The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and...The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.展开更多
In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),quantitative trait loci have been identified for fruit maturity,colour,firmness,and size to develop markers for marker-assisted selection.However,resolution is usually too low in those...In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),quantitative trait loci have been identified for fruit maturity,colour,firmness,and size to develop markers for marker-assisted selection.However,resolution is usually too low in those analyses to directly target candidate genes,and some associations are missed.In contrast,genome-wide association studies are performed on broad collections of accessions,and assemblies of reference sequences from Tieton and Satonishiki cultivars enable identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms after whole-genome sequencing,providing high marker density.Two hundred and thirty-five sweet cherry accessions were sequenced and phenotyped for harvest time and fruit colour,firmness,and size.Genome-wide association studies were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with each trait,which were verified in breeding material consisting of 64 additional accessions.A total of 1767106 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified.At that density,significant single nucleotide polymorphisms could be linked to co-inherited haplotype blocks(median size∼10 kb).Thus,markers were tightly associated with respective phenotypes,and individual allelic combinations of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms provided links to distinct phenotypes.In addition,yellow-fruit accessions were sequenced,and a∼90-kb-deletion on chromosome 3 that included five MYB10 transcription factors was associated with the phenotype.Overall,the study confirmed numerous quantitative trait loci from bi-parental populations using high-diversity accession populations,identified novel associations,and genome-wide association studies reduced the size of trait-associated loci from megabases to kilobases and to a few candidate genes per locus.Thus,a framework is provided to develop molecular markers and evaluate and characterize genes underlying important agronomic traits.展开更多
A pyrolysis experiment was carried out on a Dongying Depression kerogen sample to separate the resin from the oil. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with a positive-ion detector w...A pyrolysis experiment was carried out on a Dongying Depression kerogen sample to separate the resin from the oil. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with a positive-ion detector was used to detect the relative proportional changes in the compounds of the resin. During the whole pyrolysis experiment, the relative ratio of resin exceed 10% of the soluble component at each temperature point. Five compounds were detected from the resin: N1, N1O1, N1O_(2), O1, and O_(2). To research the changes in the proportions of the compounds during pyrolysis clearly, these five compounds were divided into three classes: N1, N1Ox, and Ox. The N1 class has the largest proportion in resin at the beginning of the pyrolysis, while Ox class has the least proportion. And the relationship between the number and the molecular mass of three classes compound was researched. With increasing maturity, the proportion of N1 and the N1Ox class decreased rapidly, while the Ox class increased slowly. Through researching these resin compounds, it was found that an inversion in the proportions of above three compounds appeared at the end of the oil window. At the same time, we found that the DBE and carbon number of resin compounds have changed obviously during the pyrolysis: the DBE increased, while the carbon number decreased significantly. And the details of the change of each compound have been researched. This research extends our knowledge of judging the maturity of crude oil during the pyrolysis through the characteristics of compounds in resin and provides the new index based on resin for the evaluation of thermal evolution stage and hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks.展开更多
Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed t...Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed the following major conditions of lacustrine shale oil accumulation:(1)stable and widely distributed shale with a high organic abundance and appropriate thermal maturity acts as a fundamental basis for shale oil retention.This shale exhibits several critical parameters,such as total organic carbon content greater than 2%,with optimal values ranging from 3% to 4%,kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ_(1) as the dominant organic matter types,and vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))values greater than 0.9%(0.8% for brackish water environments).(2)Various types of reservoirs exhibiting brittleness and a certain volume of micro-nanoscale pores are critical conditions for shale oil accumulation,and these reservoirs have porosities greater than 3% to 6%.Moreover,when diagenesis is incipient,pure shales are not favorable for medium-to-high maturity shale oil enrichment,whereas tight sandstone and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% are favorable;however,for medium-to-late-stage diagenesis,pure shales with a clay content of 40% are favorable.(3)The retention of a large amount of high-quality hydrocarbons is the factor that best guarantees shale oil accumulation with good mobility.Free hydrocarbon content exceeding a threshold value of 2 mg/g is generally required,and the optimum value is 4 mg/g to 6 mg/g.Moreover,a gas-oil ratio exceeding a threshold value of 80 m^(3)/m^(3) is required,with the optimal value ranging from 150 m^(3)/m^(3) to 300 m^(3)/m^(3).(4)High-quality roof and floor sealing conditions are essential for the shale oil enrichment interval to maintain the overpressure and retain a sufficient amount of hydrocarbons with good quality.Lacustrine shale oil distributions exhibit the following characteristics:(1)major enrichment areas of shale oil are located in semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional areas with external materials,such as volcanic ash fallout,hydrothermal solutions,and radioactive substances with catalytic action,as inputs;(2)intervals with“four high values and one preservation condition”govern the distribution of shale oil enrichment intervals;and(3)favorable assemblages of lithofacies/lithologies determine the distribution of enrichment area.According to preliminary estimates,China has 131×10^(8) to 163×10^(8) t of total shale oil resources with medium-to-high thermal maturity,among which 67×10^(8) to 84×10^(8) t is commercial.These resources are primarily located in the Chang 7^(1+2) interval in the Ordos Basin,Qing 1+2 members in Gulong sag in the Songliao Basin,Kongdian and Shahejie formations of Cangdong sag,Qikou sag and the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,and Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin.展开更多
The effectiveness of the Business Intelligence(BI)system mainly depends on the quality of knowledge it produces.The decision-making process is hindered,and the user’s trust is lost,if the knowledge offered is undesir...The effectiveness of the Business Intelligence(BI)system mainly depends on the quality of knowledge it produces.The decision-making process is hindered,and the user’s trust is lost,if the knowledge offered is undesired or of poor quality.A Data Warehouse(DW)is a huge collection of data gathered from many sources and an important part of any BI solution to assist management in making better decisions.The Extract,Transform,and Load(ETL)process is the backbone of a DW system,and it is responsible for moving data from source systems into the DW system.The more mature the ETL process the more reliable the DW system.In this paper,we propose the ETL Maturity Model(EMM)that assists organizations in achieving a high-quality ETL system and thereby enhancing the quality of knowledge produced.The EMM is made up of five levels of maturity i.e.,Chaotic,Acceptable,Stable,Efficient and Reliable.Each level of maturity contains Key Process Areas(KPAs)that have been endorsed by industry experts and include all critical features of a good ETL system.Quality Objectives(QOs)are defined procedures that,when implemented,resulted in a high-quality ETL process.Each KPA has its own set of QOs,the execution of which meets the requirements of that KPA.Multiple brainstorming sessions with relevant industry experts helped to enhance the model.EMMwas deployed in two key projects utilizing multiple case studies to supplement the validation process and support our claim.This model can assist organizations in improving their current ETL process and transforming it into a more mature ETL system.This model can also provide high-quality information to assist users inmaking better decisions and gaining their trust.展开更多
