The aspect ratio of the structure has a significant impact on the overall stability of the ultra high-rise building. A large aspect ratio of the structure increases the risk of overturning and reduces the lateral stif...The aspect ratio of the structure has a significant impact on the overall stability of the ultra high-rise building. A large aspect ratio of the structure increases the risk of overturning and reduces the lateral stiffness of the structure, leading to significant tensile and compressive stresses in the isolated bearings. To study the effect of aspect ratio on the seismic response and overturning resistance of a new staggered story isolated structure, three models with different aspect ratios were established. Nonlinear time-history analysis of the three models was conducted using ETABS finite element software. The results indicate that the overturning moment and overturning resistance moment of the superstructure in the new staggered story isolated structure increase with an increasing aspect ratio. However, the increase in the overturning moment of the superstructure is much greater than the increase in the overturning resistance moment, resulting in a decrease in the overturning resistance ratio of the superstructure with an increasing aspect ratio. The overturning moment and overturning resistance moment of the substructure in the new staggered story isolated structure decrease with an increasing aspect ratio. However, the decrease in the overturning moment of the substructure is greater than the decrease in the overturning resistance moment, leading to an increase in the overturning resistance ratio of the substructure with an increasing aspect ratio. The decrease in the overturning resistance ratio of the superstructure in the new staggered story isolated structure is much greater than the increase in the overturning resistance ratio of the substructure. Therefore, as the aspect ratio of the overall structure increases, the overturning resistance ratio of the superstructure and the entire structure decreases.展开更多
The nonlinear optical （NLO） and optical limiting （OL） properties of three new structures of organic NLO guest host Poly（N-vinylcarbozole）/disperse orange 3 （PVK/DO3）, PVK/disperse orange 13 （PVK/DO13）. and P...The nonlinear optical （NLO） and optical limiting （OL） properties of three new structures of organic NLO guest host Poly（N-vinylcarbozole）/disperse orange 3 （PVK/DO3）, PVK/disperse orange 13 （PVK/DO13）. and PVK/disperse orange 25 （PVK/DO25） as a solution at different concentrations and as a thin-film sample are studied using continuous wave z-scan system at 532 nm. The open-aperture z-scan data of the NLO materials in the solution and thin-film samples displayed two-photon and saturable absorptions, respectively. The PVK/DO13 exhibites the largest and best values of the nonlinearities, such as n2, β, X（3） compared with those of PVK/DO3 and PVK/DO25. This nonlinearity increases as the concentration increases. Tile results indicate that these NLO materials are good candidates for optical switching and OL devices.展开更多
In living organisms,confined space with specific chemical composition and elaborate spatial distribution regulates the formation of natural structures.Learning from the natural structure-forming process,novel synthesi...In living organisms,confined space with specific chemical composition and elaborate spatial distribution regulates the formation of natural structures.Learning from the natural structure-forming process,novel synthesis approaches in deliberated confined systems have been proposed for obtaining designed structures.Artificial confined systems can effectively regulate the synthesis of materials with defined structures according to the geometry of confinements.Collagen fibrils provide biological confinements for the formation of hierarchical structure with periodic arrangement.Genetically engineered living organisms with designed confinements can direct the synthesis of three-dimensional nanostructures.More novel structures will be rationally fabricated in the future with the aid of deeper understanding of biological processes.展开更多
Introduction In English teaching, the first task for teachers should be teaching students with clear information about the language they are learning. The presentation stage is the best way to reach this goal. In this...Introduction In English teaching, the first task for teachers should be teaching students with clear information about the language they are learning. The presentation stage is the best way to reach this goal. In this essay, we analyze the importance of this stage. How it is different from the traditional methods -grammatical explanation and translations methods- and its advantages.展开更多
