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An Approach to Detect Structural Development Defects in Object-Oriented Programs
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作者 Maxime Seraphin Gnagne Mouhamadou Dosso +1 位作者 Mamadou Diarra Souleymane Oumtanaga 《Open Journal of Applied Sciences》 2024年第2期494-510,共17页
Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detecti... Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented Programming Structural Development Defect Detection Software Maintenance Pre-Trained Models Features Extraction BAGGING Neural Network
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Exploration on 5E Teaching Principle-based Education for the Object-oriented Software Construction Course
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作者 Cuiyun Gao Jia Xie +3 位作者 Bin Zhou Jianghong Ma Jianlong Wu Yunming Ye 《计算机教育》 2023年第12期187-194,共8页
Most current object-oriented programming courses offered by domestic colleges and universities generally focus on the object-oriented programming language itself,i.e.,the programming grammar of the language,but ignore... Most current object-oriented programming courses offered by domestic colleges and universities generally focus on the object-oriented programming language itself,i.e.,the programming grammar of the language,but ignore the design pattern.However,design patterns are essential to software engineering because they can solve common problems in software design and improve code reuse,readability,extensibility,and reliability.Our Object-oriented Software Construction Course is creative since it aims at cultivating students’object-oriented thinking as well as basic abilities required to construct high-quality,object-oriented software.Specifically,we exploit the 5E teaching principle during the education of this course,and present the whole pipeline in the paper.We also provide one case of the factory pattern to further demonstrate the implementation of the 5E teaching principle in the course.The effect of the 5E teaching principle has also been demonstrated. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented software construction 5E teaching principle PROGRAMMING Design pattern
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An Edge-assisted, Object-oriented Random Forest Approach for Refined Extraction of Tea Plantations Using Multi-temporal Sentinel-2 and High-resolution Gaofen-2 Imagery
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作者 Juanjuan YU Xiufeng HE +4 位作者 Jia XU Zhuang GAO Peng YANG Yuanyuan CHEN Jiacheng XIONG 《Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science》 CSCD 2023年第1期31-46,共16页
As a consumed and influential natural plant beverage,tea is widely planted in subtropical and tropical areas all over the world.Affected by(sub)tropical climate characteristics,the underlying surface of the tea distri... As a consumed and influential natural plant beverage,tea is widely planted in subtropical and tropical areas all over the world.Affected by(sub)tropical climate characteristics,the underlying surface of the tea distribution area is extremely complex,with a variety of vegetation types.In addition,tea distribution is scattered and fragmentized in most of China.Therefore,it is difficult to obtain accurate tea information based on coarse resolution remote sensing data and existing feature extraction methods.This study proposed a boundary-enhanced,object-oriented random forest method on the basis of high-resolution GF-2 and multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data.This method uses multispectral indexes,textures,vegetable indices,and variation characteristics of time-series NDVI from the multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imageries to obtain abundant features related to the growth of tea plantations.To reduce feature redundancy and computation time,the feature elimination algorithm based on Mean Decrease Accuracy(MDA)was used to generate the optimal feature set.Considering the serious boundary inconsistency problem caused by the complex and fragmented land cover types,high resolution GF-2 image was segmented based on the MultiResolution Segmentation(MRS)algorithm to assist the segmentation of Sentinel-2,which contributes to delineating meaningful objects and enhancing the reliability of the boundary for tea plantations.Finally,the object-oriented random forest method was utilized to extract the tea information based on the optimal feature combination in the Jingmai Mountain,Yunnan Province.The resulting tea plantation map had high accuracy,with a 95.38%overall accuracy and 0.91 kappa coefficient.We conclude that the proposed method is effective for mapping tea plantations in high heterogeneity mountainous areas and has the potential for mapping tea plantations in large areas. 展开更多
关键词 tea plantation mapping MULTI-TEMPORAL edge-assisted object-oriented random forest Sentinel-2 Gaofen-2
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Object-Oriented Modeling of the Variation of Acceleration and Deceleration Characteristics in Relation to Speed Bands for Railway Vehicles
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作者 Hyun-Soo Jeong Jong-Young Park Hanmin Lee 《Energy and Power Engineering》 2023年第8期277-290,共14页
