We investigate the anisotropic band structure and its evolution under tensile strains along different crystallographic directions in bulk black phosphorus(BP)using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density...We investigate the anisotropic band structure and its evolution under tensile strains along different crystallographic directions in bulk black phosphorus(BP)using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory.The results show that there are band crossings in the Z-L(armchair)direction.展开更多
Amorphous solids exhibit scale-free avalanches,even under small external loading,and thus can work as suitable systems to study critical behavior and universality classes.The abundance of scale-free avalanches in the ...Amorphous solids exhibit scale-free avalanches,even under small external loading,and thus can work as suitable systems to study critical behavior and universality classes.The abundance of scale-free avalanches in the entire elastic tension regime of bulk metallic glass(BMG)samples has been experimentally observed using acoustic emission(AE)measurements.In this work,we compare the statistics of avalanches with those of earthquakes,and find that they both follow the Gutenberg–Richter law in the statistics of energies and Omori’s law of aftershock rates,and share the same characteristics in the distribution of recurrence times.These resemblances encourage us to propose the term“glass-quake”to describe avalanches in elastically loaded BMGs.Furthermore,our work echoes the potential universality of critical behavior in disordered physical systems from atomic to planetary scales,and motivates the use of elastic loaded BMGs as valuable laboratory simulators of seismic dynamics.展开更多
Bulk geochemistry,Sr,Nd,and O-H isotope systematics are reported for the first time on banded iron formation(BIF)-hosted high-grade iron ore at the northwestern segment of Congo Craton(CC).Located in Mbalam iron ore d...Bulk geochemistry,Sr,Nd,and O-H isotope systematics are reported for the first time on banded iron formation(BIF)-hosted high-grade iron ore at the northwestern segment of Congo Craton(CC).Located in Mbalam iron ore district,Southern Cameroon,Metzimevin iron ore deposit is a hematite-magnetite BIF system,dominated by SiO_(2)+Fe_(2)O_(3)(97.1 to 99.84 wt%),with low concentrations of clastic elements e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2),and HFSE,depicting a nearly pure chemical precipitate.The REE+Y signature of the iron deposit displays strong positive Eu anomaly,strong negative Ce anomaly,and chondritic to superchondritic Y/Ho ratios,suggestive of formation by mixed seawater-high temperature hydrothermal fluids in oxidising environment.The^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of the BIF are higher than the maximum^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr evolution curves for all Archean reservoirs(bulk silicate earth,Archean crust and Archean seawater),indicating involvement of continentally-derived components during BIF formation and alteration.TheƐ_(Nd)(t)(+2.26 to+3.77)and Nd model age indicate that chemical constituents for the BIF were derived from undifferentiated crustal source,between 3.002 and 2.88 Ga.The variable and diverse O and H isotope data(−1.9‰to 17.3‰and−57‰to 136‰respectively)indicate that the Metzimevin iron ore formed initially from magmatic plumes and later enriched by magmatic-metamorphic-modified meteoric fluids.Mass balance calculations indicate mineralisation by combined leaching and precipitation,with an average iron enrichment factor of>2.67 and SiO_(2)depletion factor of>0.99.This is associated with an overall volume reduction of 28.27%,reflecting net leaching and volume collapse of the BIF protholith.展开更多
The oceanic trace metals iron(Fe),nickel(Ni),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),and cadmium(Cd)are crucial to marine phytoplankton growth and global carbon cycle,and the analysis of their stable isotopes can provide valuable insight...The oceanic trace metals iron(Fe),nickel(Ni),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),and cadmium(Cd)are crucial to marine phytoplankton growth and global carbon cycle,and the analysis of their stable isotopes can provide valuable insights into their biogeochemical cycles within the ocean.However,the simultaneous isotopic analysis of multiple elements present in seawater is challenging because of their low concentrations,limited volumes of the test samples,and high salt matrix.In this study,we present the novel method developed for the simultaneous analysis of five isotope systems by 1 L seawater sample.In the developed method,the NOBIAS Chelate-PA1 resin was used to extract metals from seawater,the AG MP-1M anion-exchange resin to purify Cu,Fe,Zn,Cd,and the NOBIAS Chelate-PA1 resin to further extract Ni from the matrix elements.Finally,a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscope(MC-ICPMS)was employed for the isotopic measurements using a doublespike technique or sample-standard bracketing combined with internal normalization.This method exhibited low total procedural blanks(0.04 pg,0.04 pg,0.21 pg,0.15 pg,and 3 pg for Ni,Cu,Fe,Zn,and Cd,respectively)and high extraction efficiencies(100.5%±0.3%,100.2%±0.5%,97.8%±1.4%,99.9%±0.8%,and 100.1%±0.2%for Ni,Cu,Fe,Zn,and Cd,respectively).The external errors and external precisions of this method could be considered negligible.The proposed method was further tested on the seawater samples obtained from the whole vertical profile of a water column during the Chinese GEOTRACES GP09 cruise in the Northwest Pacific,and the results showed good agreement with previous related data.This innovative method will contribute to the advancement of isotope research and enhance our understanding of the marine biogeochemical cycling of Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,and Cd.展开更多
