The A_(2)B_(2)O_(7)-type rare earth zirconate compounds have been considered as promising candidates for thermal barrier coating(TBC) materials because of their low sintering rate,improved phase stability,and reduced ...The A_(2)B_(2)O_(7)-type rare earth zirconate compounds have been considered as promising candidates for thermal barrier coating(TBC) materials because of their low sintering rate,improved phase stability,and reduced thermal conductivity in contrast with the currently used yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in high operating temperature environments.This review summarizes the recent progress on rare earth zirconates for TBCs that insulate high-temperature gas from hot-section components in gas turbines.Based on the first principles,molecular dynamics,and new data-driven calculation approaches,doping and high-entropy strategies have now been adopted in advanced TBC materials design.In this paper,the solid-state heat transfer mechanism of TBCs is explained from two aspects,including heat conduction over the full operating temperature range and thermal radiation at medium and high temperature.This paper also provides new insights into design considerations of adaptive TBC materials,and the challenges and potential breakthroughs are further highlighted for extreme environmental applications.Strategies for improving thermophysical performance are proposed in two approaches:defect engineering and material compositing.展开更多
A magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition system was used to deposit Ti-doped diamond-like carbon coatings(Ti-DLC)on pin surfaces to improve the wear resistance of high-power density diesel engine piston p...A magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition system was used to deposit Ti-doped diamond-like carbon coatings(Ti-DLC)on pin surfaces to improve the wear resistance of high-power density diesel engine piston pins.The coating structure,composition,and morphology were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectroscopy,and other techniques.Friction tests were carried out using a universal tribometer to study the tribological properties of pins with or without coatings under dry friction and oil lubrication.The surface morphology and cross-sectional morphology of the Ti-DLC coating show that the coating has a uniform crosssection and good surface properties.The XPS spectrum shows that the coating contains Ti-C,Ti-C*,sp2-C,sp3-C,and C-O/C=O.Raman spectroscopy shows that there is an amorphous carbon phase in the Ti-DLC coating.The friction test shows that the friction temperature increase of the pin with the Ti-DLC coating is lower than that without the coating,especially under dry-friction conditions.At the end of the test,the difierence in temperature increase is 16.7%.The friction coefficient when using high-viscosity lubricating oil with a coating is relatively lower than that without a coating,especially under low-speed and heavy-duty conditions.In the dryfriction state,the coated surface has better wear resistance than the uncoated surface,which primarily manifests as abrasive wear,and the surface without a coating mainly experiences adhesive wear.展开更多
NiCoCrAlYTa coatings have been deposited onto an aircraft gas turbine engine blade using a LPPS unit equipped with a computerized robot. Optimal processing conditions, including spray parameters, the trajectory of the...NiCoCrAlYTa coatings have been deposited onto an aircraft gas turbine engine blade using a LPPS unit equipped with a computerized robot. Optimal processing conditions, including spray parameters, the trajectory of the robot, and the synchronized movements between the torch and the blade, have been developed for superior coating properties. Transferred arc treatment, providing a preheating and a cleaning of the substrate surface, enhances the adherence of the coatings to the substrate. The resulting LPPS coatings show dense and uniform characteristics with ideal hardness, and good corrosion resistance to cycle oxidation.展开更多
Three-dimensional honeycomb-structured magnesium （Mg） scaffolds with interconnected pores of accurately controlled pore size and porosity were fabricated by laser perforation technique. Biodegradable and bioactiveβ...Three-dimensional honeycomb-structured magnesium （Mg） scaffolds with interconnected pores of accurately controlled pore size and porosity were fabricated by laser perforation technique. Biodegradable and bioactiveβ- tricalcium phosphate （β-TCP） coatings were prepared on and the biodegradation mechanism was simply evaluated the porous Mg to further improve its biocompatibility, in vitro. It was found that the mechanical properties of this type of porous Mg significantly depended on its porosity. Elastic modulus and compressive strength similar to human bones could be obtained for the porous Mg with porosity of 42.6%-51%. It was observed that the human osteosarcoma cells （UMR106） were well adhered and proliferated on the surface of the β- TCP coated porous Mg, which indicates that theβ-TCP coated porous Mg is promising to be a bone tissue engineering scaffold material.展开更多
This paper reports that heat insulating property of infrared reflective coatings is obtained through the use of pigments which diffuse near-infrared thermal radiation. Suitable structure and size distribution of pigme...This paper reports that heat insulating property of infrared reflective coatings is obtained through the use of pigments which diffuse near-infrared thermal radiation. Suitable structure and size distribution of pigments would attain maximum diffuse infrared radiation and reduce the pigment volume concentration required. The optimum structure and size range of pigments for reflective infrared coatings are studied by using Kubelka-Munk theory, Mie model and independent scattering approximation. Taking titania particle as the pigment embedded in an inorganic coating, the computational results show that core-shell particles present excellent scattering ability, more so than solid and hollow spherical particles. The optimum radius range of core-shell particles is around 0.3 - 1.6 μm. ~rthermore, the influence of shell thickness on optical parameters of the coating is also obvious and the optimal thickness of shell is 100-300 nm.展开更多