Background Fiber maturity is a key cotton quality property,and its variability in a sample impacts fiber processing and dyeing performance.Currently,the maturity is determined by using established protocols in laborat...Background Fiber maturity is a key cotton quality property,and its variability in a sample impacts fiber processing and dyeing performance.Currently,the maturity is determined by using established protocols in laboratories under a controlled environment.There is an increasing need to measure fiber maturity using low-cost(in general less than $20000)and small portable systems.In this study,a laboratory feasibility was performed to assess the ability of the shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging(SWIR HSI)technique for determining the conditioned fiber maturity,and as a comparison,a bench-top commercial and expensive(in general greater than $60000)near infrared(NIR)instrument was used.Results Although SWIR HSI and NIR represent different measurement technologies,consistent spectral characteristics were observed between the two instruments when they were used to measure the maturity of the locule fiber samples in seed cotton and of the well-defined fiber samples,respectively.Partial least squares(PLS)models were established using different spectral preprocessing parameters to predict fiber maturity.The high prediction precision was observed by a lower root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)(<0.046),higher R_(p)^(2)(>0.518),and greater percentage(97.0%)of samples within the 95% agreement range in the entire NIR region(1000-2500 nm)without the moisture band at 1940 nm.Conclusion SWIR HSI has a good potential for assessing cotton fiber maturity in a laboratory environment.展开更多
Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, affecting approximately 1% of all live births and 10% of all preterm infants. Lamellar bodies represent a storage f...Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, affecting approximately 1% of all live births and 10% of all preterm infants. Lamellar bodies represent a storage form of pulmonary surfactant within Type II pneumocytes, secretion of which increases with advancing gestational age, thus enabling prediction of the degree of FLM. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) complicates approximately 1/3 of all preterm births. Birth within 1 week is the most likely outcome for any patient with PPROM in the absence of adjunctive treatments. Respiratory distress has been reported to be the most common complication of preterm birth. Sepsis, intraventricular haemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis also are associated with prematurity, but these are less common near to term. Objective: To assess the efficacy of the amniotic fluid lamellar body counting from a vaginal pool in predicting fetal lung maturity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Methods: This study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital in the emergency ward from January 2019 to September 2019. It included 106 women with singleton pregnancies, gestational age from 28 - 36 weeks with preterm premature rupture of membranes. This study is designed to assess the efficacy of the amniotic fluid lamellar body counting (LBC) from a vaginal pool in predicting fetal lung maturity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Results: The current study revealed a highly significant increase in the lamellar body count in cases giving birth to neonates without RDS compared to that cases giving birth to neonates with RDS. Also, no statistically significant difference between LBC and age, parity and number of previous miscarriages in the mother was found. Gestational age at delivery was significantly lower among cases with respiratory distress. Steroid administration was significantly less frequent among cases with respiratory distress. However, lamellar bodies had high diagnostic performance in the prediction of respiratory distress. Conclusion: Lamellar body count (LBC) is an effective, safe, easy, and cost-effective method to assess fetal lung maturity (FLM). It does not need a highly equipped laboratory or specially trained personnel, it just needs the conventional blood count analyzer. Measurement of LBC is now replacing the conventional Lecithin/Sphyngomyelin L/S ratio. LBC cut-off value of ≤42.5 × 10<sup>3</sup>/μL can be used safely to decide fetal lung maturity with sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 97.6%.展开更多
Emma is one of the most successful novels by Jane Austen.This thesis analyzed the background of its heroine Emma’s growth background,her growth from conceit,snobbery,domination to maturity,and the causes of her chara...Emma is one of the most successful novels by Jane Austen.This thesis analyzed the background of its heroine Emma’s growth background,her growth from conceit,snobbery,domination to maturity,and the causes of her character transformation.Her psychological growth process from innocence to maturity demonstrates women’s growth and progress in the early 19th cen tury,and inspires modern women to gradually improve in personality and better present their charms of maturity.展开更多
Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Py-GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evol...Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Py-GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evolution of coal. The patterns of hydrocarbon regeneration are diverse at different stages of the maturation and evolution. When the vitrinite reflectance (R0) is 0.7%-0.9%, bitumen is the richest in coal while activation energy is the minimum, and the temperature of peak yield is lower than that of primary hydrocarbon generation. However, if reflectance is greater than 0.9%, defunctionalization predominates and the temperature of peak regeneration is shown in lagging compared with the primary hydrocarbon generation. When reflectance is out of the 'oil window', the peak temperature of hydrocarbon regeneration and that of the primary hydrocarbon generation seems to be continuous.展开更多
As the two important components of shale, organic matter(OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay mi...As the two important components of shale, organic matter(OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay minerals as well as their interrelationship over a wide range of thermal maturities are not completely clear. Taking Yanchang(T3y), Longmaxi(S1l) and Niutitang(?1n) shales as examples, we have studied the microstructure characteristics of OM and clay minerals in shales with different thermal maturities. The effects of clay minerals and OM on pores were reinforced through sedimentation experiments. Using a combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and low-pressure N2 adsorption, we investigated the microstructure differences among the three shales. The results showed that both OM and clay minerals have strong effects on pores, and small mesopore(2–20 nm) is the dominant pore component for all three samples. However, the differences between the three samples are embodied in the distribution of pore size and the location. For the T3y shale, clay minerals are loosely arranged and develop large amounts of pores, and fine OM grains often fill in intergranular minerals or fractures. Widespread OM pores distribute irregularly in S1l shale, and most of the pores are elliptical and nondirectional. The ?1n shale is characterized by the preferred orientational OM-clay aggregates, and lots of pores in the composites are in the mesopore range, suggesting that over maturity lead to the collapse and compaction of pores under huge pressure of strata. The results of the current research imply that with increasing thermal maturity, OM pores are absent at low maturity(T3y), are maximized at high maturity(S1l) and are destroyed or compacted at over-mature stage(?1n). Meanwhile, clay minerals have gone through mineral transformation and orientational evolution. The interaction of the two processes makes a significant difference to the microstructure evolution of OM and clay minerals in shale, and the findings provide scientific foundation in better understanding diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation of shale.展开更多