Introducing high-valence Ta element is an essential strategy for addressing the structu ral deterioration of the Ni-rich LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)Mn_(y)O_(2)(NCM)cathode,but the enlarged Li/Ni cation mixing leads to the infe...Introducing high-valence Ta element is an essential strategy for addressing the structu ral deterioration of the Ni-rich LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)Mn_(y)O_(2)(NCM)cathode,but the enlarged Li/Ni cation mixing leads to the inferior rate capability originating from the hindered Li~+migration.Note that the non-magnetic Ti~(4+)ion can suppress Li/Ni disorder by removing the magnetic frustration in the transition metal layer.However,it is still challenging to directionally design expected Ta/Ti dual-modification,resulting from the complexity of the elemental distribution and the uncertainty of in-situ formed coating compounds by introducing foreign elements.Herein,a LiTaO_3 grain boundary(GB)coating and bulk Ti-doping have been successfully achieved in LiNi_(0.834)Co_(0.11)Mn_(0.056)O_(2) cathode by thermodynamic guidance,in which the structural formation energy and interfacial binding energy are employed to predict the elemental diffusion discrepancy and thermodynamically stable coating compounds.Thanks to the coupling effect of strengthened structural/interfacial stability and improved Li~+diffusion kinetics by simultaneous bulk/GB engineering,the Ta/Ti-NCM cathode exhibits outstanding capacity retention,reaching 91.1%after 400 cycles at 1 C.This elaborate work contributes valuable insights into rational dual-modification engineering from a thermodynamic perspective for maximizing the electrochemical performances of NCM cathodes.展开更多
Photoinduced intermolecular charge transfer(PICT)determines the voltage loss in bulk heterojunction(BHJ)organic photovoltaics(OPVs),and this voltage loss can be minimized by inducing efficient PICT,which requires ener...Photoinduced intermolecular charge transfer(PICT)determines the voltage loss in bulk heterojunction(BHJ)organic photovoltaics(OPVs),and this voltage loss can be minimized by inducing efficient PICT,which requires energy-state matching between the donor and acceptor at the BHJ interfaces.Thus,both geometrically and energetically accessible delocalized state matching at the hot energy level is crucial for achieving efficient PICT.In this study,an effective method for quantifying the hot state matching of OPVs was developed.The degree of energy-state matching between the electron donor and acceptor at BHJ interfaces was quantified using a mismatching factor(MF)calculated from the modified optical density of the BHJ.Furthermore,the correlation between the open-circuit voltage(Voc)of the OPV device and energy-state matching at the BHJ interface was investigated using the calculated MF.The OPVs with small absolute MF values exhibited high Voc values.This result clearly indicates that the energy-state matching between the donor and acceptor is crucial for achieving a high Voc in OPVs.Because the MF indicates the degree of energy-state matching,which is a critical factor for suppressing energy loss,it can be used to estimate the Voc loss in OPVs.展开更多
There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical pro...There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical properties.Idealized supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with“full”Hebrew University spectral bin MP(HU-SBM),and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP(BMP)schemes.HU-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations,accompanied by less rain evaporation.HU-SBM produces more cloud ice(plates),graupel,and hail than the BMPs,yet precipitates less at the surface.The limiting mass bins(and subsequently,particle size)of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the BMPs.Aggregation from plates in HU-SBM,together with snow–graupel collisions,leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the BMPs.Replacing HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice fluxes.Still,they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain,NSSL hail,and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the surface.Conversely,the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions(PSDs)into spectral bins.The results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics,fall speed,hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates,and MP PSD design.展开更多
