The identification and understanding of cryptic intraspecific evolutionary units(lineages) are crucial for planning effective conservation strategies aimed at preserving genetic diversity in endangered species.However...The identification and understanding of cryptic intraspecific evolutionary units(lineages) are crucial for planning effective conservation strategies aimed at preserving genetic diversity in endangered species.However, the factors driving the evolution and maintenance of these intraspecific lineages in most endangered species remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted resequencing of 77 individuals from 22 natural populations of Davidia involucrata, a “living fossil” dove tree endemic to central and southwest China. Our analysis revealed the presence of three distinct local lineages within this endangered species, which emerged approximately 3.09 and 0.32 million years ago. These divergence events align well with the geographic and climatic oscillations that occurred across the distributional range.Additionally, we observed frequent hybridization events between the three lineages, resulting in the formation of hybrid populations in their adjacent as well as disjunct regions. These hybridizations likely arose from climate-driven population expansion and/or long-distance gene flow. Furthermore, we identified numerous environment-correlated gene variants across the total and many other genes that exhibited signals of positive evolution during the maintenance of two major local lineages. Our findings shed light on the highly dynamic evolution underlying the remarkably similar phenotype of this endangered species. Importantly, these results not only provide guidance for the development of conservation plans but also enhance our understanding of evolutionary past for this and other endangered species with similar histories.展开更多
Dear Editor,Understanding the evolution and survival mechanisms of endangered wild medicinal herbs is crucial for their cultivation,utilization,and conservation.The snow lotus species Saussurea involucrata(Kar.&Ki...Dear Editor,Understanding the evolution and survival mechanisms of endangered wild medicinal herbs is crucial for their cultivation,utilization,and conservation.The snow lotus species Saussurea involucrata(Kar.&Kir.)Sch.Bip.(2n=32)(i.e.the well-known Tianshan snow lotus)which belongs to the eudicot family Asteraceae,is a famous traditional Chinese medicinal herb having anti-inflammatory.展开更多
After many unsuccessful attempts to obtain biologically active mRNAs from dry seeds of Davidia involucrata using available protocols,an effective procedure modified from Vicient and Delseny (1999) is developed.This me...After many unsuccessful attempts to obtain biologically active mRNAs from dry seeds of Davidia involucrata using available protocols,an effective procedure modified from Vicient and Delseny (1999) is developed.This method is based on the use of 8mol/L LiCl in the extraction buffer followed by phenol extractions.The differences with respect to the original method are the inclusions of 2% soluble PVP (10000Da) and 10 mmol/L cysteine in the extraction buffer to avoid oxidation of polyphenolics,the reduction in the number of phenol extractions,freezing the seeds for 10 minutes instead of using quarts.The author modifications conquer the perishing oxidation of polyphenolics,in their oxidized forms,polyphenols can covalently bind to proteins and nucleic acids; and permit the recovery of and an average of 240 μg total RNA per g of the seeds that is suitable for translation in vitro,northern hybridizations,and the construction of cDNA libraries.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata on lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages and explore its underlying mechanism of acti...Objective:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata on lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages and explore its underlying mechanism of action.Methods:Total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata were extracted using chromatographic column method.Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay.The production of nitric oxide was detected by Griess assay and the release of cytokines(IL-10 and TNF-α)and chemokines(MCP-1,MIP-1α,and CCL5/RANTES)was determined by ELISA to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata.Moreover,nuclear translocation of p65,c-Jun,and IRF3 was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting analysis was performed to determine the expression of related proteins.Results:Total flavonoids extracted from Saussurea involucrata were 751.5 mg/g and the content of rutin was 506.5 mg/g.The production of inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide,cytokines,and chemokines was effectively inhibited by total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata.Meanwhile,total flavonoids also suppressed the nuclear translocation of p65,c-Jun,and IRF3 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.The LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 was remarkably reduced by treatment with total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata.Moreover,total flavonoids decreased the expression levels of p-IKKα/β,p-TBK1,p-p38,p-ERK,p-JNK,p-p65,p-c-Jun,and p-IRF3 in LPS-exposed RAW264.7 macrophages.Conclusions:Total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata potentially inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators,which may be related to inhibition of p65,c-Jun,and IRF3 signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.展开更多
