Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwi...Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwide.PHS is a complex trait with related QTL located on different chromosomes.However,the study of markers and genes related to PHS resistance is limited especially for whitegrained wheat.Four pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)from a white-grained wheat cross of CharaDM5637B*8 targeting a major QTL for PHS resistance(Qphs.ccsu-3A.1)on wheat chromosme 3AL were genotyped using the 90K SNP Illumina iSelect array.Ten SNPs were identified,with a 75%-100%consistency between genotype and phenotype in the resistant or susceptible isolines.The 10 SNPs were converted to cost-effective kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Screening of 48 wheat cultivars with different phenotypes of PHS identified four KASP markers with 81.3%-85.4%conformity between genotype and phenotype.Further investigation revealed that the four SNPs(BS00022245_51,Kukri_c49927_151,BS00022884_51 and BS00110550_51)corresponding to the four validated KASP markers are residing in three independent genes(TraesCS3A03G1072800,TraesCS3A03G1072400,TraesCS3A03G1071800)close to each other with a distance of 4.28-4.48 Mb to the targeted QTL.These three annotated genes have potential functions related to PHS resistance.Our study revealed that combined use of NILs and the 90K SNP chip is a powerful approach for developing KASP markers and mining functional genes in wheat.The KASP markers for PHS resistance on chromosome 3AL are useful for high-throughput evaluation and marker-assisted selection,and the three identified genes could lead to a better understanding of the genetic pathways controlling PHS.展开更多
This review updates the present status of the field of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection(MAS),using the example of drought tolerance in barley.The accuracy of selected quantitative trait loci(QTLs),candi...This review updates the present status of the field of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection(MAS),using the example of drought tolerance in barley.The accuracy of selected quantitative trait loci(QTLs),candidate genes and suggested markers was assessed in the barley genome cv.Morex.Six common strategies are described for molecular marker development,candidate gene identification and verification,and their possible applications in MAS to improve the grain yield and yield components in barley under drought stress.These strategies are based on the following five principles:(1)Molecular markers are designated as genomic‘tags’,and their‘prediction’is strongly dependent on their distance from a candidate gene on genetic or physical maps;(2)plants react differently under favourable and stressful conditions or depending on their stage of development;(3)each candidate gene must be verified by confirming its expression in the relevant conditions,e.g.,drought;(4)the molecular marker identified must be validated for MAS for tolerance to drought stress and improved grain yield;and(5)the small number of molecular markers realized for MAS in breeding,from among the many studies targeting candidate genes,can be explained by the complex nature of drought stress,and multiple stress-responsive genes in each barley genotype that are expressed differentially depending on many other factors.展开更多
Carex rigescens(Franch.) V.Krecz is a wild turfgrass perennial species in the Carex genus that is widely distributed in salinised areas of northern China.To investigate genome-wide salt-response gene networks in C.rig...Carex rigescens(Franch.) V.Krecz is a wild turfgrass perennial species in the Carex genus that is widely distributed in salinised areas of northern China.To investigate genome-wide salt-response gene networks in C.rigescens,transcriptome analysis using high-throughput RNA sequencing on C.rigescens exposed to a 0.4% salt treatment(Cr_Salt) was compared to a non-salt control(Cr_Ctrl).In total,57 742 546 and 47 063 488 clean reads were obtained from the Cr_Ctrl and Cr_Salt treatments,respectively.Additionally,21 954 unigenes were found and annotated using multiple databases.Among these unigenes,34 were found to respond to salt stress at a statistically significant level with 6 genes up-regulated and 28 downregulated.Specifically,genes encoding an EF-hand domain,ZFP and AP2 were responsive to salt stress,highlighting their roles in future research regarding salt tolerance in C.rigescens and other plants.According to our quantitative RT-PCR results,the expression pattern of all detected differentially expressed genes were consistent with the RNA-seq results.Furthermore,we identified 11 643 simple sequence repeats(SSRs) from the unigenes.A total of 144 amplified successfully in the C.rigescens cultivar Lüping 1,and 69 of them reflected polymorphisms between the two genotypes tested.This is the first genome-wide transcriptome study of C.rigescens in both salt-responsive gene investigation and SSR marker exploration.Our results provide further insights into genome annotation,novel gene discovery,molecular breeding and comparative genomics in C.rigescens and related grass species.展开更多
