Exotic bush honeysuckles (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lonicera</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp.) are becoming increasingly com...Exotic bush honeysuckles (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lonicera</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp.) are becoming increasingly common in the eastern and mid-western United States, but little is known about their impacts on invertebrates. We used a modified leaf vacuum to sample invertebrates in the shrub strata and understory of three shrub types (and open plots </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the understory): single Morrow’s honeysuckle (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">morrowii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A. Gray) shrubs, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">single native southern arrowwood (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Viburnum</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">recognitum</span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Fernald) shrubs, and dense thickets of Morrow’s honeysuckle, in southwestern PA, USA during 2004 and 2005. We also assessed the degree of </span><a name="OLE_LINK26"></a><a name="OLE_LINK25"></a><span style="font-family:Verdana;">herbivory</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> on the two species of shrubs. Within the shrub strata, invertebrate biomass was lower in southern arrowwood shrubs, but there was no difference in invertebrate abundance or family richness. Invertebrate abundance and richness were lowest </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in August, but there was no difference in biomass among the months. Invertebrate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> abundance, biomass, and family richness were lowest in the understory below dense thickets of Morrow’s honeysuckle. Overall, the percent cover of herbs was the proximate factor responsible for driving patterns of invertebrate abundance, though ultimately these patterns were being driven by shrub type. Abundance and biomass of larval leaf chewers were highest in the native shrub;Morrow’s honeysuckle had a mean of 29.7 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of leaf area consumed per 1 m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of leaf area, while the native shrub had a mean of 284.3 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of leaf area consumed. Our results suggest that areas dominated by the exotic shrub negatively impact invertebrate biomass, which may in turn affect organisms at higher trophic levels.展开更多
With the decline of fish stocks,the proportions of economically important invertebrates like crustaceans and cephalopods have increased in the Bohai Sea.The community structure and trophic level of economically import...With the decline of fish stocks,the proportions of economically important invertebrates like crustaceans and cephalopods have increased in the Bohai Sea.The community structure and trophic level of economically important invertebrates were analyzed using the bottom trawl survey data collected by the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute in the Bohai Sea in May and August of 1958–1959,1982,1992–1993,2004,2009 and 2015.A total of 37 species of economically important invertebrates,belonging to 5 orders,24 families,were captured.The biomass densities of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea displayed an overall downward trend from 1982 to 2015.Oratosquilla oratoria and Loligo spp.were the most dominant species in the past 30 years,the biomass proportion of O.oratoria increased gradually in both May and August from 1982 to 2015.Moreover,biodiversity indices of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea appeared to decline from 1982 to 2004 and then increased in 2015.Similarly,the mean trophic level of economically important invertebrates declined from 1982 to 2004 and increased slightly in 2015.Overall,although the proportions of invertebrates have increased,the biomass densities in the Bohai Sea have displayed an overall downward trend from 1982 to 2015.The increases in the biodiversity and trophic level of economically important invertebrates after the 2000s,possibly benefit from stock enhancement projects implemented by governments at different levels and national fishery management measures such as the“double-control”of the total number and engine power of fishing vessels and summer moratorium of fishing.展开更多
An ever increasing demand for new lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry has led scientists to search for natural bioactive products.Based on this extensive research,marine invertebrates now represent a rich so...An ever increasing demand for new lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry has led scientists to search for natural bioactive products.Based on this extensive research,marine invertebrates now represent a rich source of novel substances with significant antineoplastic activities.As the current approach of synthesizing new and chemically modifying old drugs seems to have slowed down,and the identification of new anticancer drugs is not too promising,a new approach is clearly needed.The objective of this review is to present up-to-date data on these newer compounds.Based on the data summarized in this short review,it is clear that marine invertebrates represent an extremely important source of compounds with potential anti-cancer effects.Considering that we tested only a tiny number of Porifera and Coelenterata,the best is yet to come.展开更多
The examination of organelle nucleotide contents across a range of groups can provide insight into evolutionary history. We compared the nucleotide contents of a large number of vertebrate and high C/G ratio invertebr...The examination of organelle nucleotide contents across a range of groups can provide insight into evolutionary history. We compared the nucleotide contents of a large number of vertebrate and high C/G ratio invertebrate mitochondria in both coding/non-coding regions and complete strands. For most nucleotides tested, high regression coefficients were obtained;when plotted with lines of best fit, G and T contents formed a cuneiform, and C and A contents overlapped. These findings suggest that vertebrate and high C/G ratio invertebrate mitochondria descended independently from the same origin.展开更多