In order to estimate the most effect stage and process on population growth and effective conserve the rare endangered plant Davidia involucrata, we analyzed the dynamics and the contributions of life-history componen...In order to estimate the most effect stage and process on population growth and effective conserve the rare endangered plant Davidia involucrata, we analyzed the dynamics and the contributions of life-history components on population dynamics based on Lefkovitch matrix model and sensitivity analysis. The life cycle of Davidia involucrata was divided into six stages (seed, seedling, juvenile, immature, early adult and late adult) based on the species characteristics and published literature data, the survival rates in each life-history stage were simulated using a static life table, and the fecundity of each stage was determined according to sample information. The results showed that the structure of the observed population was not ideal, and the numbers of seedlings and coppice shoots was similar. The population growth rate was influenced largely by individual growth process, and asexual reproduction made a larger contribution to population growth than sexual reproduction. However, sexual reproduction was more important than asexual reproduction, because most asexual reproducing individuals (the coppice shoots) were derived mainly from human destruction (e.g. felling trees). The most important stage was stage V (late adult), associated with seed production and germination. Therefore, conservation of Davidia involucrata populations should focus on stage V and sexual reproduction, in order to improve the seed production and germination rate, and to promote population stability and development.展开更多
Davidia involucrata is a rare endangered species belonging to the paleo-tropical flora of the Tertiary period, endemic to China, and has an important protection and ornamental value. However, the natural populations a...Davidia involucrata is a rare endangered species belonging to the paleo-tropical flora of the Tertiary period, endemic to China, and has an important protection and ornamental value. However, the natural populations and distribution areas of this ancient plant have been decreased sharply, because it suffers much disturbance from human activity in many regions. In this paper, data on Davidia involucrata forest in its most natural distribution areas were collected;the percentages of geographical areal types of seed-plant genera (Sensu Wu 1991) were summed;the community types were summarized using Braun-Blanquet methodology;and the geographical differentiation among communities was analyzed by detrended canonical correspondence analysis. The analysis of geographical types shows that temperate species are dominant and that tropical species also make up a high percentage. This indicates that Davidia involucrata forest is mainly temperate vegetation. In total, 16 communities were recognized by classification, and these communities were usually dominated by deciduous broad-leaved species, sometimes mixed with some evergreen species. The shrub layer of Davidia involucrata forest is generally occupied by bamboos. The geographical patterns among the communities are influenced mainly by temperature and moisture availability, and the forest is most likely to grow in warm, humid habitats.展开更多
Objective:To investigate antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of crude extract from Ipomoea involucrata leaves(Convolvulaceae) in mice and rats.Methods:The antinociceptive activity was tested using acetic ...Objective:To investigate antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of crude extract from Ipomoea involucrata leaves(Convolvulaceae) in mice and rats.Methods:The antinociceptive activity was tested using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test in mice.The antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using egg albumin -induced oedema of rat paw.Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,terpenoids and tannin.At the doses of 25-100 mg/kg,Ipomoea involucrata exhibited dose-dependent and significant increase in pain threshold in acetic acid -induced writhing test of mice (P【0.05,student t-test) The administration of Ipomoea involucrata leaf extract(25-100 mg/ kg) showed dose-dependent decreases in paw volume of egg albumin induced oedema in rats and a significant higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard control(Aspirin). Conclusions:These results support the claims on the traditional use of the of Ipomoea involucrata leaves in the treatment of toothache,rheumatic pains and other inflammatory conditions.Studies on the isolation and structural elucidation of the active principle are still needed being carried out.展开更多