A variable separation approach is proposed and extended to the （1＋1）-dimensional physics system. The variable separation solution of （1-F1）-dimensional Ito system is obtained. Some special types of solutions such...A variable separation approach is proposed and extended to the （1＋1）-dimensional physics system. The variable separation solution of （1-F1）-dimensional Ito system is obtained. Some special types of solutions such as non-propagating solitary wave solution, propagating solitary wave solution and looped soliton solution are found by selecting the arbitrary function appropriately.展开更多
Objective The Jilin-Liaoning area has widely spread Meso- and Neoproterozoic sediments and is always a focused area for researching Precambrian geology. Previous study has achieved a series of results about Neoprotero...Objective The Jilin-Liaoning area has widely spread Meso- and Neoproterozoic sediments and is always a focused area for researching Precambrian geology. Previous study has achieved a series of results about Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in this area, but the lack of precise geochronological data and signs of stratigraphic correlation has resulted in the long controversial stratigraphic age and regional correlation. During recent years,展开更多
A new anchor-siphon drainage combined method used for slope stabilization is proposed in this paper.It includes an anchoring section and a siphon drainage section.The novelty of the anchor-siphon drainage combined met...A new anchor-siphon drainage combined method used for slope stabilization is proposed in this paper.It includes an anchoring section and a siphon drainage section.The novelty of the anchor-siphon drainage combined method is the realization of the drainage and anchoring in the one inclined borehole.The engineering cost of drilling and the resulting disturbance to the slope is reduced.To validate the feasibility of the proposed method,a numerical method that combines the pore water pressure distribution after siphon drainage and the anchoring force of the anchoring section is used to evaluate the safety of the slope with the anchor-siphon drainage method.The proposed method was illustrated and validated with the Hongpu Village landslide,in Tonglu County,Zhejiang Province,in China.Compared with the common anchor bar with the same length in the anchoring section,the factor of safety(FOS)for Hongpu Village slope with anchorsiphon drainage is increased by 0.085.The calculation method of the optimal length ratio between the drainage section and the anchoring section and its influencing factors were studied.For the different design parameters,there is always an optimal length ratio of the drainage section.Compared with the siphon drainage and full-length anchor bar with the same borehole length,the anchor-siphon drainage combined method shows better landslide prevention ability.Moreover,when the optimized parameters with a bond strength of 560kPa,a borehole inclination of 35°,and no reduction in length are used,the calculated safety factor is 1.316,which is significantly higher than the FOS of 1.131 for the slope with siphon drainage.展开更多
The normal development and optimal functioning of the brain requires a vigilant immune surveillance system to detect and remove potential risk factors and prevent infection and tissue damage. Microglia are the residen...The normal development and optimal functioning of the brain requires a vigilant immune surveillance system to detect and remove potential risk factors and prevent infection and tissue damage. Microglia are the resident immune cells and the frontline defenders responsible for the immune response of the brain. Resting microglia possess a ramified morphology with numerous thin processes that continuously sample the environment. In response to inflammatory signals, microglia become activated and transform their morphology into a thick, amoeboid-like shape. Activated microglia proliferate, tolerate to sites of iniurv,展开更多
A new protoilludane sesquiterpenoid aromatic ester,named armillarizin (1)has been isolated from the artificially cultured mycelium of Armillaria me- llea(Vahl.ex Fr)Quel.(Tricholomataceae).Its structure was deduced on...A new protoilludane sesquiterpenoid aromatic ester,named armillarizin (1)has been isolated from the artificially cultured mycelium of Armillaria me- llea(Vahl.ex Fr)Quel.(Tricholomataceae).Its structure was deduced on the ba- sis of spectral analyses.The relative configuration was established from the nuclear Overhauser effects and from the values of ~1H-~1H coupling constants.展开更多
A new prenylated flavonol, maackiaflavonol, was isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots of Maackia tenuifolia. Its structure was elucidated as 7-hydrox-8-prenylflavonol by means of spectroscopic analysis (UV, I...A new prenylated flavonol, maackiaflavonol, was isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots of Maackia tenuifolia. Its structure was elucidated as 7-hydrox-8-prenylflavonol by means of spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, MS, NMR and 1H-1H COSY) and confirmed by total synthesis.展开更多