Atmosphere, earth and water compose the environment. The presence of heavy metals in the environment has grown because of their large employment in some industrial and agricultural activities. Although these metals ar...Atmosphere, earth and water compose the environment. The presence of heavy metals in the environment has grown because of their large employment in some industrial and agricultural activities. Although these metals are terrestrial products, they flow into the sea through effluents and sewage or are directly discharged from industries placed on the seawater front. It should be considered that metals concentrations vary widely according to different seawater latitudes and depths and can be strongly influenced by fresh water discharges from heavily polluted rivers. In this review recent studies on heavy metal pollution in marine ecosystems and their organisms will be presented. Metal speciation, bioaccumulation in biota, as well as abiotic and biotic factors affecting their bioavailability will be reviewed. Moreover, the use of bioindicator organisms for the biomonitoring of heavy metal toxicity and their ecological effects will be defined. Many marine invertebrate species fulfill the following criteria: Sensitivity to a wide range of chemicals (especially to heavy metals), cost-effectiveness for repeatable tests, readily interpretable biological consequences of pollution. Among the most important marine invertebrates used as bioindicators, the sea urchin embryo is one of the most suitable, especially to assess metal/heavy metal pollution.展开更多
Seagull Lake is an unusual saline lake,having a marine spring connected to a large continental ecosystem.With climate change the balance between the two is likely to change.This lake originated about 6000 years ago as
Ocean acidification(OA)affects marine biodiversity and alters the structure and function of marine populations,communities,and ecosystems.Recently,effects of OA on the behavioral responses of marine animals have been ...Ocean acidification(OA)affects marine biodiversity and alters the structure and function of marine populations,communities,and ecosystems.Recently,effects of OA on the behavioral responses of marine animals have been given with much attention.While many of previous studies focuses on marine fish.Evidence suggests that marine invertebrate behaviors were also be affected.In this review,we discussed the effects of CO2-driven OA on the most common behaviors studied in marine invertebrates,including settlement and habitat selection,feeding,anti-predatory,and swimming behaviors,and explored the related mechanisms behind behaviors.This review summarizes how OA affects marine invertebrate behavior,and provides new insights and highlights novel areas for future research.展开更多
The marine environment provides a rich source of natural products with potential therapeutic application.This has resulted in an increased rate of pharmaceutical agents being discovered in marine animals,particularly ...The marine environment provides a rich source of natural products with potential therapeutic application.This has resulted in an increased rate of pharmaceutical agents being discovered in marine animals,particularly invertebrates.Our objective is to summarize the most promising compounds which have the best potential and may lead to use in clinical practice,show their biological activities and highlight the compounds currently being tested in clinical trials.In this paper,we focused on Bryozoa,Mollusca,Echinodermata and Urochordata.展开更多
The harmful effects of the reactive species may be due to the increase in their steady state concentration either by the enhancement of their production rates and/or the decrease of their consumption rate by antioxida...The harmful effects of the reactive species may be due to the increase in their steady state concentration either by the enhancement of their production rates and/or the decrease of their consumption rate by antioxidant activity.The ascorbyl radical(A^(·))can be considered as a final product of radical oxidative transformations of ascorbate(AH^(-)).The ratio A^(·)content/AH^(-)content(A^(·)/AH^(-))has been widely used as an interesting tool to estimate mild to moderate oxidative transformations,providing a quick and simple method of diagnosis of stress in the hydrophilic cellular medium.The aim of this work was to summarize studies on the cellular oxidative condition in algae and invertebrates by assessing the A^(·)/AH^(-)ratio under environmentally changing conditions.The use of indices of oxidative stress increasingly sensitive and,somewhat more specific,can bring a new light to the still unknown world of oxidative responses in marine organisms.展开更多
This study represents, detailly, the validated method for the extraction and quantification of widespread phthalic acid esters (PAEs) bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-n-octyl phtha...This study represents, detailly, the validated method for the extraction and quantification of widespread phthalic acid esters (PAEs) bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) from solitary ascidians collected from a marine environment. The extraction was based on a pressurized liquid extraction method, using n-hexane as the solvent to extract the target PAEs from dry biological tissues, and was performed in an accelerated solvent extraction instrument. The average recovery of 89.2% was obtained from samples subjected to a pressure of ~1500 psi and 120°C in two 10-min cycles. GC-MS was used for quantification, conducted in single-ion monitoring mode. Following careful and rigorous cleanup procedures to prevent cross-contamination from laboratory glassware, PAE standards showed signals with good specificity. The obtained limits of detection were 130, 122 and 89 ng/g for DEHP, DBP and DnOP, respectively. Accordingly, the calculated limits of quantification were 394, 370 and 270 ng/g for DEHP, DBP and DnOP, respectively. The obtained linearity ranged from 5.4 to 269 ng/ml (equivalent to 135 - 6725 ng/g dry weight), with R2 ≥ 0.998. Concentrations in the range of 200 to 9000 and 400 to 5000 ng/g sample dry weight, for DEHP and DBP, respectively, were obtained from the ascidians. No DnOP was detected in any of the samples. These results indicate that the method presented in this study is applicable for detection of low and trace concentrations of the target PAEs in samples collected from a marine organism, which can serve as a bioindicator of plastic contamination.展开更多
