This paper conducts a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of Rayleigh Bénard convection in a cubic cavity based on the WMLES S-Omega subgrid-scale model. For a cubic cavity with a vertical temperature difference of 6.7&#...This paper conducts a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of Rayleigh Bénard convection in a cubic cavity based on the WMLES S-Omega subgrid-scale model. For a cubic cavity with a vertical temperature difference of 6.7°C and 20°C, the velocity pulsation profiles and the mean velocity profiles of the vertical section in the middle of the cubic cavity were simulated, respectively. And they are consistent with the experiment results. Furthermore, the mean velocity field of the vertical cross-section in the middle of the cavity was calculated. Structures of the mean velocity field in the two cases are similar. A counterclockwise large vortex is found to occupy the cavity, and there are two small clockwise vortices in the lower left and upper right corners, and the mean velocity fields at two different temperature differences are consistent with the experimental results. The two-dimensional instantaneous temperature field and mean temperature field with different cross-sections in the z-direction, as well as the three-dimensional instantaneous isothermal surface structure, indicate that the large-scale circulation motion within the cubic cavity is moving diagonally. In addition, the structure of the mean streamline also illustrates this viewpoint. For the reverse vortex formed at two corners in the mean streamline structure, we used the Q criterion to identify and obtain two vortex structures similar to boomerangs. The basic turbulent structure in RB thermal convection includes the rising and falling plumes generated by buoyancy effects.展开更多
Large eddy simulations (LES) of mixing process in a stirred tank of 0.476m diameter with a 3-narrow blade hydrofoil CBY impeller were reported. The turbulent flow field and mixing time were calculated using LES with S...Large eddy simulations (LES) of mixing process in a stirred tank of 0.476m diameter with a 3-narrow blade hydrofoil CBY impeller were reported. The turbulent flow field and mixing time were calculated using LES with Sma-gorinsky-Lilly subgrid scale model. The impeller rotation was modeled using the sliding mesh technique. Better agree-ment of power demand and mixing time was obtained between the experimental and the LES prediction than that by the traditional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. The curve of tracer response predicted by LES was in good agreement with the experimental. The results show that LES is a reliable tool to investigate the unsteady and quasi-periodic behavior of the turbulent flow in stirred tanks.展开更多
The aim of this work is to investigate the flow instabilities in a baffled, stirred tank generated by a single Rushton turbine by means of large eddy simulation （LES）. The sliding mesh method was used for the coupli...The aim of this work is to investigate the flow instabilities in a baffled, stirred tank generated by a single Rushton turbine by means of large eddy simulation （LES）. The sliding mesh method was used for the coupling between the rotating and the stationary frame of references. The calculations were carried out on the ＂Shengcao-21C＂ supercomputer using a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code CFX5. The flow fields predicted by the LES simulation and the simulation using standard κ-ε model were compared to the results from particle image velocimetry （PIV） measurements. It is shown that the CFD simulations using the LES approach and the standard κ-ε model agree well with the PIV measurements. Fluctuations of the radial and axial velocity are predicted at different frequencies by the LES simulation. Velocity fluctuations of high frequencies are seen in the impeller region, while low frequencies velocity fluctuations are observed in the bulk flow. A low frequency velocity fluctuation with a nondimensional frequency of 0.027Hz is predicted by the LES simulation, which agrees with experimental investigations in the literature. Flow circulation patterns predicted by the LES simulation are asymmetric, stochastic and complex, spanning a large portion of the tanks and varying with time, while circulation patterns calculated by the simulation using the standard κ-ε model are symmetric. The results of the present work give better understanding to the flow instabilities in the mechanically agitated tank. However, further analysis of the LES calculated velocity series by means of fast Fourier transform （FFT） and/or spectra analysis are recommended in future work in order to gain more knowledge of the complicated flow phenomena.展开更多
The effect of a cross-sectional exit plane on the downstream mixing characteristics of a circular turbulent jet is in- vestigated using large eddy simulation （LES）. The turbulent jet is issued from an orifice-type n...The effect of a cross-sectional exit plane on the downstream mixing characteristics of a circular turbulent jet is in- vestigated using large eddy simulation （LES）. The turbulent jet is issued from an orifice-type nozzle at an exit Reynolds number of 5 ×104. Both instantaneous and statistical velocity fields of the jet are provided. Results show that the rates of the mean velocity decay and jet spread are both higher in the case with the exit plate than without it. The existence of the plate is found to increase the downstream entrainment rate by about 10% on average over the axial range of 8-30de （exit diameter）. Also, the presence of the plate enables the formation of vortex rings to occur further downstream by 0.5-1 .Ode. A physical insight into the near-field jet is provided to explain the importance of the boundary conditions in the evolution of a turbulent jet. In addition, a method of using the decay of the centreline velocity and the half-width of the jet to calculate the entrainment rate is proposed.展开更多
A free triangular jet(TJ1)and its counterpart initially passing a short circular chamber(TJ2)are numerically modeled using large eddy simulation(LES).This paper compares the near-field characteristics of the two jets ...A free triangular jet(TJ1)and its counterpart initially passing a short circular chamber(TJ2)are numerically modeled using large eddy simulation(LES).This paper compares the near-field characteristics of the two jets in detail.To enable some necessary experimental validations,the LES conditions of TJ1 and TJ2 are taken to be identical to those measured by Xu et al.(Sci.China Phys.561176(2013))and England et al.(Exp.Fluids.4869(2010)),respectively.The LES predictions are found to agree well with those measurements.It is demonstrated that a strong swirl occurs near the chamber inlet plane for the TJ2 flow.At the center of the swirl,there is a cluster of three sink foci,where each focus is aligned midway between the original triangular apexes.In the vortex skeleton constructed from the time-averaged flow field,the vortices arising from the foci are helically twisted around the core of the jet.As the flow passes through the chamber,the foci merge to form a closed-loop“bifurcation line”,which separates the inward swirling flow and the outward oscillating jet.This global oscillation is regarded as a source node near the centerline of the chamber.If the chamber is removed for a“free”jet,i.e.,TJ1,a cluster of three pairs of counter-rotating foci is produced and the net swirl circulation is zero,so the overall oscillation of the jet does not occur.展开更多
