Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia....Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia. The objective of our study was to establish an understanding of how wheat yield and input use efficiency can be improved and how land leveling and crop establishment practices can be modified to be more efficient in water use through layering of precision-conservation crop management techniques. The “precision land leveling with raised bed” planting can be used to improve crop yield, water and nutrient use efficiency over the existing “traditional land leveling with flat” planting practices. We conducted a field experiment during 2002-2004 at Modipuram, India to quantify the benefits of alternate land leveling (precision land leveling) and crop establishment (furrow irrigated raised bed planting) techniques alone or in combination (layering precision-conservation) in terms of crop yield, water savings, and nutrient use efficiency of wheat production in IGP. The wheat yield was about 16.6% higher with nearly 50% less irrigation water with layering precision land leveling and raised bed planting compared to traditional practices (traditional land leveling with flat planting). The agronomic (AE) and uptake efficiency (UE) of N, P and K were significantly improved under precision land leveling with raised bed planting technique compared to other practices.展开更多
An accurate, complete and realistic channel model is re- quired to accurately analyze the system performance of a multiple input multiple output （MIMO） broadband satellite mobile commu- nication system with dual-ort...An accurate, complete and realistic channel model is re- quired to accurately analyze the system performance of a multiple input multiple output （MIMO） broadband satellite mobile commu- nication system with dual-orthogonal polarized antennas （DPAs）. In most current studies, the channel characteristic matrix （CCM） is always formed by an independent identical distribution （i.i.d） model of Rayleigh or Rice distribution and nevertheless incomplete and inaccurate to describe a broadband dual-orthogonal polarized MIMO land mobile satellite （BDM-LMS） channel. This paper fo- cuses on establishing the BDM-LMS channel statistical model, which combines the 4-state broadband LMS channel model, the time selective fading features, the channel covariance information （CCI） channel model and polarization correlations between an- tennas. The modeling steps of the channel model are introduced. The main emphasis is placed on the effects of the factors, such as antenna numbers, temporal correlations, terminal environments, elevation angles and polarization correlations between the DPAs, on the channel capacity in the BDM-LMS system. Many simulation results are provided to illustrate the effects of these factors through comparisons of the transmit rate, ergodic capacity and outage capacity with different factor values. Besides, the MIMO outage capacity advantages, which indicate the benefits of MIMO com- pared with a single input single output （SISO） system under the same channel condition, are also studied under i.i.d or BDM-LMS channel.展开更多
群落净生产力(Net Community Production,NCP)代表了总初级生产力与群落呼吸的差值,是衡量生物活动对上层海洋碳循环影响的重要指标。O_(2)/Ar比值消除了物理过程对海水中溶解氧(O_(2))饱和度的影响,因此基于生物氧饱和度(ΔO_(2)/Ar)...群落净生产力(Net Community Production,NCP)代表了总初级生产力与群落呼吸的差值,是衡量生物活动对上层海洋碳循环影响的重要指标。O_(2)/Ar比值消除了物理过程对海水中溶解氧(O_(2))饱和度的影响,因此基于生物氧饱和度(ΔO_(2)/Ar)可以估算海洋混合层群落净生产力。本研究于2015年10月,首次利用膜进样质谱法走航获取了黄东海表层海水中高分辨率O_(2)/Ar数据,并估算了其NCP,探讨了其分布特征及影响因素。本航次观测到的Δ(O_(2)/Ar)范围为-30.21%~44.38%,平均值为(0.32±8.29)%,低值主要出现在长江口北侧,而长江口(11.75±13.75)%和浙闽沿岸(5.42±5.21)%的Δ(O_(2)/Ar)明显高于南黄海(-2.62±5.96)%和东海陆架区(-0.79±5.02)%。南黄海和东海陆架区平均NCP为(-9.24±23.15)和(-4.04±18.68)mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1),总体表现为异养状态,而长江口和浙闽近岸NCP均值分别为(24.49±35.74)和(10.85±12.17)mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1)。东、黄海NCP的空间分布格局主要受到陆源输入和水团混合的影响,营养盐和光照也是秋季影响NCP分布的重要因素。本研究有助于深入认识高度动态的东、黄海碳循环过程及控制机制。展开更多
