Objective To investigate the antidepressant effects of Yuanzhi(Polygalae Radix;PR)aqueous extract on chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression rat models and the underlying mechanisms.Methods A total ...Objective To investigate the antidepressant effects of Yuanzhi(Polygalae Radix;PR)aqueous extract on chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression rat models and the underlying mechanisms.Methods A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into control;model;low dose of PR(PR-L;0.5 g/kg);high dose of PR(PR-H;1 g/kg);and fluoxetine(10 mg/kg)groups;with 8 rats in each group.Except for the rats in control group;those in the other four groups underwent CUMS-induced depression modeling.PR and fluoxetine were administered intragastrically once daily;30 min prior to the CUMS procedure;for 14 consecu-tive days until the behavioral tests were performed.After CUMS modeling;the sucrose prefer-ence test(SPT);open field test(OFT);novelty-suppressed feeding test(NSFT);forced swim test(FST);and tail suspension test(TST)were employed to assess the pharmacological ef-fects of PR on the mitigation of depressive-like behaviors in rat models.Additionally;the en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was utilized to quantify the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α;interleukin(IL)-6;and IL-1βin the rats.Western blot analysis was al-so conducted to evaluate the protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB);in-ducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS);cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2);nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3);apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain(ASC);and caspase-1 in the hippocampal tissues of the rats.Immunofluorescence staining was per-formed to observe the morphological changes in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 positive(Iba-1+)cells in the dentate gyrus(DG)of rats with CUMS-induced depression.Results(i)Treatment with PR-H and fluoxetine resulted in significant enhancements in both the total distance and time the rats moved during tests(P<0.01 and P<0.05;respectively).Post-administration of PR-H and fluoxetine also led to statistically significant increase in su-crose preference among rats(P<0.05).Besides;PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine treatment markedly decreased the latency of ingestion(P<0.05;P<0.05;and P<0.01;respectively).As observed from the FST;PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine presented antidepressant effects on rats with CUMS-induced depression;leading to the reduction in time of their immobility(P<0.05;P<0.01;and P<0.01;respectively).The results of TST indicated reduced immobility time in rats receiving PR-H and fluoxetine treatment as well(P<0.01).(ii)Rats in model group showed an increase in the levels of Iba-1+microglia in their left and right brains in compari-son with control group(P<0.01).However;such increase was negated post PR treatment(P<0.01).Treatment with PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine considerably reduced the levels of inflam-matory factors(TNF-α;IL-1β;and IL-6;P<0.01).In addition;treatment of PR-L and PR-H ef-fectively counteracted the elevated levels of NLRP3;ASC;and caspase-1;and markedly down-regulated the expression levels of phosphorylated p65(p-p65);COX-2;and iNOS in rats’hip-pocampus(P<0.01).Conclusion Collectively;these findings indicate that PR exerts an antidepressant effect on rats with CUMS-induced depression partially through the modulation of the NLRP3 and NF-κB signaling pathways.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate the autophagic effect of the compounds from the Chinese medicinal herbs,Radix polygalae as a potential neuroprotective agent that enhances the clearance of mutant Huntingtin andα-synuclein in...OBJECTIVE To investigate the autophagic effect of the compounds from the Chinese medicinal herbs,Radix polygalae as a potential neuroprotective agent that enhances the clearance of mutant Huntingtin andα-synuclein in PC-12 cells.METHODS Radix polygalae was extracted with 75%ethanol using refluxing method,and its quality was assayed by UHPLC-TOF-MS.The autophagic effect of Radix polygalae extract,and its major components including polygalacic acid,senegenin and onjisaponin B were investigated using the green fluorescent protein-light chain 3(GFP-LC3)autophagy detection and Western blot platforms for detecting the autophagic markers,GFP-LC3 