An oil spill forecast system for of fshore China was developed based on Visual C++. The oil spill forecast system includes an ocean environmental forecast model and an oil spill model. The ocean environmental forecast...An oil spill forecast system for of fshore China was developed based on Visual C++. The oil spill forecast system includes an ocean environmental forecast model and an oil spill model. The ocean environmental forecast model was designed to include timesaving methods, and comprised a parametrical wind wave forecast model and a sea surface current forecast model. The oil spill model was based on the "particle method" and fulfi lls the prediction of oil particle behavior by considering the drifting, evaporation and emulsifi cation processes. A specifi c database was embedded into the oil spill forecast system, which contained fundamental information, such as the properties of oil, reserve of emergency equipment and distribution of marine petroleum platform. The oil spill forecast system was successfully applied as part of an oil spill emergency exercise, and provides an operational service in the Research and Development Center for Off shore Oil Safety and Environmental Technology.展开更多
With the economic development, the problems of energy shortage become increasingly severe. As offshore wind energy has advantages, namely it is clean, renewable, not accounting for land area, without noise pollution, ...With the economic development, the problems of energy shortage become increasingly severe. As offshore wind energy has advantages, namely it is clean, renewable, not accounting for land area, without noise pollution, with large reserves, etc., which gradually attracts people＇s attention. In this paper, China＇s offshore annual average wind field and monthly average wind field under the mean climate state conditions are obtained, and the corresponding wind density distribution is calculated. China＇s offshore wind energy reserves and distribution conditions through the analysis of wind energy density distribution are summarized, and finally some suggestions for coastal offshore wind energy development and utilization in China are put forward.展开更多
The oil and gas exploration in offshore China has made great achievements,and as the important areas of offshore exploration,the shallow waters contribute most of the oil and gas reserves and production.However,the av...The oil and gas exploration in offshore China has made great achievements,and as the important areas of offshore exploration,the shallow waters contribute most of the oil and gas reserves and production.However,the available area for exploration is diminishing and the cost of exploration is rising.The field changes and ever increasing difficulties of exploration bring new challenges technically and economically.Therefore,for effective exploration of shallow-water oil and gas in offshore China,it is necessary to center on the general requirements of becoming a powerful marine country and the ideas of value exploration,initiate key research projects in the fields of China's offshore stratigraphic-lithologic reserves,Paleogene reserves,buried-hill reserves,high temperature and pressure reserves and hydrocarbon-rich sags,and form geological theories and explorative technologies of large and medium size oil and gas field in offshore China.The measures regarding the challenges include:(1) Innovating theoretical understanding and optimizing new exploration fields,(2) developing technical capabilities and improving the success rate of exploration,and(3) enhancing management level and deepening value exploration.展开更多
El Nio Modoki,similar to but different from canonical El Nio,has been observed since the late1970s.In this paper,using HadISST and NCEP/NCAR wind data,we analyze the relationship between El Nio Modoki and Sea Su...El Nio Modoki,similar to but different from canonical El Nio,has been observed since the late1970s.In this paper,using HadISST and NCEP/NCAR wind data,we analyze the relationship between El Nio Modoki and Sea Surface Temperature(SST)in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters for different seasons.Our results show a significant negative correlation between El Nio Modoki in summer and SST in autumn in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters,particularly for regions located in the east of the Kuroshio.It is also found that during El Nio Modoki period,anomalous northerlies prevail over the regions from the northern part of the Philippines to the offshore area of China,indicating that the northerlies are unfavorable for the transport of warm water from the western tropical Pacific to the mid-latitude area.Consequently,El Nio Modoki in summer may play a substantial role in cold SST anomalies in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters in autumn through the influence of the Kuroshio,with a lagged response of the ocean to the atmospheric wind field.展开更多
Studies of offshore wave climate based on satellite altimeter significant wave height（SWH） have widespread application value. This study used a calibrated multi-altimeter SWH dataset to investigate the wave climate ...Studies of offshore wave climate based on satellite altimeter significant wave height（SWH） have widespread application value. This study used a calibrated multi-altimeter SWH dataset to investigate the wave climate characteristics in the offshore areas of China. First, the SWH measurements from 28 buoys located in China＇s coastal seas were compared with an Ifremer calibrated altimeter SWH dataset. Although the altimeter dataset tended to slightly overestimate SWH, it was in good agreement with the in situ data in general. The correlation coefficient was 0.97 and the root-mean-square（RMS） of differences was 0.30 m. The validation results showed a slight difference in different areas. The correlation coefficient was the maximum（0.97） and the RMS difference was the minimum（0.28 m） in the area from the East China Sea to the north of the South China Sea.The correlation