Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from ...Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.展开更多
Soon after its founding in 1949,the People’s Republic of China established an all-round planned economic system,abolished the labor market,put labor authorities in charge of urban employment planning and placements,a...Soon after its founding in 1949,the People’s Republic of China established an all-round planned economic system,abolished the labor market,put labor authorities in charge of urban employment planning and placements,and assigned rural workforce as members of the People’s Communes.This planned labor system lasted until the reform and opening up program was launched in 1978.In the face of great employment pressures as educated youth returned from the countryside to cities,the government took a series of policies to bring the educated youth into the workforce through referral by labor authorities,voluntarily organized employment,and self-employment.With the abolition of the centralized job placement system,China’s labor market started to develop,giving play to the comparative advantage of abundant labor force,and the dual economic structure started to integrate.After decades of rapid growth and job creation,China’s labor market have turned from oversupply to undersupply since 2003,and labor remuneration increased sharply.China’s changing resource endowment structure was accompanied by a shift in its labor market policy from employment to the labor market.Over the past four decades of reform and opening up,the Chinese government enacted wise labor market policies in each critical stage.展开更多
Regional economic integration can enhance the overall strength and competitiveness of the zone. The Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic circles are the top three zones with...Regional economic integration can enhance the overall strength and competitiveness of the zone. The Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic circles are the top three zones with economic viability in China. With the development of the economy,these three zones all follow the modern " tertiary,secondary,primary" industrial structure,while the corresponding employment population structure lags behind to a certain extent. Besides,the three major special economic zones are the regions receiving most of the migrant population in China. The inflow of labor has played a double-edged role in local economic and social development. Through systematically comparing the labor market changes in transformation and upgrading of the three major special economic zones,the reform experience could be obtained: urbanization can promote urban employment,industrial agglomeration can attract different employment types,and labor market system reform can enhance labor coordination in the zone.展开更多
The shaping of the Chinese labor market is the core of the structural transformation of the Chinese economy and society since 1978.Based on the labor market segmentation theory,this paper tries to analyze the transfor...The shaping of the Chinese labor market is the core of the structural transformation of the Chinese economy and society since 1978.Based on the labor market segmentation theory,this paper tries to analyze the transformational process of changing from the employment structure under the planned economy system to the labor market,the result of which shows that the Chinese labor market presents obvious structuralization(or segmentation),forming a three-part labor market—peasant-worker labor market,talent labor market and the labor market inside the state-owned enterprise,each owning a respective function.The development of the present Chinese labor market faces serious problems of employment and re-structuring.展开更多
Using Compilation of National Cost Benefit Data of Agricultural Products in 1990-2009 and based on the convergence of planting industry marginal labor productivity,this paper studies the integration of agricultural la...Using Compilation of National Cost Benefit Data of Agricultural Products in 1990-2009 and based on the convergence of planting industry marginal labor productivity,this paper studies the integration of agricultural labor market in China. Firstly,it calculates labor output elasticity of each province for wheat,japonica rice and corn. Secondly,it builds indicators reflecting change level of marginal labor productivity. Researches show that in 1990-2000,the difference level of marginal labor productivity expands. From 2000,it starts to fall and becomes more and more stable. However,due to difference of crops and farming custom,the turning point of marginal labor productivity is not consistent with each other. Even so,it is still possible to reach the conclusion that agricultural labor market is gradually integrated from 2000.展开更多
This paper examines inequalities in China’s job market.The first section answers the question of whether rapid economic growth in China has created adequate employment,concluding that it has,based on an analysis of a...This paper examines inequalities in China’s job market.The first section answers the question of whether rapid economic growth in China has created adequate employment,concluding that it has,based on an analysis of aggregate growth and employment data.Section Two presents the general trends in labor supply and demand in China,and concludes that the unlimited labor supply seems to be diminishing,but this does not mark the coming of a labor shortage;in fact,China seems to have a sufficient supply of labor for the next 20 years.Section Three discusse: major problems facing the labor market,which include the structural problems of employment,informal employment,and distorted primary income distribution.Section Four argues that a well-functioning labor market must be able to combine flexibility with security in the pursuit of balance between economic growth and employment.展开更多
