Most drug products on the global pharmaceutical market are administered orally.The absorption of oral drug in the intestine is an important factor to determine the drug bioavailability.There are many intestinal transp...Most drug products on the global pharmaceutical market are administered orally.The absorption of oral drug in the intestine is an important factor to determine the drug bioavailability.There are many intestinal transporters expressed on the small intestine and the transporters can be classified into two major families,SLC family and ABC family.They mediate drug absorption,distribution,excretion and drugedrug interaction.Understanding the transport mechanism can improve the effectivity and safety of drug and guide clinical rational use of drugs.The roles of drug transporters can be assessed in vitro and in vivo,using techniques spanning from cellular expression systems to gene knockout animals.The purposes of this article were to introduce the main transporters in the intestinal tract,to explain the transport mechanism and to compare the limitations and applications of techniques used to evaluate interactions of drugs and transporters.展开更多
In vitro drug screening systems for pharmacological targets have been studied as substitutes for whole-animal experiments.Cultured cells or tissues provide promising substitution models when coupled with technological...In vitro drug screening systems for pharmacological targets have been studied as substitutes for whole-animal experiments.Cultured cells or tissues provide promising substitution models when coupled with technological innovations in micro total analysis systems.In this study,we focus on an intestinal drug absorption assay,as the oral route is most frequently used for drug administration.Pharmacological studies have reported the development of artificial vessels that include tubular structures.However,it is difficult to observe the insides of these tubes in situ.To address this problem,we developed a micro-device that uses a pneumatic balloon actuator(PBA)to open and close an artificial intestinal tract.A human colon carcinoma cell line(Caco-2)was cultivated on the flat surface of the micro-device for 7 days to form the inner cellular layer of an artificial intestinal tract with which to evaluate drug transport.The artificial intestinal tract was completely actuated from a flat plate to a circular tube via a PBA with a pressure of 65 kPa,and drugs were perfused at a flow rate of 0.05 mL min^(−1) into the tubular artificial intestinal tract for 1 h.Using the openable artificial intestinal tract,the in vitro absorption of calcein and Texas Red were successfully estimated as models of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs,respectively.The artificial intestinal tract enables the effective evaluation of the in vitro intestinal absorption of drug candidates and contributes to the reduction of costs incurred during the initial stage of drug development.展开更多
According to the increasing of human population in the world, it reached about seven billion people and it continuously increased. In this background, the food source in both animal and plant origin must be increased ...According to the increasing of human population in the world, it reached about seven billion people and it continuously increased. In this background, the food source in both animal and plant origin must be increased accordingly. For these we must use and add some feed additives such as antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, postbiotic and synbiotic for the animal feed to increase production (meat, egg, milk and fish) and improve health. In early cases, probiotic as mono or mixed beneficial live microorganism was used as feed additive that plays a significant role in several health conditions and performances. In another way, the scientists use some ingredients indigestible with carbohydrates origin, especially oligosaccharides as a source of energy for beneficial microorganisms in the body which were called prebiotic, and it is indigestible fermented food substrates that stimulate the growth, composition and activity of microorganisms in gastrointestinal and improve host. Most of the scientists urged to use all the above in such way that have more benefits in animal health and performance which were therefore called synbiotic, that was a combination between probiotic and prebiotic which beneficially had significant effects on the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, and thus improving animal health and performance. So, it was proposed that the synbiotic in this research increased beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and improved intestinal architect, and then promoted intestine environment. Consequently, it can improve blood indices, and especially decrease bad cholesterol (Low-density lipoprotein), decrease harmful microorganisms and toxins. However, it can also improve ingredient product, increase mineral absorption and nutrient. In conclusion, it can improve animal health and performance.展开更多
