The antiwear and friction-reducing performances of sodium borate, potassium borate and lanthanum chloride in water were evaluated on a four-ball friction tester. The topographies, element distribution and chemical cha...The antiwear and friction-reducing performances of sodium borate, potassium borate and lanthanum chloride in water were evaluated on a four-ball friction tester. The topographies, element distribution and chemical characteristics of the worn surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersion of X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The results indicated that sodium borate, potassium borate and lanthanum chloride increased extreme pressure, antiwear and friction-reducing capacities of water to a certain extent, of which potassium borate was the best candidate. Combination of lanthanum chloride with sodium borate and potassium borate respectively further improved antiwear and friction-reducing capacities. Scratches of worn surfaces lubricated with water containing borates and lanthanum chloride were less severe than those lubricated with water containing borates alone. A tribochemical film mainly composed of oxides of lanthanum, boron and iron reduced friction and wear for water lubricant formulated with both borates and lanthanum chloride.展开更多
A static method was employed to study the reaction kinetics of anhydrous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and CO2. The reaction generated water was absorbed with the composite silica gel of lanthanum chloride to make the expe...A static method was employed to study the reaction kinetics of anhydrous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and CO2. The reaction generated water was absorbed with the composite silica gel of lanthanum chloride to make the experiment repeatable. At the reaction temperature of 15～60 ℃ and initial CO2 pressures of 25～100 kPa, the reaction rate of anhydrous LiOH and CO2 decreased slightly with the reduction of initial CO2 pressure and the rise of reaction temperature, indicating that the reaction activation energy of LiOH and CO2 was negative and close to zero. During the middle period (1～5 min) of the isothermal reaction, the ratio of reaction efficiency was approximately the power of 0.4 to that of initial CO2 pressures. As anhydrous LiOH reacted to CO2, the solid product Li2CO3 covered on the surface of LiOH was not compact, so it did not hinder the subsequent reaction of absorbing the CO2 gas. The reaction kinetics of anhydrous LiOH and CO2 obeyed the Erofeev′s model.展开更多
Reaction kinetics of LiOH·H2O and CO2 within a closed system were studied under the adsorption of water vapor by composite silica gel of lanthanum chloride. At the reaction temperature of 273～323 K and initial C...Reaction kinetics of LiOH·H2O and CO2 within a closed system were studied under the adsorption of water vapor by composite silica gel of lanthanum chloride. At the reaction temperature of 273～323 K and initial CO2 pressures of 40～100 kPa, reaction kinetics obeyed the Erofeev model. The reaction rate decreased slightly while the initial CO2 pressure reduced. When the reaction occurred at 273～299 K, the reaction rate was so low that it was almost independent of the reaction temperature. However, as the temperature rose up to 300～323 K, LiOH·H2O dehydrated its crystal water, and both the dehydrated and reaction-generated water were evaporated from solid reactant. For the dehydration rate increased, the reaction rate also increased as the reaction temperature rose. While the temperature was higher than 323 K, the reaction apparent activation energy of LiOH·H2O and CO2, was higher than 52.5 kJ·mol-1 and close to 61.4 kJ·mol-1 of the LiOH·H2O dehydrated enthalpy variable at 298 K, in which anhydrous LiOH was the major reactant and showed the reaction characteristics of LiOH crystals.展开更多
The effect of lanthanum ion on membrane permeability of corn root segment is studied.Results shows thattreatment of the root segments with LaCl<sub>3</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O can decrease the...The effect of lanthanum ion on membrane permeability of corn root segment is studied.Results shows thattreatment of the root segments with LaCl<sub>3</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O can decrease the ion leakage of the root tissue.The leakagedecreases hy increasing the concentration of lanthanum,and the concentration has no further dependence on ionleakages above 25 μmol/L.After treating the root tissue for one hour with lanthanum ion,the amount of leak-age has linear dependence on time within the first 2 h and after two hours the leakage increases.The ion leakageof the tissue dependes on the time of lanthanum treatment.When the duration of treatment is prolonged,theleakage decreases rapidly and the leakage reaches a minimum at 30 minutes.Other rare earth elements can alsodecrease ion leakage.There is no significant difference in the ion leakage among these elements.展开更多
Nitric oxide(NO)and its reaction products were key players in the pathophysiology of sepsis and shock.The present study was designed to explore the effects of lanthanum chloride(LaCl3)on inducible nitric oxide synthas...Nitric oxide(NO)and its reaction products were key players in the pathophysiology of sepsis and shock.The present study was designed to explore the effects of lanthanum chloride(LaCl3)on inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)expression,at both gene and protein levels,in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by Lipopolysaccharide(LPS).Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),immunofluorescence,and western blot were employed to measure iNOS gene expression,localization,and protein expression respectively.NO production in culture supernatants was detected by the nitrate reductase method.The results showed that LaCl3 significantly attenuated the iNOS gene and protein expression,as well as NO production in RAW264.7cells induced by LPS.展开更多