With the establishment of labor market of China, market is playing a more and more important role in allocation of human resources. However, with the transition of economy in China and industrial upgrading in recent y...With the establishment of labor market of China, market is playing a more and more important role in allocation of human resources. However, with the transition of economy in China and industrial upgrading in recent years, many labor problems have occurred which do harm to the sustainable development of local economy. The paper researches on the labor market issues of China from the perspective of local labor market regulation. Firstly, it reviews the theories of local labor market regulation. And then the main components of local labor market regulation of China are identif ied and the evaluation index system is established. The results of analysis of the calculated output show that (1) the local labor market regulation of China has an obvious character of gradient distribution geographically and decreases gradually from east to west; (2) of all the regulations, the regulation of the development of human capital has the most signif icant impact on local economy currently which is followed by the regulation of labor relation and the regulation of market participation. As to the regulation of social security, it has no signif icant impact on the development of local economy.展开更多
This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market ...This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed individuals'entry into parenthood.Higher unemployment rates at graduation reduced the probability of having at least one child in the survey year for both men and women.The negative fertility effects generally followed a U-shape,reached the maximum around average childbearing ages,and faded out within 15 years after graduation.Low-skilled workers mainly contribute to the negative fertility effects observed in the whole sample.Employment and marital outcomes are also analyzed as potential mechanisms.Estimation results indicate that individuals who experienced poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed marriage and the birth of the first child due to a lower probability of being employed,reduced working hours,and adverse income shocks.The negative long-term fertility effects should be brought to policymakers'attention,especially when China's low fertility issue worsens.Policymakers are expected to create more favorable employment conditions for labor market entrants to encourage fertility and expand the future working-age population.展开更多
Using novel data on independent directors' opinions in China, we investigate the stock and labor market effects prompted by independent directors publicly saying ‘‘no" to major board decisions. We find that...Using novel data on independent directors' opinions in China, we investigate the stock and labor market effects prompted by independent directors publicly saying ‘‘no" to major board decisions. We find that the market reacts negatively to modified director opinions, but positively to firms interlocked with the directors who said ‘‘no." We further find substantial turnover and decline in board seats after independent directors issue modified opinions. Overall, we identify a dilemma in China whereby the labor market does not reward vigilant directors for standing up to firm insiders, although investors add a premium to effective board monitoring.展开更多
We examine whether supply shocks in the audit partner labor market induce clients to switch audit partners.We argue that audit partners in their early careers(i.e.,junior partners)charge low audit fees to attract clie...We examine whether supply shocks in the audit partner labor market induce clients to switch audit partners.We argue that audit partners in their early careers(i.e.,junior partners)charge low audit fees to attract clients,which induces client firms to switch from senior partners to junior partners when there are more junior partners available.Utilizing the Big4 localization policy,we find that Big4 clients are more likely to replace senior auditors with junior auditors to cut costs after the policy.Furthermore,the results are mainly driven by clients who are charged high fees.Our empirical evidence enriches the understanding of auditor choice determinants and informs the ongoing debates surrounding new regulations for Big4 firms in China.展开更多
This paper aims to construct a mathematical model for choosing a proper policy about raising retirement age on the basis of the interaction between shortage of pension funds and labor market.It has also conducted a si...This paper aims to construct a mathematical model for choosing a proper policy about raising retirement age on the basis of the interaction between shortage of pension funds and labor market.It has also conducted a simulation analysis over the economic efficiency and political feasibility of a uniformed or a differentiated retirement-age delay policy.Our findings show that it is up to how effective the pension deficit is closed,how many employments will be crowded out,and whether it is politically acceptable that the length and kind of the delay is decided.From the policy effect of raising retirement age,a soft approach to delaying retirement will be better than a tough one,and a differentiated method will be better than a uniformed one.The root cause for the inconsistency of the policy effect is the discrepancies in terms of wage rate and job fulfillment,brought by different human capital situations and individual differences of the insured.The shortage of pension funds can be more effectively closed,and the impact on new labor force will be reduced,if we employ a differentiated approach to delay retirement according to the pattern of human capital accumulation and the supply and demand status of labor force.However,the policy effect of raising retirement age will not be maximized unless the human capital situation is improved.In order to resolve the pensions crisis and alleviate the pressure of unemployment,it is unavoidable that the insured,especially the low-skilled labor,can get more vocational training and academic education.展开更多
According to a recent report in Changjiang Daily, Chen Chuande, Deputy Director of Hubei Provincial Education Department,said at a conference on March 30 he "deeply regretted" college graduates’ mistaken id...According to a recent report in Changjiang Daily, Chen Chuande, Deputy Director of Hubei Provincial Education Department,said at a conference on March 30 he "deeply regretted" college graduates’ mistaken ideas about finding work.展开更多
基金supported by the General Project of the National Natural Science Fund of China(NSFC)“China’s Labor Market Matching Efficiency and Economic Effects”(Grant No.71973015)the Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)“Study on Enhancing Employment Priority for Stable Job Growth”(Grant No.21ZDA098).