The influenza A viruses have three gene segments, M, NS, and PB1, which code for more than one protein. The overlapping genes from the same segment entail their interdependence, which could be reflected in the evoluti...The influenza A viruses have three gene segments, M, NS, and PB1, which code for more than one protein. The overlapping genes from the same segment entail their interdependence, which could be reflected in the evolutionary constraints, host distinction, and co-mutations of influenza. Most previous studies of overlapping genes focused on their unique evolutionary constraints, and very little was achieved to assess the potential impact of the overlap on other biological aspects of influenza. In this study, our aim was to explore the mutual dependence in host differentiation and co-mutations in M, NS, and PB1 of avian, human, 2009 H1N1, and swine viruses, with Random Forests, information entropy, and mutual information. The host markers and highly co-mutated individual sites and site pairs (P values < 0.035) in the three gene segments were identified with their relative significance between the overlapping genes calculated. Further, Random Forests predicted that among the three stop codons in the current PB1-F2 gene of 2009 H1N1, the significance of a mutation at these sites for host differentiation was, in order from most to least, that at 12, 58, and 88, i.e., the closer to the start of the gene the more important the mutation was. Finally, our sequence analysis surprisingly revealed that the full-length PB1-F2, if the three stop codons were all mutated, would function more as a swine protein than a human protein, although the PB1 of 2009 H1N1 was derived from human H3N2.展开更多
Background: Cytoplasmic male sterility in flowering plants is a convenient way to use heterosis via hybrid breeding and may be restored by nuclear restorer-of-fertility(Rf) genes. In most cases, Rf genes encoded penta...Background: Cytoplasmic male sterility in flowering plants is a convenient way to use heterosis via hybrid breeding and may be restored by nuclear restorer-of-fertility(Rf) genes. In most cases, Rf genes encoded pentatricopeptide repeat(PPR) proteins and several Rf genes are present in clusters of similar Rf-PPR-like(RFL) genes. However, the Rf genes in cotton were not fully characterized until now.Results: In total, 35 RFL genes were identified in G. hirsutum, 16 in G. arboreum, and 24 in G. raimondii. Additionally,four RFL-rich regions were identified; the RFL-rich region in Gh_D05 is the probable location of Rf-PPR genes in cotton and will be studied further in the future. Furthermore, an insertion sequence was identified in the promoter sequence of Gh_D05 G3392 gene in the restorer line, as compared with the CMS-D2 line and maintainer lines. An InDel-R marker was then developed and could be used to distinguish the restorer line carrying Rfl from other genotypes without the Rf1 allele.Conclusion: In this study, genome-wide identification and analysis of RFL genes have identified the candidate Rf-PPR genes for CMS in Gossypium. The identification and analysis of RFL genes and sequence variation analysis will be useful for cloning Rf genes in the future and also for three-line hybrid breeding in cotton.展开更多
High-density markers are necessary for map-based cloning of rice genes, but the currently available markers are not satisfactory enough. InDel (insertion-deletion length polymorphism) and SNP (single nucleotide polymo...High-density markers are necessary for map-based cloning of rice genes, but the currently available markers are not satisfactory enough. InDel (insertion-deletion length polymorphism) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) are the new generation of molecular markers and can basically meet the need of fine mapping. InDel and SNP markers can be developed through bioinformatics. These markers are valuable markers with the characters of low cost, high specificity and stability. This article introduced the methods for designing InDel and SNP markers, taking the mapping of a rice rolled leaf gene as an example. In addition, some key factors in improving the design efficiency were also discussed.展开更多
Two yield-enhancing genes (yld1.1 and yld2.1) are located on chromosomes 1 and 2 respectivelyin a weedy relative of cultivated rice, Oryza rufipogon. SSR markers RM9 and RM166 are closelylinked with the two loci respe...Two yield-enhancing genes (yld1.1 and yld2.1) are located on chromosomes 1 and 2 respectivelyin a weedy relative of cultivated rice, Oryza rufipogon. SSR markers RM9 and RM166 are closelylinked with the two loci respectively. Minghui63 (MH63) has been a widely used restorationline in hybrid rice production in China during the past two decades. The F1 of cross "MH63O.rufipogon" was backcrossed with MH63 generation by generation. RM9 and RM166 were used toselect the plants from the progeny of the backcross populations. The results were as follows:(1) In BC2F1 population, the percentage of the individuals which have RM9 and RM166 amplifiedbands simultaneously was 12.2%, while in the BC3F1 population, that was 16.3%. (2) Among 400individuals of BC3F1, four yield-promising plants were obtained, with yield being 30% more thanthat of MH63. (3) The products amplified by primer RM166 in O. rufipogon and MH63 weresequenced. It was found that the DNA fragment sequence amplified by RM166 from MH63 was 101 bpshorter than that from O. rufipogon. The 101bp sequence is a part of an intron of the PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen) gene.展开更多