Automated operation and artificial intelligence technology have become essential for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and punctuality of railways, with applications such as ATO (Automatic Train Operation). In this stu... Automated operation and artificial intelligence technology have become essential for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and punctuality of railways, with applications such as ATO (Automatic Train Operation). In this study, the authors propose a method to efficiently simulate the kinematic characteristics of railroad vehicles depending on their speed zone. They utilized the function overloading function supported by a programming language and applied the fourth-order Lunge-Kutta method for dynamic simulation. By constructing an object model, the authors calculated vehicle characteristics and TPS and compared them with actual values, verifying that the developed model represents the real-life vehicle characteristics accurately. The study highlights potential improvements in automated driving and energy consumption optimization in the railway industry. 展开更多
关键词 Railway Vehicle ATO Lunge-Kutta Method object-oriented Model Function Overloading
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The Philosophy of He(和):Examined from the Perspectives of Technology and Culture
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作者 HUA Jueming 《Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology》 2024年第1期1-34,共34页
Pre-modern Chinese crafts,such as iron smelting,cookery,medicine,and the production of vehicles,bows,and arrows indicate the traditional Chinese view of technology as being organic,holistic,and comprehensive.This view... Pre-modern Chinese crafts,such as iron smelting,cookery,medicine,and the production of vehicles,bows,and arrows indicate the traditional Chinese view of technology as being organic,holistic,and comprehensive.This view of technology is guided by the concept of he(和)and employs the means and methods of he,thus achieving the purport of he.In Chinese,the character he(和)possesses positive connotations.It originated from the meaning of"to season;to add flavoring to"(调和)and that of flavors being"perfectly harmonious"(和美).From this sensory experience,he gradually extended to the abstract levels of materiality,humanity,sociality,"order"(wei位),and "power,situation,force"(shi势).Finally,he was elevated to the supreme level of"qi of great harmony"(taihe zhi qi太和之气),which is comparable to the concept of dao(道).The philosophy of he has exerted wide impact on such areas as technology,art,national character,cultural psychology,and behavior patterns,and has become an integral part of China's inherent culture.The paradoxes and deviations of he hold their own profound philosophical implications that merit further exploration.As humanity confronts significant challenges,such as how we can coexist with others,with technology,and with nature,the ancient Eastern wisdom embodied in he continues to possess practical characteristics and value. 展开更多
关键词 philosophy of he(和) TECHNOLOGY CULTURE
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Chinese Culture,Classical Philosophy,and the Cultivation of Life
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作者 PU Jingxin Zhang Xiaotian 《Cultural and Religious Studies》 2024年第6期395-400,共6页
This paper explores the intricate relationship between Chinese culture and the nation’s rise,emphasizing the indispensable role of cultural education in fostering a robust national spirit and civilization.Drawing fro... This paper explores the intricate relationship between Chinese culture and the nation’s rise,emphasizing the indispensable role of cultural education in fostering a robust national spirit and civilization.Drawing from classical Chinese texts and contemporary philosophical insights,the study examines how cultural virtues and educational practices can lead to societal harmony,national rejuvenation,and global contributions.The analysis highlights the enduring relevance of Confucian principles and their potential to address modern challenges,advocating for a renewed focus on cultural education to achieve a prosperous and peaceful world.Additionally,it underscores the necessity of integrating traditional values with modern educational practices to create a holistic approach that fosters ethical leadership and global cooperation. 展开更多
关键词 classical philosophy cultural education Confucian principles national rejuvenation societal harmony
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The Enlightenment of Tai Chi Philosophical World View on Human Peace
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作者 ZHANG Lihua 《International Relations and Diplomacy》 2024年第3期91-97,共7页
