Leonurus sibiricus is a herbaceous plant found in many countries in Asia and America.This plant is widely practiced as a remedy for the treatment of diabetes,menstrual irregularities,and bronchitis.The approval of the...Leonurus sibiricus is a herbaceous plant found in many countries in Asia and America.This plant is widely practiced as a remedy for the treatment of diabetes,menstrual irregularities,and bronchitis.The approval of therapeutic implications of any drugs depends on the well characterized mode of actions of the compounds.The bioactive compounds like diterpenes,triterpenes,flavonoids and phenolic acids in Leonurus sibiricus show analgesic,anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant,anti-atherogenic and antihemorrhagic,anti-diabetic,anti-bacterial and allelopathic potency.Interestingly,the expression level of some genes is altered by the crude extract treatments,which are effective against cancers,diabetes and cardiovascular diseases where the molecular mechanisms are yet to be explored.Intriguingly,the extracts significantly induce nitric oxide production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase,a signaling molecule of vasodilation in combination with interferon-y indicating positive effect on atherosclerosis.Further investigations are required to unlock the effects of bioactive compounds found in extracts at clinical settings.展开更多
Objective: To find the genuine structure with anti-acetylcholinesterase(anti-ACh E) from the phenolic glycosides abundant in Leonurus japonicus(Lamiaceae). The assay for antiACh E activity is often used to lead anti-A...Objective: To find the genuine structure with anti-acetylcholinesterase(anti-ACh E) from the phenolic glycosides abundant in Leonurus japonicus(Lamiaceae). The assay for antiACh E activity is often used to lead anti-Alzheimer's drugs.Methods: The five phenolic glycosides, tiliroside, leonurusoside C, 2’’’-syringoylrutin,rutin, and lavanduliofolioside were isolated from L. japonicus. The activities of the glycosides were relatively low. Seven compounds including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, syringic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin, which are produced by the hydrolysis of the five glycosides, were also assayed for anti-ACh E activity.Results: Of those seven compounds, the five compounds other than salidroside and syringic acid exhibited potent anti-ACh E activities. In particular, the IC_(50)s of caffeic acid and quercetin were(1.05 ± 0.19) and(3.58 ± 0.02) mg/m L, respectively. Rutin was the most abundant flavonoid in the extract(9.18 mg/g as measured by HPLC).Conclusion: The substances with potent anti-ACh E were caffeic acid, quercetin, pcoumaric acid, kaempferol, and hydroxytyrosol that can be produced from their glycosides.展开更多
Two new labdane diterpenoids named heteronone A （1） and heteronone B （2） were isolated from the aerial parts of Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet. Their structures were established by various spectroscopic means, and t...Two new labdane diterpenoids named heteronone A （1） and heteronone B （2） were isolated from the aerial parts of Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet. Their structures were established by various spectroscopic means, and the structure of heteronone A is confn-med by X-ray diffraction analysis.展开更多
The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components,but Leonurus,which has traditional medicinal uses,stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition.Leonurine,the principal active compound foun...The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components,but Leonurus,which has traditional medicinal uses,stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition.Leonurine,the principal active compound found in Leonurus,has demonstrated promising effects in reducing blood lipids and treating strokes.However,the biosynthetic pathway of leonurine remains largely unexplored.Here,we present the chromosome-level genome sequence assemblies of Leonurus japonicus,known for its high leonurine production,and Leonurus sibiricus,characterized by very limited leonurine production.By integrating genomics,RNA sequencing,metabolomics,and enzyme activity assay data,we constructed the leonurine biosynthesis pathway and identified the arginine decarboxylase(ADC),uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase(UGT),and serine carboxypeptidase-like(SCPL)acyltransferase enzymes that catalyze key reactions in this pathway.Further analyses revealed that the UGT–SCPL gene cluster evolved by gene duplication in the ancestor of Leonurus and neofunctionalization of SCPL in L.japonicus,which contributed to the accumulation of leonurine specifically in L.japonicus.Collectively,our comprehensive study illuminates leonurine biosynthesis and its evolution in Leonurus.展开更多