This book presents general theories and applications of structural optimization methods. The first chapter of the book introduces various basic concepts of structural optimization through several illustrative examples...This book presents general theories and applications of structural optimization methods. The first chapter of the book introduces various basic concepts of structural optimization through several illustrative examples. Chapter 2 is devoted to a comprehensive review of math- ematical programming methods, including classical methods such as the simplex method, the （SLP） method, the interior point method and relatively new approaches such as genetic algo- rithms. The third chapter presents the main topic of this book, the SLP methods based on the incremental equations of structures. Some useful techniques in implementation of SLP, including the move limit, scaling and active constraint identifying, are discussed. In chapter 4, classical optimality criterion approaches, including the fully stress approach for truss struc- tures and its extensions for membrane and plate structures, are presented with demonstrative examples. The remaining chapters develop an overview of structural optimization problems, among which are dynamic optimization, multi-criterion optimization, earlier work on the op- timal layouts of plates, as well as some practical issues in general size and shape optimization problems.展开更多
A new Monte Carlo simulation of the track structure of low-energy electrons （〈10keV） in liquid water is presented. The feature of the simulation is taken into consideration of the condensed-phase effect of liquid w...A new Monte Carlo simulation of the track structure of low-energy electrons （〈10keV） in liquid water is presented. The feature of the simulation is taken into consideration of the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering with the use of the Champion model, while the dielectric response formalism incorporating the optical-data model developed by Emfietzoglou et al. is applied for calculating the electron inelastic scattering. The spatial distributions of energy deposition and inelastic scattering events of low-energy electrons with different primary energies in liquid water are calculated and compared with other theoretical evaluations. The present work shows that the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering may be of the influence on the fraction of absorbed energy and distribution of inelastic scattering events at lower primary energies, which also indicate potential effects on the DNA damage induced by low-energy electrons.展开更多
A lignan diol (1) was isolated from Schisandra rubriflora Rhed et Wils. It is racemic, with RS, RS, RS, SR configurations for the four consecutive asymmetric centers as shown.
The development of the socialist market economy demands the furtherintensification of the reform of the management operating system (MOS)of the state-owned assets, the strengthening of the efficiency in the man-agemen...The development of the socialist market economy demands the furtherintensification of the reform of the management operating system (MOS)of the state-owned assets, the strengthening of the efficiency in the man-agement of state-owned assets,and the improvement of the operating bene-展开更多
Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4I,Mr=2381.90,Monoclinic,C2/c,a=21.987(2),b=6.153(2),c= 19.936(3),β=122.42(14),V=2276.7 ~3,z=4,Dm=6.8(5)g/cm^3,Dc=6.95g/cm^3,λ(Mok)= 0.71073,μ=354.0cm^(-1),F(000)=3876,T=296(1)k,R=5.3%,Rw=6.8%,for 11...Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4I,Mr=2381.90,Monoclinic,C2/c,a=21.987(2),b=6.153(2),c= 19.936(3),β=122.42(14),V=2276.7 ~3,z=4,Dm=6.8(5)g/cm^3,Dc=6.95g/cm^3,λ(Mok)= 0.71073,μ=354.0cm^(-1),F(000)=3876,T=296(1)k,R=5.3%,Rw=6.8%,for 1118 unique observed reflections(1>3σ(Ⅰ)).The structure is composed of [Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4I]_∞~ chains,which are formed by the four-nuclear butterfly cluster units "Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4" with the Ⅰ atoms as the bridging atoms between different cluster units.展开更多
On the basis of spectroscopic evidence (MS, ~1HNMR, ^(13)CNMR, CD, ~1H-~1H and ~1H-^(13)C cosy NMR) and chemical synthesis, the structure of isodopharicin E (1), isolated from the dry leaves and tender branches of Iso...On the basis of spectroscopic evidence (MS, ~1HNMR, ^(13)CNMR, CD, ~1H-~1H and ~1H-^(13)C cosy NMR) and chemical synthesis, the structure of isodopharicin E (1), isolated from the dry leaves and tender branches of Isodon pharicus (Prain) Murata was elucidated as 3R, 3'R, 13S, 13'S-tetrahydroxy-11S, 11'S-diacetoxy(16S-O-15')-bisentkaur-15'-en-15-one.展开更多
In this paper,a new rare earth benzoate coordination compound,[TbL_3(HL)(H_2O)]_2 (HL=C_7H_6O_2=benzoic acid) is synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis DTA,TG,DTC,and IR spectra.The title compound crystal...In this paper,a new rare earth benzoate coordination compound,[TbL_3(HL)(H_2O)]_2 (HL=C_7H_6O_2=benzoic acid) is synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis DTA,TG,DTC,and IR spectra.The title compound crystallizes in triclinic,space.group P with a=9.148(1),b=11.460(2), c=13.506(2);α=112.76(1),β=91.83(1),γ=91.99(1)°;Z=1;V=1303.3.The final R factor is 0.0235.The rare earth ion is nine-coordinated to form a distorted monocapped square antiprism.展开更多