Friction and wear of the sliding components in an automobile cause an increase in both fuel consumption and emission.Many engine components involved with sliding contact are all susceptible to scuffing failure at some...Friction and wear of the sliding components in an automobile cause an increase in both fuel consumption and emission.Many engine components involved with sliding contact are all susceptible to scuffing failure at some points during their operating period.Therefore,it is important to evaluate the effects of various surface coatings on the tribological characteristics of the piston ring and cylinder block surface of a diesel engine.Wear and scuffing tests were conducted using a friction and wear measurement of the piston ring and cylinder block in a low friction diesel engine.The frictional forces,wear amounts and cycles to scuffing in the boundary lubricated sliding condition were measured using the reciprocating wear tester.The tester used a piece of the cylinder block as the reciprocating specimen and a segment of the piston ring material as the fixed pin.Several coatings on the ring specimen were used,such as DLC,TiN,Cr-ceramic and TiAlN,in order to improve the tribological characteristics of the ring.The coefficients of friction were monitored during the tests,and the wear volumes of the piston ring surfaces with various coatings were compared.Test results show that the DLC coating exhibits better tribological properties than the other coatings.The graphite structure of this coating is responsible for the low friction and wear of the DLC film.The TiN and DLC coatings show better scuffing resistance than the other coatings.The TiN and Cr-ceramic coated rings show good wear resistance and high friction.展开更多
Cartilage injury is an important cause of osteoarthritis;however, there is no effective method of cartilage regeneration at present. Therefore, it would be of great value to explore and develop new methods of cartilag...Cartilage injury is an important cause of osteoarthritis;however, there is no effective method of cartilage regeneration at present. Therefore, it would be of great value to explore and develop new methods of cartilage regeneration. In recent years, it has become a hot topic on repairing damaged cartilage by using tissue engineered cartilage domestic and abroad. It’s the key factor to success for getting cell source which is effective, applicable and easy to obtain in the technology of cartilage tissue engineering filed. This article summarizes the research progress of bone marrow extract buffy coat in cartilage tissue engineering.展开更多
This paper introduces a new technology of using ceramic coating on piston rings of an internal combustion engine, and the comparison of mechanical efficiency and performances of an actual engine before and after the a...This paper introduces a new technology of using ceramic coating on piston rings of an internal combustion engine, and the comparison of mechanical efficiency and performances of an actual engine before and after the application of ceramic coating on the piston rings. The experimental results show that the mechanical efficiency and power output are enhanced by 4% and 2.6%, respectively, with fuel consumption reduced by (2.9%.) Further studies on coating processing and coating materials as well as the reliability and durability will be of great significance in the application and popularization of the new technology.展开更多
Modern aero and stationary gas turbine engines have been designed with much higher compressor-pressure ratios and thrust-weight ratios than earlier models,and these ratios are strongly influenced by the hot-running cl...Modern aero and stationary gas turbine engines have been designed with much higher compressor-pressure ratios and thrust-weight ratios than earlier models,and these ratios are strongly influenced by the hot-running clearances between the rotating and stationary components.The main benefit of reduction in the clearances is efficiency gains,resulting in lowered fuel consumption and polluting gas emissions,with ecological and economic advantages.However,at these undersized clearances,some rubbing interactions are unavoidable,which can be accommodated by applying Abradable Sealing Coatings(ASCs)on the stationary inner surface.This paper reviews the commercially available abradable materials for thermal spraying at various application positions and temperatures.Emphasis is placed on the abradability and wear mechanisms involved.In addition,considering the tendency of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites replacing superalloys as hot section components,the future prospect of ceramic abradables based on Environmental Barrier Coatings(EBCs)in turbine stages is summarized and a new concept of"self-degradable ceramics"based on the corrosive steam environment is proposed for the purpose of high-temperature fillerfree abradables.展开更多