coefficient of approximately 0.95 was relatively low in the seas off the Changjiang（Yangtze River） Estuary. The RMS difference was the maximum（0.32 m） in the seas off the Changjiang Estuary and was0.30 m in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Based on the above evidence, it is confirmed that the multialtimeter wave data are reliable in China＇s offshore areas. Then, the characteristics of the wave field, including the frequency of huge waves and the multi-year return SWH in China＇s offshore seas were analyzed using the23-year altimeter wave dataset. The 23-year mean SWH generally ranged from 0.6-2.2 m. The greatest SWH appeared in the southeast of the China East Sea, the Taiwan Strait and the northeast of the South China Sea.Obvious seasonal variation of SWH was found in most areas; SWH was greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. Extreme waves greater than 4 m in height mainly occurred in the following areas： the southeast of the East China Sea, the south of the Ryukyu Islands, the east of Taiwan-Luzon Island, and the Dongsha Islands extending to the Zhongsha Islands, and the frequency of extreme waves was 3%-6%. Extreme waves occurred most frequently in autumn and rarely in spring. The 100-year return wave height was greatest from the northwest Pacific seas extending to southeast of the Ryukyu Islands（9-12 m）, and the northeast of the South China Sea and the East China Sea had the second largest wave heights（7-11 m）. For inshore areas, the100-year return wave height was the greatest in the waters off the east coast of Guangdong Province and the south coast of Zhejiang Province（7-8 m）, whereas it was at a minimum in the area from the Changjiang Estuary to the Bohai Sea（4-6 m）. An investigation of sampling effects indicates that when using the 1°×1°grid dataset, although the combination of nine altimeters obviously enhanced the time and space coverage of sampling, the accuracy of statistical results, particularly extreme values obtained from the dataset, still suffered from undersampling problems because the time sampling percent in each 1°×1°grid cell was always less than33%.展开更多
Since the founding of the ChinaNational Offshore Oil Corporationin 1982, the China offshore oil industryhas parted from closing the country tointernational intercourse and has steadilygone onto the developmental road ...Since the founding of the ChinaNational Offshore Oil Corporationin 1982, the China offshore oil industryhas parted from closing the country tointernational intercourse and has steadilygone onto the developmental road at highspeed and with high efficiency inaccordance with international practice.In the short time of 13 years, relying onthe correlated policy offered by the stateand the intensification of enterprisemanagement, it has built up a large state-owned enterprise of independentmanagement, self-responsibility forprofits and losses, self-accumulation andself-perfection.展开更多
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2013AA09A506)NSFCShandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406404)
文摘An oil spill forecast system for of fshore China was developed based on Visual C++. The oil spill forecast system includes an ocean environmental forecast model and an oil spill model. The ocean environmental forecast model was designed to include timesaving methods, and comprised a parametrical wind wave forecast model and a sea surface current forecast model. The oil spill model was based on the "particle method" and fulfi lls the prediction of oil particle behavior by considering the drifting, evaporation and emulsifi cation processes. A specifi c database was embedded into the oil spill forecast system, which contained fundamental information, such as the properties of oil, reserve of emergency equipment and distribution of marine petroleum platform. The oil spill forecast system was successfully applied as part of an oil spill emergency exercise, and provides an operational service in the Research and Development Center for Off shore Oil Safety and Environmental Technology.
文摘With the economic development, the problems of energy shortage become increasingly severe. As offshore wind energy has advantages, namely it is clean, renewable, not accounting for land area, without noise pollution, with large reserves, etc., which gradually attracts people＇s attention. In this paper, China＇s offshore annual average wind field and monthly average wind field under the mean climate state conditions are obtained, and the corresponding wind density distribution is calculated. China＇s offshore wind energy reserves and distribution conditions through the analysis of wind energy density distribution are summarized, and finally some suggestions for coastal offshore wind energy development and utilization in China are put forward.
文摘The oil and gas exploration in offshore China has made great achievements,and as the important areas of offshore exploration,the shallow waters contribute most of the oil and gas reserves and production.However,the available area for exploration is diminishing and the cost of exploration is rising.The field changes and ever increasing difficulties of exploration bring new challenges technically and economically.Therefore,for effective exploration of shallow-water oil and gas in offshore China,it is necessary to center on the general requirements of becoming a powerful marine country and the ideas of value exploration,initiate key research projects in the fields of China's offshore stratigraphic-lithologic reserves,Paleogene reserves,buried-hill reserves,high temperature and pressure reserves and hydrocarbon-rich sags,and form geological theories and explorative technologies of large and medium size oil and gas field in offshore China.The measures regarding the challenges include:(1) Innovating theoretical understanding and optimizing new exploration fields,(2) developing technical capabilities and improving the success rate of exploration,and(3) enhancing management level and deepening value exploration.