Tuber starch content and plant maturity are two important agronomic traits of potato. To investigate the complex genetic basis of these traits in the cultivated potato, as well as the relationship between them, we dev...Tuber starch content and plant maturity are two important agronomic traits of potato. To investigate the complex genetic basis of these traits in the cultivated potato, as well as the relationship between them, we developed a linkage map in a tetraploid population of 192 clones derived from the cross Longshu 8 × Zaodabai and mapped quantitative trait loci(QTL) for tuber starch content and plant maturity using data collected in three diverse environments over two years. We detected eleven QTL for tuber starch content distributed on seven chromosomes, of which four, on chromosomes I, II, and VIII, were expressed in at least three environments. For plant maturity, we identified six QTL on chromosomes II, IV,V, VII, and XI, one of which, on chromosome V, showed LOD peaks ranging from 45.2 to 62.5 cM and explained 21.6%–26.6% of phenotypic variation was expressed in five of the six environments. Because the reproducible QTL for plant maturity and tuber starch content mapped to different chromosomes and neither overlapping QTL, nor any genetic interaction between QTL were detected, we infer that tuber starch content and plant maturity are controlled by independent genetic loci. This inference supports the prospect of breeding potato for both early maturity and high starch content.展开更多
The timing of fruit maturity is an important trait in sweet cherry production and breeding.Phenotypic variation for phenology of fruit maturity in sweet cherry appears to be under strong genetic control,but that contr...The timing of fruit maturity is an important trait in sweet cherry production and breeding.Phenotypic variation for phenology of fruit maturity in sweet cherry appears to be under strong genetic control,but that control might be complicated by phenotypic instability across environments.Although such genotype-by-environment interaction(G×E)is a common phenomenon in crop plants,knowledge about it is lacking for fruit maturity timing and other sweet cherry traits.In this study,1673 genome-wide SNP markers were used to estimate genomic relationships among 597 weakly pedigree-connected individuals evaluated over two seasons at three locations in Europe and one location in the USA,thus sampling eight‘environments’.The combined dataset enabled a single meta-analysis to investigate the environmental stability of genomic predictions.Linkage disequilibrium among marker loci declined rapidly with physical distance,and ordination of the relationship matrix suggested no strong structure among germplasm.The most parsimonious G×E model allowed heterogeneous genetic variance and pairwise covariances among environments.Narrow-sense genomic heritability was very high(0.60–0.83),as was accuracy of predicted breeding values(>0.62).Average correlation of additive effects among environments was high(0.96)and breeding values were highly correlated across locations.Results indicated that genomic models can be used in cherry to accurately predict date of fruit maturity for untested individuals in new environments.Limited G×E for this trait indicated that phenotypes of individuals will be stable across similar environments.Equivalent analyses for other sweet cherry traits,for which multiple years of data are commonly available among breeders and cultivar testers,would be informative for predicting performance of elite selections and cultivars in new environments.展开更多
Sweet cherry maturity date and fruit quality are relevant traits for its marketability,transport,and consumer acceptance.In this work,sweet cherry fruit development time,maturity date,and commercial fruit-quality trai...Sweet cherry maturity date and fruit quality are relevant traits for its marketability,transport,and consumer acceptance.In this work,sweet cherry fruit development time,maturity date,and commercial fruit-quality traits(size,weight,firmness,soluble solid content,and titratable acidity)were investigated to improve the knowledge of their genetic control,and to identify alleles of breeding interest.Six sweet cherry populations segregating for these traits were used for QTL analyses.These populations descend from cross-and self-pollinations of local Spanish sweet cherries‘Ambrunés’and‘Cristobalina’,and breed cultivars(‘Brooks’,‘Lambert’,or‘Vic’).The six populations(n=411),previously genotyped with RosBREED Cherry 6 K SNP array,were phenotyped for 2 years.QTL analyses were conducted using a multifamily approach implemented by FlexQTL™.Fruit development time,soluble solid content,and titratable acidity QTLs are first reported in sweet cherry in this work.Significant QTLs were detected for all the traits.Eighteen were more stable as they were detected for 2 years.Of these,nine are first reported in this work.The major QTLs for fruit development time,maturity date,firmness,and soluble solid content were identified on the same narrow region of linkage group 4.These traits also showed significant positive correlation(long fruit development time associated with late maturity,high firmness,and high SSC).NAC transcription factor genes identified on this LG4 region may be candidate genes for the regulation of these traits in sweet cherry,as previously described in syntenic regions of other Rosaceae species.Haplotypes of breeding interest on this LG4 genomic region were identified and will be useful for sweet cherry breeding from this and related plant material.展开更多
Indicators based on the developed version of the Capability Maturity Model were set up to access the maturity degree of China's seven pilot carbon markets from 2013 to 2017. Results show that the maturity degree o...Indicators based on the developed version of the Capability Maturity Model were set up to access the maturity degree of China's seven pilot carbon markets from 2013 to 2017. Results show that the maturity degree of Shenzhen and Beijing pilot carbon markets ranks first;while those of Guangdong, Hubei, and Shanghai rank second. Tianjin and Chongqing rank lowest. Most of pilot markets failed to perform well on price efficiency except Shenzhen. There is significant disparity in the scores that the pilot carbon markets got, with a range from 9 to 73. The drivers to maintain market maturity is different among the pilot markets, either with a good performance on market structure, scale, or efficiency could lead to a certain score. Much could be done to increase the maturity level of the carbon market. Further downscaling the firm size, raising the legislation level, and increasing the participation of the third party entities may help the carbon market to grow healthier.展开更多
Background:The rapid development of the blockchain technology and its various applications has rendered it important to understand the guidelines for adopting it.Methods:The comparative analysis method is used to anal...Background:The rapid development of the blockchain technology and its various applications has rendered it important to understand the guidelines for adopting it.Methods:The comparative analysis method is used to analyze different dimensions of the maturity model,which is mainly based on the commonly used capability maturity model.Results:The blockchain maturity model and its adoption process have been discussed and presented.Conclusions:This study serves as a guide to institutions to make blockchain adoption decisions more systematically.展开更多
