The oil oxidation characteristics of the whole temperature regions from 30 ℃ to 600 ℃ during oil reservoir air injection were revealed by experiments. The whole oil oxidation temperature regions were divided into fo...The oil oxidation characteristics of the whole temperature regions from 30 ℃ to 600 ℃ during oil reservoir air injection were revealed by experiments. The whole oil oxidation temperature regions were divided into four different parts: dissolving and inflation region, low temperature oxidation region, medium temperature oxidation region and high temperature oxidation region. The reaction mechanisms of different regions were explained. Based on the oil oxidation characteristics and filed tests results, light oil reservoirs air injection development methods were divided into two types: oxygen-reducing air flooding and air flooding;heavy oil reservoirs air injection in-situ combustion development methods were divided into two types: medium temperature in-situ combustion and high temperature in-situ combustion. When the reservoir temperature is lower than 120 ℃, oxygen-reducing air flooding should be used for light oil reservoir development. When the reservoir temperature is higher than 120 ℃, air flooding method should be used for light oil reservoir development. For a normal heavy oil reservoir, when the combustion front temperature is lower than 400 ℃, the development method is medium temperature in-situ combustion. For a heavy oil reservoir with high oil resin and asphalting contents, when the combustion front temperature is higher than 450 ℃, the development method at this condition is high temperature in-situ combustion. Ten years field tests of air injection carried out by PetroChina proved that air has advantages in technical, economical and gas source aspects compared with other gas agents for oilfield gas injection development. Air injection development can be used in low/super-low permeability light oil reservoirs, medium and high permeability light oil reservoirs and heavy oil reservoirs. Air is a very promising gas flooding agent.展开更多
Background Oxidized soybean oil(OSO)has been shown to impair growth and exacerbate inflammation,leading to intestinal barrier injury in animals.Recent evidence suggests important roles for resveratrol(RES)in the promo...Background Oxidized soybean oil(OSO)has been shown to impair growth and exacerbate inflammation,leading to intestinal barrier injury in animals.Recent evidence suggests important roles for resveratrol(RES)in the promoting growth performance,antioxidant capacity,anti-inflammatory,and regulate intestinal barriers in animals.Therefore,The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of dietary RES(purity 98%)supplementation on the growth performance,antioxidant capacity,inflammatory state,and intestinal function of weaned piglets challenged with OSO.Methods A total of 28 castrated weaned male piglets with a similar body weight of 10.197 replications per treatment and±0.10 kg were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments for 28-d feeding trial with 1 piglet per replicate.Treatments were arranged as a 2×2 factorial with oil type[3%fresh soybean oil(FSO)vs.3%OSO]and dietary RES(0vs.300 mg/kg).Results The results showed that relative to the FSO group,OSO stress tended to decrease the average daily feed intake(ADFI),and decreased the activity levels of lipase,villus/crypt ratio(VCR),the mRNA expression of FABP1,SOD2,IL-10 and ZO-1 in the jejunum,and SOD2,GPX1,occludin and ZO-1 in the colon,the levels of acetic acid in the colonic digesta,whereas up-regulated the mRNA expression of IL-1βand TNF-αin the jejunum(P<0.05).Moreover,dietary supplementation with RES increased ether extract(EE),the activity levels of sucrase,lipase,α-amylase,villus height(VH)and VCR,the mRNA expression of FABP1,SOD2,IL-10 and occludin in the jejunum,and FABP1,PPAR-γ,GPX1,occludin and ZO-1 in the colon,and the abundance of Firmicutes,acetic and propionic acid,but decreased the levels of D-lactic acid in the plasma,the abundance of Bacteroidetes in the colonic digesta of weaned piglets compared to the non-RES group(P<0.05).Meanwhile,in the interaction effect analysis,relative to the OSO group,dietary RES supplementation in the diets supplemented with OSO increased the activity levels of trypsin,VH in the jejunum,the abundance of Actinobacteria,the levels of butyric acid of weaned piglets,but failed to influence the activity levels of trypsin and VH,Actinobacteria abundance,the levels of butyric acid when diets were supplemented with FSO(interaction,P<0.05).Relative to the OSO group,dietary RES supplementation in the diets supplemented with OSO decreased the activity levels of DAO in the plasma of weaned piglets but failed to influence the activity levels of DAO when diets were supplemented with FSO(interaction,P<0.05).Relative