.003;linear,P=0.001),VH-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio(P=0.002;linear,P=0.001),villus surface area(VSA)(P=0.026;linear,P=0.010).The analyzed parameters ADG,serum urea nitrogen(BUN)content,VH,VSA,and serum folate(SF)concentration responded linearly to the dietary folic acid concentration when the dietary folic acid concentration was below 4.42,5.26,4.79,3.47,and 3.53 mg/kg respectively(R2=0.995,0.995,0.999,0.999,0.872,P=0.09,0.07,0.09,0.09,0.36,respectively),as assessed by a two-linear broken-line regression.Above these breakpoints,the response of ADG,VH,VSA,and SF plateaued in response to changes in dietary folic acid concentration.Moreover,dietary supplementation with folic acid significantly increased the lactase(P=0.001;linear,P=0.001)and sucrase activities(P=0.021;linear,P=0.010)in the jejunal mucosa of weaned piglets.The mRNA expression of solute carrier family 6 member 19(SLC6a19),solute carrier family 1 member 1(SLC7a1),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),the number of Ki67 positive cells,and cell shedding rate had a significant linear contrast(P=0.023,0.021,0.038,0.049,and 0.008,respectively)in dietary folic acid groups.In conclusion,our results indicate that folic acid supplementation can improve the growth performance and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets by maintaining the balance of epithelial cell renewal.