During a survey of mycobiota inhabiting guts of red palm weevil(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)in Assiut area of Egypt,two interesting yeast isolates were obtained from 2 different gut samples(out of 11 gut samples investi...During a survey of mycobiota inhabiting guts of red palm weevil(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)in Assiut area of Egypt,two interesting yeast isolates were obtained from 2 different gut samples(out of 11 gut samples investigated).Two isolates were identified phenotypically and genotypically with 87%ITS sequencing similarities with the type strain Reniforma strues.The name Reniforma rhynchophori was assigned for the new species.The two strains were deposited in Assiut University Mycological Centre Culture Collection and AUMC numbers 10263^(T)(as the type strain)and AUMC 10264 were given.The ITS gene sequences for AUMC 10263^(T)&AUMC 10264 were also deposited at the National Center for Biotechnological Information(NCBI)and accession numbers are given as KX011609 and KX015891 respectively.Full description and photos of the new species are presented.This new species was recorded as the second species of the genus Reniforma.展开更多
Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons,but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut mi...Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons,but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut microbiota.We compared the bacterial communities of three gastrointestinal tract(GIT)segments,that is,stomach,small intestine(midgut),and rectum(hindgut)with the bacterial communities of the cloaca and feces in the mesquite lizard Sceloporus grammicus.The hindgut had the highest taxonomic and functional alpha diversity,followed by midgut and feces,whereas the stomach and cloaca showed the lowest diversities.The taxonomic assemblages of the GIT segments at the phylum level were strongly correlated with those retrieved from feces and cloacal swabs(rs>0.84 in all cases).The turnover ratio of Amplicon Sequence Variants(ASVs)between midgut and hindgut and the feces was lower than the ratio between these segments and the cloaca.More than half of the core-ASVs in the midgut(24 of 32)and hindgut(58 of 97)were also found in feces,while less than 5 were found in the cloaca.At the ASVs level,however,the structure of the bacterial communities of the midgut and hindgut were similar to those detected in feces and cloaca.Our findings suggest that fecal samples and cloacal swabs of spiny lizards provide a good approximation of the taxonomic assemblages and beta diversity of midgut and hindgut microbiota,while feces better represent the bacterial communities of the intestinal segments at a single nucleotide variation level than cloacal swabs.展开更多
文摘Most drug products on the global pharmaceutical market are administered orally.The absorption of oral drug in the intestine is an important factor to determine the drug bioavailability.There are many intestinal transporters expressed on the small intestine and the transporters can be classified into two major families,SLC family and ABC family.They mediate drug absorption,distribution,excretion and drugedrug interaction.Understanding the transport mechanism can improve the effectivity and safety of drug and guide clinical rational use of drugs.The roles of drug transporters can be assessed in vitro and in vivo,using techniques spanning from cellular expression systems to gene knockout animals.The purposes of this article were to introduce the main transporters in the intestinal tract,to explain the transport mechanism and to compare the limitations and applications of techniques used to evaluate interactions of drugs and transporters.
基金This work was conducted as part of the Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization(R-GIRO)project at Ritsumeikan University and was supported by JSPS KAKENHI(Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research,Grant No.15K12526).
文摘In vitro drug screening systems for pharmacological targets have been studied as substitutes for whole-animal experiments.Cultured cells or tissues provide promising substitution models when coupled with technological innovations in micro total analysis systems.In this study,we focus on an intestinal drug absorption assay,as the oral route is most frequently used for drug administration.Pharmacological studies have reported the development of artificial vessels that include tubular structures.However,it is difficult to observe the insides of these tubes in situ.To address this problem,we developed a micro-device that uses a pneumatic balloon actuator(PBA)to open and close an artificial intestinal tract.A human colon carcinoma cell line(Caco-2)was cultivated on the flat surface of the micro-device for 7 days to form the inner cellular layer of an artificial intestinal tract with which to evaluate drug transport.The artificial intestinal tract was completely actuated from a flat plate to a circular tube via a PBA with a pressure of 65 kPa,and drugs were perfused at a flow rate of 0.05 mL min^(−1) into the tubular artificial intestinal tract for 1 h.Using the openable artificial intestinal tract,the in vitro absorption of calcein and Texas Red were successfully estimated as models of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs,respectively.The artificial intestinal tract enables the effective evaluation of the in vitro intestinal absorption of drug candidates and contributes to the reduction of costs incurred during the initial stage of drug development.