puncta formation and LC3Ⅱ expression.The degradation of A53Tα-synuclein and the inhibition of α-synuclein oligo merization related to the Parkinson disease were assayed using Western blot and flow cytometer analysis,respectively.While the cytotoxicity and the degradation of the mutant Huntingtin associated with the Huntingtin disease were investigated using MTT method and flow cytometer analysis.RESULTS Radix polygalae ethanol extract and onjisaponin B improved the GFP-LC3 puncta formation and expression of LC3Ⅱ with time and dose manner,and this induction was activated via AMPK-m TOR and Atg 7 gene pathway.Furthermore,the clearance ofα-synuclein and mutant Huntingtin was enhanced via autophagy induction with the treatment of Radix polygalae ethanol extract and onjisaponin B.CONCLUSION Findings in the current study provide detailed insights into the protective mechanism of a novel autophagy inducer,onjisaponin B,which is valuable for further investigation as a new candidate agent for modulating neurodegenerative disorders through the reduction of toxicity and clearance of mutant proteins in the cellular level.展开更多
Polygalae Radix,which has a long history of medical use in traditional Chinese medicine,is multifunctional such as tranquilize mind,relieve swelling and remove phlegm.It has been demonstrated that Polygalae Radix olig...Polygalae Radix,which has a long history of medical use in traditional Chinese medicine,is multifunctional such as tranquilize mind,relieve swelling and remove phlegm.It has been demonstrated that Polygalae Radix oligosaccharide ester is the main active component which excutes the neuropharmacological activities like antidepression,anti-dementia and neuroprotection.In this review,the chemical structure,pharmacology,pharmacokinetics and processing mechanism of Polygalae Radix oligosaccharide ester are summarized so as to provide reference for its further development and utilization.展开更多
A simple,low-cost and effective reverse flow-high performance capillary electrophoresis（RF-HPCE）method was developed for the separation and determination of tenuifolin in Polygalae Radix.Through optimization of sepa...A simple,low-cost and effective reverse flow-high performance capillary electrophoresis（RF-HPCE）method was developed for the separation and determination of tenuifolin in Polygalae Radix.Through optimization of separation conditions, a buffer of 50 mmol/L borax containing methanol（65：35,v/v）was selected for the separation of analytes.Regression equation revealed good linear relationship between peak area and concentration of the analyte in the range of 0.0563-0.9000 mg/mL （r=0.9988）.The recoveries ranged from 99.50%-104.7%.The results indicated that this method is simple,rapid and accurate. It can be used for the quality control of Polygalae Radix.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the constituents of volatile oils extracted from Yuan Zhi(Radix Polygalae),Shi Chang Pu(Acorus Tatarinowii),and a mixture of the two herbs.METHODS:The volatile oils were extracted using supercriti...OBJECTIVE:To analyze the constituents of volatile oils extracted from Yuan Zhi(Radix Polygalae),Shi Chang Pu(Acorus Tatarinowii),and a mixture of the two herbs.METHODS:The volatile oils were extracted using supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) with CO 2,and the constituents of the volatile oil extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The relative content of each component was calculated using peak area normalization.RESULTS:The optimized SFE conditions were 45 MPa at 35℃ for 2 h.Twenty-four compounds were identified in the extract from the Yuan Zhi(Radix Polygalae) and Shi Chang Pu(Acorus Tatarinowii) mixture,and six of these had relative contents >1.These compounds were 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene;1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)-benzene;β-asarone;(Z,Z) 9,12-octadecadienoic acid;(Z) 6-octadecenoic acid;and ethyl oleate.Combination of the herbs increased the number of pharmacologically active substances in the extract and decreased the number of compounds with one benzene ring compared with the extracts from the individual herbs.CONCLUSION:These results indicate there is a synergistic relationship among the compounds in these herbs.展开更多
基金International Cooperative Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine(GZYYG2020023)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)Grant(2021-I2M-1-034)Key Research Project of Hunan Province(222SK2018).
