Neurological disorders are a diverse group of conditions that affect the nervous system and include neurodegenerative diseases(Alzheimer’s disease,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease),cerebr...Neurological disorders are a diverse group of conditions that affect the nervous system and include neurodegenerative diseases(Alzheimer’s disease,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease),cerebrovascular conditions(stroke),and neurodevelopmental disorders(autism spectrum disorder).Although they affect millions of individuals around the world,only a limited number of effective treatment options are available today.Since most neurological disorders express mitochondria-related metabolic perturbations,metformin,a biguanide type II antidiabetic drug,has attracted a lot of attention to be repurposed to treat neurological disorders by correcting their perturbed energy metabolism.However,controversial research emerges regarding the beneficial/detrimental effects of metformin on these neurological disorders.Given that most neurological disorders have complex etiology in their pathophysiology and are influenced by various risk factors such as aging,lifestyle,genetics,and environment,it is important to identify perturbed molecular functions that can be targeted by metformin in these neurological disorders.These molecules can then be used as biomarkers to stratify subpopulations of patients who show distinct molecular/pathological properties and can respond to metformin treatment,ultimately developing targeted therapy.In this review,we will discuss mitochondria-related metabolic perturbations and impaired molecular pathways in these neurological disorders and how these can be used as biomarkers to guide metformin-responsive treatment for the targeted therapy to treat neurological disorders.展开更多
Previous studies have reported upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in different central nervous system injury models.Heme oxygenase-1 plays a critical anti-inflammatory role and is essential for regulating cellular redox...Previous studies have reported upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in different central nervous system injury models.Heme oxygenase-1 plays a critical anti-inflammatory role and is essential for regulating cellular redox homeostasis.Metformin is a classic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes that can inhibit ferroptosis.Previous studies have shown that,when used to treat cardiovascular and digestive system diseases,metformin can also upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression.Therefore,we hypothesized that heme oxygenase-1 plays a significant role in mediating the beneficial effects of metformin on neuronal ferroptosis after spinal cord injury.To test this,we first performed a bioinformatics analysis based on the GEO database and found that heme oxygenase-1 was upregulated in the lesion of rats with spinal cord injury.Next,we confirmed this finding in a rat model of T9 spinal cord compression injury that exhibited spinal cord nerve cell ferroptosis.Continuous intraperitoneal injection of metformin for 14 days was found to both upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression and reduce neuronal ferroptosis in rats with spinal cord injury.Subsequently,we used a lentivirus vector to knock down heme oxygenase-1 expression in the spinal cord,and found that this significantly reduced the effect of metformin on ferroptosis after spinal cord injury.Taken together,these findings suggest that metformin inhibits neuronal ferroptosis after spinal cord injury,and that this effect is partially dependent on upregulation of heme oxygenase-1.展开更多
BACKGROUND Most patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(pNETs)die due to tumor progression.Therefore,identifying new therapies with low toxicity and good tolerability to use concomitantly with the esta...BACKGROUND Most patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(pNETs)die due to tumor progression.Therefore,identifying new therapies with low toxicity and good tolerability to use concomitantly with the established pNET treatment is relevant.In this perspective,metformin is emerging as a molecule of interest.Retrospective studies have described metformin,a widely used agent for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),to be effective in modulating different tumor-related events,including cancer incidence,recurrence and survival by inhibiting mTOR phosphorylation.This systematic review evaluates the role of T2DM and metformin in the insurgence and post-treatment outcomes in patients with pNET.AIM To systematically analyze and summarize evidence related to the diagnostic and prognostic value of T2DM and metformin for predicting the insurgence and posttreatment outcomes of pNET.METHODS A systematic review of the published literature was undertaken,focusing on the role of T2DM and metformin in insurgence and prognosis of pNET,measured through outcomes of tumor-free survival(TFS),overall survival and progression free survival.RESULTS A total of 13 studies(5674 patients)were included in this review.Analysis of 809 pNET cases from five retrospective studies(low study heterogeneity with I^(2)=0%)confirms the correlation between T2DM and insurgence of pNET(OR=2.13,95%CI=1.56-4.55;P<0.001).The pooled data from 1174 pNET patients showed the correlation between T2DM and post-treatment TFS in pNET patients(hazard ratio=1.84,95%CI=0.78-2.90;P<0.001).The study heterogeneity was intermediate,with I^(2)=51%.A few studies limited the possibility of performing pooled analysis in the setting of metformin;therefore,results were heterogeneous,with no statistical relevance to the use of this drug in the diagnosis and prognosis of pNET.CONCLUSION T2DM represents a risk factor for the insurgence of pNET and is a significant predictor of poor post-treatment TFS of pNET patients.Unfortunately,a few studies with heterogeneous results limited the possibility of exploring the effect of metformin in the diagnosis and prognosis of pNET.展开更多
Despite decades of laboratory and clinical trials,breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer-related disease burden in women.Considering the metabolism destruction effect of metformin(Met)and cancer cell starvatio...Despite decades of laboratory and clinical trials,breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer-related disease burden in women.Considering the metabolism destruction effect of metformin(Met)and cancer cell starvation induced by glucose oxidase(GOx),after their efficient delivery to tumor sites,GOx and Met may consume a large amount of glucose and produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide in situ.Herein,a pH-responsive epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)-conjugated low-molecular-weight chitosan(LC-EGCG,LE)nanoparticle(Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs)was constructed.The coordination between iron ions(Fe3+)and EGCG in this nanoplatform can enhance the efficacy of chemodynamic therapy via the Fenton reaction.Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs allow GOx to retain its enzymatic activity while simultaneously improving its stability.Moreover,this pH-responsive nanoplatform presents controllable drug release behavior.An in vivo biodistribution study showed that the intracranial accumulation of GOx delivered by this nanoplatform was 3.6-fold higher than that of the free drug.The in vivo anticancer results indicated that this metabolism destruction/starvation/chemodynamic triple-combination therapy could induce increased apoptosis/death of tumor cells and reduce their proliferation.This triple-combination therapy approach is promising for efficient and targeted cancer treatment.展开更多
The occurrence of benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH)was related to disrupted sex steroid hormones,and metformin(Met)had a clinical response to sex steroid hormone-related gynaecological disease.However,whether Met exert...The occurrence of benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH)was related to disrupted sex steroid hormones,and metformin(Met)had a clinical response to sex steroid hormone-related gynaecological disease.However,whether Met exerts an antiproliferative effect on BPH via sex steroid hormones remains unclear.Here,our clinical study showed that along with prostatic epithelial cell(PEC)proliferation,sex steroid hormones were dysregulated in the serum and prostate of BPH patients.As the major contributor to dysregulated sex steroid hormones,elevated dihydrotestosterone(DHT)had a significant positive relationship with the clinical characteristics of BPH patients.Activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK)by Met restored dysregulated sex steroid hormone homeostasis and exerted antiproliferative effects against DHT-induced proliferation by inhibiting the formation of androgen receptor(AR)-mediated Yes-associated protein(YAP1)-TEA domain transcription factor(TEAD4)heterodimers.Met’s anti-proliferative effects were blocked by AMPK inhibitor or YAP1 overexpression in DHT-cultured BPH-1 cells.Our findings indicated that Met would be a promising clinical therapeutic approach for BPH by inhibiting dysregulated steroid hormone-induced PEC proliferation.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of medroxyprogesterone acetate(MA)plus metformin as the primary fertility-sparing treatment for atypical endometrial hyperplasia(AEH)and early-stage grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinom...Objective To evaluate the efficacy of medroxyprogesterone acetate(MA)plus metformin as the primary fertility-sparing treatment for atypical endometrial hyperplasia(AEH)and early-stage grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma(G1 EAC)and the recurrence rate after treatment.Methods Sixty patients(aged 20-42 years)with AEH and/or grade 1 EAC limited to the endometrium were enrolled prospectively and randomized into two groups(n=30)to receive oral MA treatment at the daily dose of 160 mg(control)or MA plus oral metformin(850 mg,twice a day)for at least 6 months.The treatment could extend to 12 months until a complete response(CR)was achieved,and follow-up hysteroscopy and curettage were performed every 3 months.For all the patients who achieved CR,endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1,p-Akt and p-AMPK were detected immunohistochemically.Results A total of 58 patients completed the treatment.After 9 months of treatment,23(76.7%)patients in the combined treatment group and 20(71.4%)in the control group achieved CR;two patients in the control group achieved CR after converting to the combined treatment.The recurrence rate did not differ significantly between the control group and combined treatment group(30.0%vs 22.7%,P>0.05).Ten(35.7%)patients in the control group experienced significant weight gain of 5.7±6.1 kg,while none of the patients receiving the combined treatment exhibited significant body weight changes.Compared with the control group,the patients receiving the combined treatment showed enhanced endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1 and p-AMPK with lowered p-Akt expression.Conclusion Metformin combined with MA may provide an effective option for fertility-sparing treatment of AEH and grade 1 stage IA EAC,and the clinical benefits of metformin for controlling MA-induced weight gain and promoting endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1 and p-AMPK while inhibiting p-Akt expression warrants further study.展开更多