Objective:To elucidate the pattern of inheritance and determine the relative magnitude of various genetic effects for maturity and flowering attributes in subtropical maize.Methods: Four white grain maize inbred lines...Objective:To elucidate the pattern of inheritance and determine the relative magnitude of various genetic effects for maturity and flowering attributes in subtropical maize.Methods: Four white grain maize inbred lines from flint group of corn,two with late maturity and two with early maturity,were used.These contrasting inbred lines were crossed to form four crosses.Six generations(P_1,P_2,F_1,F_2,BC_1,and BC_2) were developed for each individual cross.These were evaluated in triplicate trial for two consecutive years.Results:Roth dominance gene action and epistatic interaction played major role in governing inheritance of days to pollen shedding, 50%silking,anlbesis silking interval and maturity.Conclusions:Preponderance of dominance gene action for these traits indicated their usefulness in hybrid programs of subtropical maize.展开更多
Seed shattering is a common problem in early soybean production system (ESPS) in the Midsouth, which mainly uses maturity group (MG) IV soybeans. Many studies have been conducted on the genetics of soybean shattering ...Seed shattering is a common problem in early soybean production system (ESPS) in the Midsouth, which mainly uses maturity group (MG) IV soybeans. Many studies have been conducted on the genetics of soybean shattering resistance for individual varieties;however, information on the physiology of soybean shattering pattern under specific environmental conditions, which is often critical to soybean growers, is very limited. Field experiments were conducted at Stoneville MS from 2007 to 2009 to investigate the shattering patterns of 80-132 MG IV soybean varieties each year. Results from 2007 and 2008 indicated that, when April-planted MG IV soybeans matured in mid- to late August, pods of most soybean varieties did not shatter within the first three weeks after maturity (WAM) and there was no significant shattering effect on final yields. However, differences in pod shattering among the varieties became apparent in the fourth WAM. Late-planted MG IV soybeans, which matured in early September, had a low shattering rate and could hold seeds up to 6 WAM before reaching a critical shattering point. Most soybean varieties planted in April 2009 did not show significant pod shattering by the end of the fourth WAM. The critical point of shattering was not reached until 6 - 7 WAM. Relatively lower temperatures and abundant rainfall during the late growing season in 2009 may be the main reasons causing delayed shattering in April-planted MG IV soybeans. Results from the May-planting of 2007 and the April-planting of 2009 indicated that soybeans maturing after September have much less problematic shattering. Different weather patterns, especially temperature and rainfall in each year could be essential factors affecting seed shattering patterns.展开更多
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a premier fruit crop which ranks in first position of the total fruit industry in Nepal. Studies were conducted to assess the maturity indices and quality parameters of mandarin ...Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a premier fruit crop which ranks in first position of the total fruit industry in Nepal. Studies were conducted to assess the maturity indices and quality parameters of mandarin at three altitudes i.e. 1300 m·asl, 1000 m·asl, and 700 m·asl with six maturity stages i.e. 11 Oct, 21 Oct, 31 Oct, 10 Nov, 20 Nov, and 30 Nov. The most important and reliable judging criteria of fruit maturity in mandarin i.e. fruit weight, external fruit colour, firmness, TSS, acidity, and TSS/Acid ratio, and vitamin C were experimented. The experiment results revealed that 1000 m·asl location was showed the highest fruit weight (104.9 g) and juice percentage (55.23) followed by 1300 m·asl altitude (99.5 g and 53.75% respectively) at 20<sup>th</sup> of November. The maturity advanced at lower altitude with 50 percent yellow orange rind colour, 10.98 TSS/acid ratio and 4 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> firmness from 10<sup>th</sup> November at lower altitudes whereas it was appeared in 20<sup>th</sup> November at higher altitudes. The TSS/acid ratio was significantly higher (10.98) in the fruits of 700 m·asl as compared to 1300 m·asl (9.76) on 10<sup>th</sup> November, however, on 20<sup>th</sup> November 1300 m·asl showed the highest ratio (17.76). The fruit weight, juice content, TSS was found in increasing trends up to 20 November and then showed constant and decreasing trend. However, TA, firmness and vitamin C were showed in decreasing trends with time. The 1000 - 1300 m·asl was the best location for the mandarin production and 10-20 November was the best period for the mandarin harvesting for optimum maturity.展开更多
Thermal maturity is commonly assessed by various geochemical screening methods(e.g.,pyrolysis and organic petrology).In this contribution,we attempt to establish an alternative approach to estimating thermal maturity ...Thermal maturity is commonly assessed by various geochemical screening methods(e.g.,pyrolysis and organic petrology).In this contribution,we attempt to establish an alternative approach to estimating thermal maturity with Raman spectroscopy,using 24 North American oil shale samples with thermal maturity data generated by vitrinite reflectance(VRo%)and pyrolysis(Tmax)-based maturity calculation(VRe%).The representative shale samples are from the Haynesville(East Texas),Woodford(West Texas),Eagle Ford and Pearsall(South Texas)Formations,as well as Gothic,Mancos,and Niobrara Formation shales(all from Colorado).The Raman spectra of disordered carbonaceous matter(D1 and G bands separation)of these samples were directly obtained from the rock chips without prior sample preparation.Using the Gaussian and Lorentzian distribution approach,thermal maturities from VR were correlated with carbon G and D1.We found that the Raman band separation(RBS)displayed a better correlation for equivalent VRe%than vitrinite reflectance VRo%.The RBS(D1–G)distance versus total organic carbon,free hydrocarbons from thermal extraction(S1),and the remaining hydrocarbon generating potential(S2)indicate that the RBS(D1–G)distance is also related to kerogen type.Data presented here from three methods of maturity determination of shale demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is a quick and valid approach to thermal maturity assessment.展开更多
A new sterile line UP-3s, which carries the Dominant Early Maturity Gene (DEMG), was bred on the farm of University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB). UP-3s and two check sterile lines, Jin23-A and Xie-A which do not c...A new sterile line UP-3s, which carries the Dominant Early Maturity Gene (DEMG), was bred on the farm of University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB). UP-3s and two check sterile lines, Jin23-A and Xie-A which do not carry the Dominant Early Maturity Gene, were crossed with a group of different maturity restorer lines, PB-1R, PB-5R,PB11, PB-13R, PB-20, PB-21, PB-22R, and PB-23R. Eighteen new hybrid rice combinations of these crosses were then tested at UAPB in 2012 and 2013. The results showed that panicle differentiation (PD) of hybrids from female parent UP-3s (DEMG) crossed with the 8 male parents, were earlier than the hybrids from female parent Jin23-A or Xie-A crossed with the 8 male parents. The PD of these earlier hybrids was before Jun 25 and heading was before July 20. Early PD and heading avoided the high temperature (over 34°C) period which usually occurs after July 20 in Arkansas. The yields of these earlier maturity hybrids with female parent UP-3s were higher than those of the late maturity hybrids thatwereF1 progeny of sterile lines Jin23-A or Xie-A (these two female parent checks with non-DEMG). These results showed that the DEMG sterile line UP-3s can be adopted in making crosses with later maturity restorer lines to obtain earlier maturity hybrids to avoid the high temperature period in Arkansas.展开更多
文摘The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.