The abundance dynamic of some freshwater invertebrates in relation with the abiotic factors of the medium was studied from March 2013 to March 2014 on the main streams of the Wouri and Sanaga basins. Individuals of Co...The abundance dynamic of some freshwater invertebrates in relation with the abiotic factors of the medium was studied from March 2013 to March 2014 on the main streams of the Wouri and Sanaga basins. Individuals of Copepoda, Atyidae, Chironomidae and Physidae were collected, identified and counted. Samplings were carried out monthly;meanwhile measurements of the environmental variables were taken. Results of the physico-chemical analyses revealed that water of the Sanaga basin is globally well oxygenated (77% - 92%) and faintly mineralized (14 - 107 μS/cm), excepted in the stations receiving house-hold pollutants. Inversely, in the Wouri basin, waters are hypoxic with high content of organic matters (27.79 ± 9.43 mg/L). During rainy season (June-September), there is a dilution-dispersion of the organic matter due to stormwaters. Concerning biological analyses, the families of Physidae and Chironomidae were more abundant in urban stations than in stations situated in suburban area, especially during low water level period, showing that they are well adapted to anthropogenic and organic pollutions. The hypoxic conditions of urban waterways do not favor the proliferation of sensitive taxa such as Atyidae and Copepoda. These taxa preferred well oxygenated waters with rapid flow, and are more abundant during rainy season in stations located in suburban area or which are less subjected to anthropogenic disturbances.展开更多
Invertebrate species are a natural reservoir of viral genetic diversity,and invertebrate pests are widely distributed in crop fields.However,information on viruses infecting invertebrate pests of crops is limited.In t...Invertebrate species are a natural reservoir of viral genetic diversity,and invertebrate pests are widely distributed in crop fields.However,information on viruses infecting invertebrate pests of crops is limited.In this report,we describe the deep metatranscriptomic sequencing of 88 invertebrate samples covering all major invertebrate pests in rice fields.We identified 296 new RNA viruses and 13 known RNA viruses.These viruses clustered within 31 families,with many highly divergent viruses constituting potentially new families and genera.Of the identified viruses,13 RNA viruses clustered within the Fiersviridae family of bacteriophages,and 48 RNA viruses clustered within families and genera of mycoviruses.We detected known rice viruses in novel invertebrate hosts at high abundances.Furthermore,some novel RNA viruses have genome structures closely matching to known plant viruses and clustered within genera of several plant virus species.Fortyfive potential insect pathogenic RNA viruses were detected in invertebrate species.Our analysis revealed that host taxonomy plays a major role and geographical location plays an important role in structuring viral diversity.Cross-species transmission of RNA viruses was detected between invertebrate hosts.Newly identified viral genomes showed extensive variation for invertebrate viral families or genera.Together,the large-scale metatranscriptomic analysis greatly expands our understanding of RNA viruses in rice invertebrate species,the results provide valuable information for developing efficient strategies to manage insect pests and virus-mediated crop diseases.展开更多
Arid climates are characterized by a summer drought period to which animals seem adapted.However,in some years,the drought can extend for unusually longer periods.Examining the effects of these current extreme weather...Arid climates are characterized by a summer drought period to which animals seem adapted.However,in some years,the drought can extend for unusually longer periods.Examining the effects of these current extreme weather events on biodiversity can help to understand the effects of climate change,as models predict an increase in drought severity.Here,we examined the effects of“unusual”extended drought on soil invertebrate prey availability and on diet composition(based on fecal contents)and diet selection of a fossorial amphisbaenian,the checkerboard worm lizard Trogonophis wiegmanni.Weather data show interannual variations in summer drought duration.The abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in spring were high,and similar to those found in a“normal”early autumn,after some rain had ended with the summer drought.In contrast,in years with“unusual”extended drought,abundance,and diversity of soil invertebrates in early autumn were very low.Also,there were seasonal changes in amphisbaenians’diet;in autumn with drought,prey diversity,and niche breadth decreased with respect to spring and autumns after some rain had fallen.Amphisbaenians did not eat prey at random in any season,but made some changes in prey selection that may result from drought-related restrictions in prey availability.Finally,in spite that amphisbaenians showed some feeding flexibility,their body condition was lower in autumn than in spring,and much lower in autumn with drought.If extended drought became the norm in the future,amphisbaenians might suffer important negative effects for their health state.展开更多
Little is known about ocean viromes and the ecological drivers of the evolution of aquatic RNA viruses.This study employed a meta-transcriptomic approach to characterize the viromes of 58 marine invertebrate species a...Little is known about ocean viromes and the ecological drivers of the evolution of aquatic RNA viruses.This study employed a meta-transcriptomic approach to characterize the viromes of 58 marine invertebrate species across three seas.This revealed the presence of 315 newly identified RNA viruses in nine viral families or orders(Durnavirales,Totiviridae,Bunyavirales,Han-taviridae,Picornavirales,Flaviviridae,Hepelivirales,Solemoviridae,and Tombusviridae),with most of them being sufficiently divergent to the already documented viruses.Notably,this study revealed three marine invertebrate hantaviruses that are rooted to vertebrate hantaviruses,further supporting that hantaviruses may have a marine origin.We have also found evidence for possible host sharing and switch events during virus evolution.Overall,we have revealed the hidden diversity of marine invertebrate RNA viruses.展开更多
Metabolites from marine organisms have proven to be a rich source for the discovery of multiple potent bioactive moleculeswith diverse structures. In recent years, we initiated a program to investigate the diversity o...Metabolites from marine organisms have proven to be a rich source for the discovery of multiple potent bioactive moleculeswith diverse structures. In recent years, we initiated a program to investigate the diversity of the secondary metabolites frommarine invertebrates and their symbiotic microorganisms collected from the South China Sea. In this review, representativecases are summarized focusing on molecular diversity, mining, and application of natural products from these marineorganisms. To provide a comprehensive introduction to the field of marine natural products, we highlight typical moleculesincluding their structures, chemical synthesis, bioactivities and mechanisms, structure-activity relationships as well as biogenesis. The mining of marine-derived microorganisms to produce novel secondary metabolites is also discussed through theOSMAC strategy and via partial chemical epigenetic modification. A broad prospectus has revealed a plethora of bioactivenatural products with novel structures from marine organisms, especially from soft corals, gorgonians, sponges, and theirsymbiotic fungi and bacteria.展开更多