As one of the most common river patterns in nature,meandering river has very complex flow structures in its curved channel bends,including secondary flow structure and primary flow velocity redistributions.To date,mos...As one of the most common river patterns in nature,meandering river has very complex flow structures in its curved channel bends,including secondary flow structure and primary flow velocity redistributions.To date,most of the studies have been carried out on the flow structures in channel bends with unavoidable influences from inlet and outlet boundaries,while a streamwise periodic boundary can overcome this shortcoming elegantly.In this paper,large eddy simulations(LES)are employed to investigate the complex flow structures in periodically continuous sharp sine-generated bends.The influence of width-to-depth ratios and dimensionless curvature radiuses are studied.The results highlight two additional vortex structures beyond the commonly known secondary currents:The recirculation zone(RZ)and the inner bank cell(IBC).The width-to-depth ratio shows the determining effect on the recirculation zone.The size of recirculation zone is usually bigger in sine-generated-curve(SGC)channel with large width-to-depth ratios.The biggest recirculation zones appear between the zero-curvature section and the apex section.The inner bank cell only forms in SGC channels with small width-to-depth ratios and low curvature.For SGC channel with large width-to-depth ratios,only one circulation cell is observed near the inner bank.The spatial variations of turbulent features are also revealed by statistical analysis based on the LES sampling data.Results highlight remarkable effect of width-to-depth ratio and dimensionless curvature radius on the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)and bed shear stress in SGC channels.展开更多
Metal contaminants from surface water pollution events often enter hyporheic zones,under certain conditions,they may be released back into streams,causing secondary pollution to the water quality.The present study inv...Metal contaminants from surface water pollution events often enter hyporheic zones,under certain conditions,they may be released back into streams,causing secondary pollution to the water quality.The present study investigated the effects of adsorption,permeability,and anisotropy of sediment beds on the release of zinc ions(Zn2+)from the hyporheic zone into overlying turbulent flows using large-eddy simulations(LES).The volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and advection-diffusion equation with adsorption term were used to describe the sediment in-flow,adsorption,and convective diffusion of Zn2+within the sediment layer.The effects of sediment permeability on the Zn2+concentration distribution and mass transfer processes were investigated by time-averaged statistics of flow and concentration fields.The results show that adsorption becomes stronger as the pH value increases,leading to a slow increase in Zn2+concentration in the overlying water layer and reaching a lower steady-state concentration.Higher overall permeability of the sediment layer can enhance mass and momentum exchange near the sediment-water interface(SWI),and intensify the release of Zn2+from the sediment layer into the overlying water.As the wall-normal permeability of the sediment layer increases,the normal turbulent intensity strengthens,momentum transport enhances,the wall-normal Zn2+concentration flux increases,the effective diffusion coefficient increases,and the concentration in the overlying water increases.展开更多
Turbulence within the tropical cyclone boundary layer plays a crucial role in the exchange of heat,moisture,and momentum between the surface and the atmosphere.This study investigates the characteristics of coherent s...Turbulence within the tropical cyclone boundary layer plays a crucial role in the exchange of heat,moisture,and momentum between the surface and the atmosphere.This study investigates the characteristics of coherent structures,specifically streaks and rolls,using large eddy simulations.Our results highlight significant differences across the three radius cases,with smaller radius exhibiting more intense and organized turbulence and streak/roll structures.Our analyses reveal that thermodynamic conditions significantly impact the timing of initial streak/roll development but do not affect their intensity in the steady state.Wind structures closer to the tropical cyclone center lead to stronger and more rapidly developing streaks/rolls,indicating their critical role in determining the intensity and formation of these features.Sensitivity tests on the Coriolis parameter(f)and radial decay parameter of tangential wind(n)show minimal impact on the development of streaks/rolls,suggesting these factors are less influential compared to wind and thermodynamic conditions.展开更多
A better understanding of the mixing behavior of excited turbulent mixing layers is critical to a number of aerospace applications.Previous studies of excited turbulent mixing layers focused on single frequency excita...A better understanding of the mixing behavior of excited turbulent mixing layers is critical to a number of aerospace applications.Previous studies of excited turbulent mixing layers focused on single frequency excitation or the excitation with fundamental and its second harmonic frequency.There is a lack of detailed studies on applying low and higher frequency excitation.In this study,we have performed large-eddy simulations of periodically excited turbulent mixing layers.The excitation consists of a fundamental frequency and its third harmonic.We have used phase-averaging to identify the vortex structure and strength in the mixing layer,and we have studied the vortex dynamics.Two different vortex paring mechanisms are observed depending on the phase shift between the two excitation frequencies.The influence of these two mechanisms on the mixing of a passive scalar is also studied.It is found that exciting the mixing layer with these low and high frequencies has initially an adverse influence on the mixing process;however,it improves the mixing further downstream of the splitter plate with the excitation using a phase shift ofΔφ=πshowing the best mixing performance.The present works shed lights on the fundamental vortex dynamics,and has great potential for aeronautical,automotive and combustion engineering applications.展开更多
Shallow convection plays an important role in transporting heat and moisture from the near-surface to higher altitudes,yet its parameterization in numerical models remains a great challenge,partly due to the lack of h...Shallow convection plays an important role in transporting heat and moisture from the near-surface to higher altitudes,yet its parameterization in numerical models remains a great challenge,partly due to the lack of high-resolution observations.This study describes a large eddy simulation(LES)dataset for four shallow convection cases that differ primarily in inversion strength,which can be used as a surrogate for real data.To reduce the uncertainty in LES modeling,three different large eddy models were used,including SAM(System for Atmospheric Modeling),WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model),and UCLA-LES.Results show that the different models generally exhibit similar behavior for each shallow convection case,despite some differences in the details of the convective structure.In addition to grid-averaged fields,conditionally sampled variables,such as in-cloud moisture and vertical velocity,are also provided,which are indispensable for calculation of the entrainment/detrainment rate.Considering the essentiality of the entraining/detraining process in the parameterization of cumulus convection,the dataset presented in this study is potentially useful for validation and improvement of the parameterization of shallow convection.展开更多