Due to the wide application of rare earth elements,lanthanum(La) is gradually accumulated in our living environment.Lanthanum can enter the body through a variety of routes,which has a series of effects on various sys...Due to the wide application of rare earth elements,lanthanum(La) is gradually accumulated in our living environment.Lanthanum can enter the body through a variety of routes,which has a series of effects on various systems.As a consequence,the safety of lanthanum deserves our attention.This study aims to compare the toxicity of lanthanum oxide nanoparticles(La_(2)O_(3) NPs) and lanthanum chloride(LaCl_(3)) and enrich the toxicity evaluation of lanthanum.Therefore,a 30 d intragastal experiment was conducted.C57BL/6j mice were given by La_(2)O_(3) NPs solution and LaCl_(3) solution respectively at doses of 0,30,60 and120 mg/kg BW(lanthanum content).The results show that,compared with the control group,both La_(2)O_(3)NPs and LaCl_(3) can reduce the body weight of female mice in the high-dose group,but for male mice,the high-dose La_(2)O_(3) NPs solution can increase the body weight,while LaCl_(3) has the opposite effect.The coefficients of liver,kidney,heart,lung,uterine and ovaries increase first and then decrease with the exposure dose,but testes and epididymides coefficient keep increasing with the exposure of LaCl_(3) and La_(2)O_(3) NPs.La_(2)O_(3) NPs and LaCl_(3) can reduce the concentration of triglycerides(TG) and increase the level of low density lipoprotein(LDL),but the effect of La_(2)O_(3) NPs is more obvious.La_(2)O_(3) NPs and LaCl_(3) can reduce the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA),increase the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and enhance the activity of catalase(CAT),but LaCl_(3) has more obvious protective effects on oxidative stress.La_(2)O_(3) NPs and LaCl_(3) have potential risks to liver,and the toxicity of La_(2)O_(3) NPs might be higher than that of LaCl_(3).展开更多
In the scope of developing new electrochemical concepts to build batteries with high energy density,chloride ion batteries(CIBs)have emerged as a candidate for the next generation of novel electrochemical energy stora...In the scope of developing new electrochemical concepts to build batteries with high energy density,chloride ion batteries(CIBs)have emerged as a candidate for the next generation of novel electrochemical energy storage technologies,which show the potential in matching or even surpassing the current lithium metal batteries in terms of energy density,dendrite-free safety,and elimination of the dependence on the strained lithium and cobalt resources.However,the development of CIBs is still at the initial stage with unsatisfactory performance and several challenges have hindered them from reaching commercialization.In this review,we examine the current advances of CIBs by considering the electrode material design to the electrolyte,thus outlining the new opportunities of aqueous CIBs especially combined with desalination,chloride redox battery,etc.With respect to the developing road of lithium ion and fluoride ion batteries,the possibility of using solid-state chloride ion conductors to replace liquid electrolytes is tentatively discussed.Going beyond,perspectives and clear suggestions are concluded by highlighting the major obstacles and by prescribing specific research topics to inspire more efforts for CIBs in large-scale energy storage applications.展开更多
Electroreduction of nitrate has been gaining wide attention in recent years owing to it's beneficial for converting nitrate into benign N_(2) from the perspective of electrocatalytic denitrification or into value-...Electroreduction of nitrate has been gaining wide attention in recent years owing to it's beneficial for converting nitrate into benign N_(2) from the perspective of electrocatalytic denitrification or into value-added ammonia from the perspective of electrocatalytic NH_(3) synthesis.By reason of the undesired formation of ammonia is dominant during electroreduction of nitrate-containing wastewater,chloride has been widely used to improve N_(2) selectivity.Nevertheless,selective electroreduction of nitrate to N2 gas in chloride-containing system poses several drawbacks.In this review,we focus on the key strategies for efficiently enhancing N_(2) selectivity of electroreduction of nitrate in chloride-free system,including optimal selection of elements,combining an active metal catalyst with another metal,manipulating the crystalline morphology and facet orientation,constructing core–shell structure catalysts,etc.Before summarizing the strategies,four possible reaction pathways of electro-reduction of nitrate to N_(2) are discussed.Overall,this review attempts to provide practical strategies for enhancing N2 selectivity without the aid of electrochlorination and highlight directions for future research for designing appropriate electrocatalyst for final electrocatalytic denitrifi-cation.展开更多
A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chloride...A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chlorides in a drug solution for infusion. Sorbitol, Sodium lactate, and Chloride are all officially recognized in the USP monograph. Assay methods are provided through various techniques, with titrations being ineffective for trace-level quantification. Alternatively, IC, AAS, and ICP-MS, though highly accurate, are costly and often unavailable to most testing facilities. When considering methods, it’s important to prioritize both quality control requirements and user-friendly techniques. A simple HPLC simultaneous method was developed for the quantification of Chlorides, Sorbitol, and Sodium Lactate with a shorter run time. The separation utilized a Shimpack SCR-102(H) ion exclusion analytical column (7.9 mm × 300 mm, 7 μm), with a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. The column compartment temperature was maintained at 40°C, and the injection volume was set at 10 μL, with detection at 200 nm. All measurements were conducted in a 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid. The analytical curves demonstrated linearity (r > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.79 to 3.8 mg per mL for Sodium Lactate (SL), 0.16 to 0.79 mg per mL for Sodium Chloride (SC), and 1.5 to 7.2 mg per mL for Sorbitol. Validation of the developed method followed the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2B) and USP. The method exhibited precision, robustness, accuracy, and selectivity. In accelerated stability testing over 6 months, no significant variations were observed in organoleptic analysis and pH. Consequently, the developed method is deemed suitable for routine quality control analyses, enabling the simultaneous determination of Sodium Lactate, Sodium Chloride, and Sorbitol in pharmaceutical formulations and infusions.展开更多
Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the poten...Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the potential solution of using polyaluminum chloride(PAC)in the water jet.The effects of PAC are examined through a self-designed simulation system for deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and sediment samples from a potential deep-sea mining area.The experimental results showed that the optimal PAC dose was found to be 0.75 g/L.Compared with the test conditions without the addition of PAC,the presence of PAC leads to a reduction in volume,lower characteristic turbidity,smaller diffusion velocity,and shorter settling time of the plume.This indicates that PAC inhibits the entire development process of the plume.The addition of PAC leads to the flocculation of mm-sized particles,resulting in the formation of cm-sized flocs.The flocculation of particles decreases the rate of erosion on the seabed by around 30%.This reduction in erosion helps to decrease the formation of plumes.Additionally,when the size of suspended particles increases,it reduces the scale at which they diffuse.Furthermore,the settling velocity of flocs(around 10^(-2) m/s)is much higher that of compared to sediment particles(around 10^(-5) m/s),which effectively reduces the amount of time the plume remains in suspension.展开更多
Lanthanum salt is a prescription drug,but its underlying functions and mechanisms are not fully under-stood currently.To explore the potential therapeutic value of lanthanum chloride,cytotoxicity test was applied to i...Lanthanum salt is a prescription drug,but its underlying functions and mechanisms are not fully under-stood currently.To explore the potential therapeutic value of lanthanum chloride,cytotoxicity test was applied to investigate its effects on cell proliferation.Furthermore,we observed its influence on pro-oncogene c-met by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).In MCF-7 cell line,lanthanum chloride repressed cell proliferation at high concentrations but had no significant inhibition effect on cell growth at low concentrations.However,we observed that lanthanum chloride repressed c-met transcription at a low concentration.This may suggest that lanthanum chloride is a potent drug to inhibit the high expression of c-met in carcinoma cells and play a clue for inhibiting the growth and invasion of tumor.展开更多
Tumor metastasis remains the main reason for treatment failure and death of patients with cervical cancer. The present study was designed to explore the effects of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on the invasion and migrat...Tumor metastasis remains the main reason for treatment failure and death of patients with cervical cancer. The present study was designed to explore the effects of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on the invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms. The migration and invasion of tumor cells was evaluated by a modified Transwell/Boyden chamber assays. It is well known that MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinases) and NF-κB (Nuclear factor-κB) pathway play important roles in migration and invasion of tumor cells, and also the expression of MMPs were regulated by NF-κB signaling. The expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); Western blot and the NF-κB-DNA-binding activity assay were used to analyze the NF-κB activity. The results indicated that LaCl3 was capable of inhibiting the cell invasion and migration of human cervical cancer Hela cells by decreasing the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 via blocking NF-κB pathway.展开更多
To investigate the effects of local injection of different doses of lanthanum chloride(LaCl 3) on aseptic inflammation in mice stimulated by wear particles from artificial joints,the particles were prepared by vacuum ...To investigate the effects of local injection of different doses of lanthanum chloride(LaCl 3) on aseptic inflammation in mice stimulated by wear particles from artificial joints,the particles were prepared by vacuum ball mill in vitro and air-pouch models were performed with 45 male BALB/c mice that were randomly divided into blank control group,wear particle group and wear particle + LaCl 3(0.1,0.9 and 8.1 μmol) group.All animals were sacrificed and tissue specimens were harvested 7 days after treatment.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) staining,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and western blot were applied to observe inflammatory reaction and detect the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β) and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) in mRNA and protein levels in air-pouch membrances.The results showed that wear particles could stimulate aseptic inflammation in vivo effectively;0.9 μmol LaCl 3 could significantly inhibit wear particle-induced gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB(P<0.05);0.1 and 8.1 μmol LaCl 3 did not exert an inflammation-inhibiting effect and even caused adverse effects at 8.1 μmol.In conclusion,LaCl 3 played a protective role against wear particle-induced aseptic inflammation dose-dependently,which was involved in NF-κB related signaling pathways.展开更多