to the FSO group,dietary RES supplementation in the diets supplemented with FSO decreased the level of propionic acid,whereas RES supplementation failed to influence the level of propionic acid when the diet was supplemented with OSO(interaction,P<0.01).Conclusions Inclusion of OSO intensified inflammatory states and impaired the intestinal health characteristics of weaned piglets.Dietary RES supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity,anti-inflammatory activity,and intestinal morphology.Further studies showed that the protective effects of RES on gut health could be linked to the decreased abundance of Prevotella_1,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_6,and Prevotellaceae_UCG003 and increased levels of acetic and propionic acid.展开更多
Dietary oils have critical influences on human health,and thermally cooking or frying modify the components and nutritional functions of oils.Palm oil was the most widely used oil in food processing industry,but its h...Dietary oils have critical influences on human health,and thermally cooking or frying modify the components and nutritional functions of oils.Palm oil was the most widely used oil in food processing industry,but its health effects remain debatable.In the current study,we aimed to compare the effects of thermally oxidized palm oil and canola oil on gut microbiota.Palm oil or canola oil were heated at 180°C for 10 h to prepare high-fat diets.Rats were fed high-fat diets for 3 months,and hematological properties,gut microflora composition and intestinal gene expression were examined.The results indicated that heated canola oil consumption elevated plasma total cholesterol and LDL-c levels compared with unheated canola oil,but heated palm oil do not had these effects;and consumption of heated palm oil significantly elevated the relative abundance of Lactobacillucs and Roseburia in gut,compared with non-heated palm oil or two canola oil groups.Moreover,intestinal expression of IL-22 was increased in heated palm oil fed animal,though ZO-1 and GPR41 were reduced.In conclusion,heating process may enhance the effects of palm oil on proliferation of probiotics Lactobacillucs,and weaken the effects of canola oil on cholesterol transport and metabolism.展开更多
Background: The benefits of using the oxidized oils from rendering and recycling as an economic source of lipids and energy in animal feed always coexist with the concerns that diverse degradation products in these ox...Background: The benefits of using the oxidized oils from rendering and recycling as an economic source of lipids and energy in animal feed always coexist with the concerns that diverse degradation products in these oxidized oils can negatively affect animal health and performance. Therefore, the quality markers that predict growth performance could be useful when feeding oxidized oils to non-ruminants. However, the correlations between growth performance and chemical profiles of oxidized oils have not been well examined. In this study, six thermally oxidized soybean oils(OSOs) with a wide range of quality measures were prepared under different processing temperatures and processing durations, including 45 °C-336 h;67.5 °C-168 h;90 °C-84 h;135 °C-42 h;180 °C-21 h;and225 °C-10.5 h. Broilers and nursery pigs were randomly assigned to diets containing either unheated control soybean oil or one of six OSOs. Animal performance was determined by measuring body weight gain, feed intake,and gain to feed ratio. The chemical profiles of OSOs were first evaluated by common indicative tests, including peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, p-anisidine value, free fatty acids, oxidized fatty acids,unsaponifiable matter, insoluble impurities, and moisture, and then analyzed by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based chemometric analysis.Results: Among common quality indicators, p-anisidine value(An V), which reflects the level of carbonyl compounds,had the greatest inverse correlation with the growth performance of both broilers and pigs, followed by free fatty acids and oxidized fatty acids. Among the 17 aldehydes identified in OSOs, C9-C11 alkenals, especially 2-decenal and 2-undecenal, had stronger inverse correlations(r <-0.8) with animal performance compared to C5-C8 saturated alkanals,suggesting that chain length and unsaturation level affect the toxicity of aldehydes.Conclusions: As the major lipid oxidation products contributing to the An V, individual C9-C11 unsaturated aldehydes in heavily-oxidized oils could function as effective prediction markers of growth and feed intake in feeding non-ruminants.展开更多