Tacca involucrata (Batflower or Polynesian arrowroot) tubers are a stable food in tropics where it occurs. In central Nigeria, it is processed locally after digging it from the ground by peeling with sharp sand, grati...Tacca involucrata (Batflower or Polynesian arrowroot) tubers are a stable food in tropics where it occurs. In central Nigeria, it is processed locally after digging it from the ground by peeling with sharp sand, grating and soaking in fresh water after which it is filtered and the filtrate is dried and is cooked with other ingredients. The marc, said to be bitter, is usually discarded by deep burial as it is considered poisonous to livestock and humans. All parts of the plant are used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of this work was to analyze quantitatively the phytochemical, elemental, vitamin and proximate composition of the marc of the tubers with a view of assessing its pharmacological and nutritional potentials. The marc was obtained from Jandeikyura Village in Wukari LGA of Taraba State, Nigeria, and was extracted with 80% methanol for 72 hr to give a yield of 10.1% w/w and was whitish in colour. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of reducing sugars, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides and hydrogen cyanide at 195.65 ± 0.5, 3.44 ± 0.2, 1.29 ± 0.5, 0.83 ± 0.4, 1.36 ± 1.0 and 0.00985 ± 0.3 (mg/100g), respectively. The elemental analysis showed the presence of potassium, sodium, magnesium, selenium, manganese, vanadium and some heavy metals like lead, aluminium, arsenic and mercury at 36.45 ± 0.1, 44.04 ± 0.1, 1.52 ± 0.2, 0.80 ± 0.9, 0.52 ± 0.7, 0.27 ± 0.7, 0.07 ± 0.6, 0.008 ± 0.05, 0.085 ± 0.6 and 0.026 ± 0.6 (mg/100g), respectively. Vitamin analysis showed the presence of vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, C and E in various amount as 2.26 ± 0.8 μg, 0.83 ± 0.8 mg/100g, 0.58 ± 0.4 mg/100g, 0.33 ± 0.6 mg/100g, 9.80 ± 0.4 mg/100g and 6.86 ± 0.9 mg/100g, respectively. The proximate analysis showed the marc to contain moisture, ash, fats, fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate in the range of 10.83% ± 0.3%, 1.93% ± 0.6%, 1.06% ± 0.5%, 4.42% ± 0.4%, 6.12% ± 0.6% and 86.07% ± 0.3%, respectively. This shows that despite the presence of hydrogen cyanide and some heavy metals in traces amount which are considered poisonous to livestock and humans, the marc contains some elements, vitamins, phytochemical and nutrients which are pharmacologically and nutritionally important.展开更多
The present study was designed to isolate the polyphenol constituents of cultured cells of Saussurea involucrata. The polyphenol type constituents were isolated using chromatography methods, and then characterized by ...The present study was designed to isolate the polyphenol constituents of cultured cells of Saussurea involucrata. The polyphenol type constituents were isolated using chromatography methods, and then characterized by spectral analysis. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-hydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS) free radical scavenging were assayed using Vitamin C as the positive control. One new polyphenol 18, 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl-5-O-(1-methoxyl-2-O-caffeoyl-4-maloyl)-quinic acid, together with 17 known compounds, was isolated and characterized. In conclusion, Compound 18 was a new caffeoyl maloyl quinic acid type polyphenol and showed desired vitro anti-oxidant activity. Compounds 1–5, 9, 10, 14, 15, and 17 were isolated from cultured cells of Saussurea involucrata for the first time.展开更多
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research program (No. 2019QZKK0502)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB31010300)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesInternational Collaboration 111 Program (BP0719040)。
文摘The identification and understanding of cryptic intraspecific evolutionary units(lineages) are crucial for planning effective conservation strategies aimed at preserving genetic diversity in endangered species.However, the factors driving the evolution and maintenance of these intraspecific lineages in most endangered species remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted resequencing of 77 individuals from 22 natural populations of Davidia involucrata, a “living fossil” dove tree endemic to central and southwest China. Our analysis revealed the presence of three distinct local lineages within this endangered species, which emerged approximately 3.09 and 0.32 million years ago. These divergence events align well with the geographic and climatic oscillations that occurred across the distributional range.Additionally, we observed frequent hybridization events between the three lineages, resulting in the formation of hybrid populations in their adjacent as well as disjunct regions. These hybridizations likely arose from climate-driven population expansion and/or long-distance gene flow. Furthermore, we identified numerous environment-correlated gene variants across the total and many other genes that exhibited signals of positive evolution during the maintenance of two major local lineages. Our findings shed light on the highly dynamic evolution underlying the remarkably similar phenotype of this endangered species. Importantly, these results not only provide guidance for the development of conservation plans but also enhance our understanding of evolutionary past for this and other endangered species with similar histories.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2003122)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0502).Sequencing service was provided by Bioyi Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.Wuhan,China。
文摘Dear Editor,Understanding the evolution and survival mechanisms of endangered wild medicinal herbs is crucial for their cultivation,utilization,and conservation.The snow lotus species Saussurea involucrata(Kar.&Kir.)Sch.Bip.(2n=32)(i.e.the well-known Tianshan snow lotus)which belongs to the eudicot family Asteraceae,is a famous traditional Chinese medicinal herb having anti-inflammatory.