Prezygotic isolation is important for successful fertilization in rice, significantly affecting yield. This study focused on F_(5:6) generation plants derived from inter-subspecific crosses(Nipponbare × KDML105) ...Prezygotic isolation is important for successful fertilization in rice, significantly affecting yield. This study focused on F_(5:6) generation plants derived from inter-subspecific crosses(Nipponbare × KDML105) with low(LS) and high seed-setting rates(HS), in which normal pollen fertility was observed. However, LS plants showed a reduced number of pollen grains adhering to the stigma and fewer pollen tubes reaching the ovules at 4-5 h post-pollination, compared with HS plants. Bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis of pollinated pistils from the HS and LS groups revealed 249 and 473 differentially expressed genes(DEGs), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the HS and LS-specific DEGs indicated enrichment in metabolic pathways, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Several of these DEGs exhibited co-expression with pollen development genes and formed extensive clusters of co-expression networks. Compared with LS pistils, enzyme genes controlling pectin degradation, such as OsPME35 and OsPLL9, showed similar expression patterns, with higher levels in HS pistils pre-pollination. Os02g0467600, similar to cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene(CYP73), involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, displayed higher expression in HS pistils post-pollination. Our findings suggest that OsPME35, OsPLL9, and Os02g0467600 contribute to prezygotic isolation by potentially modifying the stigma cell wall(OsPME35 and OsPLL9) and controlling later processes such as pollen-stigma adhesion(Os02g0467600) genes. Furthermore, several DEGs specific to HS and LS were co-localized with QTLs and functional genes associated with spikelet fertility. These findings provide valuable insights for further research on rice spikelet fertility, ultimately contributing to the development of high-yielding rice varieties.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to make use of the limited filamentous sludge bulking characteristics to purify water quality and save energy. [Method] The effects of dissolved oxygen （DO） on sludge bulking were explor...[Objective] This study aimed to make use of the limited filamentous sludge bulking characteristics to purify water quality and save energy. [Method] The effects of dissolved oxygen （DO） on sludge bulking were explored by changing the DO con- centration in the aerobiotic pool of NO system from the low load （0.25 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）） and the medium to high load （0.55 kgCOD/（kg MLSSod））. [Result] In the NO activated sludge system, when the sludge load was 0.25 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）, DO=1.5 mg/L, the sludge index was at around 250, while when the sludge load- ing was 0.55 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）, DO=1.5 mg/L, the sludge index was close to 300, occurring the limited filamentous bulking. The bulked sludge still showed high removal rates to COD, SS, nitrogen and phosphorus. [Conclusion] It could improve the oxygen transfer rate and reduce the aeration rate at low DO conditions to achieve energy-saving.展开更多
The present study examines the results of the researches related to the gob bulking factor carried out at home and abroad.A mathematical function of a three-dimensional gob bulking factor is described based on a three...The present study examines the results of the researches related to the gob bulking factor carried out at home and abroad.A mathematical function of a three-dimensional gob bulking factor is described based on a three-dimensional gob model.The method of taking value for interstice and permeability ratios is also proposed.The law of air leakage of fully mechanized top coal is researched in this study.The results show that the speed of air flow near the upper and lower crossheadings is higher than that in the central section of the gob at the same distance from the working face.When the amount of air at the working face exceeds a critical amount,the width of the spontaneous combustion zone in the upper and lower crossheadings is also larger than that in the central section.In this situation,the key is preventing the coal left in the upper and lower crossheadings from self-igniting.Reducing the amount of air at the working face can decrease the width of the spontaneous combustion zone,especially the width near the upper and lower crossheadings.This also moves the spontaneous combustion zone in the direction of the working face.It can prevent the coal in the gob from self-igniting by making the coal left in the crossheadings to be inert and by effectively controlling the amount of air at the working face.展开更多