The processes of degradation of engine oils operated in passenger cars of a uniform fleet of 25 vehicles were analyzed for oxidation content using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. As part of the experiment, the changes in ...The processes of degradation of engine oils operated in passenger cars of a uniform fleet of 25 vehicles were analyzed for oxidation content using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. As part of the experiment, the changes in engine oils occurring during actual operation (under conditions which can be described as "harsh", i.e., short distance driving, frequent starting of the engine, and extended engine idling) have been observed. An evaluation of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of an engine oil sample was presented. The infrared spectra of both fresh and used oils were recorded with the Thermo Nicolett IS5. The tests were conducted according to the Appendix A2 of ASTM 2412. For the used engine oil differentiation process, FTIR spectra were analyzed in the regions of 1,700–2,000 cm-1 and 3,600–3,700 cm-1. The FTIR spectrometry is demonstrated to be effective for the analysis and monitoring of processes of oxidation and shown to provide rapid and accurate information relating to the aging process of engine oils. The results may facilitate decision-making regarding the service life of engine oils. The achieved dependencies can make it possible to upgrade the sensor assembly consisting of an FTIR source.展开更多
In this paper,the influence of oxidation of automatic transmission fluids(ATFs)and sliding distance on the friction coefficients of a wet clutch in approached running-in conditions was investigated.The ATFs were oxidi...In this paper,the influence of oxidation of automatic transmission fluids(ATFs)and sliding distance on the friction coefficients of a wet clutch in approached running-in conditions was investigated.The ATFs were oxidized by a laboratory process approaching oxidation occurred in actual ATFs.Oxidation was evaluated by means of increase in carbonyl compounds and depletion of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates(ZDDPs)additives.Also,the changes in kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were evaluated.Pin-ondisk tests were conducted to replicate the actual sliding contact in a wet clutch.The pin specimens were cut from friction material composite plates and the disks were actual steel separators both from an automotive wet clutch.Friction coefficient, μ,was measured at progressive sliding velocity,ν,to obtain μ–νcurves at 26 and 100°C.Three μ–νtests were consecutively run using the same pair of specimens and oil.The cumulative sliding distance for each μ–νtest generated surface flattening using the oils.The friction coefficients of the wet clutch increased due to the ATFs oxidation meanwhile the dm/dv values decreased in most cases.It suggests that ATF oxidation can enhance torque capacity of the wet clutch,but it could reduce anti-shudder property.Progressive sliding distance improved the slopes in the μ–νresults using fresh ATFs meanwhile it generated a slope decrease by using aged ATFs.展开更多
文摘The oil oxidation characteristics of the whole temperature regions from 30 ℃ to 600 ℃ during oil reservoir air injection were revealed by experiments. The whole oil oxidation temperature regions were divided into four different parts: dissolving and inflation region, low temperature oxidation region, medium temperature oxidation region and high temperature oxidation region. The reaction mechanisms of different regions were explained. Based on the oil oxidation characteristics and filed tests results, light oil reservoirs air injection development methods were divided into two types: oxygen-reducing air flooding and air flooding;heavy oil reservoirs air injection in-situ combustion development methods were divided into two types: medium temperature in-situ combustion and high temperature in-situ combustion. When the reservoir temperature is lower than 120 ℃, oxygen-reducing air flooding should be used for light oil reservoir development. When the reservoir temperature is higher than 120 ℃, air flooding method should be used for light oil reservoir development. For a normal heavy oil reservoir, when the combustion front temperature is lower than 400 ℃, the development method is medium temperature in-situ combustion. For a heavy oil reservoir with high oil resin and asphalting contents, when the combustion front temperature is higher than 450 ℃, the development method at this condition is high temperature in-situ combustion. Ten years field tests of air injection carried out by PetroChina proved that air has advantages in technical, economical and gas source aspects compared with other gas agents for oilfield gas injection development. Air injection development can be used in low/super-low permeability light oil reservoirs, medium and high permeability light oil reservoirs and heavy oil reservoirs. Air is a very promising gas flooding agent.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872986)。