The variations of the frontogenetic trend of a cold filament induced by the cross-filament wind and wave fields are studied by a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation. Five cases with different strengths of wind and w...The variations of the frontogenetic trend of a cold filament induced by the cross-filament wind and wave fields are studied by a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation. Five cases with different strengths of wind and wave fields are studied.The results show that the intense wind and wave fields further break the symmetries of submesoscale flow fields and suppress the levels of filament frontogenesis. The changes of secondary circulation directions—that is, the conversion between the convergence and divergence of the surface cross-filament currents with the downwelling and upwelling jets in the filament center—are associated with the inertial oscillation. The filament frontogenesis and frontolysis caused by the changes of secondary circulation directions may periodically sharpen and smooth the gradient of submesoscale flow fields.The lifecycle of the cold filament may include multiple stages of filament frontogenesis and frontolysis.展开更多
In a convective scheme featuring a discretized cloud size density, the assumed lateral mixing rate is inversely proportional to the exponential coefficient of plume size. This follows a typical assumption of-1, but it...In a convective scheme featuring a discretized cloud size density, the assumed lateral mixing rate is inversely proportional to the exponential coefficient of plume size. This follows a typical assumption of-1, but it has unveiled inherent uncertainties, especially for deep layer clouds. Addressing this knowledge gap, we conducted comprehensive large eddy simulations and comparative analyses focused on terrestrial regions. Our investigation revealed that cloud formation adheres to the tenets of Bernoulli trials, illustrating power-law scaling that remains consistent regardless of the inherent deep layer cloud attributes existing between cloud size and the number of clouds. This scaling paradigm encompasses liquid, ice, and mixed phases in deep layer clouds. The exponent characterizing the interplay between cloud scale and number in the deep layer cloud, specifically for liquid, ice, or mixed-phase clouds, resembles that of shallow convection,but converges closely to zero. This convergence signifies a propensity for diminished cloud numbers and sizes within deep layer clouds. Notably, the infusion of abundant moisture and the release of latent heat by condensation within the lower atmospheric strata make substantial contributions. However, this role in ice phase formation is limited. The emergence of liquid and ice phases in deep layer clouds is facilitated by the latent heat and influenced by the wind shear inherent in the middle levels. These interrelationships hold potential applications in formulating parameterizations and post-processing model outcomes.展开更多
Wall-modeled large eddy simulation(WMLES)is used to investigate turbulent fluctuations around an axisymmetric body of revolution.This study focuses on evaluating the ability of WMLES to predict the fluctuating flow ov...Wall-modeled large eddy simulation(WMLES)is used to investigate turbulent fluctuations around an axisymmetric body of revolution.This study focuses on evaluating the ability of WMLES to predict the fluctuating flow over the axisymmetric hull and analyzing the evolution of turbulent fluctuations around the body.The geometry is the DARPA SUBOFF bare model and the Reynolds number is 1.2×10^(7),based on the free-stream velocity and the length of the body.Near-wall flow structures and complex turbulent fluctuation fields are successfully captured.Time-averaged flow quantities,such as time-averaged pressure and skin-friction coefficients,and time-averaged velocity profiles on the stern,achieved great agreements between WMLES results and experimental data.Self-similarity of time-averaged velocity defects within a self-similar coordinate up to twelve diameters from the tail.A comprehensive analysis of second-order statistics in the mid-body,stern,and wake regions is condutced.Numerical results agree well with experimental data and previous wall-resolved large eddy simulation(WRLES)results about root mean square(rms)of radial and axial fluctuating velocities at the stern.Turbulent fluctuations including turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)and second-order velocity statistics are identified as dual peak behavior and non-self-similar over the wake length,consistent with previous findings in the literature.This assessment enhances the understanding of WMLES capabilities in capturing complex fluctuating flow around axisymmetric geometries.展开更多
Large eddy simulations were used to model the three-dimensional flows around a non-submerged spur dike. Based on the rigid lid assumption, all these vortex flows around the spur dike, which probably affected the whole...Large eddy simulations were used to model the three-dimensional flows around a non-submerged spur dike. Based on the rigid lid assumption, all these vortex flows around the spur dike, which probably affected the whole flow field, were numerically simulated and analyzed. The largest circulating flow region caused by the spur dike behind it was weak, which would naturally lead to sedimentation for silt-laden twophase flows. Based on the Smagorinsky model, the finite volume method was used to discretize the NavierStokes equations, and the SIMPLEC algorithm was used to solve them. Meanwhile, these flows were investigated experimentally in a 0.5-m wide flume with a dike placed as a barrier. The computational results are in a fairly good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
Cloud droplet dispersion is an important parameter in estimating aerosol indirect effect on climate in general circulation models（GCMs）.This study investigates droplet dispersion in shallow cumulus clouds under diff...Cloud droplet dispersion is an important parameter in estimating aerosol indirect effect on climate in general circulation models（GCMs）.This study investigates droplet dispersion in shallow cumulus clouds under different aerosol conditions using three-dimensional large eddy simulations（LES）.It is found that cloud droplet mean radius,standard deviation,and relative dispersion generally decrease as aerosol mixing ratio increases from 25 mg-1（clean case） to 100 mg-1（moderate case）,and to 2000 mg-1（polluted case）.Under all the three simulated aerosol conditions,cloud droplet mean radius and standard deviation increase with height.However,droplet relative dispersion increases with height only in the polluted case,and does not vary with height in the clean and moderate cases.The mechanisms for cloud droplet dispersion are also investigated.An additional simulation without considering droplet collision-coalescence and sedimentation under the aerosol mixing ratio of 25 mg-1 shows smaller values of droplet mean radius,standard deviation,and relative dispersion as compared to the base clean case.This indicates that droplet collision-coalescence plays an important role in broadening droplet spectra.Results also suggest that the impact of homogeneous mixing on cumulus cloud droplet spectra is significant under all the three simulated aerosol conditions.In weak mixing（strong updraft） regions where clouds are closer to be adiabatic,cloud droplets tend to have larger mean radius,smaller standard deviation,and hence smaller relative dispersion than those in stronger mixing（downdraft or weak updraft） regions.The parameterized cloud optical depth in terms of cloud liquid water content,droplet number concentration,and relative dispersion is only slightly smaller than the result calculated from detailed droplet spectra,indicating that current parameterization of cloud optical depth as used in many GCMs is plausible for low clouds.展开更多
