Efficient and low-cost recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),LFP)batteries has become an inevitable trend.In this study,an integrated closed-loop recycling strategy including isomorphic substitution lea...Efficient and low-cost recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),LFP)batteries has become an inevitable trend.In this study,an integrated closed-loop recycling strategy including isomorphic substitution leaching and solvent extraction process for spent LFP was proposed.An inexpensive FeCl_(3)was used as leaching agent to directly substitute Fe^(2+)from LFP.99%of Li can be rapidly leached in just 30 min,accompanied by 98%of FePO_(4)precipitated in lixivium.The tri-n-butyl phosphate(TBP)-sulfonated kerosene(SK)system was applied to extract Li from lixivium through a twelve-stage countercurrent process containing synchronous extraction and stepwise stripping of Li^(+)and Fe^(3+).80.81%of Li can be selectively enriched in stripping liquor containing 3.059 mol·L^(-1)of Li^(+)under optimal conditions.And the Fe stripping liquor was recovered for LFP re-leaching,of which,Fe^(2+)was oxidized to Fe^(3+)by appropriate H_(2)O_(2).Raffinate and lixivium were concentrated and entered into extraction process to accomplished closeloop recycling process.Overall,the results suggest that more than 99%of Li was recovered.FeCl_(3)holding in solution was directly regenerated without any pollutant emission.The sustainable mothed would be an alternative candidate for total element recycling of spent LFP batteries with industrial potential.展开更多
The fusion of the leaching and purification processes was realized by directly using microemulsion as the leaching agent.The bis-(2-ethyhexyl)phosphoric acid(DEHPA)/n-heptane/NaOH microemulsion system was established ...The fusion of the leaching and purification processes was realized by directly using microemulsion as the leaching agent.The bis-(2-ethyhexyl)phosphoric acid(DEHPA)/n-heptane/NaOH microemulsion system was established to directly leach vanadates from sodium-roasted vanadium slag.The effect of the leaching agent on the leaching efficiency was investigated,in addition to the molar ratio of H_(2)O/NaDEHP(W),DEHPA concentration,solid/liquid ratio,stirring time,and leaching temperature.In optimal situations,the vanadium leaching efficiency reaches 79.57%.The X-ray diffraction characterization of the leaching residue and the Raman spectrum of the microemulsion before and after leaching demonstrate the successful entry of vanadates from the sodium-roasted vanadium slag into the microemulsion.The proposed method successfully realizes the leaching and purification of vanadates in one step,thereby greatly reducing production costs and environmental pollution.It also offers a new way to achieve the green recovery of valuable metals from solid resources.展开更多
The feasibility of oxidation leaching process of nickel from nickel sulfide ore and the form of different components in the lixivium has been studied at first. The method of leaching nickel sulfide concentration direc...The feasibility of oxidation leaching process of nickel from nickel sulfide ore and the form of different components in the lixivium has been studied at first. The method of leaching nickel sulfide concentration directly by oxidants with existence of ultrasonic has been advanced. The process of leaching nickel from nickel sulfide concentration by using the system of persulfate and silver has been determined. The influence of different factors on the leaching rates of nickel,such as with and without ultrasonic,the concentration of Na2S2O8,liquid-solid ratio and the concentration of AgNO3 have been explored. The results show that:(1) in the oxidative leaching system,nickel can be leached completely as Ni2+ or NiSO4(aq.) from nickel sulfide concentration in theory;(2) the nicopyrite can not exist steadily in the persulfate acid leaching system,but Ni2+can. Meanwhile,sulfur may be existed steadily in the leaching process;(3) nicopyrite with much lower electrostatic potential may be leached earlier than chalcopyrite and sideropyrite;and(4) the overall reaction rate of the leaching process can be enhanced with ultrasonic radiation,but it does not change the mechanism of leaching. The more oxidant concentration or higher liquid-solid ratio is,the higher leaching percentage of nickel. The leaching percentage of nickel can be increased significantly by adding a small amount of AgNO3 during the leaching processes. Under the same conditions,the higher concentration of AgNO3 is,the higher leaching yields of nickel will be obtained.展开更多
The behavior of silver and lead in the selective chlorination leaching process of gold-antimony alloy was analyzed in detail and appropriate recovery methods were developed.A reduction method by adding gold-antimony a...The behavior of silver and lead in the selective chlorination leaching process of gold-antimony alloy was analyzed in detail and appropriate recovery methods were developed.A reduction method by adding gold-antimony alloy powder was adopted to recover silver according to the thermodynamics calculation.The reducing rate of silver can exceed 99%at 80℃for 1.5 h when the dosage of gold-antimony alloy powder is 10%.The dissolution equilibrium curved surfaces of PbSO4 and PbCl2 under different conditions were drawn.The experimental results are well consistent with theoretical analysis that indicate lead may be precipitated in the form of lead chloride.The grade of gold in the residue can be further concentrated to 94.5%after being washed with hot water. These two methods have been applied successfully in the practice.展开更多
A hydrometallurgical process for tungsten extraction and recovery from scheelite is reported.The technology includes leaching scheelite using phosphoric acid as chelating agent in nitric acid solutions,extracting tung...A hydrometallurgical process for tungsten extraction and recovery from scheelite is reported.The technology includes leaching scheelite using phosphoric acid as chelating agent in nitric acid solutions,extracting tungsten by solvent extraction and reusing leaching agent.In the leaching process,affecting factors,such as temperature,leaching time,nitric acid and dosage of phosphoric acid,were examined on recovery of tungsten.Results show that more than 97%of tungsten could be extracted under conditions of leaching temperature of 80-90°C,HNO3 concentration of 3.0-4.0 mol/L,liquild-to-soild ratio of 10:1,H3PO4 dosage of 3 stoichiometric ratio and leaching time of 3 h.Solvent extraction was then employed for the W recovery from the leachate with a organic system of 40%(v/v)N235,30%(v/v)TBP,and 30%sulfonated kerosene.Approximately 99.93%of W was extracted and ammonium tungstate solution containing 193 g/L W was obtained with a stripping rate of 98.10%under the optimized conditions.展开更多
This research work deals with the extraction of nickel from a low grade nickel laterite ore, taken from a deposit located in southwestern of Iran, through agitation leaching at atmospheric pressure. The assaying and m...This research work deals with the extraction of nickel from a low grade nickel laterite ore, taken from a deposit located in southwestern of Iran, through agitation leaching at atmospheric pressure. The assaying and mineralogical studies carried out on the nickel laterite sample, showed the 0.88% Ni, and principally consisted of oxide and silicate crystalline phases i.e. dolomite, quartz, magnetite, and goethite. Among numerous factors affecting such process, four major parameters i.e. temperature, agitator speed(r/min), leaching agents and their concentration were considered in a two-level full factorial experimental design. The agitation leach tests showed that the ore could be leached at atmospheric pressure with sulfuric acid while citric acid was almost unpromising. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) using DX7 software was employed to identify effective parameters. Sulfuric acid concentration and temperature were the most effective parameters on Ni extraction. Furthermore, the factorial models for experiment responses were developed. The results showed 83% Ni extraction after 4 h leaching, under optimized conditions i.e.temperature at 95 ℃, acid concentration at 5 N and agitator speed at 1000 r/min. This study revealed that factorial experimental design can be implemented to identify effective parameters on the agitation leaching process of nickel laterite.展开更多