The effect of coating repair on microstructure and mechanical properties of a directionally solidified nickel base alloy IC6 was studied. The experimental results show that after coating repair treatment, the substrat...The effect of coating repair on microstructure and mechanical properties of a directionally solidified nickel base alloy IC6 was studied. The experimental results show that after coating repair treatment, the substrate/coating interface keeps well, and the combination of coating and substrate is very good, as well as very slight mutual diffusion of alloying elements between substrate and coating occurred. Although coating repair treatment make diffusion time double, only a little amount of Mo diffused into coating, and the elements Cr and Co of NiCoCrAlYHf coating only exist in a thin layer of influence region of the substrate, which has no obvious effect on the microstructure of alloy IC6. Tensile tests at room temperature and stress rupture tests under 1?100?℃, 90?MPa of the coating repaired sample were conducted. The results show that the coating repair has no evident effect on mechanical properties. Therefore, it may be considered that when the coating is unexpectedly destroyed, it can be repaired.展开更多
This paper describes coating protection of production facilities of offshore oil fields based on the practice of development of Bohai Offshore Oil Field, with focus laid on the selection of coating systems, surface pr...This paper describes coating protection of production facilities of offshore oil fields based on the practice of development of Bohai Offshore Oil Field, with focus laid on the selection of coating systems, surface preparation, coating application, as well as coating inspection for four types of major production facilities.展开更多
Thin film coating is a process of making liquid film cover and deposit base body surface by the way of dipping, spraying, sliding or spin coating, which is a kind of modern surface engineering. It plays an important r...Thin film coating is a process of making liquid film cover and deposit base body surface by the way of dipping, spraying, sliding or spin coating, which is a kind of modern surface engineering. It plays an important role in the actual processing, such as improving the surface properties, fine processing, and new surface properties. Analysis of the influence of substrating morphology and fluid flow properties itself on coating fluid motion has an important significance to optimize the thin film coating and improve the quality of the final film. The influence from uneven substrate surface’s geometry configuration on internal motion of the flow field in slip-coating is analyzed by using the FLUENT software as a calculation platform. A two-dimension model of slip coating under isosceles triangle and isosceles trapezoid substrate was established, and thin film coating fluid motions under different configuration parameters were simulated. It is pointed out that the key factor determining the turbulence generation and evolution is the parameter of substrating surface nature. The effects of the change of Reynolds number on turbulent appearance and action area are studied. The velocity contours of fluid field on different substrate surfaces are shown, and the impact of substrate geometry on the backwater region is analyzed.展开更多
The present research focuses on addressing the faster depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution in addition to the energy crisis that hinders the progress of a nation.In the current research,waste banana l...The present research focuses on addressing the faster depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution in addition to the energy crisis that hinders the progress of a nation.In the current research,waste banana leaves were considered as substrates for biogas production.Biogas is taken as the primary fuel in dual fuel(DF)operations to maximize possible diesel savings.The performance and combustion assessment were executed in a low heat rejection(LHR)engine using 5%diethyl ether by volume blended with diesel(5DEE)as pilot fuel.The combustion attributes of the engine reveal that the apex of net heat release rate(NHRR)curve retarded a bit as compared to apex of base result.The peak cylinder pressure was noted to be 6.19 MPa in the LHR engine running with 5DEE+biogas at 11.7°crank angle(CA)after top dead center(aTDC)compared to 5.23 MPa for the diesel alone operation at the same position.The apex point for NHRR was observed to be 54.51 J(°)^(−1)for 5DEE+biogas in LHR engine positioned at 3.2°aTDC.The brake thermal efficiency at full engine load operation decreased by 12.7%and 5.2%for biogas substitutions of 0.8 kg h^(−1)with diesel and 5DEE,respectively,compared to the base result.The smoke opacity and nitric oxide emissions were reduced during the DF run accompanied by diethyl ether as a fuel additive.展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51572061,51621091,and 51321061)the Heilongjiang Touyan Team Program。
文摘The A_(2)B_(2)O_(7)-type rare earth zirconate compounds have been considered as promising candidates for thermal barrier coating(TBC) materials because of their low sintering rate,improved phase stability,and reduced thermal conductivity in contrast with the currently used yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in high operating temperature environments.This review summarizes the recent progress on rare earth zirconates for TBCs that insulate high-temperature gas from hot-section components in gas turbines.Based on the first principles,molecular dynamics,and new data-driven calculation approaches,doping and high-entropy strategies have now been adopted in advanced TBC materials design.In this paper,the solid-state heat transfer mechanism of TBCs is explained from two aspects,including heat conduction over the full operating temperature range and thermal radiation at medium and high temperature.This paper also provides new insights into design considerations of adaptive TBC materials,and the challenges and potential breakthroughs are further highlighted for extreme environmental applications.Strategies for improving thermophysical performance are proposed in two approaches:defect engineering and material compositing.