Based on the characteristics of 3D bulk forming process, the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation-based FEM is studied, and a prediction-correction ALE-based FEM is proposed which integrates the advantages ...Based on the characteristics of 3D bulk forming process, the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation-based FEM is studied, and a prediction-correction ALE-based FEM is proposed which integrates the advantages of precisely predicting the boundary configuration of the deformed material, and of efficiently avoiding hexahedron remeshing processes. The key idea of the prediction-correction ALE FEM is elaborated in detail. Accordingly, the strategy of mesh quality control, one of the key enabling techniques for the 3D bulk forming process numerical simulation by the prediction-correction ALE FEM is carefully investigated, and the algorithm for hexahedral element refinement is formulated based on the mesh distortion energy.展开更多
Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, mo...Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.展开更多
Bulking characteristics of gangue are of great significance for the stability of goafs in mining overburden in the caving zones.In this paper,a particle discrete element method with clusters to represent gangue was ad...Bulking characteristics of gangue are of great significance for the stability of goafs in mining overburden in the caving zones.In this paper,a particle discrete element method with clusters to represent gangue was adopted to explore the bulking coefficient time effect of the broken rock in the caving zone under three-dimensional triaxial compression condition.The phenomena of stress corrosion,deformation,and failure of rock blocks were simulated in the numerical model.Meanwhile,a new criterion of rock fragments damage was put forward.It was found that the broken rock has obvious viscoelastic properties.A new equation based on the Burgers creep model was proposed to predict the bulking coefficient of broken rock.A deformation characteristic parameter of the prediction equation was analyzed,which can be set as a fixed value in the mid-and long-term prediction of the bulking coefficient.There are quadratic function relationships between the deformation characteristic parameter value and Talbot gradation index,axial pressure and confining pressure.展开更多
Here,we report a mixed GAI and MAI(MGM)treatment method by forming a 2D alternating-cation-interlayer(ACI)phase(n=2)perovskite layer on the 3D perovskite,modulating the bulk and interfacial defects in the perovskite f...Here,we report a mixed GAI and MAI(MGM)treatment method by forming a 2D alternating-cation-interlayer(ACI)phase(n=2)perovskite layer on the 3D perovskite,modulating the bulk and interfacial defects in the perovskite films simultaneously,leading to the suppressed nonradiative recombination,longer lifetime,higher mobility,and reduced trap density.Consequently,the devices’performance is enhanced to 24.5%and 18.7%for 0.12 and 64 cm^(2),respectively.In addition,the MGM treatment can be applied to a wide range of perovskite compositions,including MA-,FA-,MAFA-,and CsFAMA-based lead halide perovskites,making it a general method for preparing efficient perovskite solar cells.Without encapsulation,the treated devices show improved stabilities.展开更多
Albumen wastewater was treated by Membrane Bio-reactor. Sludge bulking property of Membrane Bio-Reactor was investigated in this study through contrast research. When the sludge bulking appeared, the removal efficienc...Albumen wastewater was treated by Membrane Bio-reactor. Sludge bulking property of Membrane Bio-Reactor was investigated in this study through contrast research. When the sludge bulking appeared, the removal efficiency of COD in Membrane Bio-reactor increased slightly under the function of filamentous bacteria. However, the negative effects of the higher net water-head differential pressures,the higher block rate of membrane pore and the great quantity of filamentous bacteria at the externalsurface pres...展开更多
Sludge bulking property of membrane bio-reactor was investigated in this study through contrast research. When the sludge bulking appeared, the removal efficiency of COD in membrane bio-reactor increased slightly thro...Sludge bulking property of membrane bio-reactor was investigated in this study through contrast research. When the sludge bulking appeared, the removal efficiency of COD in membrane bio-reactor increased slightly through the function of filamentous bacteria. However, the negative effects of the higher net water-head differential pressures, the high block rate of membrane pore and the great quantity of filamentous bacteria at the external surface presented at the same time. Thus, plenty of methods should be performed to control sludge bulking once it happened in membrane bio-reactor.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12104216,12241403,and 61974061)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3601600)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20140054)。
文摘We investigate the anisotropic band structure and its evolution under tensile strains along different crystallographic directions in bulk black phosphorus(BP)using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory.The results show that there are band crossings in the Z-L(armchair)direction.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51801122 and 52071210)the Science Challenge Project(Grant No.TZ2018001)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai(Grant No.21ZR1430800).