基金This work was supported by the Ministry of Agri-culture of the Czech Republic(project QK1910290)Computational resources were supplied by the project“e-Infrastruktura CZ”(e-INFRA CZ LM2018140)supported by the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic.
文摘In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),quantitative trait loci have been identified for fruit maturity,colour,firmness,and size to develop markers for marker-assisted selection.However,resolution is usually too low in those analyses to directly target candidate genes,and some associations are missed.In contrast,genome-wide association studies are performed on broad collections of accessions,and assemblies of reference sequences from Tieton and Satonishiki cultivars enable identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms after whole-genome sequencing,providing high marker density.Two hundred and thirty-five sweet cherry accessions were sequenced and phenotyped for harvest time and fruit colour,firmness,and size.Genome-wide association studies were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with each trait,which were verified in breeding material consisting of 64 additional accessions.A total of 1767106 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified.At that density,significant single nucleotide polymorphisms could be linked to co-inherited haplotype blocks(median size∼10 kb).Thus,markers were tightly associated with respective phenotypes,and individual allelic combinations of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms provided links to distinct phenotypes.In addition,yellow-fruit accessions were sequenced,and a∼90-kb-deletion on chromosome 3 that included five MYB10 transcription factors was associated with the phenotype.Overall,the study confirmed numerous quantitative trait loci from bi-parental populations using high-diversity accession populations,identified novel associations,and genome-wide association studies reduced the size of trait-associated loci from megabases to kilobases and to a few candidate genes per locus.Thus,a framework is provided to develop molecular markers and evaluate and characterize genes underlying important agronomic traits.
基金financially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA14010102).
文摘A pyrolysis experiment was carried out on a Dongying Depression kerogen sample to separate the resin from the oil. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with a positive-ion detector was used to detect the relative proportional changes in the compounds of the resin. During the whole pyrolysis experiment, the relative ratio of resin exceed 10% of the soluble component at each temperature point. Five compounds were detected from the resin: N1, N1O1, N1O_(2), O1, and O_(2). To research the changes in the proportions of the compounds during pyrolysis clearly, these five compounds were divided into three classes: N1, N1Ox, and Ox. The N1 class has the largest proportion in resin at the beginning of the pyrolysis, while Ox class has the least proportion. And the relationship between the number and the molecular mass of three classes compound was researched. With increasing maturity, the proportion of N1 and the N1Ox class decreased rapidly, while the Ox class increased slowly. Through researching these resin compounds, it was found that an inversion in the proportions of above three compounds appeared at the end of the oil window. At the same time, we found that the DBE and carbon number of resin compounds have changed obviously during the pyrolysis: the DBE increased, while the carbon number decreased significantly. And the details of the change of each compound have been researched. This research extends our knowledge of judging the maturity of crude oil during the pyrolysis through the characteristics of compounds in resin and provides the new index based on resin for the evaluation of thermal evolution stage and hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks.
基金Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42090020,42090025)Major Project of CNPC(2019E-2601)。
文摘Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed the following major conditions of lacustrine shale oil accumulation:(1)stable and widely distributed shale with a high organic abundance and appropriate thermal maturity acts as a fundamental basis for shale oil retention.This shale exhibits several critical parameters,such as total organic carbon content greater than 2%,with optimal values ranging from 3% to 4%,kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ_(1) as the dominant organic matter types,and vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))values greater than 0.9%(0.8% for brackish water environments).(2)Various types of reservoirs exhibiting brittleness and a certain volume of micro-nanoscale pores are critical conditions for shale oil accumulation,and these reservoirs have porosities greater than 3% to 6%.Moreover,when diagenesis is incipient,pure shales are not favorable for medium-to-high maturity shale oil enrichment,whereas tight sandstone and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% are favorable;however,for medium-to-late-stage diagenesis,pure shales with a clay content of 40% are favorable.(3)The retention of a large amount of high-quality hydrocarbons is the factor that best guarantees shale oil accumulation with good mobility.Free hydrocarbon content exceeding a threshold value of 2 mg/g is generally required,and the optimum value is 4 mg/g to 6 mg/g.Moreover,a gas-oil ratio exceeding a threshold value of 80 m^(3)/m^(3) is required,with the optimal value ranging from 150 m^(3)/m^(3) to 300 m^(3)/m^(3).(4)High-quality roof and floor sealing conditions are essential for the shale oil enrichment interval to maintain the overpressure and retain a sufficient amount of hydrocarbons with good quality.Lacustrine shale oil distributions exhibit the following characteristics:(1)major enrichment areas of shale oil are located in semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional areas with external materials,such as volcanic ash fallout,hydrothermal solutions,and radioactive substances with catalytic action,as inputs;(2)intervals with“four high values and one preservation condition”govern the distribution of shale oil enrichment intervals;and(3)favorable assemblages of lithofacies/lithologies determine the distribution of enrichment area.According to preliminary estimates,China has 131×10^(8) to 163×10^(8) t of total shale oil resources with medium-to-high thermal maturity,among which 67×10^(8) to 84×10^(8) t is commercial.These resources are primarily located in the Chang 7^(1+2) interval in the Ordos Basin,Qing 1+2 members in Gulong sag in the Songliao Basin,Kongdian and Shahejie formations of Cangdong sag,Qikou sag and the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,and Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin.