To achieve the resource utilization of solid waste phosphogypsum(PG)and tackle the problem of utilizing potassium feldspar(PF),a coupled synergistic process between PG and PF is proposed in this paper.The study invest...To achieve the resource utilization of solid waste phosphogypsum(PG)and tackle the problem of utilizing potassium feldspar(PF),a coupled synergistic process between PG and PF is proposed in this paper.The study investigates the features of P and F in PG,and explores the decomposition of PF using hydrofluoric acid(HF)in the sulfuric acid system for K leaching and leaching of P and F in PG.The impact factors such as sulfuric acid concentration,reaction temperature,reaction time,material ratio(PG/PF),liquid–solid ratio,PF particle size,and PF calcination temperature on the leaching of P and K is systematically investigated in this paper.The results show that under optimal conditions,the leaching rate of K and P reach more than 93%and 96%,respectively.Kinetics study using shrinking core model(SCM)indicates two significant stages with internal diffusion predominantly controlling the leaching of K.The apparent activation energies of these two stages are 11.92 kJ·mol^(-1)and 11.55 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively.展开更多
To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparat...To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparation of calcium carbonate” was proposed.In this study,the influences of process conditions on the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron and the phases of the leaching residue were investigated for the leaching process.The experimental results show that the HCl solution could selectively leach the elements from the titanium-containing blast furnace slag.The better leaching conditions are the HCl solution concentration of 4 mol/L,the leaching time of 30 min,the ratio of liquid volume to solid gas of 10 mL/g,and the stirring paddle speed of 300 r/min.Under the conditions,the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron can reach 85.87%,73.41%,81.35%,and 59.08%,and the leaching rate of titanium is 10.71%.The iron and the aluminum are removed from the leachate to obtain iron-aluminum water purification agents,and the magnesium is removed from the leachate to obtain magnesium hydroxide.The leaching residue phase is dominated by perovskite,followed by magnesium silicate and tricalcium aluminate,and the titaniumrich material could be obtained from the leaching residue by desiliconization.展开更多
The proper recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)can promote the recovery and utilization of valuable resources,while also negative environmental effects resulting from the presence of toxic and hazardous subs...The proper recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)can promote the recovery and utilization of valuable resources,while also negative environmental effects resulting from the presence of toxic and hazardous substances.In this study,a new environmentally friendly hydro-metallurgical process was proposed for leaching lithium(Li),nickel(Ni),cobalt(Co),and manganese(Mn)from spent LIBs using sulfuric acid with citric acid as a reductant.The effects of the concentration of sulfuric acid,the leaching temperature,the leaching time,the solid-liquid ratio,and the reducing agent dosage on the leaching behavior of the above elements were investigated.Key parameters were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM)to maximize the recovery of metals from spent LIBs.The maxim-um recovery efficiencies of Li,Ni,Co,and Mn can reach 99.08%,98.76%,98.33%,and 97.63%.under the optimized conditions(the sulfuric acid concentration was 1.16 mol/L,the citric acid dosage was 15wt%,the solid-liquid ratio was 40 g/L,and the temperature was 83℃ for 120 min),respectively.It was found that in the collaborative leaching process of sulfuric acid and citric acid,the citric acid initially provided strong reducing CO_(2)^(-),and the transition metal ions in the high state underwent a reduction reaction to produce transition metal ions in the low state.Additionally,citric acid can also act as a proton donor and chelate with lower-priced transition metal ions,thus speeding up the dissolution process.展开更多
The preparation process of sodium molybdate has the disadvantages of high energy consumption,low thermal efficiency,and high raw material requirement of molybdenum trioxide,in order to realize the green and efficient ...The preparation process of sodium molybdate has the disadvantages of high energy consumption,low thermal efficiency,and high raw material requirement of molybdenum trioxide,in order to realize the green and efficient development of molybdenum concentrate resources,this paper proposes a new process for efficient recovery of molybdenum from molybdenum concentrate and preparation of sodium molybdate by microwave-enhanced roasting and alkali leaching.Thermodynamic analysis indicated the feasibility of oxidation roasting of molybdenum concentrate.The effects of roasting temperature,holding time,and power-to-mass ratio on the oxidation product and leaching product sodium molybdate (Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O) were investigated.Under the optimal process conditions:roasting temperature of 700℃,holding time of 110 min,and power-to-mass ratio of 110 W/g,the molybdenum state of existence was converted from MoS_(2) to Mo O3.The process of preparing sodium molybdate by alkali leaching of molybdenum calcine was investigated,the optimal leaching conditions include a solution concentration of 2.5 mol/L,a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2 mL/g,a leaching temperature of 60℃,and leaching solution termination at pH 8.The optimum conditions result in a leaching rate of sodium molybdate of 96.24%.Meanwhile,the content of sodium molybdate reaches 94.08wt%after leaching and removing impurities.Iron and aluminum impurities can be effectively separated by adjusting the pH of the leaching solution with sodium carbonate solution.This research avoids the shortcomings of the traditional process and utilizes the advantages of microwave metallurgy to prepare high-quality sodium molybdate,which provides a new idea for the highvalue utilization of molybdenum concentrate.展开更多
Currently,the process of extracting rubidium from ores has attracted a great deal of attention due to the increasing application of rubidium in high-technology field.A novel process for the comprehensive utilization o...Currently,the process of extracting rubidium from ores has attracted a great deal of attention due to the increasing application of rubidium in high-technology field.A novel process for the comprehensive utilization of rubidium ore resources is proposed in this paper.The process consists mainly of mineral dissociation,selective leaching,and desilication.The results showed that the stable silicon–oxygen tetrahedral structure of the rubidium ore was completely disrupted by thermal activation and the mineral was completely dissociated,which was conducive to subsequent selective leaching.Under the optimal conditions,extractions of 98.67% Rb and 96.23%K were obtained by leaching the rubidium ore.Moreover,the addition of a certain amount of activated Al(OH)_(3) during leaching can effectively inhibit the leaching of silicon.In the meantime,the leach residue was sodalite,which was successfully synthesized to zeolite A by hydrothermal conversion.The proposed process provided a feasible strategy for the green extraction of rubidium and the sustainable utilization of various resources.展开更多
