An object is usually composed of different features(e.g.,color,orientation,and motion),which are processed by segregated visual pathways and represented by functionally specialized brain areas.However,we perceive an o...An object is usually composed of different features(e.g.,color,orientation,and motion),which are processed by segregated visual pathways and represented by functionally specialized brain areas.However,we perceive an object as a coherent whole,rather than its isolated features.How we integrate those isolated features and achieve a precise perception of objects is a fundamental challenge for the visual system,which is referred to as the binding problem.展开更多
An image encryption algorithm is proposed in this paper based on a new four-dimensional hyperchaotic system,a neural mechanism,a Galois field and an improved Feistel block structure,which improves the efficiency and e...An image encryption algorithm is proposed in this paper based on a new four-dimensional hyperchaotic system,a neural mechanism,a Galois field and an improved Feistel block structure,which improves the efficiency and enhances the security of the encryption algorithm.Firstly,a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system with a large key space and chaotic dynamics performance is proposed and combined with a cloud model,in which a more complex and random sequence is constructed as the key stream,and the problem of chaotic periodicity is solved.Then,the key stream is combined with the neural mechanism,Galois field and improved Feistel block structure to scramble and diffuse the image encryption.Finally,the experimental results and security analysis show that the encryption algorithm has a good encryption effect and high encryption efficiency,is secure,and can meet the requirements of practical applications.展开更多
Facial Expression Recognition(FER)has been an interesting area of research in places where there is human-computer interaction.Human psychol-ogy,emotions and behaviors can be analyzed in FER.Classifiers used in FER hav...Facial Expression Recognition(FER)has been an interesting area of research in places where there is human-computer interaction.Human psychol-ogy,emotions and behaviors can be analyzed in FER.Classifiers used in FER have been perfect on normal faces but have been found to be constrained in occluded faces.Recently,Deep Learning Techniques(DLT)have gained popular-ity in applications of real-world problems including recognition of human emo-tions.The human face reflects emotional states and human intentions.An expression is the most natural and powerful way of communicating non-verbally.Systems which form communications between the two are termed Human Machine Interaction(HMI)systems.FER can improve HMI systems as human expressions convey useful information to an observer.This paper proposes a FER scheme called EECNN(Enhanced Convolution Neural Network with Atten-tion mechanism)to recognize seven types of human emotions with satisfying results in its experiments.Proposed EECNN achieved 89.8%accuracy in classi-fying the images.展开更多
The optimal protocol for neuromodulation by transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)remains unclear.Using the rotarod paradigm,we found that mouse motor learning was enhanced by anodal tDCS(3.2 mA/cm^(2))during b...The optimal protocol for neuromodulation by transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)remains unclear.Using the rotarod paradigm,we found that mouse motor learning was enhanced by anodal tDCS(3.2 mA/cm^(2))during but not before or after the performance of a task.Dual-task experiments showed that motor learning enhancement was specific to the task accompanied by anodal tDCS.Studies using a mouse model of stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion showed that concurrent anodal tDCS restored motor learning capability in a task-specific manner.Transcranial in vivo Ca^(2+)imaging further showed that anodal tDCS elevated and cathodal tDCS suppressed neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex(M1).Anodal tDCS specifically promoted the activity of task-related M1 neurons during task performance,suggesting that elevated Hebbian synaptic potentiation in task-activated circuits accounts for the motor learning enhancement.Thus,application of tDCS concurrent with the targeted behavioral dysfunction could be an effective approach to treating brain disorders.展开更多
Subject Code:C09 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a research group led by Dr.Shen Wei(沈伟)from Shanghai Tech University has deconstructed a neural circuit for body temperature regu...Subject Code:C09 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a research group led by Dr.Shen Wei(沈伟)from Shanghai Tech University has deconstructed a neural circuit for body temperature regulation,which was published in PNAS(2017,114:2042—2047).展开更多