基金King Saud University for funding this work through Researchers Supporting Project Number(RSP-2021/387),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The effectiveness of the Business Intelligence(BI)system mainly depends on the quality of knowledge it produces.The decision-making process is hindered,and the user’s trust is lost,if the knowledge offered is undesired or of poor quality.A Data Warehouse(DW)is a huge collection of data gathered from many sources and an important part of any BI solution to assist management in making better decisions.The Extract,Transform,and Load(ETL)process is the backbone of a DW system,and it is responsible for moving data from source systems into the DW system.The more mature the ETL process the more reliable the DW system.In this paper,we propose the ETL Maturity Model(EMM)that assists organizations in achieving a high-quality ETL system and thereby enhancing the quality of knowledge produced.The EMM is made up of five levels of maturity i.e.,Chaotic,Acceptable,Stable,Efficient and Reliable.Each level of maturity contains Key Process Areas(KPAs)that have been endorsed by industry experts and include all critical features of a good ETL system.Quality Objectives(QOs)are defined procedures that,when implemented,resulted in a high-quality ETL process.Each KPA has its own set of QOs,the execution of which meets the requirements of that KPA.Multiple brainstorming sessions with relevant industry experts helped to enhance the model.EMMwas deployed in two key projects utilizing multiple case studies to supplement the validation process and support our claim.This model can assist organizations in improving their current ETL process and transforming it into a more mature ETL system.This model can also provide high-quality information to assist users inmaking better decisions and gaining their trust.
基金supported partially by the USDA-ARS Research Project#6054-44000-080-00D.
文摘Background Fiber maturity is a key cotton quality property,and its variability in a sample impacts fiber processing and dyeing performance.Currently,the maturity is determined by using established protocols in laboratories under a controlled environment.There is an increasing need to measure fiber maturity using low-cost(in general less than $20000)and small portable systems.In this study,a laboratory feasibility was performed to assess the ability of the shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging(SWIR HSI)technique for determining the conditioned fiber maturity,and as a comparison,a bench-top commercial and expensive(in general greater than $60000)near infrared(NIR)instrument was used.Results Although SWIR HSI and NIR represent different measurement technologies,consistent spectral characteristics were observed between the two instruments when they were used to measure the maturity of the locule fiber samples in seed cotton and of the well-defined fiber samples,respectively.Partial least squares(PLS)models were established using different spectral preprocessing parameters to predict fiber maturity.The high prediction precision was observed by a lower root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)(<0.046),higher R_(p)^(2)(>0.518),and greater percentage(97.0%)of samples within the 95% agreement range in the entire NIR region(1000-2500 nm)without the moisture band at 1940 nm.Conclusion SWIR HSI has a good potential for assessing cotton fiber maturity in a laboratory environment.
文摘Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, affecting approximately 1% of all live births and 10% of all preterm infants. Lamellar bodies represent a storage form of pulmonary surfactant within Type II pneumocytes, secretion of which increases with advancing gestational age, thus enabling prediction of the degree of FLM. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) complicates approximately 1/3 of all preterm births. Birth within 1 week is the most likely outcome for any patient with PPROM in the absence of adjunctive treatments. Respiratory distress has been reported to be the most common complication of preterm birth. Sepsis, intraventricular haemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis also are associated with prematurity, but these are less common near to term. Objective: To assess the efficacy of the amniotic fluid lamellar body counting from a vaginal pool in predicting fetal lung maturity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Methods: This study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital in the emergency ward from January 2019 to September 2019. It included 106 women with singleton pregnancies, gestational age from 28 - 36 weeks with preterm premature rupture of membranes. This study is designed to assess the efficacy of the amniotic fluid lamellar body counting (LBC) from a vaginal pool in predicting fetal lung maturity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Results: The current study revealed a highly significant increase in the lamellar body count in cases giving birth to neonates without RDS compared to that cases giving birth to neonates with RDS. Also, no statistically significant difference between LBC and age, parity and number of previous miscarriages in the mother was found. Gestational age at delivery was significantly lower among cases with respiratory distress. Steroid administration was significantly less frequent among cases with respiratory distress. However, lamellar bodies had high diagnostic performance in the prediction of respiratory distress. Conclusion: Lamellar body count (LBC) is an effective, safe, easy, and cost-effective method to assess fetal lung maturity (FLM). It does not need a highly equipped laboratory or specially trained personnel, it just needs the conventional blood count analyzer. Measurement of LBC is now replacing the conventional Lecithin/Sphyngomyelin L/S ratio. LBC cut-off value of ≤42.5 × 10<sup>3</sup>/μL can be used safely to decide fetal lung maturity with sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 97.6%.
文摘Emma is one of the most successful novels by Jane Austen.This thesis analyzed the background of its heroine Emma’s growth background,her growth from conceit,snobbery,domination to maturity,and the causes of her character transformation.Her psychological growth process from innocence to maturity demonstrates women’s growth and progress in the early 19th cen tury,and inspires modern women to gradually improve in personality and better present their charms of maturity.
基金This project was granted financial support from the China Postdoctoral Science FoundationChinese National Key Science and Technology Project(96-110-01-02).
文摘Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Py-GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evolution of coal. The patterns of hydrocarbon regeneration are diverse at different stages of the maturation and evolution. When the vitrinite reflectance (R0) is 0.7%-0.9%, bitumen is the richest in coal while activation energy is the minimum, and the temperature of peak yield is lower than that of primary hydrocarbon generation. However, if reflectance is greater than 0.9%, defunctionalization predominates and the temperature of peak regeneration is shown in lagging compared with the primary hydrocarbon generation. When reflectance is out of the 'oil window', the peak temperature of hydrocarbon regeneration and that of the primary hydrocarbon generation seems to be continuous.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(“Hundred Talents Program”)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41802143).
文摘As the two important components of shale, organic matter(OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay minerals as well as their interrelationship over a wide range of thermal maturities are not completely clear. Taking Yanchang(T3y), Longmaxi(S1l) and Niutitang(?1n) shales as examples, we have studied the microstructure characteristics of OM and clay minerals in shales with different thermal maturities. The effects of clay minerals and OM on pores were reinforced through sedimentation experiments. Using a combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and low-pressure N2 adsorption, we investigated the microstructure differences among the three shales. The results showed that both OM and clay minerals have strong effects on pores, and small mesopore(2–20 nm) is the dominant pore component for all three samples. However, the differences between the three samples are embodied in the distribution of pore size and the location. For the T3y shale, clay minerals are loosely arranged and develop large amounts of pores, and fine OM grains often fill in intergranular minerals or fractures. Widespread OM pores distribute irregularly in S1l shale, and most of the pores are elliptical and nondirectional. The ?1n shale is characterized by the preferred orientational OM-clay aggregates, and lots of pores in the composites are in the mesopore range, suggesting that over maturity lead to the collapse and compaction of pores under huge pressure of strata. The results of the current research imply that with increasing thermal maturity, OM pores are absent at low maturity(T3y), are maximized at high maturity(S1l) and are destroyed or compacted at over-mature stage(?1n). Meanwhile, clay minerals have gone through mineral transformation and orientational evolution. The interaction of the two processes makes a significant difference to the microstructure evolution of OM and clay minerals in shale, and the findings provide scientific foundation in better understanding diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation of shale.