Rare earth elements are indispensable raw materials for advanced aero-engines, special optical materials, and high-performance electronic products. With the development of the social economy, the global demand for rar...Rare earth elements are indispensable raw materials for advanced aero-engines, special optical materials, and high-performance electronic products. With the development of the social economy, the global demand for rare earth resources is increasing, and rare earths have become a key metal for the development of new industries and frontier technologies that are highly valued both at home and abroad. Ion-adsorbed rare earth ores are an important source of rare earths, so the efficient green leaching of ion-adsorbed rare earths is important. Researchers found that the selection of an efficient green leaching agent for ion-adsorbed rare earths is based on the zeta potential of tailing clay minerals in addition to leaching efficiency, and both zeta potential and leaching ion concentration are related to mineral acidity and alkalinity, and the pH of tailing water suspension is a direct indicator of environmental water quality requirements. Therefore, the efficiency of the leaching process is closely integrated with the environmental evaluation, and the characteristics and correlation of the changes in zeta potential, pH, conductivity and pollutant concentration of the pulp of clay mineral content during the leaching process of ore leaching and tailings aqueous electrolyte solution leaching are studied by evaluating the leaching system, and a set of correlation leaching efficiency and environmental impact evaluation method is established based on the results of the above analysis, which is of scientific development of ion adsorption rare earth resources. It has important theoretical significance and practical application value.展开更多
Coal gasification slag(CGS)is a type of solid waste produced during coal gasification,in which heavy metals severely restrict its resource utilization.In this work,the mineral occurrence and distribution of typical he...Coal gasification slag(CGS)is a type of solid waste produced during coal gasification,in which heavy metals severely restrict its resource utilization.In this work,the mineral occurrence and distribution of typical heavy metal Cr in CGS is investigated.The leaching behavior of Cr under different conditions is studied in detail.Acid leaching-selective oxidation-coprecipitation method is proposed based on the characteristics of Cr in CGS.The detoxification of Cr in CGS is realized,and the detoxification mechanism is clarified.Results show that Cr is highly enriched in CGS.The speciation of Cr is mainly residual fraction(74.47%-86.12%),which is combined with amorphous aluminosilicate.Cr^(3+)and Cr^(6+)account for 90.93%-94.82%and 5.18%-9.07%of total Cr,respectively.High acid concentration and high liquid-solid ratio are beneficial to destroy the lattice structure of amorphous aluminosilicate,thus improving the leaching efficiency of Cr,which can reach 97.93%under the optimal conditions.Acid leaching-selective oxidation-coprecipitation method can realize the detoxification of Cr in CGS.Under the optimal conditions,the removal rates of Fe^(3+)and Cr^(3+)in the leaching solution are 80.99%-84.79%and 70.58%-71.69%,respectively,while the loss rate of Al^(3+)is only 1.10%-3.35%.Detoxification slag exists in the form of Fe-Cr coprecipitation(Fe_(1-x)Cr_xOOH),which can be used for smelting.The detoxification acid leaching solution can be used to prepare inorganic polymer composite coagulant poly-aluminum chloride(PAC).This study can provide theoretical and data guidance for detoxification of heavy metal Cr in CGS and achieve resource utilization of coal gasification solid waste.展开更多
The bond film on the surface of the CO_(2) sodium silicate used sands is not easy to decompose,therefore,it is difficult to reclaim used sands.A new reclamation method of CO_(2) sodium silicate used sands was develope...The bond film on the surface of the CO_(2) sodium silicate used sands is not easy to decompose,therefore,it is difficult to reclaim used sands.A new reclamation method of CO_(2) sodium silicate used sands was developed by steam leaching,which can reduce the water consumption of reclamation and improve the removal effect of sodium silicate bond film.Firstly,the leaching effect of the sodium silicate sands after 20/200/400/600/800/1,000°C heat preservation treatment was simulated.Furthermore,the influence of the leaching time on the removal effect of the sodium silicate bond film was studied.Finally,the casting properties of the reclaimed sands after the leaching reclamation treatment were tested.The results show for simulated used sands after 30 min of steam leaching,the removal ratio of the alkali exceeds 84.1%,the removal ratio of silicate is 86.2%,and the removal ratio of carbonate is 93.6%.The removal rate of alkali,silicate and carbonate is relatively low in the leaching time of 30-50 min.Considering the reclamation effect and cost,the leaching time is controlled in 30 min.Water consumption is only 60%of the mass of used sands for 30 min steam leaching,while it is 200%for wet reclamation.Morphological analysis shows that most of the hazardous substances in the used sands are removed in 30 min steam leaching,and the reclaimed sands surface after steam leaching in 50 min is as smooth as new sands.After 30 min of steam leaching,the alkali removal effect of the factory used sands can reach 81.5%,the water consumption by the steam leaching reclamation is 58%of the mass of the used sand,which is similar to the result of simulated used sands.The performance of reclaimed sands obtained after 30 min steam leaching is better than that of new sands when the amount of sodium silicate added is 6%of the mass of the reclaimed sands and the CO_(2) blowing time is 15 s:the 24 h ultimate compressive strength of reclaimed sands is 5.6 MPa(equated with new sands),and the collapsibility compressive strength is 5.2 MPa,which is lower than the collapsibility compressive strength of new sands(7.7 MPa).This indicates that the reclamation of CO_(2) sodium silicate used sands by steam leaching is a feasible method.展开更多
The magnesium sulfate(MgSO_(4))-ascorbic acid(Vc)compound leaching technique can extract rare earth elements(REEs)existing in ion-exchangeable phase and colloidal phase from ion-adso rption type rare earth ore through...The magnesium sulfate(MgSO_(4))-ascorbic acid(Vc)compound leaching technique can extract rare earth elements(REEs)existing in ion-exchangeable phase and colloidal phase from ion-adso rption type rare earth ore through the synergy effect of coordination and reduction,but its reaction process and mechanism remain unclear.In this paper,the coordination-reduction leaching mechanism was analyzed from the perspectives of leaching thermodynamics and kinetics,which provide theoretical guidance for the compound leaching process.In the case of neodymium,about 45%of dissolved neodymium will exist as the complex species of NdVc_(()3(aq))in Nd-Vc-sulfate system.Based on this,it is deduced that the Gibbs free energy of the leaching reaction of ion-exchangeable phase REEs will change to a more negative value through the coordination of REEs cations and Vc anions in the MgSO_(4)leaching process.In addition,the E_(h)-pH diagrams of Ce-SO_(4)^(2-)-H_(2)O and Fe-SO_(4)^(2-)-H_(2)O together with the dissolution experiments confirm that the added Vc initiates the leaching process of colloidal phase REEs through reduction-dissolution reaction.Through the study of leaching kinetics,the leaching of REEs is controlled by diffusion and chemical reaction in the co mpound leaching system since colloidal phase REEs are leached.Therefore,the addition of Vc can shift the leaching equilibrium to a more favorable state and accelerate leaching process.The rare earth leaching efficiency of ion-exchangeable phase and colloidal phase can be effectively improved by increasing the reaction temperature,the conce ntrations of leaching agent and Vc,and the leaching agent acidity.展开更多