A general framework（methodology and procedures） for verification and validation（V＆V） of large eddy simulations in computational fluid dynamics（CFD） is derived based on two hypotheses. The framework allows for q...A general framework（methodology and procedures） for verification and validation（V＆V） of large eddy simulations in computational fluid dynamics（CFD） is derived based on two hypotheses. The framework allows for quantitative estimations of numerical error, modeling error, their coupling, and the associated uncertainties. To meet different needs of users based on their affordable computational cost, various large eddy simulation（LES） V＆V methods are proposed. These methods range from the most sophisticated seven equation estimator to the simplest one-grid estimator, which will be calibrated using factors of safety to achieve the objective reliability and confidence level. Evaluation, calibration and validation of various LES V＆V methods in this study will be performed using rigorous statistical analysis based on an extensive database. Identification of the error sources and magnitudes has the potential to improve existing or derive new LES models. Based on extensive parametric studies in the database, it is expected that guidelines for performing large eddy simulations that meet pre-specified quality and credibility criteria can be obtained. Extension of this framework to bubbly flow is also discussed.展开更多
Although large-scale topography and land use have been properly considered in weather and climate models, the effect of mesoscale and microscale heterogeneous land use on convective boundary layer(CBL) has not been fu...Although large-scale topography and land use have been properly considered in weather and climate models, the effect of mesoscale and microscale heterogeneous land use on convective boundary layer(CBL) has not been fully understood yet. In this study, the influence of semi-idealized strip-like patches of oases and deserts, which resemble irrigated land use in Northwest China, on the CBL characteristics, is investigated based on the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)-large eddy simulation(LES) driven by observed land surface data. The influences of soil water content in oases on aloft CBL flow structure, stability, turbulent kinetic energy(TKE), and vertical fluxes are carefully examined through a group of sensitivity experiments. The results show that secondary circulation(SC)/turbulent organized structures(TOS) is the strongest/weakest when soil water content in oases is close to saturation(e.g.,when the oases are irrigated). With the decrease of soil water content in oases(i.e., after irrigation), SC(TOS) becomes weak(strong) in the lower and middle CBL, the flux induced by SC and TOS becomes small(large), which has a dramatic impact on point measurement of eddy covariance(EC) fluxes. The flux induced by SC and TOS has little influence on EC sensible heat flux, but great influence on EC latent heat flux. Under this circumstance, the area averaged heat flux cannot be represented by point measurement of flux by the EC method, especially just after irrigation in oases. Comparison of imbalance ratio(i.e., contribution of SC and TOS to the total flux) reveals that increased soil moisture in oases leads to a larger imbalance ratio as well as enhanced surface heterogeneity. Moreover,we found that the soil layer configuration at different depths has a negligible impact on the CBL flux properties.展开更多
The maximum height of the convective boundary layer(CBL)over the Taklimakan Desert can exceed 5000 m during summer and plays a crucial role in the regional circulation and weather.We combined the Weather Research and ...The maximum height of the convective boundary layer(CBL)over the Taklimakan Desert can exceed 5000 m during summer and plays a crucial role in the regional circulation and weather.We combined the Weather Research and Forecasting Large Eddy Simulation(WRF-LES)with data from Global Positioning System(GPS)radiosondes and from eddy covariance stations to evaluate the performance of the WRF-LES in simulating the characteristics of the deep CBL over the central Taklimakan Desert.The model reproduced the evolution of the CBL processes reasonably well,but the simulations generated warmer and moister conditions than the observation as a result of the over-prediction of surface fluxes and large-scale advection.Further simulations were performed with multiple configurations and sensitivity tests.The sensitivity tests for the lateral boundary conditions(LBCs)showed that the model results are sensitive to changes in the time resolution and domain size of the specified LBCs.A larger domain size varies the distance of the area of interest from the LBCs and reduces the influence of large forecast errors near the LBCs.Comparing the model results using the original parameterization of sensible heat flux with the Noah land surface scheme and those of the sensitivity experiments showed that the desert CBL is sensitive to the sensible heat flux produced by the land surface scheme during daytime in summer.A reduction in the sensible heat flux can correct overestimates of the potential temperature profile.However,increasing the sensible heat flux significantly reduces the total time needed to increase the CBL to a relatively low altitude(<3 km)in the middle and initial stages of the development of the CBL rather than producing a higher CBL in the later stages.展开更多
Interaction between fuel and air in a combustion chamber is one of the main drivers of the mixing process.Experimentally,flow visualizations are limited by high droplet density in the spray.Numerically,the ability of ...Interaction between fuel and air in a combustion chamber is one of the main drivers of the mixing process.Experimentally,flow visualizations are limited by high droplet density in the spray.Numerically,the ability of large eddy simulations(LES)to resolve large scales of flow offers good perspectives on capturing flow structures issued from the interaction between the Lagrangian(fuel droplets)and Eulerian(ambient gas)phases.This study examined these interactions first during a single injection using 3D and 2D criteria for both phases.As for the 3D criteria,the spray shape was analyzed in parallel to the Q-criteria applied to the Eulerian phase,making it possible to relate the spray deformations to some specific Eulerian structures.Secondly,2D criteria were the fuel mass-fraction field and Eulerian streamlines,both taken in the mid-plane of the spray.This last analysis allows for identifying certain mechanisms involved in the Eulerian phase’s structure generation and relates it to high fuel-concentration areas in the fuel mass-fraction visualizations.展开更多