基金supported by Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-09-P07)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31160299,31760410)
文摘Tuber starch content and plant maturity are two important agronomic traits of potato. To investigate the complex genetic basis of these traits in the cultivated potato, as well as the relationship between them, we developed a linkage map in a tetraploid population of 192 clones derived from the cross Longshu 8 × Zaodabai and mapped quantitative trait loci(QTL) for tuber starch content and plant maturity using data collected in three diverse environments over two years. We detected eleven QTL for tuber starch content distributed on seven chromosomes, of which four, on chromosomes I, II, and VIII, were expressed in at least three environments. For plant maturity, we identified six QTL on chromosomes II, IV,V, VII, and XI, one of which, on chromosome V, showed LOD peaks ranging from 45.2 to 62.5 cM and explained 21.6%–26.6% of phenotypic variation was expressed in five of the six environments. Because the reproducible QTL for plant maturity and tuber starch content mapped to different chromosomes and neither overlapping QTL, nor any genetic interaction between QTL were detected, we infer that tuber starch content and plant maturity are controlled by independent genetic loci. This inference supports the prospect of breeding potato for both early maturity and high starch content.
基金supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture(NIFA)-Specialty Crop Research Initiative project,‘RosBREED:Combining disease resistance with horticultural quality in new rosaceous cultivars’(grant number 2014-51181-22378).
文摘The timing of fruit maturity is an important trait in sweet cherry production and breeding.Phenotypic variation for phenology of fruit maturity in sweet cherry appears to be under strong genetic control,but that control might be complicated by phenotypic instability across environments.Although such genotype-by-environment interaction(G×E)is a common phenomenon in crop plants,knowledge about it is lacking for fruit maturity timing and other sweet cherry traits.In this study,1673 genome-wide SNP markers were used to estimate genomic relationships among 597 weakly pedigree-connected individuals evaluated over two seasons at three locations in Europe and one location in the USA,thus sampling eight‘environments’.The combined dataset enabled a single meta-analysis to investigate the environmental stability of genomic predictions.Linkage disequilibrium among marker loci declined rapidly with physical distance,and ordination of the relationship matrix suggested no strong structure among germplasm.The most parsimonious G×E model allowed heterogeneous genetic variance and pairwise covariances among environments.Narrow-sense genomic heritability was very high(0.60–0.83),as was accuracy of predicted breeding values(>0.62).Average correlation of additive effects among environments was high(0.96)and breeding values were highly correlated across locations.Results indicated that genomic models can be used in cherry to accurately predict date of fruit maturity for untested individuals in new environments.Limited G×E for this trait indicated that phenotypes of individuals will be stable across similar environments.Equivalent analyses for other sweet cherry traits,for which multiple years of data are commonly available among breeders and cultivar testers,would be informative for predicting performance of elite selections and cultivars in new environments.
基金funded by Spanish Government‘Ministerio de Economía Industria y Competitividad,’‘Agencia Estatal de Investigación’(AEI),and‘Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentiaria(INIA)’by research projects RTA2015-00027-00-00,and RFP2015-00015-00-00,and FEDER funds,and by‘Grupo de Investigación de la Comunidad de Aragón’A12-17R(‘Fruticultura.Caracterización,Adaptación y Mejora Genética’)of‘Departamento de Innovación,Investigación y Universidad,’‘Gobierno de Aragón.’AC was funded by‘Departamento de Innovación,Investigación y Universidad.
文摘Sweet cherry maturity date and fruit quality are relevant traits for its marketability,transport,and consumer acceptance.In this work,sweet cherry fruit development time,maturity date,and commercial fruit-quality traits(size,weight,firmness,soluble solid content,and titratable acidity)were investigated to improve the knowledge of their genetic control,and to identify alleles of breeding interest.Six sweet cherry populations segregating for these traits were used for QTL analyses.These populations descend from cross-and self-pollinations of local Spanish sweet cherries‘Ambrunés’and‘Cristobalina’,and breed cultivars(‘Brooks’,‘Lambert’,or‘Vic’).The six populations(n=411),previously genotyped with RosBREED Cherry 6 K SNP array,were phenotyped for 2 years.QTL analyses were conducted using a multifamily approach implemented by FlexQTL™.Fruit development time,soluble solid content,and titratable acidity QTLs are first reported in sweet cherry in this work.Significant QTLs were detected for all the traits.Eighteen were more stable as they were detected for 2 years.Of these,nine are first reported in this work.The major QTLs for fruit development time,maturity date,firmness,and soluble solid content were identified on the same narrow region of linkage group 4.These traits also showed significant positive correlation(long fruit development time associated with late maturity,high firmness,and high SSC).NAC transcription factor genes identified on this LG4 region may be candidate genes for the regulation of these traits in sweet cherry,as previously described in syntenic regions of other Rosaceae species.Haplotypes of breeding interest on this LG4 genomic region were identified and will be useful for sweet cherry breeding from this and related plant material.
基金We thank Miss DENG Ying-Ying for data collection. This work was funded by the National Key Research and Devel opment Program of China (2018YFC1509008) and the Na tional Natural Science Foundation of China (41401058).
文摘Indicators based on the developed version of the Capability Maturity Model were set up to access the maturity degree of China's seven pilot carbon markets from 2013 to 2017. Results show that the maturity degree of Shenzhen and Beijing pilot carbon markets ranks first;while those of Guangdong, Hubei, and Shanghai rank second. Tianjin and Chongqing rank lowest. Most of pilot markets failed to perform well on price efficiency except Shenzhen. There is significant disparity in the scores that the pilot carbon markets got, with a range from 9 to 73. The drivers to maintain market maturity is different among the pilot markets, either with a good performance on market structure, scale, or efficiency could lead to a certain score. Much could be done to increase the maturity level of the carbon market. Further downscaling the firm size, raising the legislation level, and increasing the participation of the third party entities may help the carbon market to grow healthier.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71601090).
文摘Background:The rapid development of the blockchain technology and its various applications has rendered it important to understand the guidelines for adopting it.Methods:The comparative analysis method is used to analyze different dimensions of the maturity model,which is mainly based on the commonly used capability maturity model.Results:The blockchain maturity model and its adoption process have been discussed and presented.Conclusions:This study serves as a guide to institutions to make blockchain adoption decisions more systematically.