The purpose of this work was to fabricate three-dimensional porous scaffolds by using the salt leaching technique.This technique is simple and it does not need the pressure or dislike expensive equipment.The study sel...The purpose of this work was to fabricate three-dimensional porous scaffolds by using the salt leaching technique.This technique is simple and it does not need the pressure or dislike expensive equipment.The study selected polycaprolactone blended with carboxymethylcellulose that is the additive.The ratios of them were derived from mixture design in Minitab program that was 98/2(P1),93.5/6.5(P2),89/11(P3),84.5/15.5(P4),and 80/20(P5),respectively.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was applied to assess the physical properties and the pore size dimension of the scaffold from SEM micrographs.The results of SEM present the scaffolds happened interconnected porous structures that are found in all of the P1-P5 samples.The pore size dimension of all sample scaffolds is in the range of 264.11-348.28μm.Whereas the largest and the smallest of pore size are the sample of P3 and P2,respectively,while the porosity ranges from 98.06%-98.88%that the sample of P5 is the greatest and the sample of P4 is the slightly lowest.In conclusion,the blended PCL/CMC scaffolds P1-P5 were formed by salt leaching technique suitable to use in tissue engineering application.However,the amount of CMC blended with PCL should be reasonable in order to adjust the hydrophilic of the scaffold.展开更多
Soil salinity is a serious land degradation issue in agriculture.It is a major threat to agriculture productivity.Extra irrigation water is applied to leach down the salts from the root zone of the plants in the form ...Soil salinity is a serious land degradation issue in agriculture.It is a major threat to agriculture productivity.Extra irrigation water is applied to leach down the salts from the root zone of the plants in the form of a Leaching fraction(LF)of irrigation water.For the leaching process to be effective,the LF of irriga-tion water needs to be adjusted according to the environmental conditions and soil salinity level in the form of Evapotranspiration(ET)rate.The relationship between environmental conditions and ET rate is hard to be defined by a linear relationship and data-driven Machine learning(ML)based decisions are required to determine the calibrated Evapotranspiration(ETc)rate.ML-assisted ETc is pro-posed to adjust the LF according to the ETc and soil salinity level.A regression model is proposed to determine the ETc rate according to the prevailing tempera-ture,humidity,and sunshine,which would be used to determine the smart LF according to the ETc and soil salinity level.The proposed model is trained and tested against the Blaney Criddle method of Reference evapotranspiration(ETo)determination.The validation of the model from the test dataset reveals the accu-racy of the ML model in terms of Root mean squared errors(RMSE)are 0.41,Mean absolute errors(MAE)are 0.34,and Mean squared errors(MSE)are 0.28 mm day-1.The applications of the proposed solution in a real-time environ-ment show that the LF by the proposed solution is more effective in reducing the soil salinity as compared to the traditional process of leaching.展开更多
The characteristics of the extracted ion current have a significant impact on the design and testing of ion source performance.In this paper,a 2D in space and 3D in velocity space particle in cell(2D3V PIC)method is u...The characteristics of the extracted ion current have a significant impact on the design and testing of ion source performance.In this paper,a 2D in space and 3D in velocity space particle in cell(2D3V PIC)method is utilized to simulate plasma motion and ion extraction characteristics under various initial plasma velocity distributions and extraction voltages in a Cartesian coordinate system.The plasma density is of the order of 10^(15)m^(-3)-10^(16)m^(-3)and the extraction voltage is of the order of 100 V-1000 V.The study investigates the impact of various extraction voltages on the velocity and density distributions of electrons and positive ions,and analyzes the influence of different initial plasma velocity distributions on the extraction current.The simulation results reveal that the main reason for the variation of extraction current is the spacecharge force formed by the relative aggregation of positive and negative net charges.This lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of extraction beam characteristics.展开更多
Achieving a highly robust zinc(Zn)metal anode is extremely important for improving the performance of aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs)for advancing“carbon neutrality”society,which is hampered by the uncontrollable gr...Achieving a highly robust zinc(Zn)metal anode is extremely important for improving the performance of aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs)for advancing“carbon neutrality”society,which is hampered by the uncontrollable growth of Zn dendrite and severe side reactions including hydrogen evolution reaction,corrosion,and passivation,etc.Herein,an interlayer containing fluorinated zincophilic covalent organic framework with sulfonic acid groups(COF-S-F)is developed on Zn metal(Zn@COF-S-F)as the artificial solid electrolyte interface(SEI).Sulfonic acid group(-SO_(3)H)in COF-S-F can effectively ameliorate the desolvation process of hydrated Zn ions,and the three-dimensional channel with fluoride group(-F)can provide interconnected channels for the favorable transport of Zn ions with ion-confinement effects,endowing Zn@COF-S-F with dendrite-free morphology and suppressed side reactions.Consequently,Zn@COF-S-F symmetric cell can stably cycle for 1,000 h with low average hysteresis voltage(50.5 m V)at the current density of 1.5 m A cm^(-2).Zn@COF-S-F|Mn O_(2)cell delivers the discharge specific capacity of 206.8 m Ah g^(-1)at the current density of 1.2 A g^(-1)after 800 cycles with high-capacity retention(87.9%).Enlightening,building artificial SEI on metallic Zn surface with targeted design has been proved as the effective strategy to foster the practical application of high-performance AZIBs.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1707601)project of Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2021430)+1 种基金project of Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IAGM2020C26)project of Bureau of International Cooperation,Chinese Academy of Sciences(122363KYSB20190033)。
文摘Efficient and low-cost recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),LFP)batteries has become an inevitable trend.In this study,an integrated closed-loop recycling strategy including isomorphic substitution leaching and solvent extraction process for spent LFP was proposed.An inexpensive FeCl_(3)was used as leaching agent to directly substitute Fe^(2+)from LFP.99%of Li can be rapidly leached in just 30 min,accompanied by 98%of FePO_(4)precipitated in lixivium.The tri-n-butyl phosphate(TBP)-sulfonated kerosene(SK)system was applied to extract Li from lixivium through a twelve-stage countercurrent process containing synchronous extraction and stepwise stripping of Li^(+)and Fe^(3+).80.81%of Li can be selectively enriched in stripping liquor containing 3.059 mol·L^(-1)of Li^(+)under optimal conditions.And the Fe stripping liquor was recovered for LFP re-leaching,of which,Fe^(2+)was oxidized to Fe^(3+)by appropriate H_(2)O_(2).Raffinate and lixivium were concentrated and entered into extraction process to accomplished closeloop recycling process.Overall,the results suggest that more than 99%of Li was recovered.FeCl_(3)holding in solution was directly regenerated without any pollutant emission.The sustainable mothed would be an alternative candidate for total element recycling of spent LFP batteries with industrial potential.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51474041 and 51674051)Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau(No.cstc2019jcyjjqX0006)Chongqing Talents Plan for Young Talents(No.CQYC201905050).