文摘Objective To investigate the antidepressant effects of Yuanzhi(Polygalae Radix;PR)aqueous extract on chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression rat models and the underlying mechanisms.Methods A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into control;model;low dose of PR(PR-L;0.5 g/kg);high dose of PR(PR-H;1 g/kg);and fluoxetine(10 mg/kg)groups;with 8 rats in each group.Except for the rats in control group;those in the other four groups underwent CUMS-induced depression modeling.PR and fluoxetine were administered intragastrically once daily;30 min prior to the CUMS procedure;for 14 consecu-tive days until the behavioral tests were performed.After CUMS modeling;the sucrose prefer-ence test(SPT);open field test(OFT);novelty-suppressed feeding test(NSFT);forced swim test(FST);and tail suspension test(TST)were employed to assess the pharmacological ef-fects of PR on the mitigation of depressive-like behaviors in rat models.Additionally;the en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was utilized to quantify the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α;interleukin(IL)-6;and IL-1βin the rats.Western blot analysis was al-so conducted to evaluate the protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB);in-ducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS);cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2);nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3);apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain(ASC);and caspase-1 in the hippocampal tissues of the rats.Immunofluorescence staining was per-formed to observe the morphological changes in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 positive(Iba-1+)cells in the dentate gyrus(DG)of rats with CUMS-induced depression.Results(i)Treatment with PR-H and fluoxetine resulted in significant enhancements in both the total distance and time the rats moved during tests(P<0.01 and P<0.05;respectively).Post-administration of PR-H and fluoxetine also led to statistically significant increase in su-crose preference among rats(P<0.05).Besides;PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine treatment markedly decreased the latency of ingestion(P<0.05;P<0.05;and P<0.01;respectively).As observed from the FST;PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine presented antidepressant effects on rats with CUMS-induced depression;leading to the reduction in time of their immobility(P<0.05;P<0.01;and P<0.01;respectively).The results of TST indicated reduced immobility time in rats receiving PR-H and fluoxetine treatment as well(P<0.01).(ii)Rats in model group showed an increase in the levels of Iba-1+microglia in their left and right brains in compari-son with control group(P<0.01).However;such increase was negated post PR treatment(P<0.01).Treatment with PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine considerably reduced the levels of inflam-matory factors(TNF-α;IL-1β;and IL-6;P<0.01).In addition;treatment of PR-L and PR-H ef-fectively counteracted the elevated levels of NLRP3;ASC;and caspase-1;and markedly down-regulated the expression levels of phosphorylated p65(p-p65);COX-2;and iNOS in rats’hip-pocampus(P<0.01).Conclusion Collectively;these findings indicate that PR exerts an antidepressant effect on rats with CUMS-induced depression partially through the modulation of the NLRP3 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
基金supported by Macao Foundation(Project code:0212)FDCT grant from the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao(Project code:076/2011/A3)
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the autophagic effect of the compounds from the Chinese medicinal herbs,Radix polygalae as a potential neuroprotective agent that enhances the clearance of mutant Huntingtin andα-synuclein in PC-12 cells.METHODS Radix polygalae was extracted with 75%ethanol using refluxing method,and its quality was assayed by UHPLC-TOF-MS.The autophagic effect of Radix polygalae extract,and its major components including polygalacic acid,senegenin and onjisaponin B were investigated using the green fluorescent protein-light chain 3(GFP-LC3)autophagy detection and Western blot platforms for detecting the autophagic markers,GFP-LC3 puncta formation and LC3Ⅱ expression.The degradation of A53Tα-synuclein and the inhibition of α-synuclein oligo merization related to the Parkinson disease were assayed using Western blot and flow cytometer analysis,respectively.While the cytotoxicity and the degradation of the mutant Huntingtin associated with the Huntingtin disease were investigated using MTT method and flow cytometer analysis.RESULTS Radix polygalae ethanol extract and onjisaponin B improved the GFP-LC3 puncta formation and expression of LC3Ⅱ with time and dose manner,and this induction was activated via AMPK-m TOR and Atg 7 gene pathway.Furthermore,the clearance ofα-synuclein and mutant Huntingtin was enhanced via autophagy induction with the treatment of Radix polygalae ethanol extract and onjisaponin B.CONCLUSION Findings in the current study provide detailed insights into the protective mechanism of a novel autophagy inducer,onjisaponin B,which is valuable for further investigation as a new candidate agent for modulating neurodegenerative disorders through the reduction of toxicity and clearance of mutant proteins in the cellular level.