基金Funded by the Tribology Science Fund of State Key Laboratory of Triboloy(No.SKLTKF20B08),Tsinghua University,China。
文摘A magnetically filtered cathode vacuum arc deposition system was used to deposit Ti-doped diamond-like carbon coatings(Ti-DLC)on pin surfaces to improve the wear resistance of high-power density diesel engine piston pins.The coating structure,composition,and morphology were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectroscopy,and other techniques.Friction tests were carried out using a universal tribometer to study the tribological properties of pins with or without coatings under dry friction and oil lubrication.The surface morphology and cross-sectional morphology of the Ti-DLC coating show that the coating has a uniform crosssection and good surface properties.The XPS spectrum shows that the coating contains Ti-C,Ti-C*,sp2-C,sp3-C,and C-O/C=O.Raman spectroscopy shows that there is an amorphous carbon phase in the Ti-DLC coating.The friction test shows that the friction temperature increase of the pin with the Ti-DLC coating is lower than that without the coating,especially under dry-friction conditions.At the end of the test,the difierence in temperature increase is 16.7%.The friction coefficient when using high-viscosity lubricating oil with a coating is relatively lower than that without a coating,especially under low-speed and heavy-duty conditions.In the dryfriction state,the coated surface has better wear resistance than the uncoated surface,which primarily manifests as abrasive wear,and the surface without a coating mainly experiences adhesive wear.
文摘NiCoCrAlYTa coatings have been deposited onto an aircraft gas turbine engine blade using a LPPS unit equipped with a computerized robot. Optimal processing conditions, including spray parameters, the trajectory of the robot, and the synchronized movements between the torch and the blade, have been developed for superior coating properties. Transferred arc treatment, providing a preheating and a cleaning of the substrate surface, enhances the adherence of the coatings to the substrate. The resulting LPPS coatings show dense and uniform characteristics with ideal hardness, and good corrosion resistance to cycle oxidation.
基金supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences (The Applied Research of Bioactive Bone Implantation Materials, No. KGCX2-YW-207)
文摘Three-dimensional honeycomb-structured magnesium （Mg） scaffolds with interconnected pores of accurately controlled pore size and porosity were fabricated by laser perforation technique. Biodegradable and bioactiveβ- tricalcium phosphate （β-TCP） coatings were prepared on and the biodegradation mechanism was simply evaluated the porous Mg to further improve its biocompatibility, in vitro. It was found that the mechanical properties of this type of porous Mg significantly depended on its porosity. Elastic modulus and compressive strength similar to human bones could be obtained for the porous Mg with porosity of 42.6%-51%. It was observed that the human osteosarcoma cells （UMR106） were well adhered and proliferated on the surface of the β- TCP coated porous Mg, which indicates that theβ-TCP coated porous Mg is promising to be a bone tissue engineering scaffold material.