文摘Objective:To elucidate the pattern of inheritance and determine the relative magnitude of various genetic effects for maturity and flowering attributes in subtropical maize.Methods: Four white grain maize inbred lines from flint group of corn,two with late maturity and two with early maturity,were used.These contrasting inbred lines were crossed to form four crosses.Six generations(P_1,P_2,F_1,F_2,BC_1,and BC_2) were developed for each individual cross.These were evaluated in triplicate trial for two consecutive years.Results:Roth dominance gene action and epistatic interaction played major role in governing inheritance of days to pollen shedding, 50%silking,anlbesis silking interval and maturity.Conclusions:Preponderance of dominance gene action for these traits indicated their usefulness in hybrid programs of subtropical maize.
文摘Seed shattering is a common problem in early soybean production system (ESPS) in the Midsouth, which mainly uses maturity group (MG) IV soybeans. Many studies have been conducted on the genetics of soybean shattering resistance for individual varieties;however, information on the physiology of soybean shattering pattern under specific environmental conditions, which is often critical to soybean growers, is very limited. Field experiments were conducted at Stoneville MS from 2007 to 2009 to investigate the shattering patterns of 80-132 MG IV soybean varieties each year. Results from 2007 and 2008 indicated that, when April-planted MG IV soybeans matured in mid- to late August, pods of most soybean varieties did not shatter within the first three weeks after maturity (WAM) and there was no significant shattering effect on final yields. However, differences in pod shattering among the varieties became apparent in the fourth WAM. Late-planted MG IV soybeans, which matured in early September, had a low shattering rate and could hold seeds up to 6 WAM before reaching a critical shattering point. Most soybean varieties planted in April 2009 did not show significant pod shattering by the end of the fourth WAM. The critical point of shattering was not reached until 6 - 7 WAM. Relatively lower temperatures and abundant rainfall during the late growing season in 2009 may be the main reasons causing delayed shattering in April-planted MG IV soybeans. Results from the May-planting of 2007 and the April-planting of 2009 indicated that soybeans maturing after September have much less problematic shattering. Different weather patterns, especially temperature and rainfall in each year could be essential factors affecting seed shattering patterns.
文摘Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is a premier fruit crop which ranks in first position of the total fruit industry in Nepal. Studies were conducted to assess the maturity indices and quality parameters of mandarin at three altitudes i.e. 1300 m·asl, 1000 m·asl, and 700 m·asl with six maturity stages i.e. 11 Oct, 21 Oct, 31 Oct, 10 Nov, 20 Nov, and 30 Nov. The most important and reliable judging criteria of fruit maturity in mandarin i.e. fruit weight, external fruit colour, firmness, TSS, acidity, and TSS/Acid ratio, and vitamin C were experimented. The experiment results revealed that 1000 m·asl location was showed the highest fruit weight (104.9 g) and juice percentage (55.23) followed by 1300 m·asl altitude (99.5 g and 53.75% respectively) at 20<sup>th</sup> of November. The maturity advanced at lower altitude with 50 percent yellow orange rind colour, 10.98 TSS/acid ratio and 4 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> firmness from 10<sup>th</sup> November at lower altitudes whereas it was appeared in 20<sup>th</sup> November at higher altitudes. The TSS/acid ratio was significantly higher (10.98) in the fruits of 700 m·asl as compared to 1300 m·asl (9.76) on 10<sup>th</sup> November, however, on 20<sup>th</sup> November 1300 m·asl showed the highest ratio (17.76). The fruit weight, juice content, TSS was found in increasing trends up to 20 November and then showed constant and decreasing trend. However, TA, firmness and vitamin C were showed in decreasing trends with time. The 1000 - 1300 m·asl was the best location for the mandarin production and 10-20 November was the best period for the mandarin harvesting for optimum maturity.
基金partially supported by the Graduate Student Research Grants from the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies (GCAGS)American Association of Petroleum Geologist (AAPG)by the University of Texas at Arlington and by the Pioneer Natural Resources
文摘Thermal maturity is commonly assessed by various geochemical screening methods(e.g.,pyrolysis and organic petrology).In this contribution,we attempt to establish an alternative approach to estimating thermal maturity with Raman spectroscopy,using 24 North American oil shale samples with thermal maturity data generated by vitrinite reflectance(VRo%)and pyrolysis(Tmax)-based maturity calculation(VRe%).The representative shale samples are from the Haynesville(East Texas),Woodford(West Texas),Eagle Ford and Pearsall(South Texas)Formations,as well as Gothic,Mancos,and Niobrara Formation shales(all from Colorado).The Raman spectra of disordered carbonaceous matter(D1 and G bands separation)of these samples were directly obtained from the rock chips without prior sample preparation.Using the Gaussian and Lorentzian distribution approach,thermal maturities from VR were correlated with carbon G and D1.We found that the Raman band separation(RBS)displayed a better correlation for equivalent VRe%than vitrinite reflectance VRo%.The RBS(D1–G)distance versus total organic carbon,free hydrocarbons from thermal extraction(S1),and the remaining hydrocarbon generating potential(S2)indicate that the RBS(D1–G)distance is also related to kerogen type.Data presented here from three methods of maturity determination of shale demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy is a quick and valid approach to thermal maturity assessment.
文摘A new sterile line UP-3s, which carries the Dominant Early Maturity Gene (DEMG), was bred on the farm of University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB). UP-3s and two check sterile lines, Jin23-A and Xie-A which do not carry the Dominant Early Maturity Gene, were crossed with a group of different maturity restorer lines, PB-1R, PB-5R,PB11, PB-13R, PB-20, PB-21, PB-22R, and PB-23R. Eighteen new hybrid rice combinations of these crosses were then tested at UAPB in 2012 and 2013. The results showed that panicle differentiation (PD) of hybrids from female parent UP-3s (DEMG) crossed with the 8 male parents, were earlier than the hybrids from female parent Jin23-A or Xie-A crossed with the 8 male parents. The PD of these earlier hybrids was before Jun 25 and heading was before July 20. Early PD and heading avoided the high temperature (over 34°C) period which usually occurs after July 20 in Arkansas. The yields of these earlier maturity hybrids with female parent UP-3s were higher than those of the late maturity hybrids thatwereF1 progeny of sterile lines Jin23-A or Xie-A (these two female parent checks with non-DEMG). These results showed that the DEMG sterile line UP-3s can be adopted in making crosses with later maturity restorer lines to obtain earlier maturity hybrids to avoid the high temperature period in Arkansas.