文摘The fusion of the leaching and purification processes was realized by directly using microemulsion as the leaching agent.The bis-(2-ethyhexyl)phosphoric acid(DEHPA)/n-heptane/NaOH microemulsion system was established to directly leach vanadates from sodium-roasted vanadium slag.The effect of the leaching agent on the leaching efficiency was investigated,in addition to the molar ratio of H_(2)O/NaDEHP(W),DEHPA concentration,solid/liquid ratio,stirring time,and leaching temperature.In optimal situations,the vanadium leaching efficiency reaches 79.57%.The X-ray diffraction characterization of the leaching residue and the Raman spectrum of the microemulsion before and after leaching demonstrate the successful entry of vanadates from the sodium-roasted vanadium slag into the microemulsion.The proposed method successfully realizes the leaching and purification of vanadates in one step,thereby greatly reducing production costs and environmental pollution.It also offers a new way to achieve the green recovery of valuable metals from solid resources.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （50874087 50978212） the Key Projects in the National Science and Technology Pillar Program （2009BAA20B02）
文摘The feasibility of oxidation leaching process of nickel from nickel sulfide ore and the form of different components in the lixivium has been studied at first. The method of leaching nickel sulfide concentration directly by oxidants with existence of ultrasonic has been advanced. The process of leaching nickel from nickel sulfide concentration by using the system of persulfate and silver has been determined. The influence of different factors on the leaching rates of nickel,such as with and without ultrasonic,the concentration of Na2S2O8,liquid-solid ratio and the concentration of AgNO3 have been explored. The results show that:(1) in the oxidative leaching system,nickel can be leached completely as Ni2+ or NiSO4(aq.) from nickel sulfide concentration in theory;(2) the nicopyrite can not exist steadily in the persulfate acid leaching system,but Ni2+can. Meanwhile,sulfur may be existed steadily in the leaching process;(3) nicopyrite with much lower electrostatic potential may be leached earlier than chalcopyrite and sideropyrite;and(4) the overall reaction rate of the leaching process can be enhanced with ultrasonic radiation,but it does not change the mechanism of leaching. The more oxidant concentration or higher liquid-solid ratio is,the higher leaching percentage of nickel. The leaching percentage of nickel can be increased significantly by adding a small amount of AgNO3 during the leaching processes. Under the same conditions,the higher concentration of AgNO3 is,the higher leaching yields of nickel will be obtained.
基金Project(Hunan 2006104)supported by the Key Project Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province of China
文摘The behavior of silver and lead in the selective chlorination leaching process of gold-antimony alloy was analyzed in detail and appropriate recovery methods were developed.A reduction method by adding gold-antimony alloy powder was adopted to recover silver according to the thermodynamics calculation.The reducing rate of silver can exceed 99%at 80℃for 1.5 h when the dosage of gold-antimony alloy powder is 10%.The dissolution equilibrium curved surfaces of PbSO4 and PbCl2 under different conditions were drawn.The experimental results are well consistent with theoretical analysis that indicate lead may be precipitated in the form of lead chloride.The grade of gold in the residue can be further concentrated to 94.5%after being washed with hot water. These two methods have been applied successfully in the practice.
基金Project(51334008) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A hydrometallurgical process for tungsten extraction and recovery from scheelite is reported.The technology includes leaching scheelite using phosphoric acid as chelating agent in nitric acid solutions,extracting tungsten by solvent extraction and reusing leaching agent.In the leaching process,affecting factors,such as temperature,leaching time,nitric acid and dosage of phosphoric acid,were examined on recovery of tungsten.Results show that more than 97%of tungsten could be extracted under conditions of leaching temperature of 80-90°C,HNO3 concentration of 3.0-4.0 mol/L,liquild-to-soild ratio of 10:1,H3PO4 dosage of 3 stoichiometric ratio and leaching time of 3 h.Solvent extraction was then employed for the W recovery from the leachate with a organic system of 40%(v/v)N235,30%(v/v)TBP,and 30%sulfonated kerosene.Approximately 99.93%of W was extracted and ammonium tungstate solution containing 193 g/L W was obtained with a stripping rate of 98.10%under the optimized conditions.