ObjectiveTo observe the effects of pretreatment with electroacupuncture (EA) on neuron activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and explore the ce...ObjectiveTo observe the effects of pretreatment with electroacupuncture (EA) on neuron activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and explore the central regulatory mechanism of EA in attenuating MIRI.MethodsOf 72 SD rats, 12 were randomly allocated into the group of EA pretreatment + RVLM nucleus damage (EA + RVLM lesion group). The other 60 rats were randomized (20 rats each) into a sham-operation group, a model group, and an EA pretreatment group (EA group). Except for the rats in the sham-operation group, the models of MIRI were prepared by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in the model, EA, and EA + RVLM lesion groups. The rats of the EA group were intervened with EA at “Shénmén (神门HT7)” and “Tōnglĭ (通里HT5)”, 1 mA in current intensity and 2 Hz in frequency, for 20 min each time per day. Before modeling, the intervention was given for seven consecutive days. In the EA + RVLM lesion group, 3 weeks after microinjection with the neuronal apoptotic virus at bilateral RVLM, the same EA intervention as the EA group was provided. Afterward, the MIRI models were prepared. In the model group, no EA intervention was given. Using Powerlab electrophysiolograph, ST segment displacement value and arrhythmia score were recorded and analyzed before modeling, 30 min after ligation, and 120 min after reperfusion in each group. The concentration of cardiac troponin (cTnl) was detected with an ELISA assay kit. Using immunofluorescence staining, the expression level of c-fos protein of RVLM was detected in the sham-operation, model, and EA groups separately. Plexon multichannel acquisition processor was adopted to record the neuronal firing and field potential of RVLM in the sham-operation, model, and EA groups.ResultsST segment displacement value, arrhythmia score, and cTnl concentration 30 min after ligation and 120 min after reperfusion were all elevated in the model group compared to the sham-operation group (all P < 0.01). ST segment displacement value, arrhythmia score, and cTnl concentration were lower in the EA group compared to the model and EA + RVLM lesion groups (P < 0.01). Compared with the sham-operation group, the expression level of c-fos and the total firing frequency in RVLM were significantly higher in the model group (P < 0.01). However, the expression level of c-fos and the total firing frequency in RVLM were lower in the EA group compared with the model group (P < 0.01).ConclusionElectroacupuncture pretreatment may induce changes in c-fos protein expression and neuronal activity in RVLM to mitigate myocardial lesions. RVLM plays an important role in electroacupuncture pretreatment for alleviating MIRI.展开更多
Fentanyl is a fully synthetic opioid with analgesic and anesthetic properties.It has become a primary driver of the deadliest opioid crisis in the United States and elsewhere,consequently imposing devastating social,e...Fentanyl is a fully synthetic opioid with analgesic and anesthetic properties.It has become a primary driver of the deadliest opioid crisis in the United States and elsewhere,consequently imposing devastating social,economic,and health burdens worldwide.However,the neural mechanisms that underlie the behavioral effects of fentanyl and its analogs are largely unknown,and approaches to prevent fentanyl abuse and fentanyl-related overdose deaths are scarce.This review presents the abuse potential and unique pharmacology of fentanyl and elucidates its potential mechanisms of action,including neural circuit dysfunction and neuroinflammation.We discuss recent progress in the development of pharmacological interventions,anti-fentanyl vaccines,anti-fentanyl/heroin conjugate vaccines,and monoclonal antibodies to attenuate fentanyl-seeking and prevent fentanyl-induced respiratory depression.However,translational studies and clinical trials are still lacking.Considering the present opioid crisis,the development of effective pharmacological and immunological strategies to prevent fentanyl abuse and overdose are urgently needed.展开更多
The epigenetic clock is defned by the DNA methylation(DNAm)level and has been extensively applied to distinguish biological age from chronological age.Aging-related neurodegeneration is associated with epigenetic alte...The epigenetic clock is defned by the DNA methylation(DNAm)level and has been extensively applied to distinguish biological age from chronological age.Aging-related neurodegeneration is associated with epigenetic alteration,which determines the status of diseases.In recent years,extensive research has shown that physical exercise(PE)can afect the DNAm level,implying a reversal of the epigenetic clock in neurodegeneration.PE also regulates brain plas‑ticity,neuroinfammation,and molecular signaling cascades associated with epigenetics.This review summarizes the efects of PE on neurodegenerative diseases via both general and disease-specifc DNAm mechanisms,and discusses epigenetic modifcations that alleviate the pathological symptoms of these diseases.This may lead to probing of the underpinnings of neurodegenerative disorders and provide valuable therapeutic references for cognitive and motor dysfunction.展开更多
Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)has an important and complex relationship with traumatic brain injury(TBI).The prevalence of comorbid PTSD and TBI is increasing in both military and civilian populations.Moreover,TB...Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)has an important and complex relationship with traumatic brain injury(TBI).The prevalence of comorbid PTSD and TBI is increasing in both military and civilian populations.Moreover,TBI has emerged as an important risk factor for the development and manifestation of PTSD.Meanwhile,PTSD is also a significant mediator of the negative sequelae of TBI.PTSD and TBI,especially mild TBI(mTBI),have overlapping neural substrates and neuroanatomical functional features.Given that comorbid PTSD and TBI remain a challenge for forensic psychiatry evaluation,we review the relationship between the two disorders and discuss special considerations during evaluation of the condition.展开更多
文摘An object is usually composed of different features(e.g.,color,orientation,and motion),which are processed by segregated visual pathways and represented by functionally specialized brain areas.However,we perceive an object as a coherent whole,rather than its isolated features.How we integrate those isolated features and achieve a precise perception of objects is a fundamental challenge for the visual system,which is referred to as the binding problem.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61973248)the Key Project of the Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program,China(Grant No.2018ZDXM-GY-089)。
文摘An image encryption algorithm is proposed in this paper based on a new four-dimensional hyperchaotic system,a neural mechanism,a Galois field and an improved Feistel block structure,which improves the efficiency and enhances the security of the encryption algorithm.Firstly,a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system with a large key space and chaotic dynamics performance is proposed and combined with a cloud model,in which a more complex and random sequence is constructed as the key stream,and the problem of chaotic periodicity is solved.Then,the key stream is combined with the neural mechanism,Galois field and improved Feistel block structure to scramble and diffuse the image encryption.Finally,the experimental results and security analysis show that the encryption algorithm has a good encryption effect and high encryption efficiency,is secure,and can meet the requirements of practical applications.
文摘Facial Expression Recognition(FER)has been an interesting area of research in places where there is human-computer interaction.Human psychol-ogy,emotions and behaviors can be analyzed in FER.Classifiers used in FER have been perfect on normal faces but have been found to be constrained in occluded faces.Recently,Deep Learning Techniques(DLT)have gained popular-ity in applications of real-world problems including recognition of human emo-tions.The human face reflects emotional states and human intentions.An expression is the most natural and powerful way of communicating non-verbally.Systems which form communications between the two are termed Human Machine Interaction(HMI)systems.FER can improve HMI systems as human expressions convey useful information to an observer.This paper proposes a FER scheme called EECNN(Enhanced Convolution Neural Network with Atten-tion mechanism)to recognize seven types of human emotions with satisfying results in its experiments.Proposed EECNN achieved 89.8%accuracy in classi-fying the images.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB32070100)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2018SHZDZX05)+2 种基金the Shanghai Key Basic Research Project(18JC1410100)Lingang Lab(LG202106-04-03 and LG202105-01-07)the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research–Chinese Academy of Science,Shanghai Branch(JCYJ-SHFY-2022-010).
文摘The optimal protocol for neuromodulation by transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)remains unclear.Using the rotarod paradigm,we found that mouse motor learning was enhanced by anodal tDCS(3.2 mA/cm^(2))during but not before or after the performance of a task.Dual-task experiments showed that motor learning enhancement was specific to the task accompanied by anodal tDCS.Studies using a mouse model of stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion showed that concurrent anodal tDCS restored motor learning capability in a task-specific manner.Transcranial in vivo Ca^(2+)imaging further showed that anodal tDCS elevated and cathodal tDCS suppressed neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex(M1).Anodal tDCS specifically promoted the activity of task-related M1 neurons during task performance,suggesting that elevated Hebbian synaptic potentiation in task-activated circuits accounts for the motor learning enhancement.Thus,application of tDCS concurrent with the targeted behavioral dysfunction could be an effective approach to treating brain disorders.
文摘Subject Code:C09 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a research group led by Dr.Shen Wei(沈伟)from Shanghai Tech University has deconstructed a neural circuit for body temperature regulation,which was published in PNAS(2017,114:2042—2047).