Objective The metabolic reprogramming of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)cells is a compensatory adaptation to meet energy requirements for rapid proliferation.This study aimed to examine the synergistic effects of glutami...Objective The metabolic reprogramming of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)cells is a compensatory adaptation to meet energy requirements for rapid proliferation.This study aimed to examine the synergistic effects of glutamine deprivation and metformin exposure on AML cells.Methods SKM-1 cells(an AML cell line)were subjected to glutamine deprivation and/or treatment with metformin or bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide(BPTES,a glutaminase inhibitor)or cytarabine.Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay,and cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species(ROS)by flow cytometry.Western blotting was conducted to examine the levels of apoptotic proteins,including cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP).Moreover,the human long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)microarray was used to analyze gene expression after glutamine deprivation,and results were confirmed with quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR).The expression of metallothionein 2A(MT2A)was suppressed using siRNA.Cell growth and apoptosis were further detected by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry,respectively,in cells with MT2A knockdown.Results Glutamine deprivation or treatment with BPTES inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in SKM-1 cells.The lncRNA microarray result showed that the expression of MT family genes was significantly upregulated after glutamine deprivation.MT2A knockdown increased apoptosis,while proliferation was not affected in SKM-1 cells.In addition,metformin inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in SKM-1 cells.Both glutamine deprivation and metformin enhanced the sensitivity of SKM-1 cells to cytarabine.Furthermore,the combination of glutamine deprivation with metformin exhibited synergistic antileukemia effects on SKM-1 cells.Conclusion Targeting glutamine metabolism in combination with metformin is a promising new therapeutic strategy for AML.展开更多
Intracellular communications between breast cancer and fibroblast cells were reported to be involved in cancer proliferation,growth,and therapy resitance.The hallmarks of cancer fibroblast interactions,consisting of c...Intracellular communications between breast cancer and fibroblast cells were reported to be involved in cancer proliferation,growth,and therapy resitance.The hallmarks of cancer fibroblast interactions,consisting of caveolin 1(Cav1)and mono-carboxylate ransporter 4(MCT4)(metabolic coupling markers),along with IL-6,TGFB,and lactate secretion,are considered robust biomarkers predicting recurrence and metastasis.In order to promote a novel phenotype in normal fibroblasts,we predicted that breast cancer cells could be able to cause loss of Cavl and increase of MCT4,as well as elevate IL 6 and TGF in nearby nomal fibroblasts.We created a co culture model using breast cancer(4T1)and normal fibroblast(NIH3T3)cell lines cultured under specific experimental conditions in order to directly test our theory.Moreover,we show that long-term co-culture of breast cancer cells and normal fibroblasts promotes loss of Cavl and gain of MCT4 in adjacent fibroblasts and increase lactate secretion.These results were validated using the monoculture of each group separately as a control.In this system,we show that me tformin inhibits IL-6 and TGFB secretion and re expresses Cavl in both cells.However,MCT4 and lactate stayed high after treatment with metformin.In conclusion,our work shows that co-culture with breast cancer cells may cause signifcant alterations in the phenotype and secretion of normal fibroblasts.Metformin,however,may change this state and affect fibroblasts'acquired phenotypes.Moreover,mitochondrial inhibition by metformin after 8 days of treatment,signi ficantly hinders tumor growth in mouse model of breast cancer.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide,significantly impacting patients'quality of life.Current treatment options like metformin(MET)effectively counteract hyperglycemia...BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide,significantly impacting patients'quality of life.Current treatment options like metformin(MET)effectively counteract hyperglycemia but fail to alleviate diabetes-associated complications such as retinopathy,neuropathy,nephropathy,hepatopathy,and cardiovascular diseases.AIM To propose the supplementation of cholecalciferol(CHO)and taurine(TAU)to enhance MET efficacy in controlling diabetes while minimizing the risk of associated complications.METHODS The study involved sixty rats,including ten non-diabetic control rats and fifty experimental rats with type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin.The experimental rats were further subdivided into positive control and treatment subgroups.The four treatment groups were randomly allocated to a single MET treatment or MET combined with supplements either CHO,TAU,or both.RESULTS Diabetic rats exhibited elevated levels of glucose,insulin,Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance(HOMA-IR),glycated hemoglobin percentage,lipid markers,aspartate aminotransferase,and malondialdehyde,along with reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes(catalase and superoxide dismutase).The administration of CHO and TAU supplements alongside MET in diabetic rats led to a noticeable recovery of islet mass.The antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,and anti-apoptotic properties of the proposed combination therapy significantly ameliorated the aforementioned abnormalities.CONCLUSION The supplementation of CHO and TAU with MET showed the potential to significantly improve metabolic parameters and protect against diabetic complications through its antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,and antiapoptotic effects.展开更多
BACKGROUND Colorectal polyps are frequently observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM),posing a significant risk for colorectal cancer.Metformin,a widely prescribed biguanidine drug for type 2 DM,has been ...BACKGROUND Colorectal polyps are frequently observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM),posing a significant risk for colorectal cancer.Metformin,a widely prescribed biguanidine drug for type 2 DM,has been suggested to have potential chemoprophylactic effects against various cancers.AIM To explore the correlation between colorectal polyps and metformin use in type 2 DM patients.METHODS Type 2 DM patients were categorized into polyp and non-polyp groups.Following this,all patients were categorized into the type 2 DM-metformin,type 2 DM-non-metformin,and non-type 2 DM groups.Based on the baseline colonoscopy results,we performed pairwise comparisons of the incidence of colorectal polyps among the three groups.Additionally,we analyzed the relationship between colorectal polyps and the duration of metformin use and between the size and number of polyps and metformin use.Simultaneously,we focused on the specific pathological types of polyps and analyzed their relationship with metformin use.Finally,we compared the incidence of polyps between metformin and non-metformin groups according to the interval colonoscopy results.RESULTS The rate of metformin use in patients with colorectal polyps was 0.502 times that of patients without colorectal polyps[odds ratio(OR)=0.502,95%confidence interval(CI):0.365-0.689;P<0.001].The incidence of colorectal polyps did not differ significantly between the type 2 DM-metformin and non-type 2 DM groups(P>0.05).Furthermore,the correlations between the duration of metformin use and the incidence of colorectal polyps and between the size and number of polyps and metformin use were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Metformin use did not affect the incidence of colorectal polyps during interval colonoscopy(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Metformin use and colorectal polyp incidence in type 2 DM patients showed a negative correlation,independent of the hypoglycemic effect of metformin.展开更多