文摘Amorphous solids exhibit scale-free avalanches,even under small external loading,and thus can work as suitable systems to study critical behavior and universality classes.The abundance of scale-free avalanches in the entire elastic tension regime of bulk metallic glass(BMG)samples has been experimentally observed using acoustic emission(AE)measurements.In this work,we compare the statistics of avalanches with those of earthquakes,and find that they both follow the Gutenberg–Richter law in the statistics of energies and Omori’s law of aftershock rates,and share the same characteristics in the distribution of recurrence times.These resemblances encourage us to propose the term“glass-quake”to describe avalanches in elastically loaded BMGs.Furthermore,our work echoes the potential universality of critical behavior in disordered physical systems from atomic to planetary scales,and motivates the use of elastic loaded BMGs as valuable laboratory simulators of seismic dynamics.
文摘Bulk geochemistry,Sr,Nd,and O-H isotope systematics are reported for the first time on banded iron formation(BIF)-hosted high-grade iron ore at the northwestern segment of Congo Craton(CC).Located in Mbalam iron ore district,Southern Cameroon,Metzimevin iron ore deposit is a hematite-magnetite BIF system,dominated by SiO_(2)+Fe_(2)O_(3)(97.1 to 99.84 wt%),with low concentrations of clastic elements e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2),and HFSE,depicting a nearly pure chemical precipitate.The REE+Y signature of the iron deposit displays strong positive Eu anomaly,strong negative Ce anomaly,and chondritic to superchondritic Y/Ho ratios,suggestive of formation by mixed seawater-high temperature hydrothermal fluids in oxidising environment.The^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of the BIF are higher than the maximum^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr evolution curves for all Archean reservoirs(bulk silicate earth,Archean crust and Archean seawater),indicating involvement of continentally-derived components during BIF formation and alteration.TheƐ_(Nd)(t)(+2.26 to+3.77)and Nd model age indicate that chemical constituents for the BIF were derived from undifferentiated crustal source,between 3.002 and 2.88 Ga.The variable and diverse O and H isotope data(−1.9‰to 17.3‰and−57‰to 136‰respectively)indicate that the Metzimevin iron ore formed initially from magmatic plumes and later enriched by magmatic-metamorphic-modified meteoric fluids.Mass balance calculations indicate mineralisation by combined leaching and precipitation,with an average iron enrichment factor of>2.67 and SiO_(2)depletion factor of>0.99.This is associated with an overall volume reduction of 28.27%,reflecting net leaching and volume collapse of the BIF protholith.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2022YFE0136500the National Nature Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41890801 and 42076227the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University under contract No.21TQ1400201.