文摘After many unsuccessful attempts to obtain biologically active mRNAs from dry seeds of Davidia involucrata using available protocols,an effective procedure modified from Vicient and Delseny (1999) is developed.This method is based on the use of 8mol/L LiCl in the extraction buffer followed by phenol extractions.The differences with respect to the original method are the inclusions of 2% soluble PVP (10000Da) and 10 mmol/L cysteine in the extraction buffer to avoid oxidation of polyphenolics,the reduction in the number of phenol extractions,freezing the seeds for 10 minutes instead of using quarts.The author modifications conquer the perishing oxidation of polyphenolics,in their oxidized forms,polyphenols can covalently bind to proteins and nucleic acids; and permit the recovery of and an average of 240 μg total RNA per g of the seeds that is suitable for translation in vitro,northern hybridizations,and the construction of cDNA libraries.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 81803793 and 82003957)the Young Scientist Program by Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Number 2018-JYBZZ-XJSJJ008).
文摘Objective:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata on lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages and explore its underlying mechanism of action.Methods:Total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata were extracted using chromatographic column method.Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay.The production of nitric oxide was detected by Griess assay and the release of cytokines(IL-10 and TNF-α)and chemokines(MCP-1,MIP-1α,and CCL5/RANTES)was determined by ELISA to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata.Moreover,nuclear translocation of p65,c-Jun,and IRF3 was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting analysis was performed to determine the expression of related proteins.Results:Total flavonoids extracted from Saussurea involucrata were 751.5 mg/g and the content of rutin was 506.5 mg/g.The production of inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide,cytokines,and chemokines was effectively inhibited by total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata.Meanwhile,total flavonoids also suppressed the nuclear translocation of p65,c-Jun,and IRF3 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.The LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 was remarkably reduced by treatment with total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata.Moreover,total flavonoids decreased the expression levels of p-IKKα/β,p-TBK1,p-p38,p-ERK,p-JNK,p-p65,p-c-Jun,and p-IRF3 in LPS-exposed RAW264.7 macrophages.Conclusions:Total flavonoids from Saussurea involucrata potentially inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators,which may be related to inhibition of p65,c-Jun,and IRF3 signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
文摘In order to estimate the most effect stage and process on population growth and effective conserve the rare endangered plant Davidia involucrata, we analyzed the dynamics and the contributions of life-history components on population dynamics based on Lefkovitch matrix model and sensitivity analysis. The life cycle of Davidia involucrata was divided into six stages (seed, seedling, juvenile, immature, early adult and late adult) based on the species characteristics and published literature data, the survival rates in each life-history stage were simulated using a static life table, and the fecundity of each stage was determined according to sample information. The results showed that the structure of the observed population was not ideal, and the numbers of seedlings and coppice shoots was similar. The population growth rate was influenced largely by individual growth process, and asexual reproduction made a larger contribution to population growth than sexual reproduction. However, sexual reproduction was more important than asexual reproduction, because most asexual reproducing individuals (the coppice shoots) were derived mainly from human destruction (e.g. felling trees). The most important stage was stage V (late adult), associated with seed production and germination. Therefore, conservation of Davidia involucrata populations should focus on stage V and sexual reproduction, in order to improve the seed production and germination rate, and to promote population stability and development.
文摘Davidia involucrata is a rare endangered species belonging to the paleo-tropical flora of the Tertiary period, endemic to China, and has an important protection and ornamental value. However, the natural populations and distribution areas of this ancient plant have been decreased sharply, because it suffers much disturbance from human activity in many regions. In this paper, data on Davidia involucrata forest in its most natural distribution areas were collected;the percentages of geographical areal types of seed-plant genera (Sensu Wu 1991) were summed;the community types were summarized using Braun-Blanquet methodology;and the geographical differentiation among communities was analyzed by detrended canonical correspondence analysis. The analysis of geographical types shows that temperate species are dominant and that tropical species also make up a high percentage. This indicates that Davidia involucrata forest is mainly temperate vegetation. In total, 16 communities were recognized by classification, and these communities were usually dominated by deciduous broad-leaved species, sometimes mixed with some evergreen species. The shrub layer of Davidia involucrata forest is generally occupied by bamboos. The geographical patterns among the communities are influenced mainly by temperature and moisture availability, and the forest is most likely to grow in warm, humid habitats.