A novel type of thermal stabilizer-lanthanum tris (mono- i -octyl phthalate) (LTMP) was synthesized by double-decomposition reaction o f sodium mono- i -octyl phthalate with lanthanum chloride at 60 ℃. Sodium m ono- ...A novel type of thermal stabilizer-lanthanum tris (mono- i -octyl phthalate) (LTMP) was synthesized by double-decomposition reaction o f sodium mono- i -octyl phthalate with lanthanum chloride at 60 ℃. Sodium m ono- i -octyl phthalate was prepared by sodium hydrate and mono- i -octy l phthalate prepared by reaction of isooctyl alcohol and phthalic anhydride in th e presence of sulfuric acid catalyst at 110 ℃. The yield of lanthanum tris (mon o- i -octyl phthalate) is about 84.5%. Its thermal stabilities were measured by heat-ageing oven test when incorporated into PVC. The experimental results show that the heat stability time is about 40min at 190 ℃ when adding 3phr (pe r hundred resin) to PVC. The thermal stability of this product is better than th at of Ca-Zn complex and basic lead salt stabilizers, and equal to that of dibut yltin dilaurate.展开更多
In the present paper, the damage ratio of mice medulla cells, which were fed on LaCl3 treated food, was surveyed by imitating a biological chain of ecosystem. And it was attempted to provide the toxicological basis fo...In the present paper, the damage ratio of mice medulla cells, which were fed on LaCl3 treated food, was surveyed by imitating a biological chain of ecosystem. And it was attempted to provide the toxicological basis for the rational application of the rare earth elements.展开更多
Using ammonium chloride （NH4Cl） as a chlorinating agent, the effects of chlorinating temperature, chlorinating time and NH4Cl dosage on chlorination of La2O3 and CeO2, and the thermal decomposition of LaCl3·7H2...Using ammonium chloride （NH4Cl） as a chlorinating agent, the effects of chlorinating temperature, chlorinating time and NH4Cl dosage on chlorination of La2O3 and CeO2, and the thermal decomposition of LaCl3·7H2O and CeCl3·7H2O were investigated. The results show that 80% of both La2O3 and CeO2 can be chlorinated at 300 ℃ for 90 min, and have no advantage to chlorination of lanthanum and cerium oxides at higher temperature. The thermal decomposition of LaCl3 and CeCl3 is carried out to explore the mechanism of chlorinating lanthanum and cerium oxides. At the same time, the chlorination of lanthanum and cerium oxides is not devoted to the HCl decomposed from NH4Cl, but to NH4Cl directly taking part in the chlorination of La2O3 and CeO2. The lanthanum and cerium oxides in chlorination firstly form intermediate LaOCl and CeOCl, and then transfer to LaCl3 and CeCl3, finally to La2O3 and CeO2, respectively. The thermal decomposition analyses of LaCl3·7H2O and CeCl3·7H2O further prove the existence of the intermediates LaOCl and CeOCl. Therefore the chlorinating temperature and time should strictly be controlled when the lanthanum oxide and cerium oxide are chlorinated with NH4Cl. And over-dosage of NH4Cl should be also applied in the process of chlorination.展开更多
Quasi-2D perovskites have attracted tremendous interest for application as lightemission layers in light-emitting diodes(LEDs).However,the heterogeneous n phase and non-uniform distribution still severely limit the fu...Quasi-2D perovskites have attracted tremendous interest for application as lightemission layers in light-emitting diodes(LEDs).However,the heterogeneous n phase and non-uniform distribution still severely limit the further development of quasi-2D perovskite LEDs(Pero-LEDs).Meanwhile,the increased defect density caused by the reduced dimension and grain size induces non-radiative recombination and further deteriorates the device performance.Here,we found that a series of molecules containing phosphoryl chloride functional groups have noticeable enhancement effects on the device performance of quasi-2D Pero-LEDs.Then,we studied the modification mechanism by focusing on the bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride(BOPCl).It is concluded that the BOPCl can not only regulate the phase distribution by decreasing the crystallization rate but also remain in the grain boundaries and passivate the defects.As a result,the corresponding quasi-2D Pero-LEDs obtained a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE_(max))of 20.82%and an average EQE(EQE_(ave))of around 20%on the optimal 50 devices,proving excellent reproducibility.Our work provides a new selection of molecular types for regulating the crystallization and passivating the defects of quasi-2D perovskite films.展开更多
To explore the impact of different concentrations of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on critical components of wear particle-mediated signaling pathways in inflammation and osteoclastogenesis, RAW264.7 cells were naturally...To explore the impact of different concentrations of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on critical components of wear particle-mediated signaling pathways in inflammation and osteoclastogenesis, RAW264.7 cells were naturally divided into eight groups and analyzed by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, ELISA, RT-PCR and western blot after treatments. The results showed that three concentrations of LaCl3 had no influence on viability of RAW264.7 cells and down-regulated receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) instead of macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR). Additionally, 2.5 and 10 μmol/L LaCl3 could signifi- cantly inhibit gene and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, i.e., TNF-α and IL-1β) and NF-κB/p65, but 100 μmol/L LaCl3 did not exert an obvious inflammation-inhibiting effect, and even induced inflammation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that LaCl3 was able to suppress wear particle-induced inflammation and activation of NF-κB in a certain range of concentrations in vitro and mainly decrease the expression of RANK, but not M-CSFR, all of which were generally recognized to play a pivotal role in osteoclastogenesis.展开更多