基金Special Scientific Research Project for Public Welfare(201006021,201005019)Youth Foundation of Chinese State Oceanic Administration(2013257)+2 种基金Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography,SOA(TIO2013002TIO2013003)National Special Project:Chinese Offshore Investigation and Assessment(908-02-01-02)
文摘El Nio Modoki,similar to but different from canonical El Nio,has been observed since the late1970s.In this paper,using HadISST and NCEP/NCAR wind data,we analyze the relationship between El Nio Modoki and Sea Surface Temperature(SST)in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters for different seasons.Our results show a significant negative correlation between El Nio Modoki in summer and SST in autumn in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters,particularly for regions located in the east of the Kuroshio.It is also found that during El Nio Modoki period,anomalous northerlies prevail over the regions from the northern part of the Philippines to the offshore area of China,indicating that the northerlies are unfavorable for the transport of warm water from the western tropical Pacific to the mid-latitude area.Consequently,El Nio Modoki in summer may play a substantial role in cold SST anomalies in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters in autumn through the influence of the Kuroshio,with a lagged response of the ocean to the atmospheric wind field.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41276009
文摘Studies of offshore wave climate based on satellite altimeter significant wave height（SWH） have widespread application value. This study used a calibrated multi-altimeter SWH dataset to investigate the wave climate characteristics in the offshore areas of China. First, the SWH measurements from 28 buoys located in China＇s coastal seas were compared with an Ifremer calibrated altimeter SWH dataset. Although the altimeter dataset tended to slightly overestimate SWH, it was in good agreement with the in situ data in general. The correlation coefficient was 0.97 and the root-mean-square（RMS） of differences was 0.30 m. The validation results showed a slight difference in different areas. The correlation coefficient was the maximum（0.97） and the RMS difference was the minimum（0.28 m） in the area from the East China Sea to the north of the South China Sea.The correlation coefficient of approximately 0.95 was relatively low in the seas off the Changjiang（Yangtze River） Estuary. The RMS difference was the maximum（0.32 m） in the seas off the Changjiang Estuary and was0.30 m in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Based on the above evidence, it is confirmed that the multialtimeter wave data are reliable in China＇s offshore areas. Then, the characteristics of the wave field, including the frequency of huge waves and the multi-year return SWH in China＇s offshore seas were analyzed using the23-year altimeter wave dataset. The 23-year mean SWH generally ranged from 0.6-2.2 m. The greatest SWH appeared in the southeast of the China East Sea, the Taiwan Strait and the northeast of the South China Sea.Obvious seasonal variation of SWH was found in most areas; SWH was greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. Extreme waves greater than 4 m in height mainly occurred in the following areas： the southeast of the East China Sea, the south of the Ryukyu Islands, the east of Taiwan-Luzon Island, and the Dongsha Islands extending to the Zhongsha Islands, and the frequency of extreme waves was 3%-6%. Extreme waves occurred most frequently in autumn and rarely in spring. The 100-year return wave height was greatest from the northwest Pacific seas extending to southeast of the Ryukyu Islands（9-12 m）, and the northeast of the South China Sea and the East China Sea had the second largest wave heights（7-11 m）. For inshore areas, the100-year return wave height was the greatest in the waters off the east coast of Guangdong Province and the south coast of Zhejiang Province（7-8 m）, whereas it was at a minimum in the area from the Changjiang Estuary to the Bohai Sea（4-6 m）. An investigation of sampling effects indicates that when using the 1°×1°grid dataset, although the combination of nine altimeters obviously enhanced the time and space coverage of sampling, the accuracy of statistical results, particularly extreme values obtained from the dataset, still suffered from undersampling problems because the time sampling percent in each 1°×1°grid cell was always less than33%.
文摘Since the founding of the ChinaNational Offshore Oil Corporationin 1982, the China offshore oil industryhas parted from closing the country tointernational intercourse and has steadilygone onto the developmental road at highspeed and with high efficiency inaccordance with international practice.In the short time of 13 years, relying onthe correlated policy offered by the stateand the intensification of enterprisemanagement, it has built up a large state-owned enterprise of independentmanagement, self-responsibility forprofits and losses, self-accumulation andself-perfection.