文摘Objective:To investigate antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of crude extract from Ipomoea involucrata leaves(Convolvulaceae) in mice and rats.Methods:The antinociceptive activity was tested using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test in mice.The antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using egg albumin -induced oedema of rat paw.Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,terpenoids and tannin.At the doses of 25-100 mg/kg,Ipomoea involucrata exhibited dose-dependent and significant increase in pain threshold in acetic acid -induced writhing test of mice (P【0.05,student t-test) The administration of Ipomoea involucrata leaf extract(25-100 mg/ kg) showed dose-dependent decreases in paw volume of egg albumin induced oedema in rats and a significant higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard control(Aspirin). Conclusions:These results support the claims on the traditional use of the of Ipomoea involucrata leaves in the treatment of toothache,rheumatic pains and other inflammatory conditions.Studies on the isolation and structural elucidation of the active principle are still needed being carried out.
文摘Tacca involucrata (Batflower or Polynesian arrowroot) tubers are a stable food in tropics where it occurs. In central Nigeria, it is processed locally after digging it from the ground by peeling with sharp sand, grating and soaking in fresh water after which it is filtered and the filtrate is dried and is cooked with other ingredients. The marc, said to be bitter, is usually discarded by deep burial as it is considered poisonous to livestock and humans. All parts of the plant are used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of this work was to analyze quantitatively the phytochemical, elemental, vitamin and proximate composition of the marc of the tubers with a view of assessing its pharmacological and nutritional potentials. The marc was obtained from Jandeikyura Village in Wukari LGA of Taraba State, Nigeria, and was extracted with 80% methanol for 72 hr to give a yield of 10.1% w/w and was whitish in colour. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of reducing sugars, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides and hydrogen cyanide at 195.65 ± 0.5, 3.44 ± 0.2, 1.29 ± 0.5, 0.83 ± 0.4, 1.36 ± 1.0 and 0.00985 ± 0.3 (mg/100g), respectively. The elemental analysis showed the presence of potassium, sodium, magnesium, selenium, manganese, vanadium and some heavy metals like lead, aluminium, arsenic and mercury at 36.45 ± 0.1, 44.04 ± 0.1, 1.52 ± 0.2, 0.80 ± 0.9, 0.52 ± 0.7, 0.27 ± 0.7, 0.07 ± 0.6, 0.008 ± 0.05, 0.085 ± 0.6 and 0.026 ± 0.6 (mg/100g), respectively. Vitamin analysis showed the presence of vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, C and E in various amount as 2.26 ± 0.8 μg, 0.83 ± 0.8 mg/100g, 0.58 ± 0.4 mg/100g, 0.33 ± 0.6 mg/100g, 9.80 ± 0.4 mg/100g and 6.86 ± 0.9 mg/100g, respectively. The proximate analysis showed the marc to contain moisture, ash, fats, fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate in the range of 10.83% ± 0.3%, 1.93% ± 0.6%, 1.06% ± 0.5%, 4.42% ± 0.4%, 6.12% ± 0.6% and 86.07% ± 0.3%, respectively. This shows that despite the presence of hydrogen cyanide and some heavy metals in traces amount which are considered poisonous to livestock and humans, the marc contains some elements, vitamins, phytochemical and nutrients which are pharmacologically and nutritionally important.
基金financially supported by National Major New Drugs Innovation and Development Program(No.2011ZX09307-002-01)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2012T60303)the National High Technology Research and Development Program("863" Program) of China(No.SS2014AA 022201)
文摘The present study was designed to isolate the polyphenol constituents of cultured cells of Saussurea involucrata. The polyphenol type constituents were isolated using chromatography methods, and then characterized by spectral analysis. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-hydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS) free radical scavenging were assayed using Vitamin C as the positive control. One new polyphenol 18, 1, 3-di-O-caffeoyl-5-O-(1-methoxyl-2-O-caffeoyl-4-maloyl)-quinic acid, together with 17 known compounds, was isolated and characterized. In conclusion, Compound 18 was a new caffeoyl maloyl quinic acid type polyphenol and showed desired vitro anti-oxidant activity. Compounds 1–5, 9, 10, 14, 15, and 17 were isolated from cultured cells of Saussurea involucrata for the first time.