文摘Polygalae Radix,which has a long history of medical use in traditional Chinese medicine,is multifunctional such as tranquilize mind,relieve swelling and remove phlegm.It has been demonstrated that Polygalae Radix oligosaccharide ester is the main active component which excutes the neuropharmacological activities like antidepression,anti-dementia and neuroprotection.In this review,the chemical structure,pharmacology,pharmacokinetics and processing mechanism of Polygalae Radix oligosaccharide ester are summarized so as to provide reference for its further development and utilization.
文摘目的建立远志薄层色谱(thin-layer chromatography,TLC)及超高效液相色谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,UHPLC)特征图谱,并分析远志全根、根皮和木心间化学成分差异,为远志质量评价提供参考。方法以3,6’-二芥子酰基蔗糖、细叶远志苷A和远志皂苷B为指标成分建立TLC图谱;用UHPLC法建立远志特征图谱,结合热图聚类分析、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)评价多批远志全根、根皮和木心之间的差异性。结果TLC图谱斑点清晰、分离度较好;UHPLC特征图谱共标定28个共有峰,指认了其中的7个特征峰,13批次远志特征图谱与对照图谱相似度均大于0.9,批次间质量较为稳定;TLC和UHPLC特征图谱显示远志全根、根皮和木心化学组成一致,未发现特异成分,热图聚类分析和PCA显示远志全根与根皮中各成分峰面积接近,OPLSDA筛选出10个变量投影重要性(variable important in projection,VIP)值大于1的差异性成分。结论所建立的TLC及UHPLC特征图谱简便、准确、稳定,展开系统和提取溶剂均使用低毒试剂,符合绿色化学理念,适用于远志的质量评价,从化学分析角度说明木心的存在对远志整体化学成分影响较小。
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (Grant No.200801107-1)
文摘A simple,low-cost and effective reverse flow-high performance capillary electrophoresis（RF-HPCE）method was developed for the separation and determination of tenuifolin in Polygalae Radix.Through optimization of separation conditions, a buffer of 50 mmol/L borax containing methanol（65：35,v/v）was selected for the separation of analytes.Regression equation revealed good linear relationship between peak area and concentration of the analyte in the range of 0.0563-0.9000 mg/mL （r=0.9988）.The recoveries ranged from 99.50%-104.7%.The results indicated that this method is simple,rapid and accurate. It can be used for the quality control of Polygalae Radix.
基金Supported by Shanxi Science and Technology Tackling Fund(No.20100311090)Shanxi Provincial Health Department Science and Technology Tackling Fund (No.2008034)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To analyze the constituents of volatile oils extracted from Yuan Zhi(Radix Polygalae),Shi Chang Pu(Acorus Tatarinowii),and a mixture of the two herbs.METHODS:The volatile oils were extracted using supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) with CO 2,and the constituents of the volatile oil extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The relative content of each component was calculated using peak area normalization.RESULTS:The optimized SFE conditions were 45 MPa at 35℃ for 2 h.Twenty-four compounds were identified in the extract from the Yuan Zhi(Radix Polygalae) and Shi Chang Pu(Acorus Tatarinowii) mixture,and six of these had relative contents >1.These compounds were 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene;1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)-benzene;β-asarone;(Z,Z) 9,12-octadecadienoic acid;(Z) 6-octadecenoic acid;and ethyl oleate.Combination of the herbs increased the number of pharmacologically active substances in the extract and decreased the number of compounds with one benzene ring compared with the extracts from the individual herbs.CONCLUSION:These results indicate there is a synergistic relationship among the compounds in these herbs.