Vibrio harveyi,which belongs to family Vibrionaceae of class G cunmap rote obacte ria,includes the species V.car char iae and V.trachuri as its junior synonyms.The organism is a well-recognized and serious bacterial p...Vibrio harveyi,which belongs to family Vibrionaceae of class G cunmap rote obacte ria,includes the species V.car char iae and V.trachuri as its junior synonyms.The organism is a well-recognized and serious bacterial pathogen of marine fish and invertebrates,including penaeid shrimp,in aquaculture.Diseased fish may exhibit a range of lesions,including eye lesions/blindness,gastro-enteritis,muscle necrosis,skin ulcers,and tail rot disease.In shrimp,V.harveyi is regarded as the etiological agent of luminous vibriosis in which affected animals glow in the dark.There is a second condition of shrimp known as Bolitas negricans where the digestive tract is filled with spheres of sloughed-off tissue.It is recognized that the pathogenicity mechanisms of V.harveyi may be different in fish and penaeid shrimp.In shrimp,the pathogenicity mechanisms involved the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide,and extracellular proteases,and interaction with bacteriophages.In fish,the pathogenicity mechanisms involved extracellular hemolysin(encoded by duplicate hemolysin genes),which was identified as a phospholipase B and could inactivate fish cells by apoptosis,via the caspase activation pathway.V.harveyi may enter the so-called viable but nonculturable(VBNC)state,and resuscitation of the VBNC cells may be an important reason for vibriosis outbreaks in aquaculture.Disease control measures center on dietary supplements(including probiotics),nonspecific immunostimulants,and vaccines and to a lesser extent antibiotics and other antimicrobial compounds.展开更多
A mechanistic understanding of biology requires appreciating spatiotemporal aspects of gene expression and its functional implications.Conditional expression allows for (ir)reversible switching of genes on or off,with...A mechanistic understanding of biology requires appreciating spatiotemporal aspects of gene expression and its functional implications.Conditional expression allows for (ir)reversible switching of genes on or off,with the potential of spatial and/or temporal control.This provides a valuable complement to the more often used constitutive gene (in)activation through mutagenesis,providing tools to answer a wider array of research questions across biological disciplines.Spatial and/or temporal control are granted primarily by(combinations of) specific promoters,temperature regimens,compound addition,or illumination.The use of such genetic tool kits is particularly widespread in invertebrate animal models because they can be applied to study biological processes in short time frames and on large scales,using organisms amenable to easy genetic manipulation.Recent years witnessed an exciting expansion and optimization of such tools,of which we provide a comprehensive overview and discussion regarding their use in invertebrates.The mechanism,applicability,benefits,and drawbacks of each of the systems,as well as further developments to be expected in the foreseeable future,are highlighted.展开更多
Zoo-and phyto-parasitic nematodes of the order Rhabditida and zooparasites of the subclass Dorylaimia are well known,due largely to their medical,veterinarian and agricultural significance.However,there have been many...Zoo-and phyto-parasitic nematodes of the order Rhabditida and zooparasites of the subclass Dorylaimia are well known,due largely to their medical,veterinarian and agricultural significance.However,there have been many switches from a free-living to a symbiotic(including parasitism)mode of existence in the evolutionary trajectories of various nematode clades.Here,we attempt to summarize all known cases of symbioses(from commensalism to true parasitism)between marine nematodes representing nonparasitic taxa and various larger animals,ranging from protists to vertebrates.Most cases are of nematodes relating to dwelling on crustaceans(ectocommensalism)or living in the body cavity and internal organs of various invertebrates(endoparasitism or parasitoidism).Ectocommensal species may differ from their free-living relatives in their longer filiform bodies and enlarged ventral and caudal glands,which may be interpreted as adaptations for the purpose of fixation on the body surface of a motile host.Endoparasitic species are characterized by deep anatomical modification,including rudimentation of the alimentary tract and hypertrophy of reproductive organs.Unlike terrestrial and limnetic invertebrates,marine invertebrates have almost no intestinal nematode dwellers.The evolutionary trajectories of nematode dwellers of marine and nonmarine invertebrates are compared.展开更多
Problems associated with excessive propagation and leakage of invertebrates in drinking water have received increasing attention in recent years.We performed a monthly survey of invertebrate abundance and taxa in the ...Problems associated with excessive propagation and leakage of invertebrates in drinking water have received increasing attention in recent years.We performed a monthly survey of invertebrate abundance and taxa in the effluent of each treatment stage in a drinking water treatment plant between May 2015 and April 2016 and analyzed seasonal and treatment-process variations in invertebrates.The results showed that invertebrate abundances in raw water,effluent of the biological activated carbon(BAC)filter,and finished water significantly correlated with water temperature,whereas no correlation was observed between water temperature and invertebrate abundance in the effluents of the sedimentation tank and sand filter.The dominant taxa in the effluent of each treatment stage were rotifers,nematodes,and crustaceans.The sedimentation tank could efficiently remove invertebrates with an annual average removal rate of 92%.The propagation and leakage of invertebrates occurred in the sand and BAC filters but more seriously in the latter.The average reproduction rate in the BAC filter was 268.8%with rotifers as the taxon that leaked the most.Invertebrate survival and reproduction were also observed in the chlorine-disinfected clean water reservoir with an average reproduction rate of 41.9%.Owing to differences in chlorine resistance,the reproduction ability of the dominant taxa was in the order nematodes>crustaceans>rotifers.The proportion of endogenous invertebrates gradually increased along the treatment process.The average proportion of endogenous invertebrates in the finished water was higher than 79.0%.Our findings suggested that waterworks should pay more attention to endogenous invertebrate growth.展开更多