文摘Background Oxidized soybean oil(OSO)has been shown to impair growth and exacerbate inflammation,leading to intestinal barrier injury in animals.Recent evidence suggests important roles for resveratrol(RES)in the promoting growth performance,antioxidant capacity,anti-inflammatory,and regulate intestinal barriers in animals.Therefore,The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of dietary RES(purity 98%)supplementation on the growth performance,antioxidant capacity,inflammatory state,and intestinal function of weaned piglets challenged with OSO.Methods A total of 28 castrated weaned male piglets with a similar body weight of 10.197 replications per treatment and±0.10 kg were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments for 28-d feeding trial with 1 piglet per replicate.Treatments were arranged as a 2×2 factorial with oil type[3%fresh soybean oil(FSO)vs.3%OSO]and dietary RES(0vs.300 mg/kg).Results The results showed that relative to the FSO group,OSO stress tended to decrease the average daily feed intake(ADFI),and decreased the activity levels of lipase,villus/crypt ratio(VCR),the mRNA expression of FABP1,SOD2,IL-10 and ZO-1 in the jejunum,and SOD2,GPX1,occludin and ZO-1 in the colon,the levels of acetic acid in the colonic digesta,whereas up-regulated the mRNA expression of IL-1βand TNF-αin the jejunum(P<0.05).Moreover,dietary supplementation with RES increased ether extract(EE),the activity levels of sucrase,lipase,α-amylase,villus height(VH)and VCR,the mRNA expression of FABP1,SOD2,IL-10 and occludin in the jejunum,and FABP1,PPAR-γ,GPX1,occludin and ZO-1 in the colon,and the abundance of Firmicutes,acetic and propionic acid,but decreased the levels of D-lactic acid in the plasma,the abundance of Bacteroidetes in the colonic digesta of weaned piglets compared to the non-RES group(P<0.05).Meanwhile,in the interaction effect analysis,relative to the OSO group,dietary RES supplementation in the diets supplemented with OSO increased the activity levels of trypsin,VH in the jejunum,the abundance of Actinobacteria,the levels of butyric acid of weaned piglets,but failed to influence the activity levels of trypsin and VH,Actinobacteria abundance,the levels of butyric acid when diets were supplemented with FSO(interaction,P<0.05).Relative to the OSO group,dietary RES supplementation in the diets supplemented with OSO decreased the activity levels of DAO in the plasma of weaned piglets but failed to influence the activity levels of DAO when diets were supplemented with FSO(interaction,P<0.05).Relative to the FSO group,dietary RES supplementation in the diets supplemented with FSO decreased the level of propionic acid,whereas RES supplementation failed to influence the level of propionic acid when the diet was supplemented with OSO(interaction,P<0.01).Conclusions Inclusion of OSO intensified inflammatory states and impaired the intestinal health characteristics of weaned piglets.Dietary RES supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity,anti-inflammatory activity,and intestinal morphology.Further studies showed that the protective effects of RES on gut health could be linked to the decreased abundance of Prevotella_1,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_6,and Prevotellaceae_UCG003 and increased levels of acetic and propionic acid.
基金Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2017CFB275)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31271855 and 81402669)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Wuhan Polytechnic University(2019J04).
文摘Dietary oils have critical influences on human health,and thermally cooking or frying modify the components and nutritional functions of oils.Palm oil was the most widely used oil in food processing industry,but its health effects remain debatable.In the current study,we aimed to compare the effects of thermally oxidized palm oil and canola oil on gut microbiota.Palm oil or canola oil were heated at 180°C for 10 h to prepare high-fat diets.Rats were fed high-fat diets for 3 months,and hematological properties,gut microflora composition and intestinal gene expression were examined.The results indicated that heated canola oil consumption elevated plasma total cholesterol and LDL-c levels compared with unheated canola oil,but heated palm oil do not had these effects;and consumption of heated palm oil significantly elevated the relative abundance of Lactobacillucs and Roseburia in gut,compared with non-heated palm oil or two canola oil groups.Moreover,intestinal expression of IL-22 was increased in heated palm oil fed animal,though ZO-1 and GPR41 were reduced.In conclusion,heating process may enhance the effects of palm oil on proliferation of probiotics Lactobacillucs,and weaken the effects of canola oil on cholesterol transport and metabolism.