A new Mutactimycin group antibiotic(XF-1)was isolated from the mycelium of Streptomyces sp.80-115 and its structure has been determined on the basis of its spectroscopical and chemical properties. XF-1 showed active a...A new Mutactimycin group antibiotic(XF-1)was isolated from the mycelium of Streptomyces sp.80-115 and its structure has been determined on the basis of its spectroscopical and chemical properties. XF-1 showed active against some Gram positive bacteria.展开更多
At a working conference, Vice Mayor Lu Yucheng presented a plan for Beijing’s 1997 work in foreign trade and economic cooperation. The general task is to carry out the strategy of great economy and trade, expand expo...At a working conference, Vice Mayor Lu Yucheng presented a plan for Beijing’s 1997 work in foreign trade and economic cooperation. The general task is to carry out the strategy of great economy and trade, expand exports, use foreign funds reasonably and effectively, and conduct international economic and technical cooperation. The major target is to complete export volume of US$2.3 billion. Last year’s import and展开更多
文摘The aspect ratio of the structure has a significant impact on the overall stability of the ultra high-rise building. A large aspect ratio of the structure increases the risk of overturning and reduces the lateral stiffness of the structure, leading to significant tensile and compressive stresses in the isolated bearings. To study the effect of aspect ratio on the seismic response and overturning resistance of a new staggered story isolated structure, three models with different aspect ratios were established. Nonlinear time-history analysis of the three models was conducted using ETABS finite element software. The results indicate that the overturning moment and overturning resistance moment of the superstructure in the new staggered story isolated structure increase with an increasing aspect ratio. However, the increase in the overturning moment of the superstructure is much greater than the increase in the overturning resistance moment, resulting in a decrease in the overturning resistance ratio of the superstructure with an increasing aspect ratio. The overturning moment and overturning resistance moment of the substructure in the new staggered story isolated structure decrease with an increasing aspect ratio. However, the decrease in the overturning moment of the substructure is greater than the decrease in the overturning resistance moment, leading to an increase in the overturning resistance ratio of the substructure with an increasing aspect ratio. The decrease in the overturning resistance ratio of the superstructure in the new staggered story isolated structure is much greater than the increase in the overturning resistance ratio of the substructure. Therefore, as the aspect ratio of the overall structure increases, the overturning resistance ratio of the superstructure and the entire structure decreases.
文摘The nonlinear optical （NLO） and optical limiting （OL） properties of three new structures of organic NLO guest host Poly（N-vinylcarbozole）/disperse orange 3 （PVK/DO3）, PVK/disperse orange 13 （PVK/DO13）. and PVK/disperse orange 25 （PVK/DO25） as a solution at different concentrations and as a thin-film sample are studied using continuous wave z-scan system at 532 nm. The open-aperture z-scan data of the NLO materials in the solution and thin-film samples displayed two-photon and saturable absorptions, respectively. The PVK/DO13 exhibites the largest and best values of the nonlinearities, such as n2, β, X（3） compared with those of PVK/DO3 and PVK/DO25. This nonlinearity increases as the concentration increases. Tile results indicate that these NLO materials are good candidates for optical switching and OL devices.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51521001)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2015DFR50650)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University(WUT 2016IB006).
文摘In living organisms,confined space with specific chemical composition and elaborate spatial distribution regulates the formation of natural structures.Learning from the natural structure-forming process,novel synthesis approaches in deliberated confined systems have been proposed for obtaining designed structures.Artificial confined systems can effectively regulate the synthesis of materials with defined structures according to the geometry of confinements.Collagen fibrils provide biological confinements for the formation of hierarchical structure with periodic arrangement.Genetically engineered living organisms with designed confinements can direct the synthesis of three-dimensional nanostructures.More novel structures will be rationally fabricated in the future with the aid of deeper understanding of biological processes.
