Debonding at the cement-casing interface is recognized as a principal failure mechanism leading to CO_(2) leakage in wells.This detachment gives rise to a microannulus,which notably possesses greater permeability than...Debonding at the cement-casing interface is recognized as a principal failure mechanism leading to CO_(2) leakage in wells.This detachment gives rise to a microannulus,which notably possesses greater permeability than undamaged cement,undermining its sealing efficacy.Conventionally,the permeability of the microannulus is regarded as a uniform value throughout the well.However,fundamentally,a microannulus is one type of fracture,and its gap or aperture size is affected by the effective stress.In this work,we developed a unique experimental apparatus.This equipment facilitates the curing of cement inside a steel casing,the formation of a microannulus between the casing and the cement,and the investigation of the fluid flow dynamics along the microannulus under laboratory-replicated in situ conditions.The microannulus was formed by injecting fluid from one end of the setup,and receiving similar amount of fluid on the other end signified the development of the leakage channel.Additionally,strain gauges affixed to the casing’s external surface yielded key information on the microannulus’s opening and closure.We observed a noticeable decline in microannulus hydraulic aperture(or permeability)in relation to effective stress and an exponential equation fits their relationship.Our findings also indicate a distinct behavior when comparing liquid CO_(2) with water.Specifically,it is easier for liquid CO_(2) to create the microannulus.However,the hydraulic aperture range for this microannulus(0.7-6 mm)is considerably smaller than that created by water flow(2-17 mm).Finally,we integrated the stressdependent microannulus aperture size into the combined analysis of well mechanical integrity and well leakage.The outcomes consistently demonstrated that when factoring in the stress-dependent aperture sizes,the leakage rates are 3e5 times compared to a fixed aperture model.The traditional assumption of a constant aperture significantly underestimates fluid leakage risks.展开更多
Leakage assessment is the most common approach applied for assessing side-channel information leakage and validating the effectiveness of side-channel countermeasures.Established evaluation approaches are usually base...Leakage assessment is the most common approach applied for assessing side-channel information leakage and validating the effectiveness of side-channel countermeasures.Established evaluation approaches are usually based on Test Vector Leakage Assessment(TVLA)that deployed in a divide and conquer flow with offline computations,which causes two apparent shortcomings in required memory and time.In this paper,a lightweight framework of online leakage assessment is proposed.The problems were analyzed and the evaluation approach was further validated with a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA).The experimental results show that it can implement online processing on newly collected data,and instantly stop to give the result when detecting credible leakage.The online leakage assessment can significantly economize on memory and time.It has good performance when there is limited memory or real-time evaluations are needed.展开更多
Since 1990s, the use of deicing salts （i.e., chlorides） has dramatically increased in areas with heavy snowfall in Japan. As a result, the water mixed with salts has accelerated the damage of the reinforced concrete...Since 1990s, the use of deicing salts （i.e., chlorides） has dramatically increased in areas with heavy snowfall in Japan. As a result, the water mixed with salts has accelerated the damage of the reinforced concrete （hereafter, RC） structures. Recently conducted inspection results of RC bridges have reported that many of the damages or deteriorations are observed at the girder ends and abutments This is caused from the water leakage due to the aged expansion joints. In general, the cost for repairing the damaged RC structures is much higher than that for renewing the expansion joints. Therefore, to prevent these damages, we developed a new highly durable jointless system, named RC plug joint, for existing RC bridges with a bridge length less than 40 meters. The RC plug joint connects the abutment＇s backwall to the superstructure＇s deck using reinforcing steel bars and fiber reinforced concrete. The newly developed RC plug joint system can prevent water leakage and allow for a smooth ride of vehicles at the joint. This paper will explore and discuss the development of the RC plug joint, analysis of conducted investigations, and future installation methods.展开更多
Because of the radioactivity and toxic nature of nuclear materials, their containment within oxide matrices, encased in sealed containers, has been proposed as a suitable means for storage and transportation. However,...Because of the radioactivity and toxic nature of nuclear materials, their containment within oxide matrices, encased in sealed containers, has been proposed as a suitable means for storage and transportation. However, container failures because of cracks or small orifices present a major leakage risk for nuclear materials, consequently posing a significant hazard to the environment and human beings. In this study, terbium oxide powder was used as a nuclear material representative to examine the leakage of nuclear material powder through orifices located at the base of a pressure container. The dependence of the orifice diameter, the powder layer thickness, and the internal pressure of the container on the leakage mechanism and amount was examined. A simplified model correlating the dependence of the above-mentioned parameters to determine the utmost leakage amount was also developed based on the present results. The leakage of the nuclear material powder was assessed by measuring its concentration using an optical particle counter. The diameter of the orifice determined the powder leakage mechanism, which in turn influenced the amount of leakage produced. Comparison studies showed that unlike the changes in the differential pressure, the volume of the container has little effect on the leakage amount. Under sufficiently high internal pressures, the oxide powder can be released as a fine aerosol. The work is not only crucial from the nuclear safety aspect, but is also beneficial for the safe application of powder and nanoparticles.展开更多