文摘The oceanic trace metals iron(Fe),nickel(Ni),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),and cadmium(Cd)are crucial to marine phytoplankton growth and global carbon cycle,and the analysis of their stable isotopes can provide valuable insights into their biogeochemical cycles within the ocean.However,the simultaneous isotopic analysis of multiple elements present in seawater is challenging because of their low concentrations,limited volumes of the test samples,and high salt matrix.In this study,we present the novel method developed for the simultaneous analysis of five isotope systems by 1 L seawater sample.In the developed method,the NOBIAS Chelate-PA1 resin was used to extract metals from seawater,the AG MP-1M anion-exchange resin to purify Cu,Fe,Zn,Cd,and the NOBIAS Chelate-PA1 resin to further extract Ni from the matrix elements.Finally,a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscope(MC-ICPMS)was employed for the isotopic measurements using a doublespike technique or sample-standard bracketing combined with internal normalization.This method exhibited low total procedural blanks(0.04 pg,0.04 pg,0.21 pg,0.15 pg,and 3 pg for Ni,Cu,Fe,Zn,and Cd,respectively)and high extraction efficiencies(100.5%±0.3%,100.2%±0.5%,97.8%±1.4%,99.9%±0.8%,and 100.1%±0.2%for Ni,Cu,Fe,Zn,and Cd,respectively).The external errors and external precisions of this method could be considered negligible.The proposed method was further tested on the seawater samples obtained from the whole vertical profile of a water column during the Chinese GEOTRACES GP09 cruise in the Northwest Pacific,and the results showed good agreement with previous related data.This innovative method will contribute to the advancement of isotope research and enhance our understanding of the marine biogeochemical cycling of Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,and Cd.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52374299,52304320 and 52204306)the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Hunan Province (2023JJ10044)+1 种基金the Key Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education (22A0211)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2023JJ40014)。
文摘Introducing high-valence Ta element is an essential strategy for addressing the structu ral deterioration of the Ni-rich LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)Mn_(y)O_(2)(NCM)cathode,but the enlarged Li/Ni cation mixing leads to the inferior rate capability originating from the hindered Li~+migration.Note that the non-magnetic Ti~(4+)ion can suppress Li/Ni disorder by removing the magnetic frustration in the transition metal layer.However,it is still challenging to directionally design expected Ta/Ti dual-modification,resulting from the complexity of the elemental distribution and the uncertainty of in-situ formed coating compounds by introducing foreign elements.Herein,a LiTaO_3 grain boundary(GB)coating and bulk Ti-doping have been successfully achieved in LiNi_(0.834)Co_(0.11)Mn_(0.056)O_(2) cathode by thermodynamic guidance,in which the structural formation energy and interfacial binding energy are employed to predict the elemental diffusion discrepancy and thermodynamically stable coating compounds.Thanks to the coupling effect of strengthened structural/interfacial stability and improved Li~+diffusion kinetics by simultaneous bulk/GB engineering,the Ta/Ti-NCM cathode exhibits outstanding capacity retention,reaching 91.1%after 400 cycles at 1 C.This elaborate work contributes valuable insights into rational dual-modification engineering from a thermodynamic perspective for maximizing the electrochemical performances of NCM cathodes.
基金National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Number:2022R1A6A1A03051158BrainLink Program,Grant/Award Number:2022H1D3A3A01077343Nano Material Technology Development Program,Grant/Award Number:2021M3H4A1A02057007。
文摘Photoinduced intermolecular charge transfer(PICT)determines the voltage loss in bulk heterojunction(BHJ)organic photovoltaics(OPVs),and this voltage loss can be minimized by inducing efficient PICT,which requires energy-state matching between the donor and acceptor at the BHJ interfaces.Thus,both geometrically and energetically accessible delocalized state matching at the hot energy level is crucial for achieving efficient PICT.In this study,an effective method for quantifying the hot state matching of OPVs was developed.The degree of energy-state matching between the electron donor and acceptor at BHJ interfaces was quantified using a mismatching factor(MF)calculated from the modified optical density of the BHJ.Furthermore,the correlation between the open-circuit voltage(Voc)of the OPV device and energy-state matching at the BHJ interface was investigated using the calculated MF.The OPVs with small absolute MF values exhibited high Voc values.This result clearly indicates that the energy-state matching between the donor and acceptor is crucial for achieving a high Voc in OPVs.Because the MF indicates the degree of energy-state matching,which is a critical factor for suppressing energy loss,it can be used to estimate the Voc loss in OPVs.