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China:8197375,82074536,82104999Cultivation of Outstanding and Top Talents in Universities of Anhui Province:gxgwfx2019025Nature Science Research Project of Anhui province:2108085Y30,2108085QH36。
文摘ObjectiveTo observe the effects of pretreatment with electroacupuncture (EA) on neuron activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and explore the central regulatory mechanism of EA in attenuating MIRI.MethodsOf 72 SD rats, 12 were randomly allocated into the group of EA pretreatment + RVLM nucleus damage (EA + RVLM lesion group). The other 60 rats were randomized (20 rats each) into a sham-operation group, a model group, and an EA pretreatment group (EA group). Except for the rats in the sham-operation group, the models of MIRI were prepared by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in the model, EA, and EA + RVLM lesion groups. The rats of the EA group were intervened with EA at “Shénmén (神门HT7)” and “Tōnglĭ (通里HT5)”, 1 mA in current intensity and 2 Hz in frequency, for 20 min each time per day. Before modeling, the intervention was given for seven consecutive days. In the EA + RVLM lesion group, 3 weeks after microinjection with the neuronal apoptotic virus at bilateral RVLM, the same EA intervention as the EA group was provided. Afterward, the MIRI models were prepared. In the model group, no EA intervention was given. Using Powerlab electrophysiolograph, ST segment displacement value and arrhythmia score were recorded and analyzed before modeling, 30 min after ligation, and 120 min after reperfusion in each group. The concentration of cardiac troponin (cTnl) was detected with an ELISA assay kit. Using immunofluorescence staining, the expression level of c-fos protein of RVLM was detected in the sham-operation, model, and EA groups separately. Plexon multichannel acquisition processor was adopted to record the neuronal firing and field potential of RVLM in the sham-operation, model, and EA groups.ResultsST segment displacement value, arrhythmia score, and cTnl concentration 30 min after ligation and 120 min after reperfusion were all elevated in the model group compared to the sham-operation group (all P < 0.01). ST segment displacement value, arrhythmia score, and cTnl concentration were lower in the EA group compared to the model and EA + RVLM lesion groups (P < 0.01). Compared with the sham-operation group, the expression level of c-fos and the total firing frequency in RVLM were significantly higher in the model group (P < 0.01). However, the expression level of c-fos and the total firing frequency in RVLM were lower in the EA group compared with the model group (P < 0.01).ConclusionElectroacupuncture pretreatment may induce changes in c-fos protein expression and neuronal activity in RVLM to mitigate myocardial lesions. RVLM plays an important role in electroacupuncture pretreatment for alleviating MIRI.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC0118604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071058).
文摘Fentanyl is a fully synthetic opioid with analgesic and anesthetic properties.It has become a primary driver of the deadliest opioid crisis in the United States and elsewhere,consequently imposing devastating social,economic,and health burdens worldwide.However,the neural mechanisms that underlie the behavioral effects of fentanyl and its analogs are largely unknown,and approaches to prevent fentanyl abuse and fentanyl-related overdose deaths are scarce.This review presents the abuse potential and unique pharmacology of fentanyl and elucidates its potential mechanisms of action,including neural circuit dysfunction and neuroinflammation.We discuss recent progress in the development of pharmacological interventions,anti-fentanyl vaccines,anti-fentanyl/heroin conjugate vaccines,and monoclonal antibodies to attenuate fentanyl-seeking and prevent fentanyl-induced respiratory depression.However,translational studies and clinical trials are still lacking.Considering the present opioid crisis,the development of effective pharmacological and immunological strategies to prevent fentanyl abuse and overdose are urgently needed.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671062 and 81870820 to N.-J.X.31900796 to X.-D.L),Shanghai Brain-Intelligence Project from the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(16JC1420500 and 18JC1420302)the Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai.
文摘The epigenetic clock is defned by the DNA methylation(DNAm)level and has been extensively applied to distinguish biological age from chronological age.Aging-related neurodegeneration is associated with epigenetic alteration,which determines the status of diseases.In recent years,extensive research has shown that physical exercise(PE)can afect the DNAm level,implying a reversal of the epigenetic clock in neurodegeneration.PE also regulates brain plas‑ticity,neuroinfammation,and molecular signaling cascades associated with epigenetics.This review summarizes the efects of PE on neurodegenerative diseases via both general and disease-specifc DNAm mechanisms,and discusses epigenetic modifcations that alleviate the pathological symptoms of these diseases.This may lead to probing of the underpinnings of neurodegenerative disorders and provide valuable therapeutic references for cognitive and motor dysfunction.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2012BAK16B03)Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province,China(2013B022000054).
文摘Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)has an important and complex relationship with traumatic brain injury(TBI).The prevalence of comorbid PTSD and TBI is increasing in both military and civilian populations.Moreover,TBI has emerged as an important risk factor for the development and manifestation of PTSD.Meanwhile,PTSD is also a significant mediator of the negative sequelae of TBI.PTSD and TBI,especially mild TBI(mTBI),have overlapping neural substrates and neuroanatomical functional features.Given that comorbid PTSD and TBI remain a challenge for forensic psychiatry evaluation,we review the relationship between the two disorders and discuss special considerations during evaluation of the condition.