Phytochemical investigation on the ethanol extract of a well-known medicinal herb Leonurus japonicus,led to the separation of 18 labdane type diterpenoids(1-18).Through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and quantum...Phytochemical investigation on the ethanol extract of a well-known medicinal herb Leonurus japonicus,led to the separation of 18 labdane type diterpenoids(1-18).Through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical calculations,these compounds were structurally characterized as six new interesting 5,5,5-di-spirocyclic ones(1-6),two new(7 and 8)and six known(13-18)interesting 6,5,5-di-spirocyclic ones,a new rare 14,15-dinor derivative(9),and three new ones incorporating a y-lactone unit(10-12).An in vitro neuroprotective assay in RSC96 cells revealed that compounds 7 and 12 exhibited neuroprotective activity in a concentration-dependent way,comparable to the reference drug N-acetylcysteine.展开更多
Three new labdane diterpenoids, leojaponicone A(1), isoleojaponicone A(2) and methylisoleojaponicone A(3), were isolated from the herb of Leonurus japonicus. The chemical structures of these secondary metabolites were...Three new labdane diterpenoids, leojaponicone A(1), isoleojaponicone A(2) and methylisoleojaponicone A(3), were isolated from the herb of Leonurus japonicus. The chemical structures of these secondary metabolites were elucidated on the basis of 1 D and 2 D NMR, including HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopic techniques. All the new compounds were tested in vitro for their acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compounds 1-3 exhibited low inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase with respect to acarbose and exhibited high inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase with respect to huperzine A.展开更多
The present study aimed at isolation and purification of the bioactive terpenoids from the herb of Leonurus japonicus by chromatographic separations such as silica gel, sephadex LH-20 and C18 reversed phase silica gel...The present study aimed at isolation and purification of the bioactive terpenoids from the herb of Leonurus japonicus by chromatographic separations such as silica gel, sephadex LH-20 and C18 reversed phase silica gel, as well as preparative HPLC. As a result, leojaponic acids A(1, C_(17)H_(24)O_4) and B(2, C_(18)H_(26)O_4), two homologous terpenoids, together with(-)-loliolide(3), 1-(3-ethylphenyl) ethane-1, 2-diol(4) and dibutyl phthalate(5), were isolated from the Et OH extract of L. japonicus. All the chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 were new terpenoids, and Compounds 3 and 4 were isolated and identified for the first time from this plant. In addition, the a-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the new compounds were evaluated.展开更多
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus led to the isolation of one new labdane diterpenoid, leojaponin D （1） and two new ionone derivatives, leojaponones A and B （2 and 3）, together ...Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus led to the isolation of one new labdane diterpenoid, leojaponin D （1） and two new ionone derivatives, leojaponones A and B （2 and 3）, together with seven known diterpenoids （4-10）. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and by comparison with data reported in the literature. Selected isolates were evaluated their effects on lurkat IL2 secretino.展开更多
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus led to the isolation of one unusual clerodane diterpenoid,leojaponin A（1）,characterized by a C4–C7oxa-bridge,and two new labdane diterpenoids,le...Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus led to the isolation of one unusual clerodane diterpenoid,leojaponin A（1）,characterized by a C4–C7oxa-bridge,and two new labdane diterpenoids,leojaponins B（2） and C（3）.The structures of these new compounds were determined based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data.To the best of our knowledge,compound 1 is the first clerodane diterpenoid obtained from Leonurus.japonicus.All of them were evaluated for their cytotoxicity.展开更多
Leonurus japonicus Houtt.is used in TCM to treat the metabolic syndrome.However,up to now,no active constituents could be identified.Here we describe the isolation of 17 dominant constituents of L.japonicus and the re...Leonurus japonicus Houtt.is used in TCM to treat the metabolic syndrome.However,up to now,no active constituents could be identified.Here we describe the isolation of 17 dominant constituents of L.japonicus and the related European herb Leonurus cardiaca L.-namely7R-chloro-6-desoxy-harpagide,ajugol,campneoside II,chicoric acid,ferulic acid,harpagide,isoacteoside,展开更多
The cellulase was used for extracting the volatile constituents of the Leonurus japonicus Houtt.The effects of the pH,the amounts and the fineness of cellulase were discussed.The average yield obtained was 4.05%.16 ch...The cellulase was used for extracting the volatile constituents of the Leonurus japonicus Houtt.The effects of the pH,the amounts and the fineness of cellulase were discussed.The average yield obtained was 4.05%.16 chemical components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)method.The cellulase extraction (CE)method was made a camparison with distillation extraction (DSE)method.展开更多