Background:Metformin has pleiotropic effects beyond glucose reduction,including tumor inhibition and immune regulation.It enhanced the anti-tumor effects of programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)inhibitors in serine/th...Background:Metformin has pleiotropic effects beyond glucose reduction,including tumor inhibition and immune regulation.It enhanced the anti-tumor effects of programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)inhibitors in serine/threonine kinase 11(STK11)mutant non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)through an axis inhibition protein 1(AXIN1)-dependent manner.However,the alterations of tumor metabolism and metabolites upon metformin administration remain unclear.Methods:We performed untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography(LC)-mass spectrometry(MS)/MS system and conducted cell experiments to verify the results of bioinformatics analysis.Results:According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway database,most metabolites were annotated into metabolism,including nucleotide metabolism.Next,the differentially expressed metabolites in H460(refers to H460 cells),H460_met(refers to metformin-treated H460 cells),and H460_KO_met(refers to metformin-treated Axin1-/-H460 cells)were distributed into six clusters based on expression patterns.The clusters with a reversed expression pattern upon metformin treatment were selected for further analysis.We screened out metabolic pathways through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and found that multiple nucleotide metabolites enriched in this pathway were upregulated.Furthermore,these metabolites enhanced the cytotoxicity of activated T cells on H460 cells in vitro and can activate the stimulator of the interferon genes(STING)pathway independently of AXIN1.Conclusion:Relying on AXIN1,metformin upregulated multiple nucleotide metabolites which promoted STING signaling and the killing of activated T cells in STK11 mutant NSCLC,indicating a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for STK11 mutant NSCLC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation(LT)is a potentially curative therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).HCC-recurrence following LT is associated with reduced survival.There is increasing interest in che...BACKGROUND Liver transplantation(LT)is a potentially curative therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).HCC-recurrence following LT is associated with reduced survival.There is increasing interest in chemoprophylaxis to improve HCC-related outcomes post-LT.AIM To investigate whether there is any benefit for the use of drugs with proposed chemoprophylactic properties against HCC,and patient outcomes following LT.METHODS This was a retrospective study of adult patients who received Deceased Donor LT for HCC from 2005-2022,from a single Australian centre.Drug use was defined as statin,aspirin or metformin therapy for≥29 days,within 24 months post-LT.A cox proportional-hazards model with time-dependent covariates was used for survival analysis.Outcome measures were the composite-endpoint of HCC-recurrence and all-cause mortality,HCC-recurrence and HCC-related mortality.Sensitivity analysis was performed to account for immortality time bias and statin dosing.RESULTS Three hundred and five patients were included in this study,with 253(82.95%)males with a median age of 58.90 years.Aetiologies of liver disease were 150(49.18%)hepatitis C,73(23.93%)hepatitis B(HBV)and 33(10.82%)non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).56(18.36%)took statins,51(16.72%)aspirin and 50(16.39%)metformin.During a median follow-up time of 59.90 months,34(11.15%)developed HCC-recurrence,48(15.74%)died,17(5.57%)from HCC-related mortality.Statin,aspirin or metformin use was not associated with statistically significant differences in the composite endpoint of HCC-recurrence or all-cause mortality[hazard ratio(HR):1.16,95%CI:0.58-2.30;HR:1.21,95%CI:0.28-5.27;HR:0.61,95%CI:0.27-1.36],HCC-recurrence(HR:0.52,95%CI:0.20-1.35;HR:0.51,95%CI:0.14-1.93;HR 1.00,95%CI:0.37-2.72),or HCC-related mortality(HR:0.32,95%CI:0.033-3.09;HR:0.71,95%CI:0.14-3.73;HR:1.57,95%CI:0.61-4.04)respectively.Statin dosing was not associated with statist-ically significant differences in HCC-related outcomes.CONCLUSION Statin,metformin or aspirin use was not associated with improved HCC-related outcomes post-LT,in a largely historical cohort of Australian patients with a low proportion of NAFLD.Further prospective,multicentre studies are required to clarify any potential benefit of these drugs to improve HCC-related outcomes.展开更多
Background:Both simvastatin and metformin have demonstrated potential efficacy in osteoporosis(OP)treatment.However,there is a lack of systematic studies comparing their anti-osteoporotic effects.This study aims to co...Background:Both simvastatin and metformin have demonstrated potential efficacy in osteoporosis(OP)treatment.However,there is a lack of systematic studies comparing their anti-osteoporotic effects.This study aims to compare the effects of simvastatin and metformin on OP through Mendelian randomization(MR)studies and animal experiments.Methods:Initially,we will analyze the causal impact of simvastatin or metformin treatment on OP prevalence and three common clinical OP diagnostic markers(bone mineral density(BMD),serum osteocalcin(OCN),and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)levels)using genome-wide association study(GWAS)summary statistics.Additionally,we established animal models to further analyze and compare the anti-osteoporosis effects of simvastatin and metformin.8 male C57BL/6J mice(3-month-old)and 24 male C57BL/6J mice(18-month-old)were treated with simvastatin or metformin for 12 weeks.OP pathology was assessed using histology,immunohistochemistry,biomechanical tests,micro-computed tomography,and osteogenic differentiation assays.Results:In the MR analysis,metformin treatment was significantly associated with lower OP prevalence(OR(95%CI)=0.933(0.902–0.965),β=-0.0694,P<0.001)and higher BMD(OR(95%CI)=3.719(1.750–7.908),β=1.3136,P<0.001).In the animal experiment,both drugs increased bone mass,improved bone microstructure,and promoted osteoblast differentiation.However,metformin appeared more effective in several aspects.It significantly inhibited bone marrow adipocyte and osteoclast differentiation in aged mice compared to simvastatin.Additionally,metformin better promoted the expression of osteoprotegerin(OPG)and collagen type I(Col-I)in bone tissue and maintained the structure and biomechanical properties of cancellous bone.Conclusion:Both drugs significantly preserved bone homeostasis.Particularly,compared with simvastatin,metformin exhibited superior effects in inhibiting adipogenesis,enhancing the OPG/RANKL pathway,and promoting cancellous bone reconstruction.Metformin may serve as a valuable adjunct in preventing and treating OP in the elderly.展开更多
The development of chemoresistance which results in a poor prognosis often renders current treatments for colorectal cancer(CRC).In this study,we identified reduced microvessel density(MVD)and vascular immaturity resu...The development of chemoresistance which results in a poor prognosis often renders current treatments for colorectal cancer(CRC).In this study,we identified reduced microvessel density(MVD)and vascular immaturity resulting from endothelial apoptosis as therapeutic targets for overcoming chemoresistance.We focused on the effect of metformin on MVD,vascular maturity,and endothelial apoptosis of CRCs with a non-angiogenic phenotype,and further investigated its effect in overcoming chemoresistance.In situ transplanted cancer models were established to compare MVD,endothelial apoptosis and vascular maturity,and function in tumors from metformin-and vehicle-treated mice.An in vitro co-culture system was used to observe the effects of metformin on tumor cell-induced endothelial apoptosis.Transcriptome sequencing was performed for genetic screening.Non-angiogenic CRC developed independently of angiogenesis and was characterized by vascular leakage,immaturity,reduced MVD,and non-hypoxia.This phenomenon had also been observed in human CRC.Furthermore,non-angiogenic CRCs showed a worse response to chemotherapeutic drugs in vivo than in vitro.By suppressing endothelial apoptosis,metformin sensitized non-angiogenic CRCs to chemo-drugs via elevation of MVD and improvement of vascular maturity.Further results showed that endothelial apoptosis was induced by tumor cells via activation of caspase signaling,which was abrogated by metformin administration.These findings provide pre-clinical evidence for the involvement of endothelial apoptosis and subsequent vascular immaturity in the chemoresistance of non-angiogenic CRC.By suppressing endothelial apoptosis,metformin restores vascular maturity and function and sensitizes CRC to chemotherapeutic drugs via a vascular mechanism.展开更多
Treatment with metformin can lead to the recovery of pleiotropic biological activities after spinal cord injury.However,its effect on spinal cord injury in aged mice remains unclear.Considering the essential role of a...Treatment with metformin can lead to the recovery of pleiotropic biological activities after spinal cord injury.However,its effect on spinal cord injury in aged mice remains unclear.Considering the essential role of angiogenesis during the regeneration process,we hypothesized that metformin activates the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway in endothelial cells,thereby promoting microvascular regeneration in aged mice after spinal cord injury.In this study,we established young and aged mouse models of contusive spinal cord injury using a modified Allen method.We found that aging hindered the recovery of neurological function and the formation of blood vessels in the spinal cord.Treatment with metformin promoted spinal cord microvascular endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation in vitro.Furthermore,intraperitoneal injection of metformin in an in vivo model promoted endothelial cell proliferation and increased the density of new blood vessels in the spinal cord,thereby improving neurological function.The role of metformin was reversed by compound C,an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor,both in vivo and in vitro,suggesting that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway likely regulates metformin-mediated angiogenesis after spinal cord injury.These findings suggest that metformin promotes vascular regeneration in the injured spinal cord by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway,thereby improving the neurological function of aged mice after spinal cord injury.展开更多
Cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)are one of the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment which mediate desmoplastic response and are the primary driver for an immunosuppressive microenvironment,lead...Cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)are one of the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment which mediate desmoplastic response and are the primary driver for an immunosuppressive microenvironment,leading to the failure of triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)immunotherapy.Therefore,depleting CAFs may enhance the effect of immunotherapy(such as PD-L1 antibody).Relaxin(RLN)has been demonstrated to significantly improve transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)induced CAFs activation and tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment.However,the short half-life and systemic vasodilation of RLN limit its in vivo efficacy.Here,plasmid encoding relaxin(pRLN)to locally express RLN was delivered with a new positively charged polymer named polymeric metformin(PolyMet),which could increase gene transfer efficiency significantly and have low toxicity that have been certified by our lab before.In order to improve the stability of pRLN in vivo,this complex was further formed lipid poly-γ-glutamic acid(PGA)/PolyMetpRLN nanoparticle(LPPR).The particle size of LPPR was 205.5±2.9 nm,and the zeta potential was+55.4±1.6 mV.LPPR displayed excellent tumor penetrating efficacy and weaken proliferation of CAFs in 4T1luc/CAFs tumor spheres in vitro.In vivo,it could reverse aberrantly activated CAFs by decreasing the expression of profibrogenic cytokine and remove the physical barrier to reshape the tumor stromal microenvironment,which enabled a 2.2-fold increase in cytotoxic T cell infiltration within the tumor and a decrease in immunosuppressive cells infiltration.Thus,LPPR was observed retarded tumor growth by itself in the 4T1 tumor bearing-mouse,and the reshaped immune microenvironment further led to facilitate antitumor effect when it combined with PD-L1 antibody(aPD-L1).Altogether,this study presented a novel therapeutic approach against tumor stroma using LPPR to achieve a combination regimen with immune checkpoint blockade therapy against the desmoplastic TNBC model.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)refers to hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin secretion during pregnancy.Patients with GDM have a high risk of pregnancy complications,which ...BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)refers to hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin secretion during pregnancy.Patients with GDM have a high risk of pregnancy complications,which can adversely affect both maternal and fetal health.Therefore,early diagnosis,treatment and monitoring of GDM are essential.In recent years,a new treatment scheme represented by insulin aspart combined with metformin has received increasing attention.AIM To explore the effects of insulin aspart combined with metformin on patients with GDM and inflammatory markers.METHODS From April 2020 to September 2022,124 patients with GDM in Sanya Women and Children’s Hospital Managed by Shanghai Children’s Medical Center were collected and analyzed retrospectively.The control group(CG)comprised 62 patients treated with insulin aspart alone,and 62 patients treated with insulin aspart and metformin formed the observation group(OG).Before and after treatment,improvement of blood-glucose-related indexes[fasting blood glucose(FBG),2-h postprandial glucose(2h PG)and hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)],serum related factor[serum homocysteine(Hcy)],serum inflammatory cytokines[tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-6 and C-reactive protein(CRP)]were compared between the two groups.The clinical efficacy,adverse pregnancy outcomes and incidence of pregnancy complications were compared between the two groups.RESULTS After treatment,the levels of FBG,2h PG,HbA1c,Hcy,TNF-α,IL-6 and CRP in both groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the levels of FBG,2h PG,HbA1c,Hcy,TNF-α,IL-6 and CRP in the OG were lower than in the CG(P<0.05).The total clinical effectiveness in the OG was higher than that in the CG(P<0.05).The total incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and complications in the OG was significantly lower than in the CG(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Insulin aspart combined with metformin are effective for treatment of GDM,which can reduce blood-glucoserelated indexes,Hcy and serum inflammatory cytokines,and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and complications.展开更多
Objective:Polycystic ovary syndrome(Pcos)is a pathophysiological disorder affecting reproductive and metabolic indices in females.The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of metformin and D-chiroinositol...Objective:Polycystic ovary syndrome(Pcos)is a pathophysiological disorder affecting reproductive and metabolic indices in females.The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of metformin and D-chiroinositol in PcoS patients.Methods:In a tertiary care hospital in North India,prospective observational research was undertaken on 1o0 patients with PCOS,which was diagnosed based on European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology Guidelines and ultrasound of lower abdomen.The study involves various clinical characteristics into consideration for the determination of statistical significance(P<0.05)in PCOS patients.Student's t-test along with the association between PCOS and patients taking metformin and D-chiro-inositol,as well as their impact on various biochemical parameters,were investigated finally using Pearson Correlation Analysis.Results:This study comprises 50 patients taking metformin and 50 patients taking D-chiro-inositol in women suffering from PCOS.Body mass index(BMI)and waist-to-hip ratio(WHR)were statistically significant(P<0.05)within the groups of both metformin and D-chiro-inositol.Biochemical parameters such as luteinizing hormone(LH),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),anti-mullerian hormone(AMH)and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)were found to be statistically significant(P<0.05)in both groups.LH,FSH and AMH(14.40±0.52;14.28±0.53;1.99±0.10)were comparatively lower in patients taking D-chiro-inositol as compared to metformin group(14.17±0.42;19.88±1.01;2.61±0.04).HbA1c(3.71±0.08)with P<0.05 was found to be decreased more in metformin group as compared to patients taking D-chiro-inositol(4.90±0.09).A positive correlation was found between HbAlc and LH in metformin,&HbAlc and FSH in D-chiro-inositol groups,respectively.Conclusion:The results indicate that D-chiro-inositol shows better results in reducing clinical variables involved in causing PCOS as compared to metformin whereas metformin has better glycemic control in PCOS patients.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the impact of combining liraglutide with metformin on the enhancement of pancreatic islet function in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.Methods:60 patients with type 2 d...Objective:To investigate the impact of combining liraglutide with metformin on the enhancement of pancreatic islet function in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.Methods:60 patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease admitted from February 2022 to August 2023 were selected as research subjects.They were randomly assigned to either control or treatment groups,with 30 patients in each.The control group received metformin alone,while the treatment group received liraglutide in combination with metformin.Various indicators,including blood sugar levels,pancreatic islet function,and cardiac function between the two groups were compared.Results:The results of FPG,2hPG,HbA1c,HOMA-IR,NT-proBNP,and LVEDD in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group,whereas the values of FINS,HOMA-β,E/A,and LVEF in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The use of liraglutide in combination with metformin significantly benefits patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.It leads to improved pancreatic islet function,better blood sugar control,and enhanced cardiac function.This combination therapy is recommended for clinical adoption.展开更多
Objective:To compare the effectiveness of inositol and metformin on the clinical characteristics,and endocrine and metabolic profiles of infertile polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)women from Vietnam.Methods:From June ...Objective:To compare the effectiveness of inositol and metformin on the clinical characteristics,and endocrine and metabolic profiles of infertile polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)women from Vietnam.Methods:From June 2018 to August 2022,a randomized trial was undertaken at the Hue Center for Endocrinology and Reproduction on infertile women aged 18 to 40 years with polycystic ovarian syndrome.The clinical,endocrine,and metabolic features of these individuals were assessed before and after 3 months of treatment with 2 g of inositol or 1700 mg of metformin per day.Natural pregnancy rates,adverse effects,and tolerance of inositol were recorded.Results:The study included 171 infertile PCOS women who were eligible to participate and took part in the baseline assessment,of whom 132 women participated in data analysis after 3 months.After metformin treatment,42.1%of women with oligomenorrhea experienced regular menstruation.Metformin significantly lowered body mass index(BMI),waist circumference and testosterone levels,but had no effect on other clinical characteristics,endocrine profiles,or metabolic profiles.29.2%Of women reported experiencing side effects.21%Of them attained pregnancy,which resulted in 17.1%of live births.In the inositol group,the rate of regular cycle increased by 18.2%and the total testosterone concentration significantly decreased.In overweight/obese women with PCOS,inositol significantly decreased weight,BMI,waist and hip circumferences(P<0.05).100%Of women tolerated inositol and continued treatment.18.9%Of them became pregnant,leading to 17%of live births.Conclusions:Metformin and inositol can improve weight and waist circumference in overweight/obese infertile women with PCOS.Metformin is associated with a higher rate of regular menstruation,whereas inositol is associated with a lower rate of adverse effects.The spontaneous conception,clinical pregnancy,and live birth rates between two groups are comparable.展开更多
文摘Neurological disorders are a diverse group of conditions that affect the nervous system and include neurodegenerative diseases(Alzheimer’s disease,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson’s disease,Huntington’s disease),cerebrovascular conditions(stroke),and neurodevelopmental disorders(autism spectrum disorder).Although they affect millions of individuals around the world,only a limited number of effective treatment options are available today.Since most neurological disorders express mitochondria-related metabolic perturbations,metformin,a biguanide type II antidiabetic drug,has attracted a lot of attention to be repurposed to treat neurological disorders by correcting their perturbed energy metabolism.However,controversial research emerges regarding the beneficial/detrimental effects of metformin on these neurological disorders.Given that most neurological disorders have complex etiology in their pathophysiology and are influenced by various risk factors such as aging,lifestyle,genetics,and environment,it is important to identify perturbed molecular functions that can be targeted by metformin in these neurological disorders.These molecules can then be used as biomarkers to stratify subpopulations of patients who show distinct molecular/pathological properties and can respond to metformin treatment,ultimately developing targeted therapy.In this review,we will discuss mitochondria-related metabolic perturbations and impaired molecular pathways in these neurological disorders and how these can be used as biomarkers to guide metformin-responsive treatment for the targeted therapy to treat neurological disorders.