A paired basin study in the upper Santa Fe River watershed following forest thinning and prescribed burns successfully measured water budget components in a treated and an untreated (control) basin. The paired basin s...A paired basin study in the upper Santa Fe River watershed following forest thinning and prescribed burns successfully measured water budget components in a treated and an untreated (control) basin. The paired basin study was established to investigate questions that have arisen regarding changes in water yield from forest treatments. Precipitation, stream flow, soil moisture, and chloride concentrations in precipitation and stream flow were measured to quantify the water budget components. The results from eleven years of data collection and analysis have a high degree of confidence with respect to measuring the water budget components based on the mass balance of water and chloride. The differences in the geologic structure and topography between the two paired basins appeared to impact the water budgets more than the forest treatments, except during periods when winter precipitation and snowmelt represented a significant component of inflow. Although this paired basin study was not able to portray a simple relationship between forest thinning and water yield, the chloride concentration methodology used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) was successful. These detailed observations of chloride deposition and transport characteristics may be relevant for other researchers working in forested basins with substantial ET. ET rates were estimated by examining the cycle of chloride entering and exiting each basin over six integration periods. ET was estimated to be about 90% to 94% of precipitation in the treated basin and 77% to 86% in the control basin. The higher ET in the treated basin both before and after forest treatments may be due to the much greater area of west-facing hillslopes in the treated basin, which receive warm afternoon sun, and the greater area of rock cover in the control basin. Variation in the chloride concentration of collected precipitation samples from different sites indicates that horizontal precipitation of chloride in the tree canopy is an important consideration when using the chloride mass balance approach to calculate water budget components.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50275147)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Chinese University (NCET-04-1002)Program for Innovative Groups in Chongqing’s Higher Schools
文摘The antiwear and friction-reducing performances of sodium borate, potassium borate and lanthanum chloride in water were evaluated on a four-ball friction tester. The topographies, element distribution and chemical characteristics of the worn surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersion of X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The results indicated that sodium borate, potassium borate and lanthanum chloride increased extreme pressure, antiwear and friction-reducing capacities of water to a certain extent, of which potassium borate was the best candidate. Combination of lanthanum chloride with sodium borate and potassium borate respectively further improved antiwear and friction-reducing capacities. Scratches of worn surfaces lubricated with water containing borates and lanthanum chloride were less severe than those lubricated with water containing borates alone. A tribochemical film mainly composed of oxides of lanthanum, boron and iron reduced friction and wear for water lubricant formulated with both borates and lanthanum chloride.
基金Project supported bythe Beijing Education Committee Scientific Plan Fund (KM200711417006)
文摘A static method was employed to study the reaction kinetics of anhydrous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and CO2. The reaction generated water was absorbed with the composite silica gel of lanthanum chloride to make the experiment repeatable. At the reaction temperature of 15～60 ℃ and initial CO2 pressures of 25～100 kPa, the reaction rate of anhydrous LiOH and CO2 decreased slightly with the reduction of initial CO2 pressure and the rise of reaction temperature, indicating that the reaction activation energy of LiOH and CO2 was negative and close to zero. During the middle period (1～5 min) of the isothermal reaction, the ratio of reaction efficiency was approximately the power of 0.4 to that of initial CO2 pressures. As anhydrous LiOH reacted to CO2, the solid product Li2CO3 covered on the surface of LiOH was not compact, so it did not hinder the subsequent reaction of absorbing the CO2 gas. The reaction kinetics of anhydrous LiOH and CO2 obeyed the Erofeev′s model.
基金Project supported bythe Beijing Education Committee Scientific Plan Fund (KM200711417006)
文摘Reaction kinetics of LiOH·H2O and CO2 within a closed system were studied under the adsorption of water vapor by composite silica gel of lanthanum chloride. At the reaction temperature of 273～323 K and initial CO2 pressures of 40～100 kPa, reaction kinetics obeyed the Erofeev model. The reaction rate decreased slightly while the initial CO2 pressure reduced. When the reaction occurred at 273～299 K, the reaction rate was so low that it was almost independent of the reaction temperature. However, as the temperature rose up to 300～323 K, LiOH·H2O dehydrated its crystal water, and both the dehydrated and reaction-generated water were evaporated from solid reactant. For the dehydration rate increased, the reaction rate also increased as the reaction temperature rose. While the temperature was higher than 323 K, the reaction apparent activation energy of LiOH·H2O and CO2, was higher than 52.5 kJ·mol-1 and close to 61.4 kJ·mol-1 of the LiOH·H2O dehydrated enthalpy variable at 298 K, in which anhydrous LiOH was the major reactant and showed the reaction characteristics of LiOH crystals.