Objective: To study the relationship between alkaloids contents in Chinese traditional drug Yimu Cao (the dried aerial parts of Leonurus artemisia) and its growing environment. Methods: Samples of the drug and the soi...Objective: To study the relationship between alkaloids contents in Chinese traditional drug Yimu Cao (the dried aerial parts of Leonurus artemisia) and its growing environment. Methods: Samples of the drug and the soil at the growing site collected from 5 selected regions. Reference materials were checked and on-the-spot observations were carried out to investigate the growth environment. RP-HPLC was performed to determine the alkaloid contents in the drug. Results: Different regions had different environmental conditions, including climate, soil, vegetation, and so on. No matter barren or fertile the soil at the growing site was, the herb of L. artemisia could grow well, but the contents of alkaloid in the drug varied greatly. The drugs produced in 2 northern regions, where the soil is alkaline, had higher content of alkaloid (about 0.4%) than that produced in southern regions (0.1l%-0.2%), where the soil is acid. Conclusion: The contents of organic matters, effective phosphorus, quick-acting potassium, and the pH value of the growing site soil were the factors correlating with alkaloid contents in the drug, among which the pH value of soil was an important positively correlating factor. The alkaline soils in North benefit the accumulation of alkaloids more than the acid soils in South. The other probable elements affecting the alkaloid contents in Yimu Cao were climate and genetic factors.展开更多
Aromatic herbs and spices are enormous and sustainable resource of natural compounds with various useful features in Iran. They have a variety of applications, especially in the treatment of disease and in order to cr...Aromatic herbs and spices are enormous and sustainable resource of natural compounds with various useful features in Iran. They have a variety of applications, especially in the treatment of disease and in order to create a pleasant scent and smell of food have been used since ancient times. Today, some of these plants are commercially grown and used in a variety of production of components. Our presentation is a study of the medicinal herbs of Eastern Azerbaijan. The province of Azerbaijan consists of two eastern and western parts. East Azerbaijan settles in the north-west of Iran. Eastern Azerbaijan has a cool and dry climate due to its mountainous region. There are approximately 1,300 species and 510 species of plants in Eastern Azer-baijan. These species have the most healing properties. In Eastern Azerbaijan regions, medicinal plants are usually collected by locals from mountains and meadows. Eastern Azerbaijan medicinal plants are not scientifically well known, but are traditionally used in rural areas. Usually used medicinal herbs in the area belong to Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Urticaceae, Apiaceae and Grossulariacea family. Some of the plants are Artemisia absinthium L, Sambucus nigra, Thymus Kotschyanus, Nasturtium officinale, Achillea millefolium L., Stachys schtschegleevi, Mentha longifolia L., Ecballium elaterium L., Leonurus cardiaca L., Cornus mas L., Rhus coriaria L., Salvia sclarea L., Hippophaer hamnoides L., Marrubium vulgare, Tanacetum balsamita L., Trifolium pratense L., Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., Echium vulgare L. The purpose of the research is to introduce the method of use of medicinal plants in Eastern Azerbaijan.展开更多
Leonurus japonicus Houtt,a Chinese traditional herbal medicine,has been widely used to cure gynecological diseases,such as incomplete abortion and menoxenia.Leonurine,a major active alkaloid compound only be found in ...Leonurus japonicus Houtt,a Chinese traditional herbal medicine,has been widely used to cure gynecological diseases,such as incomplete abortion and menoxenia.Leonurine,a major active alkaloid compound only be found in Leonurus japonicus Houtt,has been successfully extracted and purified.Recent evidence has shown that leonurine can regulate a variety of pathologic processes including oxidative stress,inflammation,fibrosis,apoptosis,and multiple metabolic disorders.Here,we have reviewed the pharmacological actions and biological functions of leonurine,with a focus on the role of leonurine in the amelioration of various pathological processes.Insights into the related signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms have strengthened our understanding on the function of leonurine in the alleviation of multiple pathological states.Our summary of the existing researches should help direct future research into the basic science and clinical applications in related diseases.展开更多