基金Financial support for this work from the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)Office of Basic Energy Sciences for“Center for Coupled Chemo-Mechanics of Cementitious Composites for EGS(C4M)”,DOE’s“National Risk Assessment Partnership(NRAP)”programDOE Office of Energy Efficiency&Renewable Energy’s Geothermal Technologies Office for“Advanced Downhole Acoustic Sensing for Wellbore Integrity”is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Debonding at the cement-casing interface is recognized as a principal failure mechanism leading to CO_(2) leakage in wells.This detachment gives rise to a microannulus,which notably possesses greater permeability than undamaged cement,undermining its sealing efficacy.Conventionally,the permeability of the microannulus is regarded as a uniform value throughout the well.However,fundamentally,a microannulus is one type of fracture,and its gap or aperture size is affected by the effective stress.In this work,we developed a unique experimental apparatus.This equipment facilitates the curing of cement inside a steel casing,the formation of a microannulus between the casing and the cement,and the investigation of the fluid flow dynamics along the microannulus under laboratory-replicated in situ conditions.The microannulus was formed by injecting fluid from one end of the setup,and receiving similar amount of fluid on the other end signified the development of the leakage channel.Additionally,strain gauges affixed to the casing’s external surface yielded key information on the microannulus’s opening and closure.We observed a noticeable decline in microannulus hydraulic aperture(or permeability)in relation to effective stress and an exponential equation fits their relationship.Our findings also indicate a distinct behavior when comparing liquid CO_(2) with water.Specifically,it is easier for liquid CO_(2) to create the microannulus.However,the hydraulic aperture range for this microannulus(0.7-6 mm)is considerably smaller than that created by water flow(2-17 mm).Finally,we integrated the stressdependent microannulus aperture size into the combined analysis of well mechanical integrity and well leakage.The outcomes consistently demonstrated that when factoring in the stress-dependent aperture sizes,the leakage rates are 3e5 times compared to a fixed aperture model.The traditional assumption of a constant aperture significantly underestimates fluid leakage risks.
基金The authors would like to thank Information Science Laboratory Center of USTC for the hardware/software services.This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61972370 and 61632013)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities in China(No.WK3480000007).
文摘Leakage assessment is the most common approach applied for assessing side-channel information leakage and validating the effectiveness of side-channel countermeasures.Established evaluation approaches are usually based on Test Vector Leakage Assessment(TVLA)that deployed in a divide and conquer flow with offline computations,which causes two apparent shortcomings in required memory and time.In this paper,a lightweight framework of online leakage assessment is proposed.The problems were analyzed and the evaluation approach was further validated with a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA).The experimental results show that it can implement online processing on newly collected data,and instantly stop to give the result when detecting credible leakage.The online leakage assessment can significantly economize on memory and time.It has good performance when there is limited memory or real-time evaluations are needed.
文摘Since 1990s, the use of deicing salts （i.e., chlorides） has dramatically increased in areas with heavy snowfall in Japan. As a result, the water mixed with salts has accelerated the damage of the reinforced concrete （hereafter, RC） structures. Recently conducted inspection results of RC bridges have reported that many of the damages or deteriorations are observed at the girder ends and abutments This is caused from the water leakage due to the aged expansion joints. In general, the cost for repairing the damaged RC structures is much higher than that for renewing the expansion joints. Therefore, to prevent these damages, we developed a new highly durable jointless system, named RC plug joint, for existing RC bridges with a bridge length less than 40 meters. The RC plug joint connects the abutment＇s backwall to the superstructure＇s deck using reinforcing steel bars and fiber reinforced concrete. The newly developed RC plug joint system can prevent water leakage and allow for a smooth ride of vehicles at the joint. This paper will explore and discuss the development of the RC plug joint, analysis of conducted investigations, and future installation methods.
文摘Because of the radioactivity and toxic nature of nuclear materials, their containment within oxide matrices, encased in sealed containers, has been proposed as a suitable means for storage and transportation. However, container failures because of cracks or small orifices present a major leakage risk for nuclear materials, consequently posing a significant hazard to the environment and human beings. In this study, terbium oxide powder was used as a nuclear material representative to examine the leakage of nuclear material powder through orifices located at the base of a pressure container. The dependence of the orifice diameter, the powder layer thickness, and the internal pressure of the container on the leakage mechanism and amount was examined. A simplified model correlating the dependence of the above-mentioned parameters to determine the utmost leakage amount was also developed based on the present results. The leakage of the nuclear material powder was assessed by measuring its concentration using an optical particle counter. The diameter of the orifice determined the powder leakage mechanism, which in turn influenced the amount of leakage produced. Comparison studies showed that unlike the changes in the differential pressure, the volume of the container has little effect on the leakage amount. Under sufficiently high internal pressures, the oxide powder can be released as a fine aerosol. The work is not only crucial from the nuclear safety aspect, but is also beneficial for the safe application of powder and nanoparticles.