基金This research was primarily supported by a NOAA Warn-on-Forecast(WoF)grant(Grant No.NA16OAR4320115).
文摘There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical properties.Idealized supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with“full”Hebrew University spectral bin MP(HU-SBM),and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP(BMP)schemes.HU-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations,accompanied by less rain evaporation.HU-SBM produces more cloud ice(plates),graupel,and hail than the BMPs,yet precipitates less at the surface.The limiting mass bins(and subsequently,particle size)of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the BMPs.Aggregation from plates in HU-SBM,together with snow–graupel collisions,leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the BMPs.Replacing HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice fluxes.Still,they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain,NSSL hail,and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the surface.Conversely,the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions(PSDs)into spectral bins.The results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics,fall speed,hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates,and MP PSD design.
基金supported by the Agricultural Research Development Agency of Thailand (Grant No.PRP6405030280)Research Promotion fund for International and Educational Excellence, Thailand (Grant No.08/2562)。
文摘Prezygotic isolation is important for successful fertilization in rice, significantly affecting yield. This study focused on F_(5:6) generation plants derived from inter-subspecific crosses(Nipponbare × KDML105) with low(LS) and high seed-setting rates(HS), in which normal pollen fertility was observed. However, LS plants showed a reduced number of pollen grains adhering to the stigma and fewer pollen tubes reaching the ovules at 4-5 h post-pollination, compared with HS plants. Bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis of pollinated pistils from the HS and LS groups revealed 249 and 473 differentially expressed genes(DEGs), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the HS and LS-specific DEGs indicated enrichment in metabolic pathways, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Several of these DEGs exhibited co-expression with pollen development genes and formed extensive clusters of co-expression networks. Compared with LS pistils, enzyme genes controlling pectin degradation, such as OsPME35 and OsPLL9, showed similar expression patterns, with higher levels in HS pistils pre-pollination. Os02g0467600, similar to cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene(CYP73), involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, displayed higher expression in HS pistils post-pollination. Our findings suggest that OsPME35, OsPLL9, and Os02g0467600 contribute to prezygotic isolation by potentially modifying the stigma cell wall(OsPME35 and OsPLL9) and controlling later processes such as pollen-stigma adhesion(Os02g0467600) genes. Furthermore, several DEGs specific to HS and LS were co-localized with QTLs and functional genes associated with spikelet fertility. These findings provide valuable insights for further research on rice spikelet fertility, ultimately contributing to the development of high-yielding rice varieties.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51208068)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to make use of the limited filamentous sludge bulking characteristics to purify water quality and save energy. [Method] The effects of dissolved oxygen （DO） on sludge bulking were explored by changing the DO con- centration in the aerobiotic pool of NO system from the low load （0.25 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）） and the medium to high load （0.55 kgCOD/（kg MLSSod））. [Result] In the NO activated sludge system, when the sludge load was 0.25 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）, DO=1.5 mg/L, the sludge index was at around 250, while when the sludge load- ing was 0.55 kg COD/（kg MLSS.d）, DO=1.5 mg/L, the sludge index was close to 300, occurring the limited filamentous bulking. The bulked sludge still showed high removal rates to COD, SS, nitrogen and phosphorus. [Conclusion] It could improve the oxygen transfer rate and reduce the aeration rate at low DO conditions to achieve energy-saving.
基金Financial support for this work was obtained from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51074059)
文摘The present study examines the results of the researches related to the gob bulking factor carried out at home and abroad.A mathematical function of a three-dimensional gob bulking factor is described based on a three-dimensional gob model.The method of taking value for interstice and permeability ratios is also proposed.The law of air leakage of fully mechanized top coal is researched in this study.The results show that the speed of air flow near the upper and lower crossheadings is higher than that in the central section of the gob at the same distance from the working face.When the amount of air at the working face exceeds a critical amount,the width of the spontaneous combustion zone in the upper and lower crossheadings is also larger than that in the central section.In this situation,the key is preventing the coal left in the upper and lower crossheadings from self-igniting.Reducing the amount of air at the working face can decrease the width of the spontaneous combustion zone,especially the width near the upper and lower crossheadings.This also moves the spontaneous combustion zone in the direction of the working face.It can prevent the coal in the gob from self-igniting by making the coal left in the crossheadings to be inert and by effectively controlling the amount of air at the working face.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50275094).