Soybean mosaic virus(SMV)is one of the major viral pathogens affecting soybean crops worldwide.Three SMV resistance genes,R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q),have been identified and mapped on soybean chromosomes 14,2,and 1...Soybean mosaic virus(SMV)is one of the major viral pathogens affecting soybean crops worldwide.Three SMV resistance genes,R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q),have been identified and mapped on soybean chromosomes 14,2,and 13 from Dabaima,Kefeng 1,and Qihuang 1 cultivars,respectively.Soybean cultivar Nannong 1138-2 is widely grown in the Yangtze River Valley of China.In this study,crosses were made between Qihuang 1×Kefeng 1 and Dabaima×Nannong 1138-2.Ten simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers linked to three resistance loci(R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q))were used to assist pyramided breeding.Pyramided families containing three resistance loci(R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q))were evaluated by inoculating them with 21 SMV strains from China.Results indicated that the 10 markers can be used effectively to assist the selection of resistant individuals containing R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q).A total of 53 F_6 plants were confirmed to contain three homozygous alleles conferring resistance to SMV.Five F_7 homozygous pyramided families exhibited resistance to 21 strains of SMV and showed desirable agronomic traits using dual selection.The strategy of pyramiding resistance gene derived from different varieties has practical breeding value in providing broad-spectrum resistance against the existing strains of SMV in China.展开更多
AIM: To determine the gene expression profile data for the whole liver during development of dimethylni-trosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic fibrosis.METHODS: Marker genes were identified for different types of hepatic cel...AIM: To determine the gene expression profile data for the whole liver during development of dimethylni-trosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic fibrosis.METHODS: Marker genes were identified for different types of hepatic cells, including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer cells (including other inflammatory cells), and hepatocytes, using independent temporal DNA microarray data obtained from isolated hepatic cells. RESULTS: The cell-type analysis of gene expression gave several key results and led to formation of three hypotheses: (1) changes in the expression of HSC-specific marker genes during fibrosis were similar to gene expression data in in vitro cultured HSCs, suggesting a major role of the self-activating characteristics of HSCs in formation of fibrosis; (2) expression of mast cell-specific marker genes reached a peak during liver fibrosis, suggesting a possible role of mast cells in formation of fibrosis; and (3) abnormal expression of hepatocyte-specific marker genes was found across several metabolic pathways during fibrosis, including sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and drug metabolism, suggesting a mechanistic relationship between these abnormalities and symptoms of liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Analysis of marker genes for specific hepatic cell types can identify the key aspects of fibro-genesis. Sequential activation of inflammatory cells and the self-supporting properties of HSCs play an important role in development of fibrosis.展开更多
Field resistances of nine accessions of common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and one rice variety(IR24) were evaluated by using nine strains of bacterial blight pathogen(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae) from the Phil...Field resistances of nine accessions of common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and one rice variety(IR24) were evaluated by using nine strains of bacterial blight pathogen(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae) from the Philippines.IR24 was highly susceptible to all the strains,and six common wild rice accessions resisted all the nine strains,with a resistance frequency of 67%.The accessions Yulin and Wanning were only susceptible to PXO280 and PXO71,respectively.The accession Gaozhou was susceptible to the three strains PXO79,PXO99 and PXO339,whereas resistant to the other six strains.It could be concluded that there is at least one resistance gene in each common wild rice accession.The functional markers of the genes xa5,xa13,Xa21 and Xa27 were used to detect the presence of these resistance genes in the nine tested wild rice accessions,and it was found that four wild rice accessions contained heterozygous xa13.Among the nine common wild rice accessions,five were homozygous for Xa27 and three homozygous for xa27,and the accession Laibin contained neither xa27 nor Xa27.In addition,there were no xa5 and Xa21 in all of these accessions.展开更多