文摘This research work deals with the extraction of nickel from a low grade nickel laterite ore, taken from a deposit located in southwestern of Iran, through agitation leaching at atmospheric pressure. The assaying and mineralogical studies carried out on the nickel laterite sample, showed the 0.88% Ni, and principally consisted of oxide and silicate crystalline phases i.e. dolomite, quartz, magnetite, and goethite. Among numerous factors affecting such process, four major parameters i.e. temperature, agitator speed(r/min), leaching agents and their concentration were considered in a two-level full factorial experimental design. The agitation leach tests showed that the ore could be leached at atmospheric pressure with sulfuric acid while citric acid was almost unpromising. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) using DX7 software was employed to identify effective parameters. Sulfuric acid concentration and temperature were the most effective parameters on Ni extraction. Furthermore, the factorial models for experiment responses were developed. The results showed 83% Ni extraction after 4 h leaching, under optimized conditions i.e.temperature at 95 ℃, acid concentration at 5 N and agitator speed at 1000 r/min. This study revealed that factorial experimental design can be implemented to identify effective parameters on the agitation leaching process of nickel laterite.
基金jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1905800)the National Key Research & Development Program of China (2018YFC1903500)+4 种基金the commercial project by Beijing Zhong Dian Hua Yuan Environment Protection Technology Co., Ltd. (E01211200005)the Regional key projects of the science and technology service network program (STS program) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-STS-QYZD-153)the Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation Key Projects (2020Z099, 2022Z028)the Ningbo Municipal Commonweal Key Program (2019C10033)the support of Mineral Resources Analytical and Testing Center, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science
文摘To achieve the resource utilization of solid waste phosphogypsum(PG)and tackle the problem of utilizing potassium feldspar(PF),a coupled synergistic process between PG and PF is proposed in this paper.The study investigates the features of P and F in PG,and explores the decomposition of PF using hydrofluoric acid(HF)in the sulfuric acid system for K leaching and leaching of P and F in PG.The impact factors such as sulfuric acid concentration,reaction temperature,reaction time,material ratio(PG/PF),liquid–solid ratio,PF particle size,and PF calcination temperature on the leaching of P and K is systematically investigated in this paper.The results show that under optimal conditions,the leaching rate of K and P reach more than 93%and 96%,respectively.Kinetics study using shrinking core model(SCM)indicates two significant stages with internal diffusion predominantly controlling the leaching of K.The apparent activation energies of these two stages are 11.92 kJ·mol^(-1)and 11.55 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund(No.52204419)the Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2022-BS-076)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project(No.2021AA12013)。
文摘To realize the resource utilization of the valuable metals in the titanium-containing blast furnace slag,the process route of “hydrochloric acid leaching-electrolysis-carbonization and carbon dioxide capture-preparation of calcium carbonate” was proposed.In this study,the influences of process conditions on the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron and the phases of the leaching residue were investigated for the leaching process.The experimental results show that the HCl solution could selectively leach the elements from the titanium-containing blast furnace slag.The better leaching conditions are the HCl solution concentration of 4 mol/L,the leaching time of 30 min,the ratio of liquid volume to solid gas of 10 mL/g,and the stirring paddle speed of 300 r/min.Under the conditions,the leaching rates of calcium,magnesium,aluminum,and iron can reach 85.87%,73.41%,81.35%,and 59.08%,and the leaching rate of titanium is 10.71%.The iron and the aluminum are removed from the leachate to obtain iron-aluminum water purification agents,and the magnesium is removed from the leachate to obtain magnesium hydroxide.The leaching residue phase is dominated by perovskite,followed by magnesium silicate and tricalcium aluminate,and the titaniumrich material could be obtained from the leaching residue by desiliconization.
基金supported by Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province,China (No.2022C03061)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52074204)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2023-vb-032).
文摘The proper recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)can promote the recovery and utilization of valuable resources,while also negative environmental effects resulting from the presence of toxic and hazardous substances.In this study,a new environmentally friendly hydro-metallurgical process was proposed for leaching lithium(Li),nickel(Ni),cobalt(Co),and manganese(Mn)from spent LIBs using sulfuric acid with citric acid as a reductant.The effects of the concentration of sulfuric acid,the leaching temperature,the leaching time,the solid-liquid ratio,and the reducing agent dosage on the leaching behavior of the above elements were investigated.Key parameters were optimized using response surface methodology(RSM)to maximize the recovery of metals from spent LIBs.The maxim-um recovery efficiencies of Li,Ni,Co,and Mn can reach 99.08%,98.76%,98.33%,and 97.63%.under the optimized conditions(the sulfuric acid concentration was 1.16 mol/L,the citric acid dosage was 15wt%,the solid-liquid ratio was 40 g/L,and the temperature was 83℃ for 120 min),respectively.It was found that in the collaborative leaching process of sulfuric acid and citric acid,the citric acid initially provided strong reducing CO_(2)^(-),and the transition metal ions in the high state underwent a reduction reaction to produce transition metal ions in the low state.Additionally,citric acid can also act as a proton donor and chelate with lower-priced transition metal ions,thus speeding up the dissolution process.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51964046)。
文摘The preparation process of sodium molybdate has the disadvantages of high energy consumption,low thermal efficiency,and high raw material requirement of molybdenum trioxide,in order to realize the green and efficient development of molybdenum concentrate resources,this paper proposes a new process for efficient recovery of molybdenum from molybdenum concentrate and preparation of sodium molybdate by microwave-enhanced roasting and alkali leaching.Thermodynamic analysis indicated the feasibility of oxidation roasting of molybdenum concentrate.The effects of roasting temperature,holding time,and power-to-mass ratio on the oxidation product and leaching product sodium molybdate (Na_(2)MoO_(4)·2H_(2)O) were investigated.Under the optimal process conditions:roasting temperature of 700℃,holding time of 110 min,and power-to-mass ratio of 110 W/g,the molybdenum state of existence was converted from MoS_(2) to Mo O3.The process of preparing sodium molybdate by alkali leaching of molybdenum calcine was investigated,the optimal leaching conditions include a solution concentration of 2.5 mol/L,a liquid-to-solid ratio of 2 mL/g,a leaching temperature of 60℃,and leaching solution termination at pH 8.The optimum conditions result in a leaching rate of sodium molybdate of 96.24%.Meanwhile,the content of sodium molybdate reaches 94.08wt%after leaching and removing impurities.Iron and aluminum impurities can be effectively separated by adjusting the pH of the leaching solution with sodium carbonate solution.This research avoids the shortcomings of the traditional process and utilizes the advantages of microwave metallurgy to prepare high-quality sodium molybdate,which provides a new idea for the highvalue utilization of molybdenum concentrate.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1802253 and 52034002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.FRF-TT-19-001)。
文摘Currently,the process of extracting rubidium from ores has attracted a great deal of attention due to the increasing application of rubidium in high-technology field.A novel process for the comprehensive utilization of rubidium ore resources is proposed in this paper.The process consists mainly of mineral dissociation,selective leaching,and desilication.The results showed that the stable silicon–oxygen tetrahedral structure of the rubidium ore was completely disrupted by thermal activation and the mineral was completely dissociated,which was conducive to subsequent selective leaching.Under the optimal conditions,extractions of 98.67% Rb and 96.23%K were obtained by leaching the rubidium ore.Moreover,the addition of a certain amount of activated Al(OH)_(3) during leaching can effectively inhibit the leaching of silicon.In the meantime,the leach residue was sodalite,which was successfully synthesized to zeolite A by hydrothermal conversion.The proposed process provided a feasible strategy for the green extraction of rubidium and the sustainable utilization of various resources.