文摘The effect of lanthanum ion on membrane permeability of corn root segment is studied.Results shows thattreatment of the root segments with LaCl<sub>3</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O can decrease the ion leakage of the root tissue.The leakagedecreases hy increasing the concentration of lanthanum,and the concentration has no further dependence on ionleakages above 25 μmol/L.After treating the root tissue for one hour with lanthanum ion,the amount of leak-age has linear dependence on time within the first 2 h and after two hours the leakage increases.The ion leakageof the tissue dependes on the time of lanthanum treatment.When the duration of treatment is prolonged,theleakage decreases rapidly and the leakage reaches a minimum at 30 minutes.Other rare earth elements can alsodecrease ion leakage.There is no significant difference in the ion leakage among these elements.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30660182)the Program for Innovative ResearchTeam of Nanchang University
文摘Nitric oxide(NO)and its reaction products were key players in the pathophysiology of sepsis and shock.The present study was designed to explore the effects of lanthanum chloride(LaCl3)on inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)expression,at both gene and protein levels,in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by Lipopolysaccharide(LPS).Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),immunofluorescence,and western blot were employed to measure iNOS gene expression,localization,and protein expression respectively.NO production in culture supernatants was detected by the nitrate reductase method.The results showed that LaCl3 significantly attenuated the iNOS gene and protein expression,as well as NO production in RAW264.7cells induced by LPS.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81903364)the National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20202BABL206123)the Postgraduate Innovation Special Fund Project of Jiangxi Province(YC2021-S795)。
文摘Due to the wide application of rare earth elements,lanthanum(La) is gradually accumulated in our living environment.Lanthanum can enter the body through a variety of routes,which has a series of effects on various systems.As a consequence,the safety of lanthanum deserves our attention.This study aims to compare the toxicity of lanthanum oxide nanoparticles(La_(2)O_(3) NPs) and lanthanum chloride(LaCl_(3)) and enrich the toxicity evaluation of lanthanum.Therefore,a 30 d intragastal experiment was conducted.C57BL/6j mice were given by La_(2)O_(3) NPs solution and LaCl_(3) solution respectively at doses of 0,30,60 and120 mg/kg BW(lanthanum content).The results show that,compared with the control group,both La_(2)O_(3)NPs and LaCl_(3) can reduce the body weight of female mice in the high-dose group,but for male mice,the high-dose La_(2)O_(3) NPs solution can increase the body weight,while LaCl_(3) has the opposite effect.The coefficients of liver,kidney,heart,lung,uterine and ovaries increase first and then decrease with the exposure dose,but testes and epididymides coefficient keep increasing with the exposure of LaCl_(3) and La_(2)O_(3) NPs.La_(2)O_(3) NPs and LaCl_(3) can reduce the concentration of triglycerides(TG) and increase the level of low density lipoprotein(LDL),but the effect of La_(2)O_(3) NPs is more obvious.La_(2)O_(3) NPs and LaCl_(3) can reduce the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA),increase the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and enhance the activity of catalase(CAT),but LaCl_(3) has more obvious protective effects on oxidative stress.La_(2)O_(3) NPs and LaCl_(3) have potential risks to liver,and the toxicity of La_(2)O_(3) NPs might be higher than that of LaCl_(3).
基金the support of the National Energy-Saving and Low-Carbon Materials Production and Application Demonstration Platform Program (TC220H06N)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51832004,51972259,52127816)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2022CFA087)。
文摘In the scope of developing new electrochemical concepts to build batteries with high energy density,chloride ion batteries(CIBs)have emerged as a candidate for the next generation of novel electrochemical energy storage technologies,which show the potential in matching or even surpassing the current lithium metal batteries in terms of energy density,dendrite-free safety,and elimination of the dependence on the strained lithium and cobalt resources.However,the development of CIBs is still at the initial stage with unsatisfactory performance and several challenges have hindered them from reaching commercialization.In this review,we examine the current advances of CIBs by considering the electrode material design to the electrolyte,thus outlining the new opportunities of aqueous CIBs especially combined with desalination,chloride redox battery,etc.With respect to the developing road of lithium ion and fluoride ion batteries,the possibility of using solid-state chloride ion conductors to replace liquid electrolytes is tentatively discussed.Going beyond,perspectives and clear suggestions are concluded by highlighting the major obstacles and by prescribing specific research topics to inspire more efforts for CIBs in large-scale energy storage applications.
基金supported by State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining(No.GJNY-18-73.17).
文摘Electroreduction of nitrate has been gaining wide attention in recent years owing to it's beneficial for converting nitrate into benign N_(2) from the perspective of electrocatalytic denitrification or into value-added ammonia from the perspective of electrocatalytic NH_(3) synthesis.By reason of the undesired formation of ammonia is dominant during electroreduction of nitrate-containing wastewater,chloride has been widely used to improve N_(2) selectivity.Nevertheless,selective electroreduction of nitrate to N2 gas in chloride-containing system poses several drawbacks.In this review,we focus on the key strategies for efficiently enhancing N_(2) selectivity of electroreduction of nitrate in chloride-free system,including optimal selection of elements,combining an active metal catalyst with another metal,manipulating the crystalline morphology and facet orientation,constructing core–shell structure catalysts,etc.Before summarizing the strategies,four possible reaction pathways of electro-reduction of nitrate to N_(2) are discussed.Overall,this review attempts to provide practical strategies for enhancing N2 selectivity without the aid of electrochlorination and highlight directions for future research for designing appropriate electrocatalyst for final electrocatalytic denitrifi-cation.