This paper discusses the worldview of classical Chinese Tai Chi philosophy:the holistic view,the view of Yin and Yang,view of change,view of no change,and view of harmony and their enlightenment to human peace.The hol... This paper discusses the worldview of classical Chinese Tai Chi philosophy:the holistic view,the view of Yin and Yang,view of change,view of no change,and view of harmony and their enlightenment to human peace.The holistic view inspires people to look at human society from the height of the whole earth,and consider not only national interests,but also the interests of all mankind.The view of yin-yang tells people that when analyzing problems,they should look at the two aspects of yin-yang integration,not only to consider their own national interests,but also the interests of other countries,not only to see the contradictions and conflicts between countries,but also to see mutual benefits,to develop positive factors and to overcome negative factors;The view of change tells people that national leaders should adjust their foreign relations according to the changes of the times and the situation on the premise of abiding by objective laws;The view of no change tells us to act in accordance with the laws of nature and society,and that countries should respect each other,benefit each other,and cooperate for win-win results.The view of harmony enlightens us that in international relations,we should advocate the idea of living in harmony,harmony in diversity and harmonious coexistence,and oppose hegemonism and power politics. 展开更多
关键词 Taiji philosophy the worldview the enlightenment positive significance human peace
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“Systematic Rival”From the Perspective of Philosophy of Property System
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作者 CHANG Qing 《Journalism and Mass Communication》 2024年第5期267-278,共12页
At present,the world is undergoing accelerating changes unseen in a century.With the United States regarding China as a strategic competitor,China-EU relations have become the core of national and global governance.Fo... At present,the world is undergoing accelerating changes unseen in a century.With the United States regarding China as a strategic competitor,China-EU relations have become the core of national and global governance.For this reason,we use the basic theory and tools of Philosophy of Property System to clarify the EU’s characterization of China and accordingly propose the method of judgment and the principle of response.From this,we can get three basic cognitions of“systematic rivalry”,namely mutual exclusion of common cognition(Model A),mutual exclusion and cooperation of personality cognition(Model B),and cooperation of historical cognition(Model C).In order to steadily grasp the nature of“systematic rival”and make it operable,three basic cognitive models(AB,AC,BC,ABC,etc.)are combined,and a comprehensive judgment(ABC+model)is made to adapt to the supranational sovereignty characteristics of the EU.It is believed that the nature of“systematic rivalry”in the“trinity”refers to the main aspects of competition between China and Europe.Therefore,there are three principles for the Philosophy of Property System of“systematic rival”:first,maintain the situation of competition and cooperation;second,there is no fixed mode of competition and cooperation;and third,temporary confrontation and complementarity will lead to new competition and cooperation. 展开更多
关键词 systemic rival national governance global governance philosophy of property system
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A Few Important and Original Aspects of Carlo Cattaneo’s Philosophical-Linguistic Ideas
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作者 Alessandro Prato 《Philosophy Study》 2024年第2期66-72,共7页
The essay has two main purposes.The first is a general reconstruction of Cattaneo’s linguistic thought,highlighting the most important aspects of both his reflections on the connection between language and the commun... The essay has two main purposes.The first is a general reconstruction of Cattaneo’s linguistic thought,highlighting the most important aspects of both his reflections on the connection between language and the community of speakers,and his study of the functions and properties of language.The latter includes an analysis of the influence Cattaneo’s philosophy had on the sphere of Italian linguistics at the turn of the 20th century. 展开更多
关键词 LINGUISTICS philosophy of language connection between language and nation linguistics and anthropology
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OBJECT-ORIENTED IMPLEMENTATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL INSPECTION
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作者 杨忠 左洪福 +2 位作者 刘正埙 干敏梁 吴惠祥 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 1997年第2期170-176,共7页
The inspection of engine lubricating oil can give an indication of the internal condition of an engine. By means of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), an expert system is developed in this paper to computerize the... The inspection of engine lubricating oil can give an indication of the internal condition of an engine. By means of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), an expert system is developed in this paper to computerize the inspection. The traditional components of an expert system, such us knowledge base, inference engine and user interface are reconstructed and integrated, based on the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) library. To testify the expert system, an inspection example is given at the end of this paper. 展开更多
关键词 expert systems lubricating oil object-oriented engines INSPECTION
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Meta-analysis of potentially confounding effect of class size on associations between object-oriented metrics and maintainability