文摘Previous studies have reported upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in different central nervous system injury models.Heme oxygenase-1 plays a critical anti-inflammatory role and is essential for regulating cellular redox homeostasis.Metformin is a classic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes that can inhibit ferroptosis.Previous studies have shown that,when used to treat cardiovascular and digestive system diseases,metformin can also upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression.Therefore,we hypothesized that heme oxygenase-1 plays a significant role in mediating the beneficial effects of metformin on neuronal ferroptosis after spinal cord injury.To test this,we first performed a bioinformatics analysis based on the GEO database and found that heme oxygenase-1 was upregulated in the lesion of rats with spinal cord injury.Next,we confirmed this finding in a rat model of T9 spinal cord compression injury that exhibited spinal cord nerve cell ferroptosis.Continuous intraperitoneal injection of metformin for 14 days was found to both upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression and reduce neuronal ferroptosis in rats with spinal cord injury.Subsequently,we used a lentivirus vector to knock down heme oxygenase-1 expression in the spinal cord,and found that this significantly reduced the effect of metformin on ferroptosis after spinal cord injury.Taken together,these findings suggest that metformin inhibits neuronal ferroptosis after spinal cord injury,and that this effect is partially dependent on upregulation of heme oxygenase-1.
文摘BACKGROUND Most patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(pNETs)die due to tumor progression.Therefore,identifying new therapies with low toxicity and good tolerability to use concomitantly with the established pNET treatment is relevant.In this perspective,metformin is emerging as a molecule of interest.Retrospective studies have described metformin,a widely used agent for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),to be effective in modulating different tumor-related events,including cancer incidence,recurrence and survival by inhibiting mTOR phosphorylation.This systematic review evaluates the role of T2DM and metformin in the insurgence and post-treatment outcomes in patients with pNET.AIM To systematically analyze and summarize evidence related to the diagnostic and prognostic value of T2DM and metformin for predicting the insurgence and posttreatment outcomes of pNET.METHODS A systematic review of the published literature was undertaken,focusing on the role of T2DM and metformin in insurgence and prognosis of pNET,measured through outcomes of tumor-free survival(TFS),overall survival and progression free survival.RESULTS A total of 13 studies(5674 patients)were included in this review.Analysis of 809 pNET cases from five retrospective studies(low study heterogeneity with I^(2)=0%)confirms the correlation between T2DM and insurgence of pNET(OR=2.13,95%CI=1.56-4.55;P<0.001).The pooled data from 1174 pNET patients showed the correlation between T2DM and post-treatment TFS in pNET patients(hazard ratio=1.84,95%CI=0.78-2.90;P<0.001).The study heterogeneity was intermediate,with I^(2)=51%.A few studies limited the possibility of performing pooled analysis in the setting of metformin;therefore,results were heterogeneous,with no statistical relevance to the use of this drug in the diagnosis and prognosis of pNET.CONCLUSION T2DM represents a risk factor for the insurgence of pNET and is a significant predictor of poor post-treatment TFS of pNET patients.Unfortunately,a few studies with heterogeneous results limited the possibility of exploring the effect of metformin in the diagnosis and prognosis of pNET.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:82102767 and 82002655)the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence-Clinical Research Incubation Project,West China Hospital,Sichuan University,China(Grant No.:2020HXFH036)+2 种基金the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,China(Grant No.:JH2022007)the Cultivation Project of Basic Medical College of Xinxiang Medical University,China(Grant No.:JCYXYKY202112)the Key Project of Science and Technology of Henan Province,China(Grant No.:222102310260).
文摘Despite decades of laboratory and clinical trials,breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer-related disease burden in women.Considering the metabolism destruction effect of metformin(Met)and cancer cell starvation induced by glucose oxidase(GOx),after their efficient delivery to tumor sites,GOx and Met may consume a large amount of glucose and produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide in situ.Herein,a pH-responsive epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)-conjugated low-molecular-weight chitosan(LC-EGCG,LE)nanoparticle(Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs)was constructed.The coordination between iron ions(Fe3+)and EGCG in this nanoplatform can enhance the efficacy of chemodynamic therapy via the Fenton reaction.Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs allow GOx to retain its enzymatic activity while simultaneously improving its stability.Moreover,this pH-responsive nanoplatform presents controllable drug release behavior.An in vivo biodistribution study showed that the intracranial accumulation of GOx delivered by this nanoplatform was 3.6-fold higher than that of the free drug.The in vivo anticancer results indicated that this metabolism destruction/starvation/chemodynamic triple-combination therapy could induce increased apoptosis/death of tumor cells and reduce their proliferation.This triple-combination therapy approach is promising for efficient and targeted cancer treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:81973377,81903689,82073906 and 82273987)the Key Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant Nos.:19KJB350006 and 19KJA460008)+1 种基金Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),the initializing Fund of Xuzhou Medical University(Grant No.:D2018011)Postgraduate Research Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant Nos.:KYCX21-2733 and KYCX22-2966).
文摘The occurrence of benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH)was related to disrupted sex steroid hormones,and metformin(Met)had a clinical response to sex steroid hormone-related gynaecological disease.However,whether Met exerts an antiproliferative effect on BPH via sex steroid hormones remains unclear.Here,our clinical study showed that along with prostatic epithelial cell(PEC)proliferation,sex steroid hormones were dysregulated in the serum and prostate of BPH patients.As the major contributor to dysregulated sex steroid hormones,elevated dihydrotestosterone(DHT)had a significant positive relationship with the clinical characteristics of BPH patients.Activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK)by Met restored dysregulated sex steroid hormone homeostasis and exerted antiproliferative effects against DHT-induced proliferation by inhibiting the formation of androgen receptor(AR)-mediated Yes-associated protein(YAP1)-TEA domain transcription factor(TEAD4)heterodimers.Met’s anti-proliferative effects were blocked by AMPK inhibitor or YAP1 overexpression in DHT-cultured BPH-1 cells.Our findings indicated that Met would be a promising clinical therapeutic approach for BPH by inhibiting dysregulated steroid hormone-induced PEC proliferation.