文摘Based on the characteristics of 3D bulk forming process, the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation-based FEM is studied, and a prediction-correction ALE-based FEM is proposed which integrates the advantages of precisely predicting the boundary configuration of the deformed material, and of efficiently avoiding hexahedron remeshing processes. The key idea of the prediction-correction ALE FEM is elaborated in detail. Accordingly, the strategy of mesh quality control, one of the key enabling techniques for the 3D bulk forming process numerical simulation by the prediction-correction ALE FEM is carefully investigated, and the algorithm for hexahedral element refinement is formulated based on the mesh distortion energy.
基金Projects(50978087,50908081)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,NSFC(Nos.U1803118 and 51974296)and the China Scholarship Council(CSC)(award to Fanfei Meng for PhD period at Kyushu University).
文摘Bulking characteristics of gangue are of great significance for the stability of goafs in mining overburden in the caving zones.In this paper,a particle discrete element method with clusters to represent gangue was adopted to explore the bulking coefficient time effect of the broken rock in the caving zone under three-dimensional triaxial compression condition.The phenomena of stress corrosion,deformation,and failure of rock blocks were simulated in the numerical model.Meanwhile,a new criterion of rock fragments damage was put forward.It was found that the broken rock has obvious viscoelastic properties.A new equation based on the Burgers creep model was proposed to predict the bulking coefficient of broken rock.A deformation characteristic parameter of the prediction equation was analyzed,which can be set as a fixed value in the mid-and long-term prediction of the bulking coefficient.There are quadratic function relationships between the deformation characteristic parameter value and Talbot gradation index,axial pressure and confining pressure.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3800103)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(000-0903069032)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203237).
文摘Here,we report a mixed GAI and MAI(MGM)treatment method by forming a 2D alternating-cation-interlayer(ACI)phase(n=2)perovskite layer on the 3D perovskite,modulating the bulk and interfacial defects in the perovskite films simultaneously,leading to the suppressed nonradiative recombination,longer lifetime,higher mobility,and reduced trap density.Consequently,the devices’performance is enhanced to 24.5%and 18.7%for 0.12 and 64 cm^(2),respectively.In addition,the MGM treatment can be applied to a wide range of perovskite compositions,including MA-,FA-,MAFA-,and CsFAMA-based lead halide perovskites,making it a general method for preparing efficient perovskite solar cells.Without encapsulation,the treated devices show improved stabilities.
基金Supported by 863 program ( No. 2002aa601310 )Harbin Municipal Science and Technology Commission (No.0014211038).
文摘Albumen wastewater was treated by Membrane Bio-reactor. Sludge bulking property of Membrane Bio-Reactor was investigated in this study through contrast research. When the sludge bulking appeared, the removal efficiency of COD in Membrane Bio-reactor increased slightly under the function of filamentous bacteria. However, the negative effects of the higher net water-head differential pressures,the higher block rate of membrane pore and the great quantity of filamentous bacteria at the externalsurface pres...
基金863 Program(2002AA601310) Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Fund (E0323)+1 种基金 Education Bureau Projects of HeilongjiangProvince (10541031) Science and Technology Projects of Heilongjiang Province (GB04B717- 06)
文摘Sludge bulking property of membrane bio-reactor was investigated in this study through contrast research. When the sludge bulking appeared, the removal efficiency of COD in membrane bio-reactor increased slightly through the function of filamentous bacteria. However, the negative effects of the higher net water-head differential pressures, the high block rate of membrane pore and the great quantity of filamentous bacteria at the external surface presented at the same time. Thus, plenty of methods should be performed to control sludge bulking once it happened in membrane bio-reactor.