文摘This paper reports that heat insulating property of infrared reflective coatings is obtained through the use of pigments which diffuse near-infrared thermal radiation. Suitable structure and size distribution of pigments would attain maximum diffuse infrared radiation and reduce the pigment volume concentration required. The optimum structure and size range of pigments for reflective infrared coatings are studied by using Kubelka-Munk theory, Mie model and independent scattering approximation. Taking titania particle as the pigment embedded in an inorganic coating, the computational results show that core-shell particles present excellent scattering ability, more so than solid and hollow spherical particles. The optimum radius range of core-shell particles is around 0.3 - 1.6 μm. ~rthermore, the influence of shell thickness on optical parameters of the coating is also obvious and the optimal thickness of shell is 100-300 nm.
文摘Friction and wear of the sliding components in an automobile cause an increase in both fuel consumption and emission.Many engine components involved with sliding contact are all susceptible to scuffing failure at some points during their operating period.Therefore,it is important to evaluate the effects of various surface coatings on the tribological characteristics of the piston ring and cylinder block surface of a diesel engine.Wear and scuffing tests were conducted using a friction and wear measurement of the piston ring and cylinder block in a low friction diesel engine.The frictional forces,wear amounts and cycles to scuffing in the boundary lubricated sliding condition were measured using the reciprocating wear tester.The tester used a piece of the cylinder block as the reciprocating specimen and a segment of the piston ring material as the fixed pin.Several coatings on the ring specimen were used,such as DLC,TiN,Cr-ceramic and TiAlN,in order to improve the tribological characteristics of the ring.The coefficients of friction were monitored during the tests,and the wear volumes of the piston ring surfaces with various coatings were compared.Test results show that the DLC coating exhibits better tribological properties than the other coatings.The graphite structure of this coating is responsible for the low friction and wear of the DLC film.The TiN and DLC coatings show better scuffing resistance than the other coatings.The TiN and Cr-ceramic coated rings show good wear resistance and high friction.
文摘Cartilage injury is an important cause of osteoarthritis;however, there is no effective method of cartilage regeneration at present. Therefore, it would be of great value to explore and develop new methods of cartilage regeneration. In recent years, it has become a hot topic on repairing damaged cartilage by using tissue engineered cartilage domestic and abroad. It’s the key factor to success for getting cell source which is effective, applicable and easy to obtain in the technology of cartilage tissue engineering filed. This article summarizes the research progress of bone marrow extract buffy coat in cartilage tissue engineering.
文摘This paper introduces a new technology of using ceramic coating on piston rings of an internal combustion engine, and the comparison of mechanical efficiency and performances of an actual engine before and after the application of ceramic coating on the piston rings. The experimental results show that the mechanical efficiency and power output are enhanced by 4% and 2.6%, respectively, with fuel consumption reduced by (2.9%.) Further studies on coating processing and coating materials as well as the reliability and durability will be of great significance in the application and popularization of the new technology.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2241238,52275461,and 92060201)the Major Program(JD)of Hubei Province,China(No.2023BAA003)the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province,China(No.2023BAB107).
文摘Modern aero and stationary gas turbine engines have been designed with much higher compressor-pressure ratios and thrust-weight ratios than earlier models,and these ratios are strongly influenced by the hot-running clearances between the rotating and stationary components.The main benefit of reduction in the clearances is efficiency gains,resulting in lowered fuel consumption and polluting gas emissions,with ecological and economic advantages.However,at these undersized clearances,some rubbing interactions are unavoidable,which can be accommodated by applying Abradable Sealing Coatings(ASCs)on the stationary inner surface.This paper reviews the commercially available abradable materials for thermal spraying at various application positions and temperatures.Emphasis is placed on the abradability and wear mechanisms involved.In addition,considering the tendency of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites replacing superalloys as hot section components,the future prospect of ceramic abradables based on Environmental Barrier Coatings(EBCs)in turbine stages is summarized and a new concept of"self-degradable ceramics"based on the corrosive steam environment is proposed for the purpose of high-temperature fillerfree abradables.