文摘Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.
文摘Soon after its founding in 1949,the People’s Republic of China established an all-round planned economic system,abolished the labor market,put labor authorities in charge of urban employment planning and placements,and assigned rural workforce as members of the People’s Communes.This planned labor system lasted until the reform and opening up program was launched in 1978.In the face of great employment pressures as educated youth returned from the countryside to cities,the government took a series of policies to bring the educated youth into the workforce through referral by labor authorities,voluntarily organized employment,and self-employment.With the abolition of the centralized job placement system,China’s labor market started to develop,giving play to the comparative advantage of abundant labor force,and the dual economic structure started to integrate.After decades of rapid growth and job creation,China’s labor market have turned from oversupply to undersupply since 2003,and labor remuneration increased sharply.China’s changing resource endowment structure was accompanied by a shift in its labor market policy from employment to the labor market.Over the past four decades of reform and opening up,the Chinese government enacted wise labor market policies in each critical stage.
文摘Regional economic integration can enhance the overall strength and competitiveness of the zone. The Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic circles are the top three zones with economic viability in China. With the development of the economy,these three zones all follow the modern " tertiary,secondary,primary" industrial structure,while the corresponding employment population structure lags behind to a certain extent. Besides,the three major special economic zones are the regions receiving most of the migrant population in China. The inflow of labor has played a double-edged role in local economic and social development. Through systematically comparing the labor market changes in transformation and upgrading of the three major special economic zones,the reform experience could be obtained: urbanization can promote urban employment,industrial agglomeration can attract different employment types,and labor market system reform can enhance labor coordination in the zone.
文摘The shaping of the Chinese labor market is the core of the structural transformation of the Chinese economy and society since 1978.Based on the labor market segmentation theory,this paper tries to analyze the transformational process of changing from the employment structure under the planned economy system to the labor market,the result of which shows that the Chinese labor market presents obvious structuralization(or segmentation),forming a three-part labor market—peasant-worker labor market,talent labor market and the labor market inside the state-owned enterprise,each owning a respective function.The development of the present Chinese labor market faces serious problems of employment and re-structuring.
基金Supported by Project of Rural Development Center of Sichuan Province(CR1226)Doctoral Candidate Research Project of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics(JBK1207071)
文摘Using Compilation of National Cost Benefit Data of Agricultural Products in 1990-2009 and based on the convergence of planting industry marginal labor productivity,this paper studies the integration of agricultural labor market in China. Firstly,it calculates labor output elasticity of each province for wheat,japonica rice and corn. Secondly,it builds indicators reflecting change level of marginal labor productivity. Researches show that in 1990-2000,the difference level of marginal labor productivity expands. From 2000,it starts to fall and becomes more and more stable. However,due to difference of crops and farming custom,the turning point of marginal labor productivity is not consistent with each other. Even so,it is still possible to reach the conclusion that agricultural labor market is gradually integrated from 2000.
文摘This paper examines inequalities in China’s job market.The first section answers the question of whether rapid economic growth in China has created adequate employment,concluding that it has,based on an analysis of aggregate growth and employment data.Section Two presents the general trends in labor supply and demand in China,and concludes that the unlimited labor supply seems to be diminishing,but this does not mark the coming of a labor shortage;in fact,China seems to have a sufficient supply of labor for the next 20 years.Section Three discusse: major problems facing the labor market,which include the structural problems of employment,informal employment,and distorted primary income distribution.Section Four argues that a well-functioning labor market must be able to combine flexibility with security in the pursuit of balance between economic growth and employment.
基金supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of The Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. O7Q70100AD).
文摘With the establishment of labor market of China, market is playing a more and more important role in allocation of human resources. However, with the transition of economy in China and industrial upgrading in recent years, many labor problems have occurred which do harm to the sustainable development of local economy. The paper researches on the labor market issues of China from the perspective of local labor market regulation. Firstly, it reviews the theories of local labor market regulation. And then the main components of local labor market regulation of China are identif ied and the evaluation index system is established. The results of analysis of the calculated output show that (1) the local labor market regulation of China has an obvious character of gradient distribution geographically and decreases gradually from east to west; (2) of all the regulations, the regulation of the development of human capital has the most signif icant impact on local economy currently which is followed by the regulation of labor relation and the regulation of market participation. As to the regulation of social security, it has no signif icant impact on the development of local economy.