文摘Introduction In English teaching, the first task for teachers should be teaching students with clear information about the language they are learning. The presentation stage is the best way to reach this goal. In this essay, we analyze the importance of this stage. How it is different from the traditional methods -grammatical explanation and translations methods- and its advantages.
文摘A variable separation approach is proposed and extended to the （1＋1）-dimensional physics system. The variable separation solution of （1-F1）-dimensional Ito system is obtained. Some special types of solutions such as non-propagating solitary wave solution, propagating solitary wave solution and looped soliton solution are found by selecting the arbitrary function appropriately.
基金supported by the Nature Science Foundation of China(grant No.41472082)China Geological Survey(grant No.121201102000150012)
文摘Objective The Jilin-Liaoning area has widely spread Meso- and Neoproterozoic sediments and is always a focused area for researching Precambrian geology. Previous study has achieved a series of results about Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in this area, but the lack of precise geochronological data and signs of stratigraphic correlation has resulted in the long controversial stratigraphic age and regional correlation. During recent years,
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Project)(No.42230702)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42277129)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LY21D020001)。
文摘A new anchor-siphon drainage combined method used for slope stabilization is proposed in this paper.It includes an anchoring section and a siphon drainage section.The novelty of the anchor-siphon drainage combined method is the realization of the drainage and anchoring in the one inclined borehole.The engineering cost of drilling and the resulting disturbance to the slope is reduced.To validate the feasibility of the proposed method,a numerical method that combines the pore water pressure distribution after siphon drainage and the anchoring force of the anchoring section is used to evaluate the safety of the slope with the anchor-siphon drainage method.The proposed method was illustrated and validated with the Hongpu Village landslide,in Tonglu County,Zhejiang Province,in China.Compared with the common anchor bar with the same length in the anchoring section,the factor of safety(FOS)for Hongpu Village slope with anchorsiphon drainage is increased by 0.085.The calculation method of the optimal length ratio between the drainage section and the anchoring section and its influencing factors were studied.For the different design parameters,there is always an optimal length ratio of the drainage section.Compared with the siphon drainage and full-length anchor bar with the same borehole length,the anchor-siphon drainage combined method shows better landslide prevention ability.Moreover,when the optimized parameters with a bond strength of 560kPa,a borehole inclination of 35°,and no reduction in length are used,the calculated safety factor is 1.316,which is significantly higher than the FOS of 1.131 for the slope with siphon drainage.
基金supported by the Bio&Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant(No.2012M3A9C6049935)the DGIST Convergence Science Center Program(15-BD-04)of the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning of Korea
文摘The normal development and optimal functioning of the brain requires a vigilant immune surveillance system to detect and remove potential risk factors and prevent infection and tissue damage. Microglia are the resident immune cells and the frontline defenders responsible for the immune response of the brain. Resting microglia possess a ramified morphology with numerous thin processes that continuously sample the environment. In response to inflammatory signals, microglia become activated and transform their morphology into a thick, amoeboid-like shape. Activated microglia proliferate, tolerate to sites of iniurv,
文摘A new protoilludane sesquiterpenoid aromatic ester,named armillarizin (1)has been isolated from the artificially cultured mycelium of Armillaria me- llea(Vahl.ex Fr)Quel.(Tricholomataceae).Its structure was deduced on the ba- sis of spectral analyses.The relative configuration was established from the nuclear Overhauser effects and from the values of ~1H-~1H coupling constants.
文摘A new prenylated flavonol, maackiaflavonol, was isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots of Maackia tenuifolia. Its structure was elucidated as 7-hydrox-8-prenylflavonol by means of spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, MS, NMR and 1H-1H COSY) and confirmed by total synthesis.