Coagulation and growth of nanoparticles subject to large coherent structures in a planar jet has been explored by using large eddy simulation. The particle field is obtained by employing a moment method to approximate...Coagulation and growth of nanoparticles subject to large coherent structures in a planar jet has been explored by using large eddy simulation. The particle field is obtained by employing a moment method to approximate the nanoparticle general dynamic equa- tion. An incompressible fluid containing particles of 1 nm in diameter is projected into a particle-free ambient. The results show that the coherent structures dominate the evolution of the nanoparticle number intensity, diameter and polydispersity distributions as the jet develops. In addition, the coherent structures act to increase the diffusion of particles, and the vortex rolling-up makes the particles distributing more irregularly while the vortex pairing causes particle distributions to become uniform. As the jet travels downstream, the time-averaged particle number concentration becomes lower in the jet core and higher in the outskirts, whereas the time- averaged particle mass over the entire flow field maintains unaltered, and the time-averaged particle diameter and geometric standard deviations grow and reach their maximum on the interface of the jet region and the ambient.展开更多
文摘This paper conducts a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of Rayleigh Bénard convection in a cubic cavity based on the WMLES S-Omega subgrid-scale model. For a cubic cavity with a vertical temperature difference of 6.7°C and 20°C, the velocity pulsation profiles and the mean velocity profiles of the vertical section in the middle of the cubic cavity were simulated, respectively. And they are consistent with the experiment results. Furthermore, the mean velocity field of the vertical cross-section in the middle of the cavity was calculated. Structures of the mean velocity field in the two cases are similar. A counterclockwise large vortex is found to occupy the cavity, and there are two small clockwise vortices in the lower left and upper right corners, and the mean velocity fields at two different temperature differences are consistent with the experimental results. The two-dimensional instantaneous temperature field and mean temperature field with different cross-sections in the z-direction, as well as the three-dimensional instantaneous isothermal surface structure, indicate that the large-scale circulation motion within the cubic cavity is moving diagonally. In addition, the structure of the mean streamline also illustrates this viewpoint. For the reverse vortex formed at two corners in the mean streamline structure, we used the Q criterion to identify and obtain two vortex structures similar to boomerangs. The basic turbulent structure in RB thermal convection includes the rising and falling plumes generated by buoyancy effects.
文摘Large eddy simulations (LES) of mixing process in a stirred tank of 0.476m diameter with a 3-narrow blade hydrofoil CBY impeller were reported. The turbulent flow field and mixing time were calculated using LES with Sma-gorinsky-Lilly subgrid scale model. The impeller rotation was modeled using the sliding mesh technique. Better agree-ment of power demand and mixing time was obtained between the experimental and the LES prediction than that by the traditional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. The curve of tracer response predicted by LES was in good agreement with the experimental. The results show that LES is a reliable tool to investigate the unsteady and quasi-periodic behavior of the turbulent flow in stirred tanks.
文摘The aim of this work is to investigate the flow instabilities in a baffled, stirred tank generated by a single Rushton turbine by means of large eddy simulation （LES）. The sliding mesh method was used for the coupling between the rotating and the stationary frame of references. The calculations were carried out on the ＂Shengcao-21C＂ supercomputer using a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code CFX5. The flow fields predicted by the LES simulation and the simulation using standard κ-ε model were compared to the results from particle image velocimetry （PIV） measurements. It is shown that the CFD simulations using the LES approach and the standard κ-ε model agree well with the PIV measurements. Fluctuations of the radial and axial velocity are predicted at different frequencies by the LES simulation. Velocity fluctuations of high frequencies are seen in the impeller region, while low frequencies velocity fluctuations are observed in the bulk flow. A low frequency velocity fluctuation with a nondimensional frequency of 0.027Hz is predicted by the LES simulation, which agrees with experimental investigations in the literature. Flow circulation patterns predicted by the LES simulation are asymmetric, stochastic and complex, spanning a large portion of the tanks and varying with time, while circulation patterns calculated by the simulation using the standard κ-ε model are symmetric. The results of the present work give better understanding to the flow instabilities in the mechanically agitated tank. However, further analysis of the LES calculated velocity series by means of fast Fourier transform （FFT） and/or spectra analysis are recommended in future work in order to gain more knowledge of the complicated flow phenomena.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11072005 and 10921202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.3132013029)
文摘The effect of a cross-sectional exit plane on the downstream mixing characteristics of a circular turbulent jet is in- vestigated using large eddy simulation （LES）. The turbulent jet is issued from an orifice-type nozzle at an exit Reynolds number of 5 ×104. Both instantaneous and statistical velocity fields of the jet are provided. Results show that the rates of the mean velocity decay and jet spread are both higher in the case with the exit plate than without it. The existence of the plate is found to increase the downstream entrainment rate by about 10% on average over the axial range of 8-30de （exit diameter）. Also, the presence of the plate enables the formation of vortex rings to occur further downstream by 0.5-1 .Ode. A physical insight into the near-field jet is provided to explain the importance of the boundary conditions in the evolution of a turbulent jet. In addition, a method of using the decay of the centreline velocity and the half-width of the jet to calculate the entrainment rate is proposed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51879022,51979045,and 51906029)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant Nos.3132019197,3132020187,and 3132019037)+1 种基金the Projects for Dalian Youth Star of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.2018RQ12)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M661084).
文摘A free triangular jet(TJ1)and its counterpart initially passing a short circular chamber(TJ2)are numerically modeled using large eddy simulation(LES).This paper compares the near-field characteristics of the two jets in detail.To enable some necessary experimental validations,the LES conditions of TJ1 and TJ2 are taken to be identical to those measured by Xu et al.(Sci.China Phys.561176(2013))and England et al.(Exp.Fluids.4869(2010)),respectively.The LES predictions are found to agree well with those measurements.It is demonstrated that a strong swirl occurs near the chamber inlet plane for the TJ2 flow.At the center of the swirl,there is a cluster of three sink foci,where each focus is aligned midway between the original triangular apexes.In the vortex skeleton constructed from the time-averaged flow field,the vortices arising from the foci are helically twisted around the core of the jet.As the flow passes through the chamber,the foci merge to form a closed-loop“bifurcation line”,which separates the inward swirling flow and the outward oscillating jet.This global oscillation is regarded as a source node near the centerline of the chamber.If the chamber is removed for a“free”jet,i.e.,TJ1,a cluster of three pairs of counter-rotating foci is produced and the net swirl circulation is zero,so the overall oscillation of the jet does not occur.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52179076,51979186).