文摘Stagnating yield and declining input use efficiency in irrigated wheat of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) coupled with diminishing availability of water for agriculture is a major concern of food security in South Asia. The objective of our study was to establish an understanding of how wheat yield and input use efficiency can be improved and how land leveling and crop establishment practices can be modified to be more efficient in water use through layering of precision-conservation crop management techniques. The “precision land leveling with raised bed” planting can be used to improve crop yield, water and nutrient use efficiency over the existing “traditional land leveling with flat” planting practices. We conducted a field experiment during 2002-2004 at Modipuram, India to quantify the benefits of alternate land leveling (precision land leveling) and crop establishment (furrow irrigated raised bed planting) techniques alone or in combination (layering precision-conservation) in terms of crop yield, water savings, and nutrient use efficiency of wheat production in IGP. The wheat yield was about 16.6% higher with nearly 50% less irrigation water with layering precision land leveling and raised bed planting compared to traditional practices (traditional land leveling with flat planting). The agronomic (AE) and uptake efficiency (UE) of N, P and K were significantly improved under precision land leveling with raised bed planting technique compared to other practices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61301105)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2013M531351)
文摘An accurate, complete and realistic channel model is re- quired to accurately analyze the system performance of a multiple input multiple output （MIMO） broadband satellite mobile commu- nication system with dual-orthogonal polarized antennas （DPAs）. In most current studies, the channel characteristic matrix （CCM） is always formed by an independent identical distribution （i.i.d） model of Rayleigh or Rice distribution and nevertheless incomplete and inaccurate to describe a broadband dual-orthogonal polarized MIMO land mobile satellite （BDM-LMS） channel. This paper fo- cuses on establishing the BDM-LMS channel statistical model, which combines the 4-state broadband LMS channel model, the time selective fading features, the channel covariance information （CCI） channel model and polarization correlations between an- tennas. The modeling steps of the channel model are introduced. The main emphasis is placed on the effects of the factors, such as antenna numbers, temporal correlations, terminal environments, elevation angles and polarization correlations between the DPAs, on the channel capacity in the BDM-LMS system. Many simulation results are provided to illustrate the effects of these factors through comparisons of the transmit rate, ergodic capacity and outage capacity with different factor values. Besides, the MIMO outage capacity advantages, which indicate the benefits of MIMO com- pared with a single input single output （SISO） system under the same channel condition, are also studied under i.i.d or BDM-LMS channel.
文摘群落净生产力(Net Community Production,NCP)代表了总初级生产力与群落呼吸的差值,是衡量生物活动对上层海洋碳循环影响的重要指标。O_(2)/Ar比值消除了物理过程对海水中溶解氧(O_(2))饱和度的影响,因此基于生物氧饱和度(ΔO_(2)/Ar)可以估算海洋混合层群落净生产力。本研究于2015年10月,首次利用膜进样质谱法走航获取了黄东海表层海水中高分辨率O_(2)/Ar数据,并估算了其NCP,探讨了其分布特征及影响因素。本航次观测到的Δ(O_(2)/Ar)范围为-30.21%~44.38%,平均值为(0.32±8.29)%,低值主要出现在长江口北侧,而长江口(11.75±13.75)%和浙闽沿岸(5.42±5.21)%的Δ(O_(2)/Ar)明显高于南黄海(-2.62±5.96)%和东海陆架区(-0.79±5.02)%。南黄海和东海陆架区平均NCP为(-9.24±23.15)和(-4.04±18.68)mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1),总体表现为异养状态,而长江口和浙闽近岸NCP均值分别为(24.49±35.74)和(10.85±12.17)mmol·m^(-2)·d^(-1)。东、黄海NCP的空间分布格局主要受到陆源输入和水团混合的影响,营养盐和光照也是秋季影响NCP分布的重要因素。本研究有助于深入认识高度动态的东、黄海碳循环过程及控制机制。