基金partially supported by the Agricultural Experiment Station project MIN-18-125 (C. C.) from the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)。
文摘Background: The benefits of using the oxidized oils from rendering and recycling as an economic source of lipids and energy in animal feed always coexist with the concerns that diverse degradation products in these oxidized oils can negatively affect animal health and performance. Therefore, the quality markers that predict growth performance could be useful when feeding oxidized oils to non-ruminants. However, the correlations between growth performance and chemical profiles of oxidized oils have not been well examined. In this study, six thermally oxidized soybean oils(OSOs) with a wide range of quality measures were prepared under different processing temperatures and processing durations, including 45 °C-336 h;67.5 °C-168 h;90 °C-84 h;135 °C-42 h;180 °C-21 h;and225 °C-10.5 h. Broilers and nursery pigs were randomly assigned to diets containing either unheated control soybean oil or one of six OSOs. Animal performance was determined by measuring body weight gain, feed intake,and gain to feed ratio. The chemical profiles of OSOs were first evaluated by common indicative tests, including peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, p-anisidine value, free fatty acids, oxidized fatty acids,unsaponifiable matter, insoluble impurities, and moisture, and then analyzed by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based chemometric analysis.Results: Among common quality indicators, p-anisidine value(An V), which reflects the level of carbonyl compounds,had the greatest inverse correlation with the growth performance of both broilers and pigs, followed by free fatty acids and oxidized fatty acids. Among the 17 aldehydes identified in OSOs, C9-C11 alkenals, especially 2-decenal and 2-undecenal, had stronger inverse correlations(r <-0.8) with animal performance compared to C5-C8 saturated alkanals,suggesting that chain length and unsaturation level affect the toxicity of aldehydes.Conclusions: As the major lipid oxidation products contributing to the An V, individual C9-C11 unsaturated aldehydes in heavily-oxidized oils could function as effective prediction markers of growth and feed intake in feeding non-ruminants.
文摘The processes of degradation of engine oils operated in passenger cars of a uniform fleet of 25 vehicles were analyzed for oxidation content using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. As part of the experiment, the changes in engine oils occurring during actual operation (under conditions which can be described as "harsh", i.e., short distance driving, frequent starting of the engine, and extended engine idling) have been observed. An evaluation of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of an engine oil sample was presented. The infrared spectra of both fresh and used oils were recorded with the Thermo Nicolett IS5. The tests were conducted according to the Appendix A2 of ASTM 2412. For the used engine oil differentiation process, FTIR spectra were analyzed in the regions of 1,700–2,000 cm-1 and 3,600–3,700 cm-1. The FTIR spectrometry is demonstrated to be effective for the analysis and monitoring of processes of oxidation and shown to provide rapid and accurate information relating to the aging process of engine oils. The results may facilitate decision-making regarding the service life of engine oils. The achieved dependencies can make it possible to upgrade the sensor assembly consisting of an FTIR source.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge to CNMNIPN for the support in the spectroscopic analyses of our oil samplesWe also thank to“Laboratorio de Reología y Física de la Materia Blanda”from ESFM-Instituto Politécnico Nacional for the assistance and equipment support for the viscosity measurements of our oil samples.
文摘In this paper,the influence of oxidation of automatic transmission fluids(ATFs)and sliding distance on the friction coefficients of a wet clutch in approached running-in conditions was investigated.The ATFs were oxidized by a laboratory process approaching oxidation occurred in actual ATFs.Oxidation was evaluated by means of increase in carbonyl compounds and depletion of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates(ZDDPs)additives.Also,the changes in kinematic viscosity and viscosity index were evaluated.Pin-ondisk tests were conducted to replicate the actual sliding contact in a wet clutch.The pin specimens were cut from friction material composite plates and the disks were actual steel separators both from an automotive wet clutch.Friction coefficient, μ,was measured at progressive sliding velocity,ν,to obtain μ–νcurves at 26 and 100°C.Three μ–νtests were consecutively run using the same pair of specimens and oil.The cumulative sliding distance for each μ–νtest generated surface flattening using the oils.The friction coefficients of the wet clutch increased due to the ATFs oxidation meanwhile the dm/dv values decreased in most cases.It suggests that ATF oxidation can enhance torque capacity of the wet clutch,but it could reduce anti-shudder property.Progressive sliding distance improved the slopes in the μ–νresults using fresh ATFs meanwhile it generated a slope decrease by using aged ATFs.