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作者 卢红敏 周毓明 徐宝文 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2008年第3期281-283,共3页
This paper uses three size metrics,which are collectable during the design phase,to analyze the potentially confounding effect of class size on the associations between object-oriented(OO)metrics and maintainability... This paper uses three size metrics,which are collectable during the design phase,to analyze the potentially confounding effect of class size on the associations between object-oriented(OO)metrics and maintainability.To draw as many general conclusions as possible,the confounding effect of class size is analyzed on 127 C++ systems and 113 Java systems.For each OO metric,the indirect effect that represents the distortion of the association caused by class size and its variance for individual systems is first computed.Then,a statistical meta-analysis technique is used to compute the average indirect effect over all the systems and to determine if it is significantly different from zero.The experimental results show that the confounding effects of class size on the associations between OO metrics and maintainability generally exist,regardless of whatever size metric is used.Therefore,empirical studies validating OO metrics on maintainability should consider class size as a confounding variable. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented metrics VALIDATION class size CONFOUNDING MAINTAINABILITY
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REALIZATION OF OBJECT-ORIENTED RULE-TYPE EXPERT SYSTEM TEMPLATE
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作者 杨忠 左洪福 沈春林 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 2003年第2期218-223,共6页
Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-ori... Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-oriented knowledge representation, the heuristic inference engine with an improved depth-first search (DFS) and the graphical user interface. A diagnositic ES instance for debris on magnetic chip detectors (MCDs) is then created with the EST. The spot running shows that the rule-type EST enhances the abilities of knowledge representation and heuristic inference, and breaks a new way for the rapid construction and implementation of ES. 展开更多
关键词 expert system object-oriented TEMPLATE RULE fault diagnosis
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Visual object-oriented application for lane following on intelligent highway system
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作者 王春燕 王炜 +1 位作者 陆建 常玉林 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2003年第2期165-167,共3页
A visual object-oriented software for lane following on intelligent highway system (IHS) is proposed. According to object-oriented theory, 3 typical user services of self-check, transfer of human driving and automatic... A visual object-oriented software for lane following on intelligent highway system (IHS) is proposed. According to object-oriented theory, 3 typical user services of self-check, transfer of human driving and automatic running and abnormal information input from the sensors are chosen out. In addition, the functions of real-time display, information exchanging interface, determination and operation interweaving in the 3 user services are separated into 5 object-oriented classes. Moreover, the 5 classes are organized in the visual development environment. At last, experimental result proves the validity and reliability of the control application. 展开更多
关键词 intelligent transportation system intelligent highway system lane following visual object-oriented application
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The Design and Implementation of an Object-Oriented Hypermedia System
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作者 曹元大 马锐 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 1997年第1期78-84,共7页
Presents an object-oriented NBO(node-block-object)data model for hypermedia system.It takes advantage of object-oriented method,encapsulates all multimedia information as well as link functions in one unit,It has succ... Presents an object-oriented NBO(node-block-object)data model for hypermedia system.It takes advantage of object-oriented method,encapsulates all multimedia information as well as link functions in one unit,It has successfully achieved cross link to offer much better flexibility and two-way link to realize forward and backward searching in hypermedia system navigation.A conditional relation on links has also been realized,that is very helpful for time sensitive multimedia information processing and multimedia object cooperation. 展开更多
关键词 MULTIMEDIA HYPERMEDIA LINK object-oriented programming
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Shrek:a dynamic object-oriented programming language 被引量:1
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作者 曹璟 徐宝文 周毓明 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2009年第1期31-35,共5页
