Dear editor,In 2016,several landmark government initiatives were launched in an effort to build a more healthy China.In March,the National People’s Congress of China adopted the 13th FiveYear Plan,which sets out new ...Dear editor,In 2016,several landmark government initiatives were launched in an effort to build a more healthy China.In March,the National People’s Congress of China adopted the 13th FiveYear Plan,which sets out new objectives,principles,and targets for 2016–2020,1including action plans for enhancing environmental protection and green growth,promoting individual展开更多
The digital economy1 is becoming one of the driving forces for global economic development, drawing wide attention of nations across the world. At the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held in May 2017...The digital economy1 is becoming one of the driving forces for global economic development, drawing wide attention of nations across the world. At the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held in May 2017, Chinese President Xi Jinping initiated the Digital Silk Road and called on countries to "pursue innovation-driven development and intensify cooperation in frontier areas such as digital economy, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology and quantum computing, and advance the development of big data.展开更多
BACKGROUND The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that Clostridioides difficile(C.difficile)causes half a million infections(CDI)annually and is a major cause of total infectious disease death in the ...BACKGROUND The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that Clostridioides difficile(C.difficile)causes half a million infections(CDI)annually and is a major cause of total infectious disease death in the United States,causing inflammation of the colon and potentially deadly diarrhea.We recently reported the isolation of ADS024,a Bacillus velezensis(B.velezensis)strain,which demonstrated direct in vitro bactericidal activity against C.difficile,with minimal collateral impact on other members of the gut microbiota.In this study,we hypothesized that in vitro activities of ADS024 will translate in vivo to protect against CDI challenge in mouse models.AIM To investigate the in vivo efficacy of B.velezensis ADS024 in protecting against CDI challenge in mouse models.METHODS To mimic disruption of the gut microbiota,the mice were exposed to vancomycin prior to dosing with ADS024.For the mouse single-dose study,the recovery of ADS024 was assessed via microbiological analysis of intestinal and fecal samples at 4 h,8 h,and 24 h after a single oral dose of 5×108 colony-forming units(CFU)/mouse of freshly grown ADS024.The single-dose study in miniature swine included groups that had been pre-dosed with vancomycin and that had been exposed to a dose range of ADS024,and a group that was not pre-dosed with vancomycin and received a single dose of ADS024.The ADS024 colonies[assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)using ADS024-specific primers]were counted on agar plates.For the 28-d miniature swine study,qPCR was used to measure ADS024 levels from fecal samples after oral administration of ADS024 capsules containing 5×109 CFU for 28 consecutive days,followed by MiSeq compositional sequencing and bioinformatic analyses to measure the impact of ADS024 on microbiota.Two studies were performed to determine the efficacy of ADS024 in a mouse model of CDI:Study 1 to determine the effects of fresh ADS024 culture and ADS024 spore preparations on the clinical manifestations of CDI in mice,and Study 2 to compare the efficacy of single daily doses vs dosing 3 times per day with fresh ADS024.C.difficile challenge was performed 24 h after the start of ADS024 exposure.To model the human distal colon,an anerobic fecal fermentation system was used.MiSeq compositional sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed to measure microbiota diversity changes following ADS024 treatment.To assess the potential of ADS024 to be a source of antibiotic resistance,its susceptibility to 18 different antibiotics was tested.RESULTS In a mouse model of CDI challenge,single daily doses of ADS024 were as efficacious as multiple daily doses in protecting against subsequent challenge by C.difficile pathogen-induced disease.ADS024 showed no evidence of colonization based on the observation that the ADS024 colonies were not recovered 24 h after single doses in mice or 72 h after single doses in miniature swine.In a 28-d repeat-dose study in miniature swine,ADS024 was not detected in fecal samples using plating and qPCR methods.Phylogenetic analysis performed in the human distal colon model showed that ADS024 had a selective impact on the healthy human colonic microbiota,similarly to the in vivo studies performed in miniature swine.Safety assessments indicated that ADS024 was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested,while in silico testing revealed a low potential for off-target activity or virulence and antibioticresistance mechanisms.CONCLUSION Our findings,demonstrating in vivo efficacy of ADS024 in protecting against CDI challenge in mouse models,support the use of ADS024 in preventing recurrent CDI following standard antibiotic treatment.展开更多
The main intention of this study was to assess the solid waste management challenges and their impacts on people’s livelihood. Specifically, the study evaluated the methods and techniques used for waste collection, t...The main intention of this study was to assess the solid waste management challenges and their impacts on people’s livelihood. Specifically, the study evaluated the methods and techniques used for waste collection, transportation and deposit to the landfill by households, and companies in Kinyinya sector. A survey was conducted to collect data from household, waste collection company and field. Household waste collection, transportation and deposit illustrated different challenges which impede the sustainable treatment and disposal of waste. Findings pointed out poor deposit of wastes, failure to pay waste collection fees, poor assessment before selecting waste landfill and poor working condition of companies in charge of waste collection, transportation as the major challenges toward waste management in Kinyinya. The findings illustrated that only 33.25% of households separated decay from undecayed waste and 66.75% couldn’t perform such activities. The findings indicated that members of some households suffered waste borne diseases from poor waste management. The linear correlation coefficient has shown 84.5% of correlation level between waste management challenges and people’s livelihood (r = 0.845) and this correlation is statistically significant. Thus, poor waste management is one among factors of poor people’s livelihood. The adaptation of segregation of waste at the household, strengthening company capacity and training workers at the landfill would save life and reduce exposure of both household and landfill workers.展开更多
Systematization for the maintenance of buildings enables their supporting system to be more practical than before. This study aims to make the maintenance and the long-term repairs for the buildings to be easier. In J...Systematization for the maintenance of buildings enables their supporting system to be more practical than before. This study aims to make the maintenance and the long-term repairs for the buildings to be easier. In Japan, 30-40-year-old buildings seem to have been planned and built with little thought about their future maintenances, which have made them very difficult to be repaired on a large scale. This is why effective management systems about dealing with the data should be strongly suggested. Since the Building Standard Law was amended on April 1, 2008, in Japan, the regular investigation and report for particular buildings are legally obligated every three years, thus a variety of useful data can be obtained through Kitakyushu City cases as well as former data personally obtained. With those data used usefully, systematization for the maintenance of the buildings will produce satisfactory results by building up a connection between those data and the long-term repair planning.展开更多
基金supported by China Institute of Sport Science(No.16-16,16-53)
文摘Dear editor,In 2016,several landmark government initiatives were launched in an effort to build a more healthy China.In March,the National People’s Congress of China adopted the 13th FiveYear Plan,which sets out new objectives,principles,and targets for 2016–2020,1including action plans for enhancing environmental protection and green growth,promoting individual
文摘The digital economy1 is becoming one of the driving forces for global economic development, drawing wide attention of nations across the world. At the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation held in May 2017, Chinese President Xi Jinping initiated the Digital Silk Road and called on countries to "pursue innovation-driven development and intensify cooperation in frontier areas such as digital economy, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology and quantum computing, and advance the development of big data.
文摘BACKGROUND The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that Clostridioides difficile(C.difficile)causes half a million infections(CDI)annually and is a major cause of total infectious disease death in the United States,causing inflammation of the colon and potentially deadly diarrhea.We recently reported the isolation of ADS024,a Bacillus velezensis(B.velezensis)strain,which demonstrated direct in vitro bactericidal activity against C.difficile,with minimal collateral impact on other members of the gut microbiota.In this study,we hypothesized that in vitro activities of ADS024 will translate in vivo to protect against CDI challenge in mouse models.AIM To investigate the in vivo efficacy of B.velezensis ADS024 in protecting against CDI challenge in mouse models.METHODS To mimic disruption of the gut microbiota,the mice were exposed to vancomycin prior to dosing with ADS024.For the mouse single-dose study,the recovery of ADS024 was assessed via microbiological analysis of intestinal and fecal samples at 4 h,8 h,and 24 h after a single oral dose of 5×108 colony-forming units(CFU)/mouse of freshly grown ADS024.The single-dose study in miniature swine included groups that had been pre-dosed with vancomycin and that had been exposed to a dose range of ADS024,and a group that was not pre-dosed with vancomycin and received a single dose of ADS024.The ADS024 colonies[assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)using ADS024-specific primers]were counted on agar plates.For the 28-d miniature swine study,qPCR was used to measure ADS024 levels from fecal samples after oral administration of ADS024 capsules containing 5×109 CFU for 28 consecutive days,followed by MiSeq compositional sequencing and bioinformatic analyses to measure the impact of ADS024 on microbiota.Two studies were performed to determine the efficacy of ADS024 in a mouse model of CDI:Study 1 to determine the effects of fresh ADS024 culture and ADS024 spore preparations on the clinical manifestations of CDI in mice,and Study 2 to compare the efficacy of single daily doses vs dosing 3 times per day with fresh ADS024.C.difficile challenge was performed 24 h after the start of ADS024 exposure.To model the human distal colon,an anerobic fecal fermentation system was used.MiSeq compositional sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed to measure microbiota diversity changes following ADS024 treatment.To assess the potential of ADS024 to be a source of antibiotic resistance,its susceptibility to 18 different antibiotics was tested.RESULTS In a mouse model of CDI challenge,single daily doses of ADS024 were as efficacious as multiple daily doses in protecting against subsequent challenge by C.difficile pathogen-induced disease.ADS024 showed no evidence of colonization based on the observation that the ADS024 colonies were not recovered 24 h after single doses in mice or 72 h after single doses in miniature swine.In a 28-d repeat-dose study in miniature swine,ADS024 was not detected in fecal samples using plating and qPCR methods.Phylogenetic analysis performed in the human distal colon model showed that ADS024 had a selective impact on the healthy human colonic microbiota,similarly to the in vivo studies performed in miniature swine.Safety assessments indicated that ADS024 was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested,while in silico testing revealed a low potential for off-target activity or virulence and antibioticresistance mechanisms.CONCLUSION Our findings,demonstrating in vivo efficacy of ADS024 in protecting against CDI challenge in mouse models,support the use of ADS024 in preventing recurrent CDI following standard antibiotic treatment.
文摘The main intention of this study was to assess the solid waste management challenges and their impacts on people’s livelihood. Specifically, the study evaluated the methods and techniques used for waste collection, transportation and deposit to the landfill by households, and companies in Kinyinya sector. A survey was conducted to collect data from household, waste collection company and field. Household waste collection, transportation and deposit illustrated different challenges which impede the sustainable treatment and disposal of waste. Findings pointed out poor deposit of wastes, failure to pay waste collection fees, poor assessment before selecting waste landfill and poor working condition of companies in charge of waste collection, transportation as the major challenges toward waste management in Kinyinya. The findings illustrated that only 33.25% of households separated decay from undecayed waste and 66.75% couldn’t perform such activities. The findings indicated that members of some households suffered waste borne diseases from poor waste management. The linear correlation coefficient has shown 84.5% of correlation level between waste management challenges and people’s livelihood (r = 0.845) and this correlation is statistically significant. Thus, poor waste management is one among factors of poor people’s livelihood. The adaptation of segregation of waste at the household, strengthening company capacity and training workers at the landfill would save life and reduce exposure of both household and landfill workers.
文摘Systematization for the maintenance of buildings enables their supporting system to be more practical than before. This study aims to make the maintenance and the long-term repairs for the buildings to be easier. In Japan, 30-40-year-old buildings seem to have been planned and built with little thought about their future maintenances, which have made them very difficult to be repaired on a large scale. This is why effective management systems about dealing with the data should be strongly suggested. Since the Building Standard Law was amended on April 1, 2008, in Japan, the regular investigation and report for particular buildings are legally obligated every three years, thus a variety of useful data can be obtained through Kitakyushu City cases as well as former data personally obtained. With those data used usefully, systematization for the maintenance of the buildings will produce satisfactory results by building up a connection between those data and the long-term repair planning.