文摘Exotic bush honeysuckles (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lonicera</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp.) are becoming increasingly common in the eastern and mid-western United States, but little is known about their impacts on invertebrates. We used a modified leaf vacuum to sample invertebrates in the shrub strata and understory of three shrub types (and open plots </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the understory): single Morrow’s honeysuckle (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">morrowii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A. Gray) shrubs, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">single native southern arrowwood (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Viburnum</span></i></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">recognitum</span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Fernald) shrubs, and dense thickets of Morrow’s honeysuckle, in southwestern PA, USA during 2004 and 2005. We also assessed the degree of </span><a name="OLE_LINK26"></a><a name="OLE_LINK25"></a><span style="font-family:Verdana;">herbivory</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> on the two species of shrubs. Within the shrub strata, invertebrate biomass was lower in southern arrowwood shrubs, but there was no difference in invertebrate abundance or family richness. Invertebrate abundance and richness were lowest </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in August, but there was no difference in biomass among the months. Invertebrate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> abundance, biomass, and family richness were lowest in the understory below dense thickets of Morrow’s honeysuckle. Overall, the percent cover of herbs was the proximate factor responsible for driving patterns of invertebrate abundance, though ultimately these patterns were being driven by shrub type. Abundance and biomass of larval leaf chewers were highest in the native shrub;Morrow’s honeysuckle had a mean of 29.7 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of leaf area consumed per 1 m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of leaf area, while the native shrub had a mean of 284.3 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of leaf area consumed. Our results suggest that areas dominated by the exotic shrub negatively impact invertebrate biomass, which may in turn affect organisms at higher trophic levels.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2018YFD0900902the National Key Basic Research Development Program(973 Program)of China under contract No.2015CB453303+1 种基金the Special Funds for Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Provincethe AoShan Talents Cultivation Program supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology under contract No.2017ASTCP-ES07
文摘With the decline of fish stocks,the proportions of economically important invertebrates like crustaceans and cephalopods have increased in the Bohai Sea.The community structure and trophic level of economically important invertebrates were analyzed using the bottom trawl survey data collected by the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute in the Bohai Sea in May and August of 1958–1959,1982,1992–1993,2004,2009 and 2015.A total of 37 species of economically important invertebrates,belonging to 5 orders,24 families,were captured.The biomass densities of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea displayed an overall downward trend from 1982 to 2015.Oratosquilla oratoria and Loligo spp.were the most dominant species in the past 30 years,the biomass proportion of O.oratoria increased gradually in both May and August from 1982 to 2015.Moreover,biodiversity indices of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea appeared to decline from 1982 to 2004 and then increased in 2015.Similarly,the mean trophic level of economically important invertebrates declined from 1982 to 2004 and increased slightly in 2015.Overall,although the proportions of invertebrates have increased,the biomass densities in the Bohai Sea have displayed an overall downward trend from 1982 to 2015.The increases in the biodiversity and trophic level of economically important invertebrates after the 2000s,possibly benefit from stock enhancement projects implemented by governments at different levels and national fishery management measures such as the“double-control”of the total number and engine power of fishing vessels and summer moratorium of fishing.
文摘An ever increasing demand for new lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry has led scientists to search for natural bioactive products.Based on this extensive research,marine invertebrates now represent a rich source of novel substances with significant antineoplastic activities.As the current approach of synthesizing new and chemically modifying old drugs seems to have slowed down,and the identification of new anticancer drugs is not too promising,a new approach is clearly needed.The objective of this review is to present up-to-date data on these newer compounds.Based on the data summarized in this short review,it is clear that marine invertebrates represent an extremely important source of compounds with potential anti-cancer effects.Considering that we tested only a tiny number of Porifera and Coelenterata,the best is yet to come.
文摘The examination of organelle nucleotide contents across a range of groups can provide insight into evolutionary history. We compared the nucleotide contents of a large number of vertebrate and high C/G ratio invertebrate mitochondria in both coding/non-coding regions and complete strands. For most nucleotides tested, high regression coefficients were obtained;when plotted with lines of best fit, G and T contents formed a cuneiform, and C and A contents overlapped. These findings suggest that vertebrate and high C/G ratio invertebrate mitochondria descended independently from the same origin.