文摘According to the increasing of human population in the world, it reached about seven billion people and it continuously increased. In this background, the food source in both animal and plant origin must be increased accordingly. For these we must use and add some feed additives such as antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, postbiotic and synbiotic for the animal feed to increase production (meat, egg, milk and fish) and improve health. In early cases, probiotic as mono or mixed beneficial live microorganism was used as feed additive that plays a significant role in several health conditions and performances. In another way, the scientists use some ingredients indigestible with carbohydrates origin, especially oligosaccharides as a source of energy for beneficial microorganisms in the body which were called prebiotic, and it is indigestible fermented food substrates that stimulate the growth, composition and activity of microorganisms in gastrointestinal and improve host. Most of the scientists urged to use all the above in such way that have more benefits in animal health and performance which were therefore called synbiotic, that was a combination between probiotic and prebiotic which beneficially had significant effects on the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, and thus improving animal health and performance. So, it was proposed that the synbiotic in this research increased beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and improved intestinal architect, and then promoted intestine environment. Consequently, it can improve blood indices, and especially decrease bad cholesterol (Low-density lipoprotein), decrease harmful microorganisms and toxins. However, it can also improve ingredient product, increase mineral absorption and nutrient. In conclusion, it can improve animal health and performance.
文摘During a survey of mycobiota inhabiting guts of red palm weevil(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)in Assiut area of Egypt,two interesting yeast isolates were obtained from 2 different gut samples(out of 11 gut samples investigated).Two isolates were identified phenotypically and genotypically with 87%ITS sequencing similarities with the type strain Reniforma strues.The name Reniforma rhynchophori was assigned for the new species.The two strains were deposited in Assiut University Mycological Centre Culture Collection and AUMC numbers 10263^(T)(as the type strain)and AUMC 10264 were given.The ITS gene sequences for AUMC 10263^(T)&AUMC 10264 were also deposited at the National Center for Biotechnological Information(NCBI)and accession numbers are given as KX011609 and KX015891 respectively.Full description and photos of the new species are presented.This new species was recorded as the second species of the genus Reniforma.
基金The authors thank Dr.Luc Dendooven for his valuable comments on the manuscript,and Estación Científica La Malinche and Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta for access and logistic support.This research was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(CONACyT),Ciencia de Frontera(project number:137748)Infraestructura(project number:205945)the Cátedras CONACyT program(project number:883).M.H.received a Ph.D.scholarship number:967648 and S.H-.P.a postdoctoral grant number:929602 by CONACyT.This article is a requirement for obtaining a Ph.D.degree of the first author.
文摘Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons,but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut microbiota.We compared the bacterial communities of three gastrointestinal tract(GIT)segments,that is,stomach,small intestine(midgut),and rectum(hindgut)with the bacterial communities of the cloaca and feces in the mesquite lizard Sceloporus grammicus.The hindgut had the highest taxonomic and functional alpha diversity,followed by midgut and feces,whereas the stomach and cloaca showed the lowest diversities.The taxonomic assemblages of the GIT segments at the phylum level were strongly correlated with those retrieved from feces and cloacal swabs(rs>0.84 in all cases).The turnover ratio of Amplicon Sequence Variants(ASVs)between midgut and hindgut and the feces was lower than the ratio between these segments and the cloaca.More than half of the core-ASVs in the midgut(24 of 32)and hindgut(58 of 97)were also found in feces,while less than 5 were found in the cloaca.At the ASVs level,however,the structure of the bacterial communities of the midgut and hindgut were similar to those detected in feces and cloaca.Our findings suggest that fecal samples and cloacal swabs of spiny lizards provide a good approximation of the taxonomic assemblages and beta diversity of midgut and hindgut microbiota,while feces better represent the bacterial communities of the intestinal segments at a single nucleotide variation level than cloacal swabs.