文摘As one of the most common river patterns in nature,meandering river has very complex flow structures in its curved channel bends,including secondary flow structure and primary flow velocity redistributions.To date,most of the studies have been carried out on the flow structures in channel bends with unavoidable influences from inlet and outlet boundaries,while a streamwise periodic boundary can overcome this shortcoming elegantly.In this paper,large eddy simulations(LES)are employed to investigate the complex flow structures in periodically continuous sharp sine-generated bends.The influence of width-to-depth ratios and dimensionless curvature radiuses are studied.The results highlight two additional vortex structures beyond the commonly known secondary currents:The recirculation zone(RZ)and the inner bank cell(IBC).The width-to-depth ratio shows the determining effect on the recirculation zone.The size of recirculation zone is usually bigger in sine-generated-curve(SGC)channel with large width-to-depth ratios.The biggest recirculation zones appear between the zero-curvature section and the apex section.The inner bank cell only forms in SGC channels with small width-to-depth ratios and low curvature.For SGC channel with large width-to-depth ratios,only one circulation cell is observed near the inner bank.The spatial variations of turbulent features are also revealed by statistical analysis based on the LES sampling data.Results highlight remarkable effect of width-to-depth ratio and dimensionless curvature radius on the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)and bed shear stress in SGC channels.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12172207,92052201).
文摘Metal contaminants from surface water pollution events often enter hyporheic zones,under certain conditions,they may be released back into streams,causing secondary pollution to the water quality.The present study investigated the effects of adsorption,permeability,and anisotropy of sediment beds on the release of zinc ions(Zn2+)from the hyporheic zone into overlying turbulent flows using large-eddy simulations(LES).The volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and advection-diffusion equation with adsorption term were used to describe the sediment in-flow,adsorption,and convective diffusion of Zn2+within the sediment layer.The effects of sediment permeability on the Zn2+concentration distribution and mass transfer processes were investigated by time-averaged statistics of flow and concentration fields.The results show that adsorption becomes stronger as the pH value increases,leading to a slow increase in Zn2+concentration in the overlying water layer and reaching a lower steady-state concentration.Higher overall permeability of the sediment layer can enhance mass and momentum exchange near the sediment-water interface(SWI),and intensify the release of Zn2+from the sediment layer into the overlying water.As the wall-normal permeability of the sediment layer increases,the normal turbulent intensity strengthens,momentum transport enhances,the wall-normal Zn2+concentration flux increases,the effective diffusion coefficient increases,and the concentration in the overlying water increases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42205070)Typhoon Scientific and Technological Innovation Group of China Meteorological Administration (CMA2023ZD06)+1 种基金Shanghai Typhoon Research Foundation (TFJJ202118)supported by the ESCAP/WMO Project (EXOTICCA).SW is sponsored by Shanghai Pujiang Program (22PJ1415900).
文摘Turbulence within the tropical cyclone boundary layer plays a crucial role in the exchange of heat,moisture,and momentum between the surface and the atmosphere.This study investigates the characteristics of coherent structures,specifically streaks and rolls,using large eddy simulations.Our results highlight significant differences across the three radius cases,with smaller radius exhibiting more intense and organized turbulence and streak/roll structures.Our analyses reveal that thermodynamic conditions significantly impact the timing of initial streak/roll development but do not affect their intensity in the steady state.Wind structures closer to the tropical cyclone center lead to stronger and more rapidly developing streaks/rolls,indicating their critical role in determining the intensity and formation of these features.Sensitivity tests on the Coriolis parameter(f)and radial decay parameter of tangential wind(n)show minimal impact on the development of streaks/rolls,suggesting these factors are less influential compared to wind and thermodynamic conditions.
基金the financial support provided by the Deakin University,Australiathe University of Canterbury,New Zealand (No. 452DISDZ)
文摘A better understanding of the mixing behavior of excited turbulent mixing layers is critical to a number of aerospace applications.Previous studies of excited turbulent mixing layers focused on single frequency excitation or the excitation with fundamental and its second harmonic frequency.There is a lack of detailed studies on applying low and higher frequency excitation.In this study,we have performed large-eddy simulations of periodically excited turbulent mixing layers.The excitation consists of a fundamental frequency and its third harmonic.We have used phase-averaging to identify the vortex structure and strength in the mixing layer,and we have studied the vortex dynamics.Two different vortex paring mechanisms are observed depending on the phase shift between the two excitation frequencies.The influence of these two mechanisms on the mixing of a passive scalar is also studied.It is found that exciting the mixing layer with these low and high frequencies has initially an adverse influence on the mixing process;however,it improves the mixing further downstream of the splitter plate with the excitation using a phase shift ofΔφ=πshowing the best mixing performance.The present works shed lights on the fundamental vortex dynamics,and has great potential for aeronautical,automotive and combustion engineering applications.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC3000802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42175165)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”(EarthLab).