Objective： Crude Leonuri Fructus（CLF）, the fruits of the Leonurus japonicus Houtt, and processed Leonuri Fructus（PLF） by stir-baking as the important Chinese herbal medicines, have been used in China and other As...Objective： Crude Leonuri Fructus（CLF）, the fruits of the Leonurus japonicus Houtt, and processed Leonuri Fructus（PLF） by stir-baking as the important Chinese herbal medicines, have been used in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. The objective of this research is to reveal the difference between CLF and PLF.Methods： The sensory technologies of the colorimetry, sensitive and validated HPLC-ELSD and GC combined with flame ionization detector（GC-FID） were employed to discriminate CLF and its processed product PLF. The color parameters of the samples were determined by colorimetric instrument CR-410. Moreover, the content of stachydrine and six fatty acids were determined by HPLC and GC. Subsequently,analysis of variance（ANOVA）, principal components analysis（PCA）, hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA）,and Kendall＇s correlation test were performed for data analysis.Results： The CLF and PLF were divided into two categories by PCA and HCA in terms of their component content and color. The results distinctly demonstrated significant changes in color and the content of indicative components between CLF and PLF.Conclusion： The study revealed that HPLC, GC, and colorimetric method in combination with chemometric method could be used as comprehensive quality evaluation for CLF and PLF.展开更多
文摘Leonurus sibiricus is a herbaceous plant found in many countries in Asia and America.This plant is widely practiced as a remedy for the treatment of diabetes,menstrual irregularities,and bronchitis.The approval of therapeutic implications of any drugs depends on the well characterized mode of actions of the compounds.The bioactive compounds like diterpenes,triterpenes,flavonoids and phenolic acids in Leonurus sibiricus show analgesic,anti-inflammatory,anti-oxidant,anti-atherogenic and antihemorrhagic,anti-diabetic,anti-bacterial and allelopathic potency.Interestingly,the expression level of some genes is altered by the crude extract treatments,which are effective against cancers,diabetes and cardiovascular diseases where the molecular mechanisms are yet to be explored.Intriguingly,the extracts significantly induce nitric oxide production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase,a signaling molecule of vasodilation in combination with interferon-y indicating positive effect on atherosclerosis.Further investigations are required to unlock the effects of bioactive compounds found in extracts at clinical settings.
基金supported by the Sangji University Research Fund(Grant No.2016-0101)
文摘Objective: To find the genuine structure with anti-acetylcholinesterase(anti-ACh E) from the phenolic glycosides abundant in Leonurus japonicus(Lamiaceae). The assay for antiACh E activity is often used to lead anti-Alzheimer's drugs.Methods: The five phenolic glycosides, tiliroside, leonurusoside C, 2’’’-syringoylrutin,rutin, and lavanduliofolioside were isolated from L. japonicus. The activities of the glycosides were relatively low. Seven compounds including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, syringic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin, which are produced by the hydrolysis of the five glycosides, were also assayed for anti-ACh E activity.Results: Of those seven compounds, the five compounds other than salidroside and syringic acid exhibited potent anti-ACh E activities. In particular, the IC_(50)s of caffeic acid and quercetin were(1.05 ± 0.19) and(3.58 ± 0.02) mg/m L, respectively. Rutin was the most abundant flavonoid in the extract(9.18 mg/g as measured by HPLC).Conclusion: The substances with potent anti-ACh E were caffeic acid, quercetin, pcoumaric acid, kaempferol, and hydroxytyrosol that can be produced from their glycosides.
文摘Two new labdane diterpenoids named heteronone A （1） and heteronone B （2） were isolated from the aerial parts of Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet. Their structures were established by various spectroscopic means, and the structure of heteronone A is confn-med by X-ray diffraction analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170349 to P.X.)the Chenshan Special Fund for the Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau Program(G232402 to P.X.)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(YDZX20223100001003 to Y.-H.H.).
文摘The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components,but Leonurus,which has traditional medicinal uses,stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition.Leonurine,the principal active compound found in Leonurus,has demonstrated promising effects in reducing blood lipids and treating strokes.However,the biosynthetic pathway of leonurine remains largely unexplored.Here,we present the chromosome-level genome sequence assemblies of Leonurus japonicus,known for its high leonurine production,and Leonurus sibiricus,characterized by very limited leonurine production.By integrating genomics,RNA sequencing,metabolomics,and enzyme activity assay data,we constructed the leonurine biosynthesis pathway and identified the arginine decarboxylase(ADC),uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase(UGT),and serine carboxypeptidase-like(SCPL)acyltransferase enzymes that catalyze key reactions in this pathway.Further analyses revealed that the UGT–SCPL gene cluster evolved by gene duplication in the ancestor of Leonurus and neofunctionalization of SCPL in L.japonicus,which contributed to the accumulation of leonurine specifically in L.japonicus.Collectively,our comprehensive study illuminates leonurine biosynthesis and its evolution in Leonurus.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.JQ201721)the Young Taishan Scholars Program(No.tsqn20161037).