文摘Rare earth elements are indispensable raw materials for advanced aero-engines, special optical materials, and high-performance electronic products. With the development of the social economy, the global demand for rare earth resources is increasing, and rare earths have become a key metal for the development of new industries and frontier technologies that are highly valued both at home and abroad. Ion-adsorbed rare earth ores are an important source of rare earths, so the efficient green leaching of ion-adsorbed rare earths is important. Researchers found that the selection of an efficient green leaching agent for ion-adsorbed rare earths is based on the zeta potential of tailing clay minerals in addition to leaching efficiency, and both zeta potential and leaching ion concentration are related to mineral acidity and alkalinity, and the pH of tailing water suspension is a direct indicator of environmental water quality requirements. Therefore, the efficiency of the leaching process is closely integrated with the environmental evaluation, and the characteristics and correlation of the changes in zeta potential, pH, conductivity and pollutant concentration of the pulp of clay mineral content during the leaching process of ore leaching and tailings aqueous electrolyte solution leaching are studied by evaluating the leaching system, and a set of correlation leaching efficiency and environmental impact evaluation method is established based on the results of the above analysis, which is of scientific development of ion adsorption rare earth resources. It has important theoretical significance and practical application value.
基金finally supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52174390,U1810205)Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture of the Chinese Academy of Sciences China(IAGM2022D04)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences China(XDA21040601)。
文摘Coal gasification slag(CGS)is a type of solid waste produced during coal gasification,in which heavy metals severely restrict its resource utilization.In this work,the mineral occurrence and distribution of typical heavy metal Cr in CGS is investigated.The leaching behavior of Cr under different conditions is studied in detail.Acid leaching-selective oxidation-coprecipitation method is proposed based on the characteristics of Cr in CGS.The detoxification of Cr in CGS is realized,and the detoxification mechanism is clarified.Results show that Cr is highly enriched in CGS.The speciation of Cr is mainly residual fraction(74.47%-86.12%),which is combined with amorphous aluminosilicate.Cr^(3+)and Cr^(6+)account for 90.93%-94.82%and 5.18%-9.07%of total Cr,respectively.High acid concentration and high liquid-solid ratio are beneficial to destroy the lattice structure of amorphous aluminosilicate,thus improving the leaching efficiency of Cr,which can reach 97.93%under the optimal conditions.Acid leaching-selective oxidation-coprecipitation method can realize the detoxification of Cr in CGS.Under the optimal conditions,the removal rates of Fe^(3+)and Cr^(3+)in the leaching solution are 80.99%-84.79%and 70.58%-71.69%,respectively,while the loss rate of Al^(3+)is only 1.10%-3.35%.Detoxification slag exists in the form of Fe-Cr coprecipitation(Fe_(1-x)Cr_xOOH),which can be used for smelting.The detoxification acid leaching solution can be used to prepare inorganic polymer composite coagulant poly-aluminum chloride(PAC).This study can provide theoretical and data guidance for detoxification of heavy metal Cr in CGS and achieve resource utilization of coal gasification solid waste.
基金This work was financially supported by the State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies(No.FZ2021014)the Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau Application Foundation Frontier Project(2022023988065216)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(J2124010,51405348,51575405)the Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China(D20171604)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2018CFB673).
文摘The bond film on the surface of the CO_(2) sodium silicate used sands is not easy to decompose,therefore,it is difficult to reclaim used sands.A new reclamation method of CO_(2) sodium silicate used sands was developed by steam leaching,which can reduce the water consumption of reclamation and improve the removal effect of sodium silicate bond film.Firstly,the leaching effect of the sodium silicate sands after 20/200/400/600/800/1,000°C heat preservation treatment was simulated.Furthermore,the influence of the leaching time on the removal effect of the sodium silicate bond film was studied.Finally,the casting properties of the reclaimed sands after the leaching reclamation treatment were tested.The results show for simulated used sands after 30 min of steam leaching,the removal ratio of the alkali exceeds 84.1%,the removal ratio of silicate is 86.2%,and the removal ratio of carbonate is 93.6%.The removal rate of alkali,silicate and carbonate is relatively low in the leaching time of 30-50 min.Considering the reclamation effect and cost,the leaching time is controlled in 30 min.Water consumption is only 60%of the mass of used sands for 30 min steam leaching,while it is 200%for wet reclamation.Morphological analysis shows that most of the hazardous substances in the used sands are removed in 30 min steam leaching,and the reclaimed sands surface after steam leaching in 50 min is as smooth as new sands.After 30 min of steam leaching,the alkali removal effect of the factory used sands can reach 81.5%,the water consumption by the steam leaching reclamation is 58%of the mass of the used sand,which is similar to the result of simulated used sands.The performance of reclaimed sands obtained after 30 min steam leaching is better than that of new sands when the amount of sodium silicate added is 6%of the mass of the reclaimed sands and the CO_(2) blowing time is 15 s:the 24 h ultimate compressive strength of reclaimed sands is 5.6 MPa(equated with new sands),and the collapsibility compressive strength is 5.2 MPa,which is lower than the collapsibility compressive strength of new sands(7.7 MPa).This indicates that the reclamation of CO_(2) sodium silicate used sands by steam leaching is a feasible method.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2021YFC2902202,2020YFC1909002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51604128)+1 种基金the Youth Jinggang Scholars Program in Jiangxi Province(QNJG2019056)the Cultivation Project of the State Key Laboratory of Green Development and High-value Utilization of Ionic Rare Earth Resources in Jiangxi Province(20194AFD44003)。
文摘The magnesium sulfate(MgSO_(4))-ascorbic acid(Vc)compound leaching technique can extract rare earth elements(REEs)existing in ion-exchangeable phase and colloidal phase from ion-adso rption type rare earth ore through the synergy effect of coordination and reduction,but its reaction process and mechanism remain unclear.In this paper,the coordination-reduction leaching mechanism was analyzed from the perspectives of leaching thermodynamics and kinetics,which provide theoretical guidance for the compound leaching process.In the case of neodymium,about 45%of dissolved neodymium will exist as the complex species of NdVc_(()3(aq))in Nd-Vc-sulfate system.Based on this,it is deduced that the Gibbs free energy of the leaching reaction of ion-exchangeable phase REEs will change to a more negative value through the coordination of REEs cations and Vc anions in the MgSO_(4)leaching process.In addition,the E_(h)-pH diagrams of Ce-SO_(4)^(2-)-H_(2)O and Fe-SO_(4)^(2-)-H_(2)O together with the dissolution experiments confirm that the added Vc initiates the leaching process of colloidal phase REEs through reduction-dissolution reaction.Through the study of leaching kinetics,the leaching of REEs is controlled by diffusion and chemical reaction in the co mpound leaching system since colloidal phase REEs are leached.Therefore,the addition of Vc can shift the leaching equilibrium to a more favorable state and accelerate leaching process.The rare earth leaching efficiency of ion-exchangeable phase and colloidal phase can be effectively improved by increasing the reaction temperature,the conce ntrations of leaching agent and Vc,and the leaching agent acidity.