文摘Atmosphere, earth and water compose the environment. The presence of heavy metals in the environment has grown because of their large employment in some industrial and agricultural activities. Although these metals are terrestrial products, they flow into the sea through effluents and sewage or are directly discharged from industries placed on the seawater front. It should be considered that metals concentrations vary widely according to different seawater latitudes and depths and can be strongly influenced by fresh water discharges from heavily polluted rivers. In this review recent studies on heavy metal pollution in marine ecosystems and their organisms will be presented. Metal speciation, bioaccumulation in biota, as well as abiotic and biotic factors affecting their bioavailability will be reviewed. Moreover, the use of bioindicator organisms for the biomonitoring of heavy metal toxicity and their ecological effects will be defined. Many marine invertebrate species fulfill the following criteria: Sensitivity to a wide range of chemicals (especially to heavy metals), cost-effectiveness for repeatable tests, readily interpretable biological consequences of pollution. Among the most important marine invertebrates used as bioindicators, the sea urchin embryo is one of the most suitable, especially to assess metal/heavy metal pollution.
基金Financial assistance for the researchers to undertake the initial fieldwork in 2012 was provided by the Friends of Streaky Bay Parks as a Caring for our Country grantThe Royal Society of South Australia provided a research grant to assist with the continuation of the work in 2013
文摘Seagull Lake is an unusual saline lake,having a marine spring connected to a large continental ecosystem.With climate change the balance between the two is likely to change.This lake originated about 6000 years ago as
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31872587)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.18PJ1404000)the Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.17ZR1412900)。
文摘Ocean acidification(OA)affects marine biodiversity and alters the structure and function of marine populations,communities,and ecosystems.Recently,effects of OA on the behavioral responses of marine animals have been given with much attention.While many of previous studies focuses on marine fish.Evidence suggests that marine invertebrate behaviors were also be affected.In this review,we discussed the effects of CO2-driven OA on the most common behaviors studied in marine invertebrates,including settlement and habitat selection,feeding,anti-predatory,and swimming behaviors,and explored the related mechanisms behind behaviors.This review summarizes how OA affects marine invertebrate behavior,and provides new insights and highlights novel areas for future research.
文摘The marine environment provides a rich source of natural products with potential therapeutic application.This has resulted in an increased rate of pharmaceutical agents being discovered in marine animals,particularly invertebrates.Our objective is to summarize the most promising compounds which have the best potential and may lead to use in clinical practice,show their biological activities and highlight the compounds currently being tested in clinical trials.In this paper,we focused on Bryozoa,Mollusca,Echinodermata and Urochordata.
基金supported by grants from the University of Buenos Aires(20020130100383BA)National Agency of Sci-ence and Scientific Promotion(ANPCYT PICT 00845)National Council for Science and Technology(CONICET PIP 0697).
文摘The harmful effects of the reactive species may be due to the increase in their steady state concentration either by the enhancement of their production rates and/or the decrease of their consumption rate by antioxidant activity.The ascorbyl radical(A^(·))can be considered as a final product of radical oxidative transformations of ascorbate(AH^(-)).The ratio A^(·)content/AH^(-)content(A^(·)/AH^(-))has been widely used as an interesting tool to estimate mild to moderate oxidative transformations,providing a quick and simple method of diagnosis of stress in the hydrophilic cellular medium.The aim of this work was to summarize studies on the cellular oxidative condition in algae and invertebrates by assessing the A^(·)/AH^(-)ratio under environmentally changing conditions.The use of indices of oxidative stress increasingly sensitive and,somewhat more specific,can bring a new light to the still unknown world of oxidative responses in marine organisms.
文摘This study represents, detailly, the validated method for the extraction and quantification of widespread phthalic acid esters (PAEs) bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) from solitary ascidians collected from a marine environment. The extraction was based on a pressurized liquid extraction method, using n-hexane as the solvent to extract the target PAEs from dry biological tissues, and was performed in an accelerated solvent extraction instrument. The average recovery of 89.2% was obtained from samples subjected to a pressure of ~1500 psi and 120°C in two 10-min cycles. GC-MS was used for quantification, conducted in single-ion monitoring mode. Following careful and rigorous cleanup procedures to prevent cross-contamination from laboratory glassware, PAE standards showed signals with good specificity. The obtained limits of detection were 130, 122 and 89 ng/g for DEHP, DBP and DnOP, respectively. Accordingly, the calculated limits of quantification were 394, 370 and 270 ng/g for DEHP, DBP and DnOP, respectively. The obtained linearity ranged from 5.4 to 269 ng/ml (equivalent to 135 - 6725 ng/g dry weight), with R2 ≥ 0.998. Concentrations in the range of 200 to 9000 and 400 to 5000 ng/g sample dry weight, for DEHP and DBP, respectively, were obtained from the ascidians. No DnOP was detected in any of the samples. These results indicate that the method presented in this study is applicable for detection of low and trace concentrations of the target PAEs in samples collected from a marine organism, which can serve as a bioindicator of plastic contamination.
文摘The abundance dynamic of some freshwater invertebrates in relation with the abiotic factors of the medium was studied from March 2013 to March 2014 on the main streams of the Wouri and Sanaga basins. Individuals of Copepoda, Atyidae, Chironomidae and Physidae were collected, identified and counted. Samplings were carried out monthly;meanwhile measurements of the environmental variables were taken. Results of the physico-chemical analyses revealed that water of the Sanaga basin is globally well oxygenated (77% - 92%) and faintly mineralized (14 - 107 μS/cm), excepted in the stations receiving house-hold pollutants. Inversely, in the Wouri basin, waters are hypoxic with high content of organic matters (27.79 ± 9.43 mg/L). During rainy season (June-September), there is a dilution-dispersion of the organic matter due to stormwaters. Concerning biological analyses, the families of Physidae and Chironomidae were more abundant in urban stations than in stations situated in suburban area, especially during low water level period, showing that they are well adapted to anthropogenic and organic pollutions. The hypoxic conditions of urban waterways do not favor the proliferation of sensitive taxa such as Atyidae and Copepoda. These taxa preferred well oxygenated waters with rapid flow, and are more abundant during rainy season in stations located in suburban area or which are less subjected to anthropogenic disturbances.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972983,32072487)the Key Technology R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C02006)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202115).