文摘The effect of coating repair on microstructure and mechanical properties of a directionally solidified nickel base alloy IC6 was studied. The experimental results show that after coating repair treatment, the substrate/coating interface keeps well, and the combination of coating and substrate is very good, as well as very slight mutual diffusion of alloying elements between substrate and coating occurred. Although coating repair treatment make diffusion time double, only a little amount of Mo diffused into coating, and the elements Cr and Co of NiCoCrAlYHf coating only exist in a thin layer of influence region of the substrate, which has no obvious effect on the microstructure of alloy IC6. Tensile tests at room temperature and stress rupture tests under 1?100?℃, 90?MPa of the coating repaired sample were conducted. The results show that the coating repair has no evident effect on mechanical properties. Therefore, it may be considered that when the coating is unexpectedly destroyed, it can be repaired.
文摘This paper describes coating protection of production facilities of offshore oil fields based on the practice of development of Bohai Offshore Oil Field, with focus laid on the selection of coating systems, surface preparation, coating application, as well as coating inspection for four types of major production facilities.
文摘Thin film coating is a process of making liquid film cover and deposit base body surface by the way of dipping, spraying, sliding or spin coating, which is a kind of modern surface engineering. It plays an important role in the actual processing, such as improving the surface properties, fine processing, and new surface properties. Analysis of the influence of substrating morphology and fluid flow properties itself on coating fluid motion has an important significance to optimize the thin film coating and improve the quality of the final film. The influence from uneven substrate surface’s geometry configuration on internal motion of the flow field in slip-coating is analyzed by using the FLUENT software as a calculation platform. A two-dimension model of slip coating under isosceles triangle and isosceles trapezoid substrate was established, and thin film coating fluid motions under different configuration parameters were simulated. It is pointed out that the key factor determining the turbulence generation and evolution is the parameter of substrating surface nature. The effects of the change of Reynolds number on turbulent appearance and action area are studied. The velocity contours of fluid field on different substrate surfaces are shown, and the impact of substrate geometry on the backwater region is analyzed.
文摘为了研发适用严苛高温工业条件下使用的袋式除尘器用针刺毡滤袋,利用乳液浸渍后处理工艺制备了具有热电/压电特性的硅酸盐(Polar Silicate,PS)粉体/聚四氟乙烯(Polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)涂层复合芳纶针刺毡滤袋,探究了PS粉体粒径及附着浓度对复合滤袋捕集效率及阻力特性的影响规律,研究了复合滤袋机械性能,并通过扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)对复合滤袋进行了微观形貌分析。结果显示:PS粉体粒径对滤袋的阻力影响不大;PS粉体粒径在>21~32μm时,滤袋的过滤效率最大;最优附着浓度为6 mg/cm^(2)时,滤袋对0.3~1μm粒子的过滤效率提升幅度≥12.58百分点,滤袋的品质因数最高;PS粉体/PTFE/芳纶复合滤袋的耐磨性比芳纶针刺毡滤袋提升了19.86%,挺度提升了22.22%,纵向拉伸强度提升了14.07%。研究所制备的复合滤袋能够适应严苛的高温工业环境,可更好地控制工业排放的微细颗粒物。
基金The authors acknowledge the support received from the Alternative Fuel and Energy Lab of S‘O’A deemed to be University.
文摘The present research focuses on addressing the faster depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution in addition to the energy crisis that hinders the progress of a nation.In the current research,waste banana leaves were considered as substrates for biogas production.Biogas is taken as the primary fuel in dual fuel(DF)operations to maximize possible diesel savings.The performance and combustion assessment were executed in a low heat rejection(LHR)engine using 5%diethyl ether by volume blended with diesel(5DEE)as pilot fuel.The combustion attributes of the engine reveal that the apex of net heat release rate(NHRR)curve retarded a bit as compared to apex of base result.The peak cylinder pressure was noted to be 6.19 MPa in the LHR engine running with 5DEE+biogas at 11.7°crank angle(CA)after top dead center(aTDC)compared to 5.23 MPa for the diesel alone operation at the same position.The apex point for NHRR was observed to be 54.51 J(°)^(−1)for 5DEE+biogas in LHR engine positioned at 3.2°aTDC.The brake thermal efficiency at full engine load operation decreased by 12.7%and 5.2%for biogas substitutions of 0.8 kg h^(−1)with diesel and 5DEE,respectively,compared to the base result.The smoke opacity and nitric oxide emissions were reduced during the DF run accompanied by diethyl ether as a fuel additive.
