Spinal cord injury(SCI)is an incurable trauma that frequently results in partial or complete loss of motor and sensory function.Massive neurons are damaged after the initial mechanical insult.Secondary injuries,which ...Spinal cord injury(SCI)is an incurable trauma that frequently results in partial or complete loss of motor and sensory function.Massive neurons are damaged after the initial mechanical insult.Secondary injuries,which are triggered by immunological and inflammatory responses,also result in neuronal loss and axon retraction.This results in defects in the neural circuit and a deficiency in the processing of information.Although inflammatory responses are necessary for spinal cord recovery,conflicting evidence of their contributions to specific biological processes have made it difficult to define the specific role of inflammation in SCI.This review summarizes our understanding of the complex role of inflammation in neural circuit events following SCI,such as cell death,axon regeneration and neural remodeling.We also review the drugs that regulate immune responses and inflammation in the treatment of SCI and discuss the roles of these drugs in the modulation of neural circuits.Finally,we provide evidence about the critical role of inflammation in facilitating spinal cord neural circuit regeneration in zebrafish,an animal model with robust regenerative capacity,to provide insights into the regeneration of the mammalian central nervous system.展开更多
BACKGROUND Functional epiphora is a clinical condition which is not due to an anatomic defect.Most studies agree that it involves the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle,particularly its deeper segment(Horner’s mu...BACKGROUND Functional epiphora is a clinical condition which is not due to an anatomic defect.Most studies agree that it involves the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle,particularly its deeper segment(Horner’s muscle),but the exact mechanism is not clear.AIM To evaluate the orbicularis oculi muscle in functional epiphora patients using electromyography(EMG).METHODS A total of 8 Chinese patients(16 eyes)with functional epiphora were enrolled in this study,and ten volunteers(10 eyes)were included as normal controls.Five epiphora patients(five eyes)with facial palsy served as positive controls.Quantitative EMG was performed in the deeper segment of orbicularis oculi muscle.The average duration of each EMG waveform was measured.RESULTS The average duration of EMG waveforms in the normal control group,the functional epiphora group,and the facial palsy group were 6.39±0.73 ms,9.39±1.32 ms and 11.2±1.42 ms,respectively.The duration of EMG waveforms was significantly longer in the functional epiphora group than in the normal control group(P<0.05),and shorter than that in the facial palsy group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION These data indicate the presence of neurogenic orbicularis oculi muscle damage in epiphora patients,which may be the cause of functional epiphora.The etiology of neurogenic damage in the orbicularis oculi muscle requires further investigation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1105900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81701127)+1 种基金the Nantong Science and Technology Foundation of China(JC2021058)the Large Instruments Open Foundation of Nantong University(KFJN2231,KFJN2275).
文摘Spinal cord injury(SCI)is an incurable trauma that frequently results in partial or complete loss of motor and sensory function.Massive neurons are damaged after the initial mechanical insult.Secondary injuries,which are triggered by immunological and inflammatory responses,also result in neuronal loss and axon retraction.This results in defects in the neural circuit and a deficiency in the processing of information.Although inflammatory responses are necessary for spinal cord recovery,conflicting evidence of their contributions to specific biological processes have made it difficult to define the specific role of inflammation in SCI.This review summarizes our understanding of the complex role of inflammation in neural circuit events following SCI,such as cell death,axon regeneration and neural remodeling.We also review the drugs that regulate immune responses and inflammation in the treatment of SCI and discuss the roles of these drugs in the modulation of neural circuits.Finally,we provide evidence about the critical role of inflammation in facilitating spinal cord neural circuit regeneration in zebrafish,an animal model with robust regenerative capacity,to provide insights into the regeneration of the mammalian central nervous system.
文摘BACKGROUND Functional epiphora is a clinical condition which is not due to an anatomic defect.Most studies agree that it involves the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle,particularly its deeper segment(Horner’s muscle),but the exact mechanism is not clear.AIM To evaluate the orbicularis oculi muscle in functional epiphora patients using electromyography(EMG).METHODS A total of 8 Chinese patients(16 eyes)with functional epiphora were enrolled in this study,and ten volunteers(10 eyes)were included as normal controls.Five epiphora patients(five eyes)with facial palsy served as positive controls.Quantitative EMG was performed in the deeper segment of orbicularis oculi muscle.The average duration of each EMG waveform was measured.RESULTS The average duration of EMG waveforms in the normal control group,the functional epiphora group,and the facial palsy group were 6.39±0.73 ms,9.39±1.32 ms and 11.2±1.42 ms,respectively.The duration of EMG waveforms was significantly longer in the functional epiphora group than in the normal control group(P<0.05),and shorter than that in the facial palsy group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION These data indicate the presence of neurogenic orbicularis oculi muscle damage in epiphora patients,which may be the cause of functional epiphora.The etiology of neurogenic damage in the orbicularis oculi muscle requires further investigation.