文摘Objective To evaluate the efficacy of medroxyprogesterone acetate(MA)plus metformin as the primary fertility-sparing treatment for atypical endometrial hyperplasia(AEH)and early-stage grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma(G1 EAC)and the recurrence rate after treatment.Methods Sixty patients(aged 20-42 years)with AEH and/or grade 1 EAC limited to the endometrium were enrolled prospectively and randomized into two groups(n=30)to receive oral MA treatment at the daily dose of 160 mg(control)or MA plus oral metformin(850 mg,twice a day)for at least 6 months.The treatment could extend to 12 months until a complete response(CR)was achieved,and follow-up hysteroscopy and curettage were performed every 3 months.For all the patients who achieved CR,endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1,p-Akt and p-AMPK were detected immunohistochemically.Results A total of 58 patients completed the treatment.After 9 months of treatment,23(76.7%)patients in the combined treatment group and 20(71.4%)in the control group achieved CR;two patients in the control group achieved CR after converting to the combined treatment.The recurrence rate did not differ significantly between the control group and combined treatment group(30.0%vs 22.7%,P>0.05).Ten(35.7%)patients in the control group experienced significant weight gain of 5.7±6.1 kg,while none of the patients receiving the combined treatment exhibited significant body weight changes.Compared with the control group,the patients receiving the combined treatment showed enhanced endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1 and p-AMPK with lowered p-Akt expression.Conclusion Metformin combined with MA may provide an effective option for fertility-sparing treatment of AEH and grade 1 stage IA EAC,and the clinical benefits of metformin for controlling MA-induced weight gain and promoting endometrial expressions of IGFBP-rP1 and p-AMPK while inhibiting p-Akt expression warrants further study.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82270177).
文摘Objective The metabolic reprogramming of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)cells is a compensatory adaptation to meet energy requirements for rapid proliferation.This study aimed to examine the synergistic effects of glutamine deprivation and metformin exposure on AML cells.Methods SKM-1 cells(an AML cell line)were subjected to glutamine deprivation and/or treatment with metformin or bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide(BPTES,a glutaminase inhibitor)or cytarabine.Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay,and cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species(ROS)by flow cytometry.Western blotting was conducted to examine the levels of apoptotic proteins,including cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP).Moreover,the human long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)microarray was used to analyze gene expression after glutamine deprivation,and results were confirmed with quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR).The expression of metallothionein 2A(MT2A)was suppressed using siRNA.Cell growth and apoptosis were further detected by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry,respectively,in cells with MT2A knockdown.Results Glutamine deprivation or treatment with BPTES inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in SKM-1 cells.The lncRNA microarray result showed that the expression of MT family genes was significantly upregulated after glutamine deprivation.MT2A knockdown increased apoptosis,while proliferation was not affected in SKM-1 cells.In addition,metformin inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in SKM-1 cells.Both glutamine deprivation and metformin enhanced the sensitivity of SKM-1 cells to cytarabine.Furthermore,the combination of glutamine deprivation with metformin exhibited synergistic antileukemia effects on SKM-1 cells.Conclusion Targeting glutamine metabolism in combination with metformin is a promising new therapeutic strategy for AML.
基金the National Institute for Medical Research Development(NIMADGrant No.995813).
文摘Intracellular communications between breast cancer and fibroblast cells were reported to be involved in cancer proliferation,growth,and therapy resitance.The hallmarks of cancer fibroblast interactions,consisting of caveolin 1(Cav1)and mono-carboxylate ransporter 4(MCT4)(metabolic coupling markers),along with IL-6,TGFB,and lactate secretion,are considered robust biomarkers predicting recurrence and metastasis.In order to promote a novel phenotype in normal fibroblasts,we predicted that breast cancer cells could be able to cause loss of Cavl and increase of MCT4,as well as elevate IL 6 and TGF in nearby nomal fibroblasts.We created a co culture model using breast cancer(4T1)and normal fibroblast(NIH3T3)cell lines cultured under specific experimental conditions in order to directly test our theory.Moreover,we show that long-term co-culture of breast cancer cells and normal fibroblasts promotes loss of Cavl and gain of MCT4 in adjacent fibroblasts and increase lactate secretion.These results were validated using the monoculture of each group separately as a control.In this system,we show that me tformin inhibits IL-6 and TGFB secretion and re expresses Cavl in both cells.However,MCT4 and lactate stayed high after treatment with metformin.In conclusion,our work shows that co-culture with breast cancer cells may cause signifcant alterations in the phenotype and secretion of normal fibroblasts.Metformin,however,may change this state and affect fibroblasts'acquired phenotypes.Moreover,mitochondrial inhibition by metformin after 8 days of treatment,signi ficantly hinders tumor growth in mouse model of breast cancer.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide,significantly impacting patients'quality of life.Current treatment options like metformin(MET)effectively counteract hyperglycemia but fail to alleviate diabetes-associated complications such as retinopathy,neuropathy,nephropathy,hepatopathy,and cardiovascular diseases.AIM To propose the supplementation of cholecalciferol(CHO)and taurine(TAU)to enhance MET efficacy in controlling diabetes while minimizing the risk of associated complications.METHODS The study involved sixty rats,including ten non-diabetic control rats and fifty experimental rats with type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin.The experimental rats were further subdivided into positive control and treatment subgroups.The four treatment groups were randomly allocated to a single MET treatment or MET combined with supplements either CHO,TAU,or both.RESULTS Diabetic rats exhibited elevated levels of glucose,insulin,Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance(HOMA-IR),glycated hemoglobin percentage,lipid markers,aspartate aminotransferase,and malondialdehyde,along with reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes(catalase and superoxide dismutase).The administration of CHO and TAU supplements alongside MET in diabetic rats led to a noticeable recovery of islet mass.The antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,and anti-apoptotic properties of the proposed combination therapy significantly ameliorated the aforementioned abnormalities.CONCLUSION The supplementation of CHO and TAU with MET showed the potential to significantly improve metabolic parameters and protect against diabetic complications through its antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,and antiapoptotic effects.
基金The International Institute of Population Health,Peking University Health Science Center,No.JKCJ202102The National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Projects,No.2199000764。
文摘BACKGROUND Colorectal polyps are frequently observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM),posing a significant risk for colorectal cancer.Metformin,a widely prescribed biguanidine drug for type 2 DM,has been suggested to have potential chemoprophylactic effects against various cancers.AIM To explore the correlation between colorectal polyps and metformin use in type 2 DM patients.METHODS Type 2 DM patients were categorized into polyp and non-polyp groups.Following this,all patients were categorized into the type 2 DM-metformin,type 2 DM-non-metformin,and non-type 2 DM groups.Based on the baseline colonoscopy results,we performed pairwise comparisons of the incidence of colorectal polyps among the three groups.Additionally,we analyzed the relationship between colorectal polyps and the duration of metformin use and between the size and number of polyps and metformin use.Simultaneously,we focused on the specific pathological types of polyps and analyzed their relationship with metformin use.Finally,we compared the incidence of polyps between metformin and non-metformin groups according to the interval colonoscopy results.RESULTS The rate of metformin use in patients with colorectal polyps was 0.502 times that of patients without colorectal polyps[odds ratio(OR)=0.502,95%confidence interval(CI):0.365-0.689;P<0.001].The incidence of colorectal polyps did not differ significantly between the type 2 DM-metformin and non-type 2 DM groups(P>0.05).Furthermore,the correlations between the duration of metformin use and the incidence of colorectal polyps and between the size and number of polyps and metformin use were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Metformin use did not affect the incidence of colorectal polyps during interval colonoscopy(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Metformin use and colorectal polyp incidence in type 2 DM patients showed a negative correlation,independent of the hypoglycemic effect of metformin.
基金People’s Hospital of Xuyong County-Southwest Medical University Science and Technology Strategic Cooperation Project(2023XYXNYD05)Guangdong Association of Clinical Trials(GACT)/Chinese Thoracic Oncology Group(CTONG)and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer(2017B030314120)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0554).