文摘This book presents general theories and applications of structural optimization methods. The first chapter of the book introduces various basic concepts of structural optimization through several illustrative examples. Chapter 2 is devoted to a comprehensive review of math- ematical programming methods, including classical methods such as the simplex method, the （SLP） method, the interior point method and relatively new approaches such as genetic algo- rithms. The third chapter presents the main topic of this book, the SLP methods based on the incremental equations of structures. Some useful techniques in implementation of SLP, including the move limit, scaling and active constraint identifying, are discussed. In chapter 4, classical optimality criterion approaches, including the fully stress approach for truss struc- tures and its extensions for membrane and plate structures, are presented with demonstrative examples. The remaining chapters develop an overview of structural optimization problems, among which are dynamic optimization, multi-criterion optimization, earlier work on the op- timal layouts of plates, as well as some practical issues in general size and shape optimization problems.
文摘A new Monte Carlo simulation of the track structure of low-energy electrons （〈10keV） in liquid water is presented. The feature of the simulation is taken into consideration of the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering with the use of the Champion model, while the dielectric response formalism incorporating the optical-data model developed by Emfietzoglou et al. is applied for calculating the electron inelastic scattering. The spatial distributions of energy deposition and inelastic scattering events of low-energy electrons with different primary energies in liquid water are calculated and compared with other theoretical evaluations. The present work shows that the condensed-phase effect of liquid water on electron elastic scattering may be of the influence on the fraction of absorbed energy and distribution of inelastic scattering events at lower primary energies, which also indicate potential effects on the DNA damage induced by low-energy electrons.
文摘A lignan diol (1) was isolated from Schisandra rubriflora Rhed et Wils. It is racemic, with RS, RS, RS, SR configurations for the four consecutive asymmetric centers as shown.
文摘The development of the socialist market economy demands the furtherintensification of the reform of the management operating system (MOS)of the state-owned assets, the strengthening of the efficiency in the man-agement of state-owned assets,and the improvement of the operating bene-
文摘Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4I,Mr=2381.90,Monoclinic,C2/c,a=21.987(2),b=6.153(2),c= 19.936(3),β=122.42(14),V=2276.7 ~3,z=4,Dm=6.8(5)g/cm^3,Dc=6.95g/cm^3,λ(Mok)= 0.71073,μ=354.0cm^(-1),F(000)=3876,T=296(1)k,R=5.3%,Rw=6.8%,for 1118 unique observed reflections(1>3σ(Ⅰ)).The structure is composed of [Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4I]_∞~ chains,which are formed by the four-nuclear butterfly cluster units "Ta_4(Te_2)_4Te_4" with the Ⅰ atoms as the bridging atoms between different cluster units.
文摘On the basis of spectroscopic evidence (MS, ~1HNMR, ^(13)CNMR, CD, ~1H-~1H and ~1H-^(13)C cosy NMR) and chemical synthesis, the structure of isodopharicin E (1), isolated from the dry leaves and tender branches of Isodon pharicus (Prain) Murata was elucidated as 3R, 3'R, 13S, 13'S-tetrahydroxy-11S, 11'S-diacetoxy(16S-O-15')-bisentkaur-15'-en-15-one.
文摘In this paper,a new rare earth benzoate coordination compound,[TbL_3(HL)(H_2O)]_2 (HL=C_7H_6O_2=benzoic acid) is synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis DTA,TG,DTC,and IR spectra.The title compound crystallizes in triclinic,space.group P with a=9.148(1),b=11.460(2), c=13.506(2);α=112.76(1),β=91.83(1),γ=91.99(1)°;Z=1;V=1303.3.The final R factor is 0.0235.The rare earth ion is nine-coordinated to form a distorted monocapped square antiprism.
文摘A new Mutactimycin group antibiotic(XF-1)was isolated from the mycelium of Streptomyces sp.80-115 and its structure has been determined on the basis of its spectroscopical and chemical properties. XF-1 showed active against some Gram positive bacteria.
文摘At a working conference, Vice Mayor Lu Yucheng presented a plan for Beijing’s 1997 work in foreign trade and economic cooperation. The general task is to carry out the strategy of great economy and trade, expand exports, use foreign funds reasonably and effectively, and conduct international economic and technical cooperation. The major target is to complete export volume of US$2.3 billion. Last year’s import and