From a perspective of theoretical study, there are some faults in the models of the existing object-oriented programming languages. For example, C# does not support metaclasses, the primitive types of Java and C# are ... From a perspective of theoretical study, there are some faults in the models of the existing object-oriented programming languages. For example, C# does not support metaclasses, the primitive types of Java and C# are not objects, etc. So, this paper designs a programming language, Shrek, which integrates many language features and constructions in a compact and consistent model. The Shrek language is a class-based purely object-oriented language. It has a dynamical strong type system, and adopts a single-inheritance mechanism with Mixin as its complement. It has a consistent class instantiation and inheritance structure, and the ability of intercessive structural computational reflection, which enables it to support safe metaclass programming. It also supports multi-thread programming and automatic garbage collection, and enforces its expressive power by adopting a native method mechanism. The prototype system of the Shrek language is implemented and anticipated design goals are achieved. 展开更多
关键词 dynamic typing metaclass programming computational reflection native method object-oriented programming language
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Review of Remotely Sensed Imagery Classification Patterns Based on Object-oriented Image Analysis 被引量:9
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作者 LIU Yongxue LI Manchun +2 位作者 MAO Liang XU Feifei HUANG Shuo 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2006年第3期282-288,共7页
With the wide use of high-resolution remotely sensed imagery, the object-oriented remotely sensed informa- tion classification pattern has been intensively studied. Starting with the definition of object-oriented remo... With the wide use of high-resolution remotely sensed imagery, the object-oriented remotely sensed informa- tion classification pattern has been intensively studied. Starting with the definition of object-oriented remotely sensed information classification pattern and a literature review of related research progress, this paper sums up 4 developing phases of object-oriented classification pattern during the past 20 years. Then, we discuss the three aspects of method- ology in detail, namely remotely sensed imagery segmentation, feature analysis and feature selection, and classification rule generation, through comparing them with remotely sensed information classification method based on per-pixel. At last, this paper presents several points that need to be paid attention to in the future studies on object-oriented RS in- formation classification pattern: 1) developing robust and highly effective image segmentation algorithm for multi-spectral RS imagery; 2) improving the feature-set including edge, spatial-adjacent and temporal characteristics; 3) discussing the classification rule generation classifier based on the decision tree; 4) presenting evaluation methods for classification result by object-oriented classification pattern. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented image analysis remote sensing classification pattern
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Analysis and Design of Soils and Terrain Digital Database (SOTER) Management System Based on Object-Oriented Method 被引量:4
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作者 ZHANGHAITAO ZHOUYONG +2 位作者 R.V.BIRNIE A.SIBBALD RENYI 《Pedosphere》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2003年第2期111-120,共10页
A SOTER management system was developed by analyzing, designing, programming, testing, repeated proceeding and progressing based on the object-oriented method. The function of the attribute database management is inhe... A SOTER management system was developed by analyzing, designing, programming, testing, repeated proceeding and progressing based on the object-oriented method. The function of the attribute database management is inherited and expanded in the new system. The integrity and security of the SOTER database are enhanced. The attribute database management, the spatial database management and the model base are integrated into SOTER based on the component object model (COM), and the graphical user interface (GUI) for Windows is used to interact with clients, thus being easy to create and maintain the SOTER, and convenient to promote the quantification and automation of soil information application. 展开更多
关键词 component object model database model object-oriented SOTER
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Modeling Method of Automotive Body CAN/LIN Nets Application Protocol Based on Object-oriented Colored Petri Net 被引量:8
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作者 FANG Hua HAN Jianghong and LIU Xiaoping 《Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2011年第6期999-1006,共8页
Recently automotive nets are adopted to solve increasing problems in automotive electronic systems.Technologies of automotive local area network from CAN and LIN can solve the problems of the increasing of wire bunch ... Recently automotive nets are adopted to solve increasing problems in automotive electronic systems.Technologies of automotive local area network from CAN and LIN can solve the problems of the increasing of wire bunch weight and lack in module installation space.However,the multilayer automotive nets software becomes more and more complex,and the development expense is difficult to predict and to keep in check.In this paper,the modeling method of hierarchical automotive nets and the substitution operation based on object-oriented colored Petri net(OOCPN) are proposed.The OOCPN