文摘A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chlorides in a drug solution for infusion. Sorbitol, Sodium lactate, and Chloride are all officially recognized in the USP monograph. Assay methods are provided through various techniques, with titrations being ineffective for trace-level quantification. Alternatively, IC, AAS, and ICP-MS, though highly accurate, are costly and often unavailable to most testing facilities. When considering methods, it’s important to prioritize both quality control requirements and user-friendly techniques. A simple HPLC simultaneous method was developed for the quantification of Chlorides, Sorbitol, and Sodium Lactate with a shorter run time. The separation utilized a Shimpack SCR-102(H) ion exclusion analytical column (7.9 mm × 300 mm, 7 μm), with a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. The column compartment temperature was maintained at 40°C, and the injection volume was set at 10 μL, with detection at 200 nm. All measurements were conducted in a 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid. The analytical curves demonstrated linearity (r > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.79 to 3.8 mg per mL for Sodium Lactate (SL), 0.16 to 0.79 mg per mL for Sodium Chloride (SC), and 1.5 to 7.2 mg per mL for Sorbitol. Validation of the developed method followed the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2B) and USP. The method exhibited precision, robustness, accuracy, and selectivity. In accelerated stability testing over 6 months, no significant variations were observed in organoleptic analysis and pH. Consequently, the developed method is deemed suitable for routine quality control analyses, enabling the simultaneous determination of Sodium Lactate, Sodium Chloride, and Sorbitol in pharmaceutical formulations and infusions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52225107,U2106224,U1906234,51822904,and U1706223)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.202041004)
文摘Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the potential solution of using polyaluminum chloride(PAC)in the water jet.The effects of PAC are examined through a self-designed simulation system for deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and sediment samples from a potential deep-sea mining area.The experimental results showed that the optimal PAC dose was found to be 0.75 g/L.Compared with the test conditions without the addition of PAC,the presence of PAC leads to a reduction in volume,lower characteristic turbidity,smaller diffusion velocity,and shorter settling time of the plume.This indicates that PAC inhibits the entire development process of the plume.The addition of PAC leads to the flocculation of mm-sized particles,resulting in the formation of cm-sized flocs.The flocculation of particles decreases the rate of erosion on the seabed by around 30%.This reduction in erosion helps to decrease the formation of plumes.Additionally,when the size of suspended particles increases,it reduces the scale at which they diffuse.Furthermore,the settling velocity of flocs(around 10^(-2) m/s)is much higher that of compared to sediment particles(around 10^(-5) m/s),which effectively reduces the amount of time the plume remains in suspension.
基金supported by the Technology Fund of Tianjin Bureau of Public Health(No.07KZ33).
文摘Lanthanum salt is a prescription drug,but its underlying functions and mechanisms are not fully under-stood currently.To explore the potential therapeutic value of lanthanum chloride,cytotoxicity test was applied to investigate its effects on cell proliferation.Furthermore,we observed its influence on pro-oncogene c-met by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).In MCF-7 cell line,lanthanum chloride repressed cell proliferation at high concentrations but had no significant inhibition effect on cell growth at low concentrations.However,we observed that lanthanum chloride repressed c-met transcription at a low concentration.This may suggest that lanthanum chloride is a potent drug to inhibit the high expression of c-met in carcinoma cells and play a clue for inhibiting the growth and invasion of tumor.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30960405,81160193)
文摘Tumor metastasis remains the main reason for treatment failure and death of patients with cervical cancer. The present study was designed to explore the effects of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on the invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms. The migration and invasion of tumor cells was evaluated by a modified Transwell/Boyden chamber assays. It is well known that MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinases) and NF-κB (Nuclear factor-κB) pathway play important roles in migration and invasion of tumor cells, and also the expression of MMPs were regulated by NF-κB signaling. The expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); Western blot and the NF-κB-DNA-binding activity assay were used to analyze the NF-κB activity. The results indicated that LaCl3 was capable of inhibiting the cell invasion and migration of human cervical cancer Hela cells by decreasing the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 via blocking NF-κB pathway.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81160222)the Foundation of Health Department of JiangxiProvince (20121044)
文摘To investigate the effects of local injection of different doses of lanthanum chloride(LaCl 3) on aseptic inflammation in mice stimulated by wear particles from artificial joints,the particles were prepared by vacuum ball mill in vitro and air-pouch models were performed with 45 male BALB/c mice that were randomly divided into blank control group,wear particle group and wear particle + LaCl 3(0.1,0.9 and 8.1 μmol) group.All animals were sacrificed and tissue specimens were harvested 7 days after treatment.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) staining,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and western blot were applied to observe inflammatory reaction and detect the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β) and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) in mRNA and protein levels in air-pouch membrances.The results showed that wear particles could stimulate aseptic inflammation in vivo effectively;0.9 μmol LaCl 3 could significantly inhibit wear particle-induced gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB(P<0.05);0.1 and 8.1 μmol LaCl 3 did not exert an inflammation-inhibiting effect and even caused adverse effects at 8.1 μmol.In conclusion,LaCl 3 played a protective role against wear particle-induced aseptic inflammation dose-dependently,which was involved in NF-κB related signaling pathways.
文摘A novel type of thermal stabilizer-lanthanum tris (mono- i -octyl phthalate) (LTMP) was synthesized by double-decomposition reaction o f sodium mono- i -octyl phthalate with lanthanum chloride at 60 ℃. Sodium m ono- i -octyl phthalate was prepared by sodium hydrate and mono- i -octy l phthalate prepared by reaction of isooctyl alcohol and phthalic anhydride in th e presence of sulfuric acid catalyst at 110 ℃. The yield of lanthanum tris (mon o- i -octyl phthalate) is about 84.5%. Its thermal stabilities were measured by heat-ageing oven test when incorporated into PVC. The experimental results show that the heat stability time is about 40min at 190 ℃ when adding 3phr (pe r hundred resin) to PVC. The thermal stability of this product is better than th at of Ca-Zn complex and basic lead salt stabilizers, and equal to that of dibut yltin dilaurate.