Two major bacterial blight(BB) resistance genes(Xa21 and xa13) and a major gene for blast resistance(Pi54) were introgressed into an Indian rice variety MTU1010 through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Improved Sam...Two major bacterial blight(BB) resistance genes(Xa21 and xa13) and a major gene for blast resistance(Pi54) were introgressed into an Indian rice variety MTU1010 through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Improved Samba Mahsuri(possessing Xa21 and xa13) and NLR145(possessing Pi54) were used as donor parents. Marker-assisted backcrossing was continued till BC2 generation wherein PCR based functional markers specific for the resistance genes were used for foreground selection and a set of parental polymorphic microsatellite markers were used for background selection at each stage of backcrossing. Selected BC2F1 plants from both crosses, having the highest recoveries of MTU1010 genome(90% and 92%, respectively), were intercrossed to obtain intercross F1(ICF1) plants, which were then selfed to generate 880 ICF2 plants possessing different combinations of the BB and blast resistance genes. Among the ICF2 plants, seven triple homozygous plants(xa13xa13Xa21Xa21Pi54Pi54) with recurrent parent genome recovery ranging from 82% to 92% were identified. All the seven ICF2 plants showed high resistance against the bacterial blight disease with a lesion lengths of only 0.53–2.28 cm, 1%–5% disease leaf areas and disease scoring values of ‘1' or ‘3'. The seven ICF2 plants were selfed to generate ICF3, which were then screened for blast resistance, and all were observed to be highly resistant to the diseases. Several ICF3 lines possessing high level of resistance against BB and blast, coupled with yield, grain quality and plant type on par with MTU1010 were identified and advanced for further selection and evaluation.展开更多
Stem lignin content(SLC) in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) contributes to lodging resistance. Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase(COMT) is a key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Characterization of TaCOMT ge...Stem lignin content(SLC) in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) contributes to lodging resistance. Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase(COMT) is a key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Characterization of TaCOMT genes and development of gene-specific markers could enable marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding. In the present study, the full-length genomic DNA(gDNA) sequences of TaCOMT genes located on chromosomes 3 A, 3 B, and 3 D were cloned by homologous cloning. Two allelic variants, TaCOMT-3 Ba and TaCOMT-3 Bb, were identified and differed by a 222-bp insertion/deletion(InDel) in the 3′-untranslated region(3′-UTR). A co-dominant gene-specific marker based on this InDel was developed and designated as Ta COMT-3 BM. A total of 157 wheat cultivars and advanced lines grown in four environments were used to validate the associations between allelic patterns and SLC. The SLC of cultivars with TaCOMT-3 Ba was significantly(P<0.01) higher than that of those with TaCOMT-3 Bb, and the marker TaCOMT-3 BM could be effectively used in wheat breeding.展开更多
Genetic resistance is the most economical method of reducing yield losses caused by wheat leaf rust. To identify the leaf rust resistance genes in commonly used parental germplasm and released cultivars become very im...Genetic resistance is the most economical method of reducing yield losses caused by wheat leaf rust. To identify the leaf rust resistance genes in commonly used parental germplasm and released cultivars become very important for utilizing the genetic resistance to wheat leaf rust fully. Up to date, about 90 leaf rust resistance genes have been found, of which 51 genes have been located and mapped to special chromosomes, and 56 genes have been designated officially according to the standards set forth in the Catalogue of Gene Symbols for wheat. Twenty-four wheat leaf rust resistance genes have been developed for their molecular markers. It is very important to isolate, characterize, and map leaf rust resistance genes due to the resistance losses of the genes caused by the pathogen continuously.展开更多
Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained seve...Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained several beneficial cabbage genes.Cabbage-specific molecular markers show that these genes were coming from chromosome C01 of cabbage.In this study,we investigated the inheritance of flowering time in a couple of translocation lines and analyzed the transmission rate of molecular markers in the offspring.Consequently,we obtained the late flowering Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation line‘AT7–4’in which the flowering time was later than that of‘85–1’by about 7 days under 4-week vernalization.Based on previous studies of the genomes of Chinese cabbage and cabbage,we located the cabbage-specific molecular markers that were closely linked at the top of the chromosome A01 in the F2mapping population generated by self-crossing F1s derived from a cross between the translocation line‘AT7–4’and Chinese cabbage‘14–36’.Five flowering-related genes in the alien fragment were found by functional annotation and their molecular markers were developed.This study lays the foundation for the future improvement of Chinese cabbage varieties using A-C translocation lines.展开更多
Background:Postpartum depression(PPD)is a mild to severe non-psychotic depressive episode,one of the main factors leading to pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality,and a mental disorder that has not been fully diag...Background:Postpartum depression(PPD)is a mild to severe non-psychotic depressive episode,one of the main factors leading to pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality,and a mental disorder that has not been fully diagnosed and treated.Compared with women without polycystic ovary syndrome,women with polycystic ovary syndrome are more likely to have a variety of pregnancy complications,including PPD.However,there is currently limited research on whether polycystic ovary syndrome is related to anxiety and depression during pregnancy,and whether this increases the risk of postpartum depression in women.Study design:The GSE10558 data set gene expression profile matrix was used for PPD expression profiles from Gene Expression Synthesis(GEO).The differentially expressed genes were selected and analyzed.Perform gene ontology(GO)enrichment and gene set variation analysis(GSVA)for annotation,visualization,and integrated discovery.At the same time,CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE were used to analyze the immune infiltration situation of the GSE10558 expression profile matrix,including the immune infiltration pattern of ovarian samples,and construct the immune cell infiltration(ICI)score.Then we screened the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)clustered with three groups of immune subtypes,and constructed a protein-protein interaction(PPI)and mRNA-miRNA-TF molecular interaction network.And further predicted the drug target of the hub gene and the target of small molecule compounds,and constructed a network.Based on the intersection of the phenotypic gene set,the pivot gene was identified.Finally,evaluate the expression differences of Hub genes between the data set groups,and generate receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves to verify the diagnostic value of differentially expressed genes(DEG).Finally,genes with high area under the curve(AUC)values are validated.Results:We analyzed 222 DEGs with statistically significant differences in the GSE10558 data set by bioinformatics methods,of which 18 DEGs have significant differences.GO analysis showed that most of the 18 significantly differentially expressed genes were rich in receptor ligand activity and cytokine receptor binding.It is worth noting that these genes are also enriched in functional areas related to immune inflammatory response and immune cell regulation.The GSVA package was used for GSVA analysis,and the results showed that it was significantly enriched in growth factor binding and other aspects.And according to the ssGSEA analysis to obtain immune clustering groupings,the DEGs found in the high,medium,and low immune score groups are mainly enriched in immune inflammatory response and immune cell regulation through GO analysis.CIBERSORT analysis found that there are significant differences in memory B cells of 22 types of immune cells in ovarian samples.By mining the phenotypic gene set,the DEGs that are significantly related to PPD are intersected respectively,and four overlapping genes APOA1,PLN,PRKCZ,and TRPV2 are obtained as the most important pivot genes.We also use box plots to show the expression differences between tissue samples.The results show that there are significant differences in expression of these genes between groups,which may serve as new potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PPD.Subsequently,the ROC curve analysis of the four APOA1,PLN,PRKCZ,and TRPV2 that are significantly related to PPD showed significant prediction accuracy,and all AUCs were above 0.9,indicating that these new biomarkers can be further developed in PPD Research.Conclusion:The molecular markers APOA1,PLN,PRKCZ and TRPV2,which are closely related to immune cell function,can efficiently identify PPD.A diagnostic prediction model composed of these four immune function-related genes can distinguish PPD patients with different immune status.This discovery contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving the occurrence and development of PPD,which is critical for improving the diagnosis,prognosis and treatment of this disease.展开更多