文摘Background:Metformin has pleiotropic effects beyond glucose reduction,including tumor inhibition and immune regulation.It enhanced the anti-tumor effects of programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)inhibitors in serine/threonine kinase 11(STK11)mutant non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)through an axis inhibition protein 1(AXIN1)-dependent manner.However,the alterations of tumor metabolism and metabolites upon metformin administration remain unclear.Methods:We performed untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography(LC)-mass spectrometry(MS)/MS system and conducted cell experiments to verify the results of bioinformatics analysis.Results:According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway database,most metabolites were annotated into metabolism,including nucleotide metabolism.Next,the differentially expressed metabolites in H460(refers to H460 cells),H460_met(refers to metformin-treated H460 cells),and H460_KO_met(refers to metformin-treated Axin1-/-H460 cells)were distributed into six clusters based on expression patterns.The clusters with a reversed expression pattern upon metformin treatment were selected for further analysis.We screened out metabolic pathways through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and found that multiple nucleotide metabolites enriched in this pathway were upregulated.Furthermore,these metabolites enhanced the cytotoxicity of activated T cells on H460 cells in vitro and can activate the stimulator of the interferon genes(STING)pathway independently of AXIN1.Conclusion:Relying on AXIN1,metformin upregulated multiple nucleotide metabolites which promoted STING signaling and the killing of activated T cells in STK11 mutant NSCLC,indicating a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for STK11 mutant NSCLC.
基金This study was approved by the Austin Health Human Ethics Research Committee(No.HREC/87459/Austin-2022).
文摘BACKGROUND Liver transplantation(LT)is a potentially curative therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).HCC-recurrence following LT is associated with reduced survival.There is increasing interest in chemoprophylaxis to improve HCC-related outcomes post-LT.AIM To investigate whether there is any benefit for the use of drugs with proposed chemoprophylactic properties against HCC,and patient outcomes following LT.METHODS This was a retrospective study of adult patients who received Deceased Donor LT for HCC from 2005-2022,from a single Australian centre.Drug use was defined as statin,aspirin or metformin therapy for≥29 days,within 24 months post-LT.A cox proportional-hazards model with time-dependent covariates was used for survival analysis.Outcome measures were the composite-endpoint of HCC-recurrence and all-cause mortality,HCC-recurrence and HCC-related mortality.Sensitivity analysis was performed to account for immortality time bias and statin dosing.RESULTS Three hundred and five patients were included in this study,with 253(82.95%)males with a median age of 58.90 years.Aetiologies of liver disease were 150(49.18%)hepatitis C,73(23.93%)hepatitis B(HBV)and 33(10.82%)non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).56(18.36%)took statins,51(16.72%)aspirin and 50(16.39%)metformin.During a median follow-up time of 59.90 months,34(11.15%)developed HCC-recurrence,48(15.74%)died,17(5.57%)from HCC-related mortality.Statin,aspirin or metformin use was not associated with statistically significant differences in the composite endpoint of HCC-recurrence or all-cause mortality[hazard ratio(HR):1.16,95%CI:0.58-2.30;HR:1.21,95%CI:0.28-5.27;HR:0.61,95%CI:0.27-1.36],HCC-recurrence(HR:0.52,95%CI:0.20-1.35;HR:0.51,95%CI:0.14-1.93;HR 1.00,95%CI:0.37-2.72),or HCC-related mortality(HR:0.32,95%CI:0.033-3.09;HR:0.71,95%CI:0.14-3.73;HR:1.57,95%CI:0.61-4.04)respectively.Statin dosing was not associated with statist-ically significant differences in HCC-related outcomes.CONCLUSION Statin,metformin or aspirin use was not associated with improved HCC-related outcomes post-LT,in a largely historical cohort of Australian patients with a low proportion of NAFLD.Further prospective,multicentre studies are required to clarify any potential benefit of these drugs to improve HCC-related outcomes.
基金funded by the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Tianjin(22JCQNJC00230)the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Project(23JCZXJC00050/J230007)the Tianjin Health and Technology Project(TJWJ2024QN056)。
文摘Background:Both simvastatin and metformin have demonstrated potential efficacy in osteoporosis(OP)treatment.However,there is a lack of systematic studies comparing their anti-osteoporotic effects.This study aims to compare the effects of simvastatin and metformin on OP through Mendelian randomization(MR)studies and animal experiments.Methods:Initially,we will analyze the causal impact of simvastatin or metformin treatment on OP prevalence and three common clinical OP diagnostic markers(bone mineral density(BMD),serum osteocalcin(OCN),and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)levels)using genome-wide association study(GWAS)summary statistics.Additionally,we established animal models to further analyze and compare the anti-osteoporosis effects of simvastatin and metformin.8 male C57BL/6J mice(3-month-old)and 24 male C57BL/6J mice(18-month-old)were treated with simvastatin or metformin for 12 weeks.OP pathology was assessed using histology,immunohistochemistry,biomechanical tests,micro-computed tomography,and osteogenic differentiation assays.Results:In the MR analysis,metformin treatment was significantly associated with lower OP prevalence(OR(95%CI)=0.933(0.902–0.965),β=-0.0694,P<0.001)and higher BMD(OR(95%CI)=3.719(1.750–7.908),β=1.3136,P<0.001).In the animal experiment,both drugs increased bone mass,improved bone microstructure,and promoted osteoblast differentiation.However,metformin appeared more effective in several aspects.It significantly inhibited bone marrow adipocyte and osteoclast differentiation in aged mice compared to simvastatin.Additionally,metformin better promoted the expression of osteoprotegerin(OPG)and collagen type I(Col-I)in bone tissue and maintained the structure and biomechanical properties of cancellous bone.Conclusion:Both drugs significantly preserved bone homeostasis.Particularly,compared with simvastatin,metformin exhibited superior effects in inhibiting adipogenesis,enhancing the OPG/RANKL pathway,and promoting cancellous bone reconstruction.Metformin may serve as a valuable adjunct in preventing and treating OP in the elderly.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:81972811)the Key Research and Development Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.:2018SF-099,S2021SF-136,2021JM-273,and 2022JQ-848)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.:xzy012022094)the Provincial Science and Technology Rising Star(Grant No.:2021KJXX-03).
文摘The development of chemoresistance which results in a poor prognosis often renders current treatments for colorectal cancer(CRC).In this study,we identified reduced microvessel density(MVD)and vascular immaturity resulting from endothelial apoptosis as therapeutic targets for overcoming chemoresistance.We focused on the effect of metformin on MVD,vascular maturity,and endothelial apoptosis of CRCs with a non-angiogenic phenotype,and further investigated its effect in overcoming chemoresistance.In situ transplanted cancer models were established to compare MVD,endothelial apoptosis and vascular maturity,and function in tumors from metformin-and vehicle-treated mice.An in vitro co-culture system was used to observe the effects of metformin on tumor cell-induced endothelial apoptosis.Transcriptome sequencing was performed for genetic screening.Non-angiogenic CRC developed independently of angiogenesis and was characterized by vascular leakage,immaturity,reduced MVD,and non-hypoxia.This phenomenon had also been observed in human CRC.Furthermore,non-angiogenic CRCs showed a worse response to chemotherapeutic drugs in vivo than in vitro.By suppressing endothelial apoptosis,metformin sensitized non-angiogenic CRCs to chemo-drugs via elevation of MVD and improvement of vascular maturity.Further results showed that endothelial apoptosis was induced by tumor cells via activation of caspase signaling,which was abrogated by metformin administration.These findings provide pre-clinical evidence for the involvement of endothelial apoptosis and subsequent vascular immaturity in the chemoresistance of non-angiogenic CRC.By suppressing endothelial apoptosis,metformin restores vascular maturity and function and sensitizes CRC to chemotherapeutic drugs via a vascular mechanism.
基金supported by the Natural Nature Science Foundation of China,Nos.82030071,81874004the Science and Technology Major Project of Changsha,No.kh2103008(all to JZH).
文摘Treatment with metformin can lead to the recovery of pleiotropic biological activities after spinal cord injury.However,its effect on spinal cord injury in aged mice remains unclear.Considering the essential role of angiogenesis during the regeneration process,we hypothesized that metformin activates the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway in endothelial cells,thereby promoting microvascular regeneration in aged mice after spinal cord injury.In this study,we established young and aged mouse models of contusive spinal cord injury using a modified Allen method.We found that aging hindered the recovery of neurological function and the formation of blood vessels in the spinal cord.Treatment with metformin promoted spinal cord microvascular endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation in vitro.Furthermore,intraperitoneal injection of metformin in an in vivo model promoted endothelial cell proliferation and increased the density of new blood vessels in the spinal cord,thereby improving neurological function.The role of metformin was reversed by compound C,an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor,both in vivo and in vitro,suggesting that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway likely regulates metformin-mediated angiogenesis after spinal cord injury.These findings suggest that metformin promotes vascular regeneration in the injured spinal cord by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway,thereby improving the neurological function of aged mice after spinal cord injury.