文摘Shallow convection plays an important role in transporting heat and moisture from the near-surface to higher altitudes,yet its parameterization in numerical models remains a great challenge,partly due to the lack of high-resolution observations.This study describes a large eddy simulation(LES)dataset for four shallow convection cases that differ primarily in inversion strength,which can be used as a surrogate for real data.To reduce the uncertainty in LES modeling,three different large eddy models were used,including SAM(System for Atmospheric Modeling),WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model),and UCLA-LES.Results show that the different models generally exhibit similar behavior for each shallow convection case,despite some differences in the details of the convective structure.In addition to grid-averaged fields,conditionally sampled variables,such as in-cloud moisture and vertical velocity,are also provided,which are indispensable for calculation of the entrainment/detrainment rate.Considering the essentiality of the entraining/detraining process in the parameterization of cumulus convection,the dataset presented in this study is potentially useful for validation and improvement of the parameterization of shallow convection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 92158204, 41506001 and 42076019)a Project supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) (Grant No. 311021005)。
文摘The variations of the frontogenetic trend of a cold filament induced by the cross-filament wind and wave fields are studied by a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation. Five cases with different strengths of wind and wave fields are studied.The results show that the intense wind and wave fields further break the symmetries of submesoscale flow fields and suppress the levels of filament frontogenesis. The changes of secondary circulation directions—that is, the conversion between the convergence and divergence of the surface cross-filament currents with the downwelling and upwelling jets in the filament center—are associated with the inertial oscillation. The filament frontogenesis and frontolysis caused by the changes of secondary circulation directions may periodically sharpen and smooth the gradient of submesoscale flow fields.The lifecycle of the cold filament may include multiple stages of filament frontogenesis and frontolysis.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) (Grant No.2019QZKK010203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.42175174 and 41975130)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Grant No.2022NSFSC1092)the Sichuan Provincial Innovation Training Program for College Students (Grant No.S202210621009)。
文摘In a convective scheme featuring a discretized cloud size density, the assumed lateral mixing rate is inversely proportional to the exponential coefficient of plume size. This follows a typical assumption of-1, but it has unveiled inherent uncertainties, especially for deep layer clouds. Addressing this knowledge gap, we conducted comprehensive large eddy simulations and comparative analyses focused on terrestrial regions. Our investigation revealed that cloud formation adheres to the tenets of Bernoulli trials, illustrating power-law scaling that remains consistent regardless of the inherent deep layer cloud attributes existing between cloud size and the number of clouds. This scaling paradigm encompasses liquid, ice, and mixed phases in deep layer clouds. The exponent characterizing the interplay between cloud scale and number in the deep layer cloud, specifically for liquid, ice, or mixed-phase clouds, resembles that of shallow convection,but converges closely to zero. This convergence signifies a propensity for diminished cloud numbers and sizes within deep layer clouds. Notably, the infusion of abundant moisture and the release of latent heat by condensation within the lower atmospheric strata make substantial contributions. However, this role in ice phase formation is limited. The emergence of liquid and ice phases in deep layer clouds is facilitated by the latent heat and influenced by the wind shear inherent in the middle levels. These interrelationships hold potential applications in formulating parameterizations and post-processing model outcomes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52131102).
文摘Wall-modeled large eddy simulation(WMLES)is used to investigate turbulent fluctuations around an axisymmetric body of revolution.This study focuses on evaluating the ability of WMLES to predict the fluctuating flow over the axisymmetric hull and analyzing the evolution of turbulent fluctuations around the body.The geometry is the DARPA SUBOFF bare model and the Reynolds number is 1.2×10^(7),based on the free-stream velocity and the length of the body.Near-wall flow structures and complex turbulent fluctuation fields are successfully captured.Time-averaged flow quantities,such as time-averaged pressure and skin-friction coefficients,and time-averaged velocity profiles on the stern,achieved great agreements between WMLES results and experimental data.Self-similarity of time-averaged velocity defects within a self-similar coordinate up to twelve diameters from the tail.A comprehensive analysis of second-order statistics in the mid-body,stern,and wake regions is condutced.Numerical results agree well with experimental data and previous wall-resolved large eddy simulation(WRLES)results about root mean square(rms)of radial and axial fluctuating velocities at the stern.Turbulent fluctuations including turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)and second-order velocity statistics are identified as dual peak behavior and non-self-similar over the wake length,consistent with previous findings in the literature.This assessment enhances the understanding of WMLES capabilities in capturing complex fluctuating flow around axisymmetric geometries.
基金Supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2004036050) and Open Fund of Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institut(No. Yk90504)
文摘Large eddy simulations were used to model the three-dimensional flows around a non-submerged spur dike. Based on the rigid lid assumption, all these vortex flows around the spur dike, which probably affected the whole flow field, were numerically simulated and analyzed. The largest circulating flow region caused by the spur dike behind it was weak, which would naturally lead to sedimentation for silt-laden twophase flows. Based on the Smagorinsky model, the finite volume method was used to discretize the NavierStokes equations, and the SIMPLEC algorithm was used to solve them. Meanwhile, these flows were investigated experimentally in a 0.5-m wide flume with a dike placed as a barrier. The computational results are in a fairly good agreement with the experimental data.
基金Supported by the 11th Five-Year National Key Technology R&D Program of China under Grant No. 2006BAC12B003National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 40675004
文摘Cloud droplet dispersion is an important parameter in estimating aerosol indirect effect on climate in general circulation models（GCMs）.This study investigates droplet dispersion in shallow cumulus clouds under different aerosol conditions using three-dimensional large eddy simulations（LES）.It is found that cloud droplet mean radius,standard deviation,and relative dispersion generally decrease as aerosol mixing ratio increases from 25 mg-1（clean case） to 100 mg-1（moderate case）,and to 2000 mg-1（polluted case）.Under all the three simulated aerosol conditions,cloud droplet mean radius and standard deviation increase with height.However,droplet relative dispersion increases with height only in the polluted case,and does not vary with height in the clean and moderate cases.The mechanisms for cloud droplet dispersion are also investigated.An additional simulation without considering droplet collision-coalescence and sedimentation under the aerosol mixing ratio of 25 mg-1 shows smaller values of droplet mean radius,standard deviation,and relative dispersion as compared to the base clean case.This indicates that droplet collision-coalescence plays an important role in broadening droplet spectra.Results also suggest that the impact of homogeneous mixing on cumulus cloud droplet spectra is significant under all the three simulated aerosol conditions.In weak mixing（strong updraft） regions where clouds are closer to be adiabatic,cloud droplets tend to have larger mean radius,smaller standard deviation,and hence smaller relative dispersion than those in stronger mixing（downdraft or weak updraft） regions.The parameterized cloud optical depth in terms of cloud liquid water content,droplet number concentration,and relative dispersion is only slightly smaller than the result calculated from detailed droplet spectra,indicating that current parameterization of cloud optical depth as used in many GCMs is plausible for low clouds.