文摘This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed individuals'entry into parenthood.Higher unemployment rates at graduation reduced the probability of having at least one child in the survey year for both men and women.The negative fertility effects generally followed a U-shape,reached the maximum around average childbearing ages,and faded out within 15 years after graduation.Low-skilled workers mainly contribute to the negative fertility effects observed in the whole sample.Employment and marital outcomes are also analyzed as potential mechanisms.Estimation results indicate that individuals who experienced poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed marriage and the birth of the first child due to a lower probability of being employed,reduced working hours,and adverse income shocks.The negative long-term fertility effects should be brought to policymakers'attention,especially when China's low fertility issue worsens.Policymakers are expected to create more favorable employment conditions for labor market entrants to encourage fertility and expand the future working-age population.
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Projects 71,372,206 and 71,672,152)the support of the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-13–0963)
文摘Using novel data on independent directors' opinions in China, we investigate the stock and labor market effects prompted by independent directors publicly saying ‘‘no" to major board decisions. We find that the market reacts negatively to modified director opinions, but positively to firms interlocked with the directors who said ‘‘no." We further find substantial turnover and decline in board seats after independent directors issue modified opinions. Overall, we identify a dilemma in China whereby the labor market does not reward vigilant directors for standing up to firm insiders, although investors add a premium to effective board monitoring.
文摘We examine whether supply shocks in the audit partner labor market induce clients to switch audit partners.We argue that audit partners in their early careers(i.e.,junior partners)charge low audit fees to attract clients,which induces client firms to switch from senior partners to junior partners when there are more junior partners available.Utilizing the Big4 localization policy,we find that Big4 clients are more likely to replace senior auditors with junior auditors to cut costs after the policy.Furthermore,the results are mainly driven by clients who are charged high fees.Our empirical evidence enriches the understanding of auditor choice determinants and informs the ongoing debates surrounding new regulations for Big4 firms in China.
文摘This paper aims to construct a mathematical model for choosing a proper policy about raising retirement age on the basis of the interaction between shortage of pension funds and labor market.It has also conducted a simulation analysis over the economic efficiency and political feasibility of a uniformed or a differentiated retirement-age delay policy.Our findings show that it is up to how effective the pension deficit is closed,how many employments will be crowded out,and whether it is politically acceptable that the length and kind of the delay is decided.From the policy effect of raising retirement age,a soft approach to delaying retirement will be better than a tough one,and a differentiated method will be better than a uniformed one.The root cause for the inconsistency of the policy effect is the discrepancies in terms of wage rate and job fulfillment,brought by different human capital situations and individual differences of the insured.The shortage of pension funds can be more effectively closed,and the impact on new labor force will be reduced,if we employ a differentiated approach to delay retirement according to the pattern of human capital accumulation and the supply and demand status of labor force.However,the policy effect of raising retirement age will not be maximized unless the human capital situation is improved.In order to resolve the pensions crisis and alleviate the pressure of unemployment,it is unavoidable that the insured,especially the low-skilled labor,can get more vocational training and academic education.
文摘According to a recent report in Changjiang Daily, Chen Chuande, Deputy Director of Hubei Provincial Education Department,said at a conference on March 30 he "deeply regretted" college graduates’ mistaken ideas about finding work.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.70810107020)the Science Foundation of Ministfy of Education of China(Grant No.2009JJD790002)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.20100470125)
文摘自从最近的经济危机，中国的汇率的 undervaluation 是在全球政策混合上的争论的一个焦点。用一张非竞争的 inputoutput 桌子，我们建立一个比较静电干扰的一般平衡模型在 SinoUS 贸易和劳动市场上模仿真实汇率变化的影响。中国和劳动的贸易剩余上的一个 10 百分比 RMB 再估价的影响 USA 出售的模拟表演比更谦虚通常被察觉，并且在中国的非处理的工业的产量上的否定影响在处理工业上是比那更重要的。SinoUS 贸易不平衡将继续败坏，中国的非处理的贸易剩余愿望衰落和处理贸易将增加，与是小的联合效果。为 USA，从中国进口的劳动密集型的商品将变到不同亚洲国家而不是转回到 US 市场。模拟结果显示汉语和美国劳动市场上的一个 RMB 再估价的影响将是有限的。
基金the National Social Science Project (07BJL051)the Ministry of Education of China (07JZD0023 and Program for NCET)+1 种基金the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (B101)the"985 Project"of School of Economics in Fudan University
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation （Grant No. 71403237）, the Project of Humanities and Social Science of the Ministry of Education in China （Grant No. 14YJC790089）, the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. LQ14G030008）, the Beijing Social Science Foundation （Grant No. 14JGC100）, and the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department （No. Y201430552）. Rui Mao also thanks the Collaborative Innovation Center for Rural Reform and Development for financial support.