文摘Invertebrate species are a natural reservoir of viral genetic diversity,and invertebrate pests are widely distributed in crop fields.However,information on viruses infecting invertebrate pests of crops is limited.In this report,we describe the deep metatranscriptomic sequencing of 88 invertebrate samples covering all major invertebrate pests in rice fields.We identified 296 new RNA viruses and 13 known RNA viruses.These viruses clustered within 31 families,with many highly divergent viruses constituting potentially new families and genera.Of the identified viruses,13 RNA viruses clustered within the Fiersviridae family of bacteriophages,and 48 RNA viruses clustered within families and genera of mycoviruses.We detected known rice viruses in novel invertebrate hosts at high abundances.Furthermore,some novel RNA viruses have genome structures closely matching to known plant viruses and clustered within genera of several plant virus species.Fortyfive potential insect pathogenic RNA viruses were detected in invertebrate species.Our analysis revealed that host taxonomy plays a major role and geographical location plays an important role in structuring viral diversity.Cross-species transmission of RNA viruses was detected between invertebrate hosts.Newly identified viral genomes showed extensive variation for invertebrate viral families or genera.Together,the large-scale metatranscriptomic analysis greatly expands our understanding of RNA viruses in rice invertebrate species,the results provide valuable information for developing efficient strategies to manage insect pests and virus-mediated crop diseases.
基金Financial support was provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia,Innovación y Universidades project PGC2018-093592-B-I00(MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE).
文摘Arid climates are characterized by a summer drought period to which animals seem adapted.However,in some years,the drought can extend for unusually longer periods.Examining the effects of these current extreme weather events on biodiversity can help to understand the effects of climate change,as models predict an increase in drought severity.Here,we examined the effects of“unusual”extended drought on soil invertebrate prey availability and on diet composition(based on fecal contents)and diet selection of a fossorial amphisbaenian,the checkerboard worm lizard Trogonophis wiegmanni.Weather data show interannual variations in summer drought duration.The abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in spring were high,and similar to those found in a“normal”early autumn,after some rain had ended with the summer drought.In contrast,in years with“unusual”extended drought,abundance,and diversity of soil invertebrates in early autumn were very low.Also,there were seasonal changes in amphisbaenians’diet;in autumn with drought,prey diversity,and niche breadth decreased with respect to spring and autumns after some rain had fallen.Amphisbaenians did not eat prey at random in any season,but made some changes in prey selection that may result from drought-related restrictions in prey availability.Finally,in spite that amphisbaenians showed some feeding flexibility,their body condition was lower in autumn than in spring,and much lower in autumn with drought.If extended drought became the norm in the future,amphisbaenians might suffer important negative effects for their health state.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970176)Collaborative Research Grant(KLMVI-OP-202002)of CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology&Immunology,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environ-ment(FEEL-2019-6)CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program.
文摘Little is known about ocean viromes and the ecological drivers of the evolution of aquatic RNA viruses.This study employed a meta-transcriptomic approach to characterize the viromes of 58 marine invertebrate species across three seas.This revealed the presence of 315 newly identified RNA viruses in nine viral families or orders(Durnavirales,Totiviridae,Bunyavirales,Han-taviridae,Picornavirales,Flaviviridae,Hepelivirales,Solemoviridae,and Tombusviridae),with most of them being sufficiently divergent to the already documented viruses.Notably,this study revealed three marine invertebrate hantaviruses that are rooted to vertebrate hantaviruses,further supporting that hantaviruses may have a marine origin.We have also found evidence for possible host sharing and switch events during virus evolution.Overall,we have revealed the hidden diversity of marine invertebrate RNA viruses.
基金supported by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (nos. 4183053581673350+2 种基金U1706210)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(no. 201962002)the Taishan Scholars Program, China.
文摘Metabolites from marine organisms have proven to be a rich source for the discovery of multiple potent bioactive moleculeswith diverse structures. In recent years, we initiated a program to investigate the diversity of the secondary metabolites frommarine invertebrates and their symbiotic microorganisms collected from the South China Sea. In this review, representativecases are summarized focusing on molecular diversity, mining, and application of natural products from these marineorganisms. To provide a comprehensive introduction to the field of marine natural products, we highlight typical moleculesincluding their structures, chemical synthesis, bioactivities and mechanisms, structure-activity relationships as well as biogenesis. The mining of marine-derived microorganisms to produce novel secondary metabolites is also discussed through theOSMAC strategy and via partial chemical epigenetic modification. A broad prospectus has revealed a plethora of bioactivenatural products with novel structures from marine organisms, especially from soft corals, gorgonians, sponges, and theirsymbiotic fungi and bacteria.
基金The work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFE0124100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41730530 and 91751202)Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(No.2018SDKJ0406-4).