基金This work was funded by the Medical and Health Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province(2021KY813)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82174095)the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ22H290001).
文摘Cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)are one of the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment which mediate desmoplastic response and are the primary driver for an immunosuppressive microenvironment,leading to the failure of triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)immunotherapy.Therefore,depleting CAFs may enhance the effect of immunotherapy(such as PD-L1 antibody).Relaxin(RLN)has been demonstrated to significantly improve transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)induced CAFs activation and tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment.However,the short half-life and systemic vasodilation of RLN limit its in vivo efficacy.Here,plasmid encoding relaxin(pRLN)to locally express RLN was delivered with a new positively charged polymer named polymeric metformin(PolyMet),which could increase gene transfer efficiency significantly and have low toxicity that have been certified by our lab before.In order to improve the stability of pRLN in vivo,this complex was further formed lipid poly-γ-glutamic acid(PGA)/PolyMetpRLN nanoparticle(LPPR).The particle size of LPPR was 205.5±2.9 nm,and the zeta potential was+55.4±1.6 mV.LPPR displayed excellent tumor penetrating efficacy and weaken proliferation of CAFs in 4T1luc/CAFs tumor spheres in vitro.In vivo,it could reverse aberrantly activated CAFs by decreasing the expression of profibrogenic cytokine and remove the physical barrier to reshape the tumor stromal microenvironment,which enabled a 2.2-fold increase in cytotoxic T cell infiltration within the tumor and a decrease in immunosuppressive cells infiltration.Thus,LPPR was observed retarded tumor growth by itself in the 4T1 tumor bearing-mouse,and the reshaped immune microenvironment further led to facilitate antitumor effect when it combined with PD-L1 antibody(aPD-L1).Altogether,this study presented a novel therapeutic approach against tumor stroma using LPPR to achieve a combination regimen with immune checkpoint blockade therapy against the desmoplastic TNBC model.
文摘BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)refers to hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin secretion during pregnancy.Patients with GDM have a high risk of pregnancy complications,which can adversely affect both maternal and fetal health.Therefore,early diagnosis,treatment and monitoring of GDM are essential.In recent years,a new treatment scheme represented by insulin aspart combined with metformin has received increasing attention.AIM To explore the effects of insulin aspart combined with metformin on patients with GDM and inflammatory markers.METHODS From April 2020 to September 2022,124 patients with GDM in Sanya Women and Children’s Hospital Managed by Shanghai Children’s Medical Center were collected and analyzed retrospectively.The control group(CG)comprised 62 patients treated with insulin aspart alone,and 62 patients treated with insulin aspart and metformin formed the observation group(OG).Before and after treatment,improvement of blood-glucose-related indexes[fasting blood glucose(FBG),2-h postprandial glucose(2h PG)and hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)],serum related factor[serum homocysteine(Hcy)],serum inflammatory cytokines[tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-6 and C-reactive protein(CRP)]were compared between the two groups.The clinical efficacy,adverse pregnancy outcomes and incidence of pregnancy complications were compared between the two groups.RESULTS After treatment,the levels of FBG,2h PG,HbA1c,Hcy,TNF-α,IL-6 and CRP in both groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the levels of FBG,2h PG,HbA1c,Hcy,TNF-α,IL-6 and CRP in the OG were lower than in the CG(P<0.05).The total clinical effectiveness in the OG was higher than that in the CG(P<0.05).The total incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and complications in the OG was significantly lower than in the CG(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Insulin aspart combined with metformin are effective for treatment of GDM,which can reduce blood-glucoserelated indexes,Hcy and serum inflammatory cytokines,and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and complications.
文摘Objective:Polycystic ovary syndrome(Pcos)is a pathophysiological disorder affecting reproductive and metabolic indices in females.The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of metformin and D-chiroinositol in PcoS patients.Methods:In a tertiary care hospital in North India,prospective observational research was undertaken on 1o0 patients with PCOS,which was diagnosed based on European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology Guidelines and ultrasound of lower abdomen.The study involves various clinical characteristics into consideration for the determination of statistical significance(P<0.05)in PCOS patients.Student's t-test along with the association between PCOS and patients taking metformin and D-chiro-inositol,as well as their impact on various biochemical parameters,were investigated finally using Pearson Correlation Analysis.Results:This study comprises 50 patients taking metformin and 50 patients taking D-chiro-inositol in women suffering from PCOS.Body mass index(BMI)and waist-to-hip ratio(WHR)were statistically significant(P<0.05)within the groups of both metformin and D-chiro-inositol.Biochemical parameters such as luteinizing hormone(LH),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),anti-mullerian hormone(AMH)and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)were found to be statistically significant(P<0.05)in both groups.LH,FSH and AMH(14.40±0.52;14.28±0.53;1.99±0.10)were comparatively lower in patients taking D-chiro-inositol as compared to metformin group(14.17±0.42;19.88±1.01;2.61±0.04).HbA1c(3.71±0.08)with P<0.05 was found to be decreased more in metformin group as compared to patients taking D-chiro-inositol(4.90±0.09).A positive correlation was found between HbAlc and LH in metformin,&HbAlc and FSH in D-chiro-inositol groups,respectively.Conclusion:The results indicate that D-chiro-inositol shows better results in reducing clinical variables involved in causing PCOS as compared to metformin whereas metformin has better glycemic control in PCOS patients.
文摘Objective:To investigate the impact of combining liraglutide with metformin on the enhancement of pancreatic islet function in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.Methods:60 patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease admitted from February 2022 to August 2023 were selected as research subjects.They were randomly assigned to either control or treatment groups,with 30 patients in each.The control group received metformin alone,while the treatment group received liraglutide in combination with metformin.Various indicators,including blood sugar levels,pancreatic islet function,and cardiac function between the two groups were compared.Results:The results of FPG,2hPG,HbA1c,HOMA-IR,NT-proBNP,and LVEDD in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group,whereas the values of FINS,HOMA-β,E/A,and LVEF in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The use of liraglutide in combination with metformin significantly benefits patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.It leads to improved pancreatic islet function,better blood sugar control,and enhanced cardiac function.This combination therapy is recommended for clinical adoption.
文摘Objective:To compare the effectiveness of inositol and metformin on the clinical characteristics,and endocrine and metabolic profiles of infertile polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)women from Vietnam.Methods:From June 2018 to August 2022,a randomized trial was undertaken at the Hue Center for Endocrinology and Reproduction on infertile women aged 18 to 40 years with polycystic ovarian syndrome.The clinical,endocrine,and metabolic features of these individuals were assessed before and after 3 months of treatment with 2 g of inositol or 1700 mg of metformin per day.Natural pregnancy rates,adverse effects,and tolerance of inositol were recorded.Results:The study included 171 infertile PCOS women who were eligible to participate and took part in the baseline assessment,of whom 132 women participated in data analysis after 3 months.After metformin treatment,42.1%of women with oligomenorrhea experienced regular menstruation.Metformin significantly lowered body mass index(BMI),waist circumference and testosterone levels,but had no effect on other clinical characteristics,endocrine profiles,or metabolic profiles.29.2%Of women reported experiencing side effects.21%Of them attained pregnancy,which resulted in 17.1%of live births.In the inositol group,the rate of regular cycle increased by 18.2%and the total testosterone concentration significantly decreased.In overweight/obese women with PCOS,inositol significantly decreased weight,BMI,waist and hip circumferences(P<0.05).100%Of women tolerated inositol and continued treatment.18.9%Of them became pregnant,leading to 17%of live births.Conclusions:Metformin and inositol can improve weight and waist circumference in overweight/obese infertile women with PCOS.Metformin is associated with a higher rate of regular menstruation,whereas inositol is associated with a lower rate of adverse effects.The spontaneous conception,clinical pregnancy,and live birth rates between two groups are comparable.
