Microglia, the main driver of neuroinflammation, play a central role in the initiation and exacerbation of various neurodegenerative diseases and are now considered a promising therapeutic target. Previous studies on ...Microglia, the main driver of neuroinflammation, play a central role in the initiation and exacerbation of various neurodegenerative diseases and are now considered a promising therapeutic target. Previous studies on in vitro human microglia and in vivo rodent models lacked scalability, consistency, or physiological relevance, which deterred successful therapeutic outcomes for the past decade. Here we review human blood monocyte-derived microglia-like cells as a robust and consistent approach to generate a patient-specific microglia-like model that can be used in extensive cohort studies for drug testing. We will highlight the strength and applicability of human blood monocyte-derived microglia-like cells to increase translational outcomes by reviewing the advantages of human blood monocyte-derived microglia-like cells in addressing patient heterogeneity and stratification, the basis of personalized medicine.展开更多
目的:S100钙结合蛋白A9(S100A9)激活核因子κB(NF-κB)促进小胶质细胞toll样受体7(TLR7)的表达和炎症因子释放的作用及其机制研究。方法:CCK-8实验检测BV2小胶质细胞的增殖率;转录组测序并结合GO分析、KEGG富集分析和STRING数据库对差...目的:S100钙结合蛋白A9(S100A9)激活核因子κB(NF-κB)促进小胶质细胞toll样受体7(TLR7)的表达和炎症因子释放的作用及其机制研究。方法:CCK-8实验检测BV2小胶质细胞的增殖率;转录组测序并结合GO分析、KEGG富集分析和STRING数据库对差异基因(DEGs)进行比对并从差异表达基因中筛选出目标基因;Real time RT-PCR验证TLR7的表达;免疫荧光染色检测CD68、CD206的表达;Western Blot检测CD68、CD206、TLR7、p65、p-p65的表达;ELISA检测白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。结果:中等浓度的S100A9对小胶质细胞无增殖抑制效应;实验组CD68蛋白的表达水平较对照组明显增加,而CD206蛋白的表达水平明显下降,提示S100A9促进BV2小胶质细胞向促炎型激活;Toll样受体4(TLR4)的抑制剂TAK-242明显抑制S100A9刺激BV2小胶质细胞后TNF-α和IL-6的表达水平;TLR4/NF-κB通路激活促进TLR7蛋白表达。结论:中等浓度的S100A9可以促进小胶质细胞向促炎型极化,通过激活TLR4/NF-κB通路促进TLR7表达和包括TNF-α和IL-6在内的多种炎症因子的释放,S100A9具有明显的促炎作用。展开更多
目的:观察海马CA1区注射米诺环素对坐骨神经缩窄性损伤(chronic constriction injury,CCI)大鼠海马小胶质细胞激活、Toll样受体2(Toll like receptor 2,TLR2)、Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor 4,TLR4)、IL-1β、TNF-α和诱导型一氧化...目的:观察海马CA1区注射米诺环素对坐骨神经缩窄性损伤(chronic constriction injury,CCI)大鼠海马小胶质细胞激活、Toll样受体2(Toll like receptor 2,TLR2)、Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor 4,TLR4)、IL-1β、TNF-α和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)表达的影响。方法:成年SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=8):(1)sham组(假手术组+0.01 mol/L PBS)、(2)CCI组(CCI+0.01 mol/L PBS)、(3)CCI+米诺环素组。大鼠海马CA1区置管7 d后行坐骨神经结扎,CA1区注射0.01 mol/L PBS或米诺环素(2μg/μl),每日2次,连续7 d。于CCI术前1 d,术后1、3、5和7 d测定海马给药1 h后热缩足潜伏期(thermal withdrawal latency,TWL);术后第7 d取海马,荧光定量PCR检测Iba-1、TLR2、TLR4、IL-1β、TNF-α和i NOS m RNA表达;酶联免疫吸附试验测定海马IL-1β和TNF-α含量。结果:大鼠CCI术后即形成稳定的热痛敏,与假手术组相比,TWL明显缩短(P<0.01);与CCI组相比,海马CA1区注射米诺环素可明显延长CCI大鼠的TWL(P<0.05)。与假手术组相比,CCI大鼠海马Iba-1、TLR2、TLR4、IL-1β、TNF-α和i NOS m RNA表达明显上调(P<0.01);与CCI组相比,海马CA1区注射米诺环素几乎完全抑制海马Iba-1、TLR2、TLR4和TNF-αm RNA表达上调(P<0.01),仅部分阻断IL-1β和i NOS m RNA表达上调(P<0.05)。与假手术组相比,CCI大鼠海马IL-1β和TNF-α含量明显增多(P<0.01);与CCI组相比,注射米诺环素后几乎完全抑制海马TNF-α水平上升(P<0.01),仅部分抑制IL-1β水平上升(P<0.05)。结论:海马CA1区注射米诺环素可明显缓解CCI大鼠热痛敏症状,其机制可能与抑制海马小胶质细胞激活和TLR2、TLR4表达,进一步抑制IL-1β、TNF-α及i NOS表达有关。展开更多
基金supported by grants from NHMRC (APP1125796)The Col Bambrick Memorial MND Research Grant+2 种基金The NTI MND Research Grantthe FightMND Foundationsupported by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship APP1118452。
文摘Microglia, the main driver of neuroinflammation, play a central role in the initiation and exacerbation of various neurodegenerative diseases and are now considered a promising therapeutic target. Previous studies on in vitro human microglia and in vivo rodent models lacked scalability, consistency, or physiological relevance, which deterred successful therapeutic outcomes for the past decade. Here we review human blood monocyte-derived microglia-like cells as a robust and consistent approach to generate a patient-specific microglia-like model that can be used in extensive cohort studies for drug testing. We will highlight the strength and applicability of human blood monocyte-derived microglia-like cells to increase translational outcomes by reviewing the advantages of human blood monocyte-derived microglia-like cells in addressing patient heterogeneity and stratification, the basis of personalized medicine.
文摘目的:S100钙结合蛋白A9(S100A9)激活核因子κB(NF-κB)促进小胶质细胞toll样受体7(TLR7)的表达和炎症因子释放的作用及其机制研究。方法:CCK-8实验检测BV2小胶质细胞的增殖率;转录组测序并结合GO分析、KEGG富集分析和STRING数据库对差异基因(DEGs)进行比对并从差异表达基因中筛选出目标基因;Real time RT-PCR验证TLR7的表达;免疫荧光染色检测CD68、CD206的表达;Western Blot检测CD68、CD206、TLR7、p65、p-p65的表达;ELISA检测白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。结果:中等浓度的S100A9对小胶质细胞无增殖抑制效应;实验组CD68蛋白的表达水平较对照组明显增加,而CD206蛋白的表达水平明显下降,提示S100A9促进BV2小胶质细胞向促炎型激活;Toll样受体4(TLR4)的抑制剂TAK-242明显抑制S100A9刺激BV2小胶质细胞后TNF-α和IL-6的表达水平;TLR4/NF-κB通路激活促进TLR7蛋白表达。结论:中等浓度的S100A9可以促进小胶质细胞向促炎型极化,通过激活TLR4/NF-κB通路促进TLR7表达和包括TNF-α和IL-6在内的多种炎症因子的释放,S100A9具有明显的促炎作用。
文摘目的:观察海马CA1区注射米诺环素对坐骨神经缩窄性损伤(chronic constriction injury,CCI)大鼠海马小胶质细胞激活、Toll样受体2(Toll like receptor 2,TLR2)、Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor 4,TLR4)、IL-1β、TNF-α和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)表达的影响。方法:成年SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=8):(1)sham组(假手术组+0.01 mol/L PBS)、(2)CCI组(CCI+0.01 mol/L PBS)、(3)CCI+米诺环素组。大鼠海马CA1区置管7 d后行坐骨神经结扎,CA1区注射0.01 mol/L PBS或米诺环素(2μg/μl),每日2次,连续7 d。于CCI术前1 d,术后1、3、5和7 d测定海马给药1 h后热缩足潜伏期(thermal withdrawal latency,TWL);术后第7 d取海马,荧光定量PCR检测Iba-1、TLR2、TLR4、IL-1β、TNF-α和i NOS m RNA表达;酶联免疫吸附试验测定海马IL-1β和TNF-α含量。结果:大鼠CCI术后即形成稳定的热痛敏,与假手术组相比,TWL明显缩短(P<0.01);与CCI组相比,海马CA1区注射米诺环素可明显延长CCI大鼠的TWL(P<0.05)。与假手术组相比,CCI大鼠海马Iba-1、TLR2、TLR4、IL-1β、TNF-α和i NOS m RNA表达明显上调(P<0.01);与CCI组相比,海马CA1区注射米诺环素几乎完全抑制海马Iba-1、TLR2、TLR4和TNF-αm RNA表达上调(P<0.01),仅部分阻断IL-1β和i NOS m RNA表达上调(P<0.05)。与假手术组相比,CCI大鼠海马IL-1β和TNF-α含量明显增多(P<0.01);与CCI组相比,注射米诺环素后几乎完全抑制海马TNF-α水平上升(P<0.01),仅部分抑制IL-1β水平上升(P<0.05)。结论:海马CA1区注射米诺环素可明显缓解CCI大鼠热痛敏症状,其机制可能与抑制海马小胶质细胞激活和TLR2、TLR4表达,进一步抑制IL-1β、TNF-α及i NOS表达有关。