文摘In the present paper, the damage ratio of mice medulla cells, which were fed on LaCl3 treated food, was surveyed by imitating a biological chain of ecosystem. And it was attempted to provide the toxicological basis for the rational application of the rare earth elements.
文摘Using ammonium chloride （NH4Cl） as a chlorinating agent, the effects of chlorinating temperature, chlorinating time and NH4Cl dosage on chlorination of La2O3 and CeO2, and the thermal decomposition of LaCl3·7H2O and CeCl3·7H2O were investigated. The results show that 80% of both La2O3 and CeO2 can be chlorinated at 300 ℃ for 90 min, and have no advantage to chlorination of lanthanum and cerium oxides at higher temperature. The thermal decomposition of LaCl3 and CeCl3 is carried out to explore the mechanism of chlorinating lanthanum and cerium oxides. At the same time, the chlorination of lanthanum and cerium oxides is not devoted to the HCl decomposed from NH4Cl, but to NH4Cl directly taking part in the chlorination of La2O3 and CeO2. The lanthanum and cerium oxides in chlorination firstly form intermediate LaOCl and CeOCl, and then transfer to LaCl3 and CeCl3, finally to La2O3 and CeO2, respectively. The thermal decomposition analyses of LaCl3·7H2O and CeCl3·7H2O further prove the existence of the intermediates LaOCl and CeOCl. Therefore the chlorinating temperature and time should strictly be controlled when the lanthanum oxide and cerium oxide are chlorinated with NH4Cl. And over-dosage of NH4Cl should be also applied in the process of chlorination.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2078)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2020J06021,2019J01057,and 2020J01064)Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University.
文摘Quasi-2D perovskites have attracted tremendous interest for application as lightemission layers in light-emitting diodes(LEDs).However,the heterogeneous n phase and non-uniform distribution still severely limit the further development of quasi-2D perovskite LEDs(Pero-LEDs).Meanwhile,the increased defect density caused by the reduced dimension and grain size induces non-radiative recombination and further deteriorates the device performance.Here,we found that a series of molecules containing phosphoryl chloride functional groups have noticeable enhancement effects on the device performance of quasi-2D Pero-LEDs.Then,we studied the modification mechanism by focusing on the bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride(BOPCl).It is concluded that the BOPCl can not only regulate the phase distribution by decreasing the crystallization rate but also remain in the grain boundaries and passivate the defects.As a result,the corresponding quasi-2D Pero-LEDs obtained a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE_(max))of 20.82%and an average EQE(EQE_(ave))of around 20%on the optimal 50 devices,proving excellent reproducibility.Our work provides a new selection of molecular types for regulating the crystallization and passivating the defects of quasi-2D perovskite films.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81160222)the Foundation of Health Department of Jiangxi Province(20121044)
文摘To explore the impact of different concentrations of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on critical components of wear particle-mediated signaling pathways in inflammation and osteoclastogenesis, RAW264.7 cells were naturally divided into eight groups and analyzed by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, ELISA, RT-PCR and western blot after treatments. The results showed that three concentrations of LaCl3 had no influence on viability of RAW264.7 cells and down-regulated receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) instead of macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR). Additionally, 2.5 and 10 μmol/L LaCl3 could signifi- cantly inhibit gene and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, i.e., TNF-α and IL-1β) and NF-κB/p65, but 100 μmol/L LaCl3 did not exert an obvious inflammation-inhibiting effect, and even induced inflammation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that LaCl3 was able to suppress wear particle-induced inflammation and activation of NF-κB in a certain range of concentrations in vitro and mainly decrease the expression of RANK, but not M-CSFR, all of which were generally recognized to play a pivotal role in osteoclastogenesis.
文摘A paired basin study in the upper Santa Fe River watershed following forest thinning and prescribed burns successfully measured water budget components in a treated and an untreated (control) basin. The paired basin study was established to investigate questions that have arisen regarding changes in water yield from forest treatments. Precipitation, stream flow, soil moisture, and chloride concentrations in precipitation and stream flow were measured to quantify the water budget components. The results from eleven years of data collection and analysis have a high degree of confidence with respect to measuring the water budget components based on the mass balance of water and chloride. The differences in the geologic structure and topography between the two paired basins appeared to impact the water budgets more than the forest treatments, except during periods when winter precipitation and snowmelt represented a significant component of inflow. Although this paired basin study was not able to portray a simple relationship between forest thinning and water yield, the chloride concentration methodology used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) was successful. These detailed observations of chloride deposition and transport characteristics may be relevant for other researchers working in forested basins with substantial ET. ET rates were estimated by examining the cycle of chloride entering and exiting each basin over six integration periods. ET was estimated to be about 90% to 94% of precipitation in the treated basin and 77% to 86% in the control basin. The higher ET in the treated basin both before and after forest treatments may be due to the much greater area of west-facing hillslopes in the treated basin, which receive warm afternoon sun, and the greater area of rock cover in the control basin. Variation in the chloride concentration of collected precipitation samples from different sites indicates that horizontal precipitation of chloride in the tree canopy is an important consideration when using the chloride mass balance approach to calculate water budget components.