文摘The purpose of this work was to fabricate three-dimensional porous scaffolds by using the salt leaching technique.This technique is simple and it does not need the pressure or dislike expensive equipment.The study selected polycaprolactone blended with carboxymethylcellulose that is the additive.The ratios of them were derived from mixture design in Minitab program that was 98/2(P1),93.5/6.5(P2),89/11(P3),84.5/15.5(P4),and 80/20(P5),respectively.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was applied to assess the physical properties and the pore size dimension of the scaffold from SEM micrographs.The results of SEM present the scaffolds happened interconnected porous structures that are found in all of the P1-P5 samples.The pore size dimension of all sample scaffolds is in the range of 264.11-348.28μm.Whereas the largest and the smallest of pore size are the sample of P3 and P2,respectively,while the porosity ranges from 98.06%-98.88%that the sample of P5 is the greatest and the sample of P4 is the slightly lowest.In conclusion,the blended PCL/CMC scaffolds P1-P5 were formed by salt leaching technique suitable to use in tissue engineering application.However,the amount of CMC blended with PCL should be reasonable in order to adjust the hydrophilic of the scaffold.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR),King AbdulAziz University,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia under Grant No.(RG-11-611-43).
文摘Soil salinity is a serious land degradation issue in agriculture.It is a major threat to agriculture productivity.Extra irrigation water is applied to leach down the salts from the root zone of the plants in the form of a Leaching fraction(LF)of irrigation water.For the leaching process to be effective,the LF of irriga-tion water needs to be adjusted according to the environmental conditions and soil salinity level in the form of Evapotranspiration(ET)rate.The relationship between environmental conditions and ET rate is hard to be defined by a linear relationship and data-driven Machine learning(ML)based decisions are required to determine the calibrated Evapotranspiration(ETc)rate.ML-assisted ETc is pro-posed to adjust the LF according to the ETc and soil salinity level.A regression model is proposed to determine the ETc rate according to the prevailing tempera-ture,humidity,and sunshine,which would be used to determine the smart LF according to the ETc and soil salinity level.The proposed model is trained and tested against the Blaney Criddle method of Reference evapotranspiration(ETo)determination.The validation of the model from the test dataset reveals the accu-racy of the ML model in terms of Root mean squared errors(RMSE)are 0.41,Mean absolute errors(MAE)are 0.34,and Mean squared errors(MSE)are 0.28 mm day-1.The applications of the proposed solution in a real-time environ-ment show that the LF by the proposed solution is more effective in reducing the soil salinity as compared to the traditional process of leaching.
基金Project supported by Presidential Foundation of CAEP (Grant No.YZJJZQ2022016)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52207177)。
文摘The characteristics of the extracted ion current have a significant impact on the design and testing of ion source performance.In this paper,a 2D in space and 3D in velocity space particle in cell(2D3V PIC)method is utilized to simulate plasma motion and ion extraction characteristics under various initial plasma velocity distributions and extraction voltages in a Cartesian coordinate system.The plasma density is of the order of 10^(15)m^(-3)-10^(16)m^(-3)and the extraction voltage is of the order of 100 V-1000 V.The study investigates the impact of various extraction voltages on the velocity and density distributions of electrons and positive ions,and analyzes the influence of different initial plasma velocity distributions on the extraction current.The simulation results reveal that the main reason for the variation of extraction current is the spacecharge force formed by the relative aggregation of positive and negative net charges.This lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of extraction beam characteristics.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51872090,51772097,52372252)Hebei Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar(No.E2019209433)+1 种基金Youth Talent Program of Hebei Provincial Education Department(No.BJ2018020)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2020209151)。
文摘Achieving a highly robust zinc(Zn)metal anode is extremely important for improving the performance of aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs)for advancing“carbon neutrality”society,which is hampered by the uncontrollable growth of Zn dendrite and severe side reactions including hydrogen evolution reaction,corrosion,and passivation,etc.Herein,an interlayer containing fluorinated zincophilic covalent organic framework with sulfonic acid groups(COF-S-F)is developed on Zn metal(Zn@COF-S-F)as the artificial solid electrolyte interface(SEI).Sulfonic acid group(-SO_(3)H)in COF-S-F can effectively ameliorate the desolvation process of hydrated Zn ions,and the three-dimensional channel with fluoride group(-F)can provide interconnected channels for the favorable transport of Zn ions with ion-confinement effects,endowing Zn@COF-S-F with dendrite-free morphology and suppressed side reactions.Consequently,Zn@COF-S-F symmetric cell can stably cycle for 1,000 h with low average hysteresis voltage(50.5 m V)at the current density of 1.5 m A cm^(-2).Zn@COF-S-F|Mn O_(2)cell delivers the discharge specific capacity of 206.8 m Ah g^(-1)at the current density of 1.2 A g^(-1)after 800 cycles with high-capacity retention(87.9%).Enlightening,building artificial SEI on metallic Zn surface with targeted design has been proved as the effective strategy to foster the practical application of high-performance AZIBs.