文摘Vibrio harveyi,which belongs to family Vibrionaceae of class G cunmap rote obacte ria,includes the species V.car char iae and V.trachuri as its junior synonyms.The organism is a well-recognized and serious bacterial pathogen of marine fish and invertebrates,including penaeid shrimp,in aquaculture.Diseased fish may exhibit a range of lesions,including eye lesions/blindness,gastro-enteritis,muscle necrosis,skin ulcers,and tail rot disease.In shrimp,V.harveyi is regarded as the etiological agent of luminous vibriosis in which affected animals glow in the dark.There is a second condition of shrimp known as Bolitas negricans where the digestive tract is filled with spheres of sloughed-off tissue.It is recognized that the pathogenicity mechanisms of V.harveyi may be different in fish and penaeid shrimp.In shrimp,the pathogenicity mechanisms involved the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide,and extracellular proteases,and interaction with bacteriophages.In fish,the pathogenicity mechanisms involved extracellular hemolysin(encoded by duplicate hemolysin genes),which was identified as a phospholipase B and could inactivate fish cells by apoptosis,via the caspase activation pathway.V.harveyi may enter the so-called viable but nonculturable(VBNC)state,and resuscitation of the VBNC cells may be an important reason for vibriosis outbreaks in aquaculture.Disease control measures center on dietary supplements(including probiotics),nonspecific immunostimulants,and vaccines and to a lesser extent antibiotics and other antimicrobial compounds.
基金supported by Horizon 2020 grant 633589FWO Flanders grant G052217NKU Leuven grant C16/19/003。
文摘A mechanistic understanding of biology requires appreciating spatiotemporal aspects of gene expression and its functional implications.Conditional expression allows for (ir)reversible switching of genes on or off,with the potential of spatial and/or temporal control.This provides a valuable complement to the more often used constitutive gene (in)activation through mutagenesis,providing tools to answer a wider array of research questions across biological disciplines.Spatial and/or temporal control are granted primarily by(combinations of) specific promoters,temperature regimens,compound addition,or illumination.The use of such genetic tool kits is particularly widespread in invertebrate animal models because they can be applied to study biological processes in short time frames and on large scales,using organisms amenable to easy genetic manipulation.Recent years witnessed an exciting expansion and optimization of such tools,of which we provide a comprehensive overview and discussion regarding their use in invertebrates.The mechanism,applicability,benefits,and drawbacks of each of the systems,as well as further developments to be expected in the foreseeable future,are highlighted.
基金The reported study was funded by RFBR and CITMA according to the research project No.18-54-34007The review was prepared within the framework of the state assignments of M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University No.121032300121-0 and 121032300117-3.
文摘Zoo-and phyto-parasitic nematodes of the order Rhabditida and zooparasites of the subclass Dorylaimia are well known,due largely to their medical,veterinarian and agricultural significance.However,there have been many switches from a free-living to a symbiotic(including parasitism)mode of existence in the evolutionary trajectories of various nematode clades.Here,we attempt to summarize all known cases of symbioses(from commensalism to true parasitism)between marine nematodes representing nonparasitic taxa and various larger animals,ranging from protists to vertebrates.Most cases are of nematodes relating to dwelling on crustaceans(ectocommensalism)or living in the body cavity and internal organs of various invertebrates(endoparasitism or parasitoidism).Ectocommensal species may differ from their free-living relatives in their longer filiform bodies and enlarged ventral and caudal glands,which may be interpreted as adaptations for the purpose of fixation on the body surface of a motile host.Endoparasitic species are characterized by deep anatomical modification,including rudimentation of the alimentary tract and hypertrophy of reproductive organs.Unlike terrestrial and limnetic invertebrates,marine invertebrates have almost no intestinal nematode dwellers.The evolutionary trajectories of nematode dwellers of marine and nonmarine invertebrates are compared.
基金This work was supported by the National Five-year Water Special Project(No.2017ZX07207004).We acknowledge the support of the waterworks that participated in this investigation.We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.
文摘Problems associated with excessive propagation and leakage of invertebrates in drinking water have received increasing attention in recent years.We performed a monthly survey of invertebrate abundance and taxa in the effluent of each treatment stage in a drinking water treatment plant between May 2015 and April 2016 and analyzed seasonal and treatment-process variations in invertebrates.The results showed that invertebrate abundances in raw water,effluent of the biological activated carbon(BAC)filter,and finished water significantly correlated with water temperature,whereas no correlation was observed between water temperature and invertebrate abundance in the effluents of the sedimentation tank and sand filter.The dominant taxa in the effluent of each treatment stage were rotifers,nematodes,and crustaceans.The sedimentation tank could efficiently remove invertebrates with an annual average removal rate of 92%.The propagation and leakage of invertebrates occurred in the sand and BAC filters but more seriously in the latter.The average reproduction rate in the BAC filter was 268.8%with rotifers as the taxon that leaked the most.Invertebrate survival and reproduction were also observed in the chlorine-disinfected clean water reservoir with an average reproduction rate of 41.9%.Owing to differences in chlorine resistance,the reproduction ability of the dominant taxa was in the order nematodes>crustaceans>rotifers.The proportion of endogenous invertebrates gradually increased along the treatment process.The average proportion of endogenous invertebrates in the finished water was higher than 79.0%.Our findings suggested that waterworks should pay more attention to endogenous invertebrate growth.