文摘Phytochemical investigation on the ethanol extract of a well-known medicinal herb Leonurus japonicus,led to the separation of 18 labdane type diterpenoids(1-18).Through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical calculations,these compounds were structurally characterized as six new interesting 5,5,5-di-spirocyclic ones(1-6),two new(7 and 8)and six known(13-18)interesting 6,5,5-di-spirocyclic ones,a new rare 14,15-dinor derivative(9),and three new ones incorporating a y-lactone unit(10-12).An in vitro neuroprotective assay in RSC96 cells revealed that compounds 7 and 12 exhibited neuroprotective activity in a concentration-dependent way,comparable to the reference drug N-acetylcysteine.
基金supported by the National Na ural Science Foundation of China(Nos.:U1304301,U1304825,an201302004)
文摘Three new labdane diterpenoids, leojaponicone A(1), isoleojaponicone A(2) and methylisoleojaponicone A(3), were isolated from the herb of Leonurus japonicus. The chemical structures of these secondary metabolites were elucidated on the basis of 1 D and 2 D NMR, including HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopic techniques. All the new compounds were tested in vitro for their acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compounds 1-3 exhibited low inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase with respect to acarbose and exhibited high inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase with respect to huperzine A.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1304825,201302004)the National Key Technology R&D Program(2012BAD36B01-02)
文摘The present study aimed at isolation and purification of the bioactive terpenoids from the herb of Leonurus japonicus by chromatographic separations such as silica gel, sephadex LH-20 and C18 reversed phase silica gel, as well as preparative HPLC. As a result, leojaponic acids A(1, C_(17)H_(24)O_4) and B(2, C_(18)H_(26)O_4), two homologous terpenoids, together with(-)-loliolide(3), 1-(3-ethylphenyl) ethane-1, 2-diol(4) and dibutyl phthalate(5), were isolated from the Et OH extract of L. japonicus. All the chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 were new terpenoids, and Compounds 3 and 4 were isolated and identified for the first time from this plant. In addition, the a-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the new compounds were evaluated.
基金supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81422046 and 31300293)the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(No.2013BAI11B02)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2012FB178)the project sponsored by SRF for ROCS,SEM to W.L.Xiao
文摘Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus led to the isolation of one new labdane diterpenoid, leojaponin D （1） and two new ionone derivatives, leojaponones A and B （2 and 3）, together with seven known diterpenoids （4-10）. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and by comparison with data reported in the literature. Selected isolates were evaluated their effects on lurkat IL2 secretino.
基金supported financially by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province (No. 2012FB178)
文摘Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus led to the isolation of one unusual clerodane diterpenoid,leojaponin A（1）,characterized by a C4–C7oxa-bridge,and two new labdane diterpenoids,leojaponins B（2） and C（3）.The structures of these new compounds were determined based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data.To the best of our knowledge,compound 1 is the first clerodane diterpenoid obtained from Leonurus.japonicus.All of them were evaluated for their cytotoxicity.
文摘Leonurus japonicus Houtt.is used in TCM to treat the metabolic syndrome.However,up to now,no active constituents could be identified.Here we describe the isolation of 17 dominant constituents of L.japonicus and the related European herb Leonurus cardiaca L.-namely7R-chloro-6-desoxy-harpagide,ajugol,campneoside II,chicoric acid,ferulic acid,harpagide,isoacteoside,
文摘The cellulase was used for extracting the volatile constituents of the Leonurus japonicus Houtt.The effects of the pH,the amounts and the fineness of cellulase were discussed.The average yield obtained was 4.05%.16 chemical components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)method.The cellulase extraction (CE)method was made a camparison with distillation extraction (DSE)method.