基金funded by Global Innovation Linkage program (GIL53853) from Australian Department of Industry, Science, Energy and ResourcesAustralian Government RTP Scholarship (International)University Postgraduate Awards (UPA)
文摘Common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is the most important crop in the world and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)leads to a significant reduction in grain quality worldwide.PHS is a complex trait with related QTL located on different chromosomes.However,the study of markers and genes related to PHS resistance is limited especially for whitegrained wheat.Four pairs of near isogenic lines(NILs)from a white-grained wheat cross of CharaDM5637B*8 targeting a major QTL for PHS resistance(Qphs.ccsu-3A.1)on wheat chromosme 3AL were genotyped using the 90K SNP Illumina iSelect array.Ten SNPs were identified,with a 75%-100%consistency between genotype and phenotype in the resistant or susceptible isolines.The 10 SNPs were converted to cost-effective kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Screening of 48 wheat cultivars with different phenotypes of PHS identified four KASP markers with 81.3%-85.4%conformity between genotype and phenotype.Further investigation revealed that the four SNPs(BS00022245_51,Kukri_c49927_151,BS00022884_51 and BS00110550_51)corresponding to the four validated KASP markers are residing in three independent genes(TraesCS3A03G1072800,TraesCS3A03G1072400,TraesCS3A03G1071800)close to each other with a distance of 4.28-4.48 Mb to the targeted QTL.These three annotated genes have potential functions related to PHS resistance.Our study revealed that combined use of NILs and the 90K SNP chip is a powerful approach for developing KASP markers and mining functional genes in wheat.The KASP markers for PHS resistance on chromosome 3AL are useful for high-throughput evaluation and marker-assisted selection,and the three identified genes could lead to a better understanding of the genetic pathways controlling PHS.
基金supported by Bolashak International Fellowships,Center for International Programs,Ministry of Education and Science,KazakhstanAP14869777 supported by the Ministry of Education and Science,KazakhstanResearch Projects BR10764991 and BR10765000 supported by the Ministry of Agriculture,Kazakhstan。
文摘This review updates the present status of the field of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection(MAS),using the example of drought tolerance in barley.The accuracy of selected quantitative trait loci(QTLs),candidate genes and suggested markers was assessed in the barley genome cv.Morex.Six common strategies are described for molecular marker development,candidate gene identification and verification,and their possible applications in MAS to improve the grain yield and yield components in barley under drought stress.These strategies are based on the following five principles:(1)Molecular markers are designated as genomic‘tags’,and their‘prediction’is strongly dependent on their distance from a candidate gene on genetic or physical maps;(2)plants react differently under favourable and stressful conditions or depending on their stage of development;(3)each candidate gene must be verified by confirming its expression in the relevant conditions,e.g.,drought;(4)the molecular marker identified must be validated for MAS for tolerance to drought stress and improved grain yield;and(5)the small number of molecular markers realized for MAS in breeding,from among the many studies targeting candidate genes,can be explained by the complex nature of drought stress,and multiple stress-responsive genes in each barley genotype that are expressed differentially depending on many other factors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31472139)
文摘Carex rigescens(Franch.) V.Krecz is a wild turfgrass perennial species in the Carex genus that is widely distributed in salinised areas of northern China.To investigate genome-wide salt-response gene networks in C.rigescens,transcriptome analysis using high-throughput RNA sequencing on C.rigescens exposed to a 0.4% salt treatment(Cr_Salt) was compared to a non-salt control(Cr_Ctrl).In total,57 742 546 and 47 063 488 clean reads were obtained from the Cr_Ctrl and Cr_Salt treatments,respectively.Additionally,21 954 unigenes were found and annotated using multiple databases.Among these unigenes,34 were found to respond to salt stress at a statistically significant level with 6 genes up-regulated and 28 downregulated.Specifically,genes encoding an EF-hand domain,ZFP and AP2 were responsive to salt stress,highlighting their roles in future research regarding salt tolerance in C.rigescens and other plants.According to our quantitative RT-PCR results,the expression pattern of all detected differentially expressed genes were consistent with the RNA-seq results.Furthermore,we identified 11 643 simple sequence repeats(SSRs) from the unigenes.A total of 144 amplified successfully in the C.rigescens cultivar Lüping 1,and 69 of them reflected polymorphisms between the two genotypes tested.This is the first genome-wide transcriptome study of C.rigescens in both salt-responsive gene investigation and SSR marