In quantum mechanics, the energy of a hydrogen atom is minimized when the principal quantum number n is 1. However, the author has previously pointed out that the hydrogen atom has a state where n=0. An electron in th...In quantum mechanics, the energy of a hydrogen atom is minimized when the principal quantum number n is 1. However, the author has previously pointed out that the hydrogen atom has a state where n=0. An electron in the state where n=0has zero rest mass energy. However, a hydrogen atom has an energy level even lower than the n=0state. This is hard to accept from the standpoint of common sense. Thus, the author has previously pointed out that an electron at the energy level where n=0has zero energy because the positive energy mec2and negative energy −mec2cancel each other out. This paper elucidates the strange relationship between the momentum of a photon emitted when a hydrogen atom is formed by an electron with such characteristics, and the momentum acquired by the electron.展开更多
In Electromagnetic Welding (EMW) process, the capacitive energy is the source of input energy. The tool that is used for welding comprises of an electromagnetic coil. The job piece to be welded is placed in close prox...In Electromagnetic Welding (EMW) process, the capacitive energy is the source of input energy. The tool that is used for welding comprises of an electromagnetic coil. The job piece to be welded is placed in close proximity with the coil. The welding is achieved by impact, when the colliding job pieces are accelerated towards each other by the Lorentz force. The electromagnetic and mechanical properties/ parameters of the equipment, tool and the job govern the overall welding process. We have described a procedure to calculate the capacitive input energies for jobs of different sizes. Data is given for welding of strips of aluminium, copper and S.S. in similar and dissimilar combinations. Since the EMW technique is used in limited applications, this type of data is not available. We have validated our model with some data available in the literature. It is hoped that, this information will help the designer, to select and standardize the system and process parameters.展开更多
Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumpt...Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993-2010. The results demonstrated： （1） the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a ＂U＂-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993-1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010. （2） The relationships between energy con- sumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year. （3） It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the best strategic choice to address climate change from a global perspective in Kazakhstan. Thus, we proposed strategies including the improvement of the energy consumption structure, the development of new energy and renewable energy, the use of cleaner production technologies, the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, and the expansion of forest areas.展开更多
Einstein’s energy-momentum relationship, which holds in an isolated system in free space, contains two formulas for relativistic kinetic energy. Einstein’s relationship is not applicable in a hydrogen atom, where po...Einstein’s energy-momentum relationship, which holds in an isolated system in free space, contains two formulas for relativistic kinetic energy. Einstein’s relationship is not applicable in a hydrogen atom, where potential energy is present. However, a relationship similar to that can be derived. That derived relationship also contains two formulas, for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom. Furthermore, it is possible to derive a third formula for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron from that relationship. Next, the paper looks at the fact that the electron has a wave nature. Five more formulas can be derived based on considerations relating to the phase velocity and group velocity of the electron. This paper presents eight formulas for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom.展开更多
The necessity of the main cable anticorrosion for suspension bridge is described, and operating principles and composition of main cable dehumidification system are analyzed. An idea using the waste heat of high tempe...The necessity of the main cable anticorrosion for suspension bridge is described, and operating principles and composition of main cable dehumidification system are analyzed. An idea using the waste heat of high temperature outlet air of dehumidification system to heat up regeneration air of rotary-type dehumidifier is put forward in this paper. The concrete scheme is to install a heat exchanger on air-out pipeline of roots blower and air-in pipeline of regeneration electric heater of rotary dehumidifier. Air preheated by the heat exchanger enters regeneration electric heater of rotary-type dehumidifier. Energy conservation of main cable dehumidification system for the Yangtze River highway bridge is calculated, and the results show that energy conservation rate can reach 44 %.展开更多
Several chromatography systems with ionic liquids and a mixture of water with the modifier as mobile phase were characterized via the linear solvation energy relationships（LSER） model. The effects of the ionic liqui...Several chromatography systems with ionic liquids and a mixture of water with the modifier as mobile phase were characterized via the linear solvation energy relationships（LSER） model. The effects of the ionic liquids and modifier（methanol） concentrations on the retention of 10 solutes（caffeine, pyridine, aniline, phenol, methylparaben, acetopenone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, and benzene） were discussed. The LSER model demonstrated high potential to predict retention factors with high squared correlation coefficients（r^2〉 0.97）. A comparison of predictable and experimental retention factors revealed that LSER can adequately reproduce the experimental retention factors of the solutes under different investigated experimental conditions. This model is a helpful tool to evaluate the retention characteristics of ionic liquid systems and to understand the interactions of solutes and ionic liquids.展开更多
This paper is the analysis of the main body, the object and their relationship concerning research of traditional Chinese medicine. The result proved that the main body of research of traditional Chinese medicine is r...This paper is the analysis of the main body, the object and their relationship concerning research of traditional Chinese medicine. The result proved that the main body of research of traditional Chinese medicine is researchers who possessed the fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine. It is the objects of research of traditional Chinese medicine that origin of a class of traditional Chinese medical literature consisting of herbals which focus on descriptions of individual drugs; the relationship of the technological process of preparing Chinese medicine, as by parching, roasting, baking, steaming, soaking, and simmering, etc.;and technology of separating, extracting and purifying for composition; traditional Chinese medicine dynamics of one of the 12 two-hour periods into which the day was formerly divided before the introduction of western chronology; compatibility of medicines in active compositions; patent, effectiveness for a given period of time and constantly changing of traditional Chinese medicine.The relationship between the main body and the objects was that the former depends on the latter ones and the main body has subjective initiative as fully as possible.展开更多
The correlation relationships of apparent extraction equilibrium constant (1gK(ex)) with the electronic effect parameter( Sigma sigma(Phi)) and the steric effect parameter ( Sigma upsilon ) of the substituents in extr...The correlation relationships of apparent extraction equilibrium constant (1gK(ex)) with the electronic effect parameter( Sigma sigma(Phi)) and the steric effect parameter ( Sigma upsilon ) of the substituents in extractant molecules are investigated by linear regression analysis in the extraction of rare earths by various classes and structures of monoacidic organophosphorus extractants. The results indicate that in Linear free energy relationship formula 1gK(ex) = rho Sigma sigma(Phi) + psi Sigma upsilon + h generally follows for this kind of extraction systems. Accordingly, the quantitative structure-behaviour relationships of extractants are discussed. These relationships can be preliminarily applied to predict the 1gK(ex) values of rare earth extraction with definite structures of this class of extractants, and thus can provide some directions for the design of new RE extractants.展开更多
Based on 266 strong ground motion records, an attenuation relationship was developed for both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The comparison of the two kinds of input energy spectra constructed from the at...Based on 266 strong ground motion records, an attenuation relationship was developed for both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The comparison of the two kinds of input energy spectra constructed from the attenuation relationship was made in this paper. The results show that there is little difference between the absolute input energy spectra and relative input energy spectra at the periods of 0.5-1.0 s for elastic systems and at the period of 0.5 s for inelastic systems. The absolute input energy spectra are much larger than relative input energy spectra in very short period range but some less than relative input energy spectra in long period range. It is also found that the ductility factor has a significant effect on both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The absolute input energy spectra increase with the increasing of ductility factor in the period range of less than 0.3 s but decrease in the period range of larger than 0.3 s. The absolute input energy spectra for different ductility factor are almost equivalent at the period about 0.3 s, but for relative input energy spectra, the period is about 0.5 s. The effect of ductility on the relative input energy spectra in the short period range is much larger than that on the absolute input energy spectra, especially on the softer site class.展开更多
In this paper, progress in strain study of blocks and faults by GPS data are discussed, and the concept that active structures between blocks are the main body of crustal strain is clarified. By energy transfer princi...In this paper, progress in strain study of blocks and faults by GPS data are discussed, and the concept that active structures between blocks are the main body of crustal strain is clarified. By energy transfer principle of elastic mechanics, the relation between strain around faults and tectonic force on fault surfaces is set up and main body element model of crustal strain is constructed. Finally, the relation between mechanical evolution of model and seismogenic process of Kunlun earthquake （Ms=8.1） is discussed by continuous GPS data of datum stations. The result suggests that the relatively relaxed change under background of strong compressing and shearing may help to trigger moderate-strong earthquakes.展开更多
The main manufacturer and its suppliers＇ relationship management is very important for success of the large aircraft project. The study concentrates on analysis of the relationship management on a psychological con- ...The main manufacturer and its suppliers＇ relationship management is very important for success of the large aircraft project. The study concentrates on analysis of the relationship management on a psychological con- tract perspective, shows that constructing good psychological contract is useful to promote mutual trust, reduce the transaction cost caused by incompleteness of formal contract, avoid the risk of supplier management between the main manufacturer and suppliers of the large aircraft project. And with further understanding of the dynamic contracting process as well as formation framework of psychological contract between the main manufacturer and suppliers, we can better understand the relationship black-box and provide a new perspective for the study of the relationship management, then given some constructive suggestions to supplier relationship management.展开更多
The author discusses the subject in both ecological and political perspectives based on a most comprehensive,authoritative and updated bibliography.Hence,Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC) is as much diversified as ...The author discusses the subject in both ecological and political perspectives based on a most comprehensive,authoritative and updated bibliography.Hence,Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC) is as much diversified as there are sub-regions and regional organizations in geopolitical and geo-economical terms and often dialectic regarding energy security,climate change and LAC ties with Europeans and China and so is the tripartite relations with the rest of the world so far as energy security and climate cha...展开更多
In nature,the properties of matter are ultimately governed by the electronic structures.Quantum chemistry(QC)at electronic level matches well with a few simple physical assumptions in solving simple problems.To date,m...In nature,the properties of matter are ultimately governed by the electronic structures.Quantum chemistry(QC)at electronic level matches well with a few simple physical assumptions in solving simple problems.To date,machine learning(ML)algorithm has been migrated to this field to simplify calculations and improve fidelity.This review introduces the basic information on universal electron structures of emerging energy materials and ML algorithms involved in the prediction of material properties.Then,the structure-property relationships based on ML algorithm and QC theory are reviewed.Especially,the summary of recently reported applications on classifying crystal structure,modeling electronic structure,optimizing experimental method,and predicting performance is provided.Last,an outlook on ML assisted QC calculation towards identifying emerging energy materials is also presented.展开更多
The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer,rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.The adsorption energy scaling relat...The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer,rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.The adsorption energy scaling relations between the reaction intermediates,however,impose a large intrinsic overpotential and sluggish reaction kinetics on OER catalysts.Developing advanced electrocatalysts with high activity and stability based on non-noble metal materials is still a grand challenge.Central to the rational design of novel and high-efficiency catalysts is the development and understanding of quantitative structure–activity relationships,which correlate the catalytic activities with structural and electronic descriptors.This paper comprehensively reviews the benchmark descriptors for OER electrolysis,aiming to give an in-depth understanding on the origins of the electrocatalytic activity of the OER and further contribute to building the theory of electrocatalysis.Meanwhile,the cutting-edge research frontiers for proposing new OER paradigms and crucial strategies to circumvent the scaling relationship are also summarized.Challenges,opportunities and perspectives are discussed,intending to shed some light on the rational design concepts and advance the development of more efficient catalysts for enhancing OER performance.展开更多
If an electron emits all of its rest mass energy mec2, the relativistic energy of the electron will become zero. According to the special theory of relativity, an electron whose relativistic energy is zero does not ha...If an electron emits all of its rest mass energy mec2, the relativistic energy of the electron will become zero. According to the special theory of relativity, an electron whose relativistic energy is zero does not have photon energy. In this paper, however, an electron is regarded as having photon energy mec2 and negative energy −mec2, even when its relativistic energy is zero. The state where relativistic energy is zero is achieved due to the positive energy and negative energy canceling each other out. Relativistic energy becomes zero for an electron in a hydrogen atom when the principle quantum number n is zero. The author has already pointed out the existence of an energy level with n=0. If this model is used, it is possible for an electron in the state with n=0 to emit additional photons, and transition to negative energy levels. The existence of negative energy specific to the electron has previously been nothing more than a conjecture. However, this paper aims to theoretically show the existence of negative energy based on a discussion using an ellipse. The results show that the electron has latent negative energy.展开更多
Bohr assumed a quantum condition when deriving the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. This famous quantum condition was not derived logically, but it beautifully explained the energy levels of the hydrogen atom. Theref...Bohr assumed a quantum condition when deriving the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. This famous quantum condition was not derived logically, but it beautifully explained the energy levels of the hydrogen atom. Therefore, Bohr’s quantum condition was accepted by physicists. However, the energy levels predicted by the eventually completed quantum mechanics do not match perfectly with the predictions of Bohr. For this reason, it cannot be said that Bohr’s quantum condition is a perfectly correct assumption. Since the mass of an electron which moves inside a hydrogen atom varies, Bohr’s quantum condition must be revised. However, the newly derived relativistic quantum condition is too complex to be assumed at the beginning. The velocity of an electron in a hydrogen atom is known as the Bohr velocity. This velocity can be derived from the formula for energy levels derived by Bohr. The velocity <em>v </em>of an electron including the principal quantum number <em>n</em> is given by <em>αc</em>/<em>n</em>. This paper elucidates the fact that this formula is built into Bohr’s quantum condition. It is also concluded in this paper that it is precisely this velocity formula that is the quantum condition that should have been assumed in the first place by Bohr. From Bohr’s quantum condition, it is impossible to derive the relativistic energy levels of a hydrogen atom, but they can be derived from the new quantum condition. This paper proposes raising the status of the previously-known Bohr velocity formula.展开更多
Cyclic triaxial tests are conducted to analyze the evolution of strength parameters and energy dissipation of thawing silty clay under different stress paths.The effects of freezing temperature,thawing temperature and...Cyclic triaxial tests are conducted to analyze the evolution of strength parameters and energy dissipation of thawing silty clay under different stress paths.The effects of freezing temperature,thawing temperature and confining pressures on the stress-strain and strength characteristics of soil samples are studied through monotonic loading and cyclic loading tests by using high-and low-temperature triaxial apparatus.The variation of the total work,elastic deformation energy,dissipated energy,energy dissipation rate,residual strain,and damage variable during loading and unloading are discussed.The experimental results show that the samples have higher strain tolerance under high confining pressure,low freezing temperature,and low thawing temperature,and the same other conditions.The soil sample state and failure pattern can be judged by using the energy parameters measured in the experiment.展开更多
Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs at the eastern edge of the Pre-Caspian Basin have undergone complex sedimentation,diagenesis and tectonism processes,and developed various reservoir space types of pores,cavities and...Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs at the eastern edge of the Pre-Caspian Basin have undergone complex sedimentation,diagenesis and tectonism processes,and developed various reservoir space types of pores,cavities and fractures with complicated combination patterns which create intricate pore-throats structure.The complex pore-throat structure leads to the complex porosity-permeability relationship,bringing great challenges for classification and evaluation of reservoirs and efficient development.Based on the comprehensive analysis on cores,thin sections,SEM,mercury intrusion,routine core analysis and various tests,this paper systematically investigated the features and main controlling factors of pore-throats structure and its impact on the porosity-permeability relationship of the four reservoir types which were pore-cavity-fracture,pore-cavity,pore-fracture and pore,and three progresses are made.(1)A set of classification and descriptive approach for pore-throat structure of Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs applied to the eastern edge of the Pre-Caspian Basin was established.Four types of pore-throat structures were developed which were wide multimodal mode,wide bimodal mode,centralized unimodal mode and asymmetry bimodal mode,respectively.The discriminant index of pore-throat structure was proposed,realizing the quantitative characterization of pore-throat structure types.(2)The microscopic heterogeneity of pore reservoir was the strongest and four types of pore-throat structures were all developed.The pore-fracture and pore-cavity-fracture reservoirs took the second place,and the microscopic heterogeneity of pore-cavity reservoir was the weakest.It was revealed that the main controlling factor of pore-throat structure was the combination patterns of reservoir space types formed by sedimentation,diagenesis and tectonism.(3)It was revealed that the development of various pore-throat structure types was the important factor affecting poroperm relationship of reservoirs.The calculation accuracy of permeability of reservoirs can be improved remarkably by subdividing the pore-throat structure types.This study deepens the understanding of pore-throat structure of complicated carbonate reservoirs,and is conducive to classification and evaluation,establishment of precise porosity-permeability relationship and highly efficient development of carbonate reservoirs.展开更多
Einstein derived the energy-momentum relationship which holds in an isolated system in free space. However, this relationship is not applicable in the space inside a hydrogen atom where there is potential energy. Ther...Einstein derived the energy-momentum relationship which holds in an isolated system in free space. However, this relationship is not applicable in the space inside a hydrogen atom where there is potential energy. Therefore, in 2011, the author derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to the electron constituting a hydrogen atom. This paper derives that relationship in a simpler way using another method. From this relationship, it is possible to derive the formula for the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. The energy values obtained from this formula almost match the theoretical values of Bohr. However, the relationship derived by the author includes a state that cannot be predicted with Bohr’s theory. In the hydrogen atom, there is an energy level with n = 0. Also, there are energy levels where the relativistic energy of the electron becomes negative. An electron with this negative energy (mass) exists near the atomic nucleus (proton). The name “dark hydrogen atom” is given to matter formed from one electron with this negative mass and one proton with positive mass. Dark hydrogen atoms, dark hydrogen molecules, other types of dark atoms, and aggregates made up of dark molecules are plausible candidates for dark matter, the mysterious type of matter whose true nature is currently unknown.展开更多
文摘In quantum mechanics, the energy of a hydrogen atom is minimized when the principal quantum number n is 1. However, the author has previously pointed out that the hydrogen atom has a state where n=0. An electron in the state where n=0has zero rest mass energy. However, a hydrogen atom has an energy level even lower than the n=0state. This is hard to accept from the standpoint of common sense. Thus, the author has previously pointed out that an electron at the energy level where n=0has zero energy because the positive energy mec2and negative energy −mec2cancel each other out. This paper elucidates the strange relationship between the momentum of a photon emitted when a hydrogen atom is formed by an electron with such characteristics, and the momentum acquired by the electron.
文摘In Electromagnetic Welding (EMW) process, the capacitive energy is the source of input energy. The tool that is used for welding comprises of an electromagnetic coil. The job piece to be welded is placed in close proximity with the coil. The welding is achieved by impact, when the colliding job pieces are accelerated towards each other by the Lorentz force. The electromagnetic and mechanical properties/ parameters of the equipment, tool and the job govern the overall welding process. We have described a procedure to calculate the capacitive input energies for jobs of different sizes. Data is given for welding of strips of aluminium, copper and S.S. in similar and dissimilar combinations. Since the EMW technique is used in limited applications, this type of data is not available. We have validated our model with some data available in the literature. It is hoped that, this information will help the designer, to select and standardize the system and process parameters.
基金supported by International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (2010DFA92720-07)
文摘Fossil energy is the material basis of human survival, economic development and social progress. The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is becoming increasingly close. However, energy consumption is the major source of greenhouse gases, which can significantly affect the balance of the global ecosystem. It has become the common goal of countries worldwide to address climate change, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and implement sustainable development strategies. In this study, we applied an approximate relationship analysis, a decoupling relationship analysis, and a trend analysis to explore the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using data from Kazakhstan for the period of 1993-2010. The results demonstrated： （1） the total energy consumption and GDP in Kazakhstan showed a ＂U＂-type curve from 1993 to 2010. This curve was observed because 1993-1999 was a period during which Kazakhstan transitioned from a republic to an independent country and experienced a difficult transition from a planned to a market economy. Then, the economic system became more stable and the industrial production increased rapidly because of the effective financial, monetary and industrial policy support from 2000 to 2010. （2） The relationships between energy con- sumption and carbon emissions, economic growth and energy exports were linked; the carbon emissions were mainly derived from energy consumption, and the dependence of economic growth on energy exports gradually increased from 1993 to 2010. Before 2000, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was in a recessional decoupling state because of the economic recession. After 2000, this relationship was in strong and weak decoupling states because the international crude oil prices rose and energy exports increased greatly year by year. （3） It is forecasted that Kazakhstan cannot achieve its goal of energy consumption by 2020. Therefore, a low-carbon economy is the best strategic choice to address climate change from a global perspective in Kazakhstan. Thus, we proposed strategies including the improvement of the energy consumption structure, the development of new energy and renewable energy, the use of cleaner production technologies, the adjustment and optimization of the industrial structure, and the expansion of forest areas.
文摘Einstein’s energy-momentum relationship, which holds in an isolated system in free space, contains two formulas for relativistic kinetic energy. Einstein’s relationship is not applicable in a hydrogen atom, where potential energy is present. However, a relationship similar to that can be derived. That derived relationship also contains two formulas, for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom. Furthermore, it is possible to derive a third formula for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron from that relationship. Next, the paper looks at the fact that the electron has a wave nature. Five more formulas can be derived based on considerations relating to the phase velocity and group velocity of the electron. This paper presents eight formulas for the relativistic kinetic energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom.
基金National Science and Technology Support Program of China ( No. 2009BAG15B01)Key Pro-grams for Science and Technology Development of Chinese Transportation Industry( No. 2008-353-332-170)
文摘The necessity of the main cable anticorrosion for suspension bridge is described, and operating principles and composition of main cable dehumidification system are analyzed. An idea using the waste heat of high temperature outlet air of dehumidification system to heat up regeneration air of rotary-type dehumidifier is put forward in this paper. The concrete scheme is to install a heat exchanger on air-out pipeline of roots blower and air-in pipeline of regeneration electric heater of rotary dehumidifier. Air preheated by the heat exchanger enters regeneration electric heater of rotary-type dehumidifier. Energy conservation of main cable dehumidification system for the Yangtze River highway bridge is calculated, and the results show that energy conservation rate can reach 44 %.
基金Supported by the Center for Advanced Bioseparation Technology, Inha University, Korea
文摘Several chromatography systems with ionic liquids and a mixture of water with the modifier as mobile phase were characterized via the linear solvation energy relationships（LSER） model. The effects of the ionic liquids and modifier（methanol） concentrations on the retention of 10 solutes（caffeine, pyridine, aniline, phenol, methylparaben, acetopenone, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, and benzene） were discussed. The LSER model demonstrated high potential to predict retention factors with high squared correlation coefficients（r^2〉 0.97）. A comparison of predictable and experimental retention factors revealed that LSER can adequately reproduce the experimental retention factors of the solutes under different investigated experimental conditions. This model is a helpful tool to evaluate the retention characteristics of ionic liquid systems and to understand the interactions of solutes and ionic liquids.
文摘This paper is the analysis of the main body, the object and their relationship concerning research of traditional Chinese medicine. The result proved that the main body of research of traditional Chinese medicine is researchers who possessed the fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine. It is the objects of research of traditional Chinese medicine that origin of a class of traditional Chinese medical literature consisting of herbals which focus on descriptions of individual drugs; the relationship of the technological process of preparing Chinese medicine, as by parching, roasting, baking, steaming, soaking, and simmering, etc.;and technology of separating, extracting and purifying for composition; traditional Chinese medicine dynamics of one of the 12 two-hour periods into which the day was formerly divided before the introduction of western chronology; compatibility of medicines in active compositions; patent, effectiveness for a given period of time and constantly changing of traditional Chinese medicine.The relationship between the main body and the objects was that the former depends on the latter ones and the main body has subjective initiative as fully as possible.
文摘The correlation relationships of apparent extraction equilibrium constant (1gK(ex)) with the electronic effect parameter( Sigma sigma(Phi)) and the steric effect parameter ( Sigma upsilon ) of the substituents in extractant molecules are investigated by linear regression analysis in the extraction of rare earths by various classes and structures of monoacidic organophosphorus extractants. The results indicate that in Linear free energy relationship formula 1gK(ex) = rho Sigma sigma(Phi) + psi Sigma upsilon + h generally follows for this kind of extraction systems. Accordingly, the quantitative structure-behaviour relationships of extractants are discussed. These relationships can be preliminarily applied to predict the 1gK(ex) values of rare earth extraction with definite structures of this class of extractants, and thus can provide some directions for the design of new RE extractants.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (E0221)Commonweal Foundation of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2001DIB20098).
文摘Based on 266 strong ground motion records, an attenuation relationship was developed for both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The comparison of the two kinds of input energy spectra constructed from the attenuation relationship was made in this paper. The results show that there is little difference between the absolute input energy spectra and relative input energy spectra at the periods of 0.5-1.0 s for elastic systems and at the period of 0.5 s for inelastic systems. The absolute input energy spectra are much larger than relative input energy spectra in very short period range but some less than relative input energy spectra in long period range. It is also found that the ductility factor has a significant effect on both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The absolute input energy spectra increase with the increasing of ductility factor in the period range of less than 0.3 s but decrease in the period range of larger than 0.3 s. The absolute input energy spectra for different ductility factor are almost equivalent at the period about 0.3 s, but for relative input energy spectra, the period is about 0.5 s. The effect of ductility on the relative input energy spectra in the short period range is much larger than that on the absolute input energy spectra, especially on the softer site class.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40274023) and National Program for Key Science & Technology Projects (2004BA601B01-02-01).
文摘In this paper, progress in strain study of blocks and faults by GPS data are discussed, and the concept that active structures between blocks are the main body of crustal strain is clarified. By energy transfer principle of elastic mechanics, the relation between strain around faults and tectonic force on fault surfaces is set up and main body element model of crustal strain is constructed. Finally, the relation between mechanical evolution of model and seismogenic process of Kunlun earthquake （Ms=8.1） is discussed by continuous GPS data of datum stations. The result suggests that the relatively relaxed change under background of strong compressing and shearing may help to trigger moderate-strong earthquakes.
基金COMAC management system innovation model research(NAEK0001)Humanities and social sciences planning project of the Ministry of Education(12YJA630008)
文摘The main manufacturer and its suppliers＇ relationship management is very important for success of the large aircraft project. The study concentrates on analysis of the relationship management on a psychological con- tract perspective, shows that constructing good psychological contract is useful to promote mutual trust, reduce the transaction cost caused by incompleteness of formal contract, avoid the risk of supplier management between the main manufacturer and suppliers of the large aircraft project. And with further understanding of the dynamic contracting process as well as formation framework of psychological contract between the main manufacturer and suppliers, we can better understand the relationship black-box and provide a new perspective for the study of the relationship management, then given some constructive suggestions to supplier relationship management.
文摘The author discusses the subject in both ecological and political perspectives based on a most comprehensive,authoritative and updated bibliography.Hence,Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC) is as much diversified as there are sub-regions and regional organizations in geopolitical and geo-economical terms and often dialectic regarding energy security,climate change and LAC ties with Europeans and China and so is the tripartite relations with the rest of the world so far as energy security and climate cha...
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 51872157)Shenzhen Technical Plan Project(grant number KQJSCX20160226191136 and JCYJ20170412170911187)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China[grant number PF17-10186]。
文摘In nature,the properties of matter are ultimately governed by the electronic structures.Quantum chemistry(QC)at electronic level matches well with a few simple physical assumptions in solving simple problems.To date,machine learning(ML)algorithm has been migrated to this field to simplify calculations and improve fidelity.This review introduces the basic information on universal electron structures of emerging energy materials and ML algorithms involved in the prediction of material properties.Then,the structure-property relationships based on ML algorithm and QC theory are reviewed.Especially,the summary of recently reported applications on classifying crystal structure,modeling electronic structure,optimizing experimental method,and predicting performance is provided.Last,an outlook on ML assisted QC calculation towards identifying emerging energy materials is also presented.
基金support from the U.S.Department of the Army and U.S.Army Future Commandsupport from the U.S.Army Research Laboratory Senior Research Fellowship Program。
文摘The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer,rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.The adsorption energy scaling relations between the reaction intermediates,however,impose a large intrinsic overpotential and sluggish reaction kinetics on OER catalysts.Developing advanced electrocatalysts with high activity and stability based on non-noble metal materials is still a grand challenge.Central to the rational design of novel and high-efficiency catalysts is the development and understanding of quantitative structure–activity relationships,which correlate the catalytic activities with structural and electronic descriptors.This paper comprehensively reviews the benchmark descriptors for OER electrolysis,aiming to give an in-depth understanding on the origins of the electrocatalytic activity of the OER and further contribute to building the theory of electrocatalysis.Meanwhile,the cutting-edge research frontiers for proposing new OER paradigms and crucial strategies to circumvent the scaling relationship are also summarized.Challenges,opportunities and perspectives are discussed,intending to shed some light on the rational design concepts and advance the development of more efficient catalysts for enhancing OER performance.
文摘If an electron emits all of its rest mass energy mec2, the relativistic energy of the electron will become zero. According to the special theory of relativity, an electron whose relativistic energy is zero does not have photon energy. In this paper, however, an electron is regarded as having photon energy mec2 and negative energy −mec2, even when its relativistic energy is zero. The state where relativistic energy is zero is achieved due to the positive energy and negative energy canceling each other out. Relativistic energy becomes zero for an electron in a hydrogen atom when the principle quantum number n is zero. The author has already pointed out the existence of an energy level with n=0. If this model is used, it is possible for an electron in the state with n=0 to emit additional photons, and transition to negative energy levels. The existence of negative energy specific to the electron has previously been nothing more than a conjecture. However, this paper aims to theoretically show the existence of negative energy based on a discussion using an ellipse. The results show that the electron has latent negative energy.
文摘Bohr assumed a quantum condition when deriving the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. This famous quantum condition was not derived logically, but it beautifully explained the energy levels of the hydrogen atom. Therefore, Bohr’s quantum condition was accepted by physicists. However, the energy levels predicted by the eventually completed quantum mechanics do not match perfectly with the predictions of Bohr. For this reason, it cannot be said that Bohr’s quantum condition is a perfectly correct assumption. Since the mass of an electron which moves inside a hydrogen atom varies, Bohr’s quantum condition must be revised. However, the newly derived relativistic quantum condition is too complex to be assumed at the beginning. The velocity of an electron in a hydrogen atom is known as the Bohr velocity. This velocity can be derived from the formula for energy levels derived by Bohr. The velocity <em>v </em>of an electron including the principal quantum number <em>n</em> is given by <em>αc</em>/<em>n</em>. This paper elucidates the fact that this formula is built into Bohr’s quantum condition. It is also concluded in this paper that it is precisely this velocity formula that is the quantum condition that should have been assumed in the first place by Bohr. From Bohr’s quantum condition, it is impossible to derive the relativistic energy levels of a hydrogen atom, but they can be derived from the new quantum condition. This paper proposes raising the status of the previously-known Bohr velocity formula.
文摘Cyclic triaxial tests are conducted to analyze the evolution of strength parameters and energy dissipation of thawing silty clay under different stress paths.The effects of freezing temperature,thawing temperature and confining pressures on the stress-strain and strength characteristics of soil samples are studied through monotonic loading and cyclic loading tests by using high-and low-temperature triaxial apparatus.The variation of the total work,elastic deformation energy,dissipated energy,energy dissipation rate,residual strain,and damage variable during loading and unloading are discussed.The experimental results show that the samples have higher strain tolerance under high confining pressure,low freezing temperature,and low thawing temperature,and the same other conditions.The soil sample state and failure pattern can be judged by using the energy parameters measured in the experiment.
基金Supported by the China Science and Technology Major Project(2017ZX05030-002)China National Petroleum Corporation Scientific Research and Technology Development Project(2019D-4309)
文摘Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs at the eastern edge of the Pre-Caspian Basin have undergone complex sedimentation,diagenesis and tectonism processes,and developed various reservoir space types of pores,cavities and fractures with complicated combination patterns which create intricate pore-throats structure.The complex pore-throat structure leads to the complex porosity-permeability relationship,bringing great challenges for classification and evaluation of reservoirs and efficient development.Based on the comprehensive analysis on cores,thin sections,SEM,mercury intrusion,routine core analysis and various tests,this paper systematically investigated the features and main controlling factors of pore-throats structure and its impact on the porosity-permeability relationship of the four reservoir types which were pore-cavity-fracture,pore-cavity,pore-fracture and pore,and three progresses are made.(1)A set of classification and descriptive approach for pore-throat structure of Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs applied to the eastern edge of the Pre-Caspian Basin was established.Four types of pore-throat structures were developed which were wide multimodal mode,wide bimodal mode,centralized unimodal mode and asymmetry bimodal mode,respectively.The discriminant index of pore-throat structure was proposed,realizing the quantitative characterization of pore-throat structure types.(2)The microscopic heterogeneity of pore reservoir was the strongest and four types of pore-throat structures were all developed.The pore-fracture and pore-cavity-fracture reservoirs took the second place,and the microscopic heterogeneity of pore-cavity reservoir was the weakest.It was revealed that the main controlling factor of pore-throat structure was the combination patterns of reservoir space types formed by sedimentation,diagenesis and tectonism.(3)It was revealed that the development of various pore-throat structure types was the important factor affecting poroperm relationship of reservoirs.The calculation accuracy of permeability of reservoirs can be improved remarkably by subdividing the pore-throat structure types.This study deepens the understanding of pore-throat structure of complicated carbonate reservoirs,and is conducive to classification and evaluation,establishment of precise porosity-permeability relationship and highly efficient development of carbonate reservoirs.
文摘Einstein derived the energy-momentum relationship which holds in an isolated system in free space. However, this relationship is not applicable in the space inside a hydrogen atom where there is potential energy. Therefore, in 2011, the author derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to the electron constituting a hydrogen atom. This paper derives that relationship in a simpler way using another method. From this relationship, it is possible to derive the formula for the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. The energy values obtained from this formula almost match the theoretical values of Bohr. However, the relationship derived by the author includes a state that cannot be predicted with Bohr’s theory. In the hydrogen atom, there is an energy level with n = 0. Also, there are energy levels where the relativistic energy of the electron becomes negative. An electron with this negative energy (mass) exists near the atomic nucleus (proton). The name “dark hydrogen atom” is given to matter formed from one electron with this negative mass and one proton with positive mass. Dark hydrogen atoms, dark hydrogen molecules, other types of dark atoms, and aggregates made up of dark molecules are plausible candidates for dark matter, the mysterious type of matter whose true nature is currently unknown.