model which analyzes the software structure and validates the collision mechanism of CAN/LIN bus can speed the automobile system development.First,the subsystems are divided and modeled by object-oriented Petri net(OOPN).According to the sets of message sharing relations,the message ports among them are set and the communication gate transitions are defined.Second,the OOPN model is substituted step by step until the inner objects in the automotive body control modules(BCM) are indivisible and colored by colored Petri net(CPN).And the color subsets mark the node messages for the collision mechanism.Third,the OOCPN model of the automotive body CAN/LIN nets is assembled,which keeps the message sets and the system can be expanded.The proposed model is used to analyze features of information sharing among the objects,and it is also used to describe each subsystem real-time behavior of processing messages and implemental device controllers operating,and puts forward a reasonable software framework for the automotive body control subsystem.The research can help to design the communication model in the automotive body system effectively and provide a convenient and rapid way for developing the logical hierarchy software. 展开更多
关键词 automotive body CAN/LIN bus information sharing object-oriented colored Petri net modeling
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Object-oriented Urban Dynamic Monitoring——A Case Study of Haidian District of Beijing 被引量:9
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作者 An Kai Zhang Jinshui Xiao Yu 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2007年第3期236-242,共7页
It is crucial to conduct the land use/cover research to obtain the global change information.Urban area is one of the most sensitive areas in land use/cover change.Therefore land use/cover change in urban areas is ver... It is crucial to conduct the land use/cover research to obtain the global change information.Urban area is one of the most sensitive areas in land use/cover change.Therefore land use/cover change in urban areas is very im-portant in global change.It is vital to incorporate the information of urban land use/cover change into the process of decision-making about urban area development.In this paper,a new urban change detection approach,urban dynamic monitoring based on objects,is introduced.This approach includes four steps:1)producing multi-scale objects from multi-temporal remotely sensed images with spectrum,texture and context information;2)extracting possible changed objects adopting object-oriented classification;3)obtaining shared objects as the basic units for urban change detection;4)determining the threshold to segment the changed objects from the possible changed objects using Otsu method.In this paper,the object-based approach was applied to detecting the urban expansion in Haidian District,Beijing,China with two Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)data in 1997 and 2004.The results indicated that the overall accuracy was about 84.83%,and Kappa about 0.785.Compared with other conventional approaches,the object-based approach was advantageous in reducing the error accumulation of image classification of each datum and in independence to the radiometric correction and image registration accuracy. 展开更多
关键词 urban change detection object-oriented method remote sensing land use/cover Otsu method
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NDVI-Based Lacunarity Texture for Improving Identification of Torreya Using Object-Oriented Method 被引量:5
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作者 HAN Ning WU Jing +2 位作者 Amir Reza Shah Tahmassebi XU Hong-wei WANG Ke 《Agricultural Sciences in China》 CAS CSCD 2011年第9期1431-1444,共14页
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a very useful feature for differentiating vegetation and non-vegetation in remote sensed imagery. In the light of the function of NDVI and the spatial patterns of the... Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a very useful feature for differentiating vegetation and non-vegetation in remote sensed imagery. In the light of the function of NDVI and the spatial patterns of the vegetation landscapes, we proposed the lacunarity texture derived from NDVI to characterize the spatial patterns of vegetation landscapes concerning the "gappiness" or "emptiness" characteristics. The NDVI-based lacunarity texture was incorporated into object-oriented classification for improving the identification of vegetation categories, especially Torreya which was the targeted tree species in the present research. A three-level hierarchical network of image objects was defined and the proposed texture was integrated as potential sources of information in the rules base. A knowledge base of rules created by classifier C5.0 indicated that the texture could potentially be applied in object-oriented classification. It was found that the addition of such texture improved the identification of every vegetation category. The results demonstrated that the texture could characterize the spatial patterns of vegetation structures, which could be a promising approach for vegetation identification. 展开更多
关键词 Torreya NDVI LACUNARITY class hierarchy object-oriented method decision tree spatial pattern
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