文摘A general framework（methodology and procedures） for verification and validation（V＆V） of large eddy simulations in computational fluid dynamics（CFD） is derived based on two hypotheses. The framework allows for quantitative estimations of numerical error, modeling error, their coupling, and the associated uncertainties. To meet different needs of users based on their affordable computational cost, various large eddy simulation（LES） V＆V methods are proposed. These methods range from the most sophisticated seven equation estimator to the simplest one-grid estimator, which will be calibrated using factors of safety to achieve the objective reliability and confidence level. Evaluation, calibration and validation of various LES V＆V methods in this study will be performed using rigorous statistical analysis based on an extensive database. Identification of the error sources and magnitudes has the potential to improve existing or derive new LES models. Based on extensive parametric studies in the database, it is expected that guidelines for performing large eddy simulations that meet pre-specified quality and credibility criteria can be obtained. Extension of this framework to bubbly flow is also discussed.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1502101)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41575098)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20120211110019)
文摘Although large-scale topography and land use have been properly considered in weather and climate models, the effect of mesoscale and microscale heterogeneous land use on convective boundary layer(CBL) has not been fully understood yet. In this study, the influence of semi-idealized strip-like patches of oases and deserts, which resemble irrigated land use in Northwest China, on the CBL characteristics, is investigated based on the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)-large eddy simulation(LES) driven by observed land surface data. The influences of soil water content in oases on aloft CBL flow structure, stability, turbulent kinetic energy(TKE), and vertical fluxes are carefully examined through a group of sensitivity experiments. The results show that secondary circulation(SC)/turbulent organized structures(TOS) is the strongest/weakest when soil water content in oases is close to saturation(e.g.,when the oases are irrigated). With the decrease of soil water content in oases(i.e., after irrigation), SC(TOS) becomes weak(strong) in the lower and middle CBL, the flux induced by SC and TOS becomes small(large), which has a dramatic impact on point measurement of eddy covariance(EC) fluxes. The flux induced by SC and TOS has little influence on EC sensible heat flux, but great influence on EC latent heat flux. Under this circumstance, the area averaged heat flux cannot be represented by point measurement of flux by the EC method, especially just after irrigation in oases. Comparison of imbalance ratio(i.e., contribution of SC and TOS to the total flux) reveals that increased soil moisture in oases leads to a larger imbalance ratio as well as enhanced surface heterogeneity. Moreover,we found that the soil layer configuration at different depths has a negligible impact on the CBL flux properties.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41575008 and 41775030)
文摘The maximum height of the convective boundary layer(CBL)over the Taklimakan Desert can exceed 5000 m during summer and plays a crucial role in the regional circulation and weather.We combined the Weather Research and Forecasting Large Eddy Simulation(WRF-LES)with data from Global Positioning System(GPS)radiosondes and from eddy covariance stations to evaluate the performance of the WRF-LES in simulating the characteristics of the deep CBL over the central Taklimakan Desert.The model reproduced the evolution of the CBL processes reasonably well,but the simulations generated warmer and moister conditions than the observation as a result of the over-prediction of surface fluxes and large-scale advection.Further simulations were performed with multiple configurations and sensitivity tests.The sensitivity tests for the lateral boundary conditions(LBCs)showed that the model results are sensitive to changes in the time resolution and domain size of the specified LBCs.A larger domain size varies the distance of the area of interest from the LBCs and reduces the influence of large forecast errors near the LBCs.Comparing the model results using the original parameterization of sensible heat flux with the Noah land surface scheme and those of the sensitivity experiments showed that the desert CBL is sensitive to the sensible heat flux produced by the land surface scheme during daytime in summer.A reduction in the sensible heat flux can correct overestimates of the potential temperature profile.However,increasing the sensible heat flux significantly reduces the total time needed to increase the CBL to a relatively low altitude(<3 km)in the middle and initial stages of the development of the CBL rather than producing a higher CBL in the later stages.
文摘Interaction between fuel and air in a combustion chamber is one of the main drivers of the mixing process.Experimentally,flow visualizations are limited by high droplet density in the spray.Numerically,the ability of large eddy simulations(LES)to resolve large scales of flow offers good perspectives on capturing flow structures issued from the interaction between the Lagrangian(fuel droplets)and Eulerian(ambient gas)phases.This study examined these interactions first during a single injection using 3D and 2D criteria for both phases.As for the 3D criteria,the spray shape was analyzed in parallel to the Q-criteria applied to the Eulerian phase,making it possible to relate the spray deformations to some specific Eulerian structures.Secondly,2D criteria were the fuel mass-fraction field and Eulerian streamlines,both taken in the mid-plane of the spray.This last analysis allows for identifying certain mechanisms involved in the Eulerian phase’s structure generation and relates it to high fuel-concentration areas in the fuel mass-fraction visualizations.
基金The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10372090)the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20030335001)
文摘Coagulation and growth of nanoparticles subject to large coherent structures in a planar jet has been explored by using large eddy simulation. The particle field is obtained by employing a moment method to approximate the nanoparticle general dynamic equa- tion. An incompressible fluid containing particles of 1 nm in diameter is projected into a particle-free ambient. The results show that the coherent structures dominate the evolution of the nanoparticle number intensity, diameter and polydispersity distributions as the jet develops. In addition, the coherent structures act to increase the diffusion of particles, and the vortex rolling-up makes the particles distributing more irregularly while the vortex pairing causes particle distributions to become uniform. As the jet travels downstream, the time-averaged particle number concentration becomes lower in the jet core and higher in the outskirts, whereas the time- averaged particle mass over the entire flow field maintains unaltered, and the time-averaged particle diameter and geometric standard deviations grow and reach their maximum on the interface of the jet region and the ambient.