文摘Objective: To study the relationship between alkaloids contents in Chinese traditional drug Yimu Cao (the dried aerial parts of Leonurus artemisia) and its growing environment. Methods: Samples of the drug and the soil at the growing site collected from 5 selected regions. Reference materials were checked and on-the-spot observations were carried out to investigate the growth environment. RP-HPLC was performed to determine the alkaloid contents in the drug. Results: Different regions had different environmental conditions, including climate, soil, vegetation, and so on. No matter barren or fertile the soil at the growing site was, the herb of L. artemisia could grow well, but the contents of alkaloid in the drug varied greatly. The drugs produced in 2 northern regions, where the soil is alkaline, had higher content of alkaloid (about 0.4%) than that produced in southern regions (0.1l%-0.2%), where the soil is acid. Conclusion: The contents of organic matters, effective phosphorus, quick-acting potassium, and the pH value of the growing site soil were the factors correlating with alkaloid contents in the drug, among which the pH value of soil was an important positively correlating factor. The alkaline soils in North benefit the accumulation of alkaloids more than the acid soils in South. The other probable elements affecting the alkaloid contents in Yimu Cao were climate and genetic factors.
文摘Aromatic herbs and spices are enormous and sustainable resource of natural compounds with various useful features in Iran. They have a variety of applications, especially in the treatment of disease and in order to create a pleasant scent and smell of food have been used since ancient times. Today, some of these plants are commercially grown and used in a variety of production of components. Our presentation is a study of the medicinal herbs of Eastern Azerbaijan. The province of Azerbaijan consists of two eastern and western parts. East Azerbaijan settles in the north-west of Iran. Eastern Azerbaijan has a cool and dry climate due to its mountainous region. There are approximately 1,300 species and 510 species of plants in Eastern Azer-baijan. These species have the most healing properties. In Eastern Azerbaijan regions, medicinal plants are usually collected by locals from mountains and meadows. Eastern Azerbaijan medicinal plants are not scientifically well known, but are traditionally used in rural areas. Usually used medicinal herbs in the area belong to Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Urticaceae, Apiaceae and Grossulariacea family. Some of the plants are Artemisia absinthium L, Sambucus nigra, Thymus Kotschyanus, Nasturtium officinale, Achillea millefolium L., Stachys schtschegleevi, Mentha longifolia L., Ecballium elaterium L., Leonurus cardiaca L., Cornus mas L., Rhus coriaria L., Salvia sclarea L., Hippophaer hamnoides L., Marrubium vulgare, Tanacetum balsamita L., Trifolium pratense L., Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., Echium vulgare L. The purpose of the research is to introduce the method of use of medicinal plants in Eastern Azerbaijan.
文摘Leonurus japonicus Houtt,a Chinese traditional herbal medicine,has been widely used to cure gynecological diseases,such as incomplete abortion and menoxenia.Leonurine,a major active alkaloid compound only be found in Leonurus japonicus Houtt,has been successfully extracted and purified.Recent evidence has shown that leonurine can regulate a variety of pathologic processes including oxidative stress,inflammation,fibrosis,apoptosis,and multiple metabolic disorders.Here,we have reviewed the pharmacological actions and biological functions of leonurine,with a focus on the role of leonurine in the amelioration of various pathological processes.Insights into the related signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms have strengthened our understanding on the function of leonurine in the alleviation of multiple pathological states.Our summary of the existing researches should help direct future research into the basic science and clinical applications in related diseases.
基金financially supported by the project of national drug standards program,a Study Program on Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing(No.201207004-7)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81302745,81473352)+1 种基金The Guangzhou Science and Technology planningproject(No.201707010170)Guangdong Province Office of Education(No.2016KTSCX064)
文摘Objective： Crude Leonuri Fructus（CLF）, the fruits of the Leonurus japonicus Houtt, and processed Leonuri Fructus（PLF） by stir-baking as the important Chinese herbal medicines, have been used in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. The objective of this research is to reveal the difference between CLF and PLF.Methods： The sensory technologies of the colorimetry, sensitive and validated HPLC-ELSD and GC combined with flame ionization detector（GC-FID） were employed to discriminate CLF and its processed product PLF. The color parameters of the samples were determined by colorimetric instrument CR-410. Moreover, the content of stachydrine and six fatty acids were determined by HPLC and GC. Subsequently,analysis of variance（ANOVA）, principal components analysis（PCA）, hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA）,and Kendall＇s correlation test were performed for data analysis.Results： The CLF and PLF were divided into two categories by PCA and HCA in terms of their component content and color. The results distinctly demonstrated significant changes in color and the content of indicative components between CLF and PLF.Conclusion： The study revealed that HPLC, GC, and colorimetric method in combination with chemometric method could be used as comprehensive quality evaluation for CLF and PLF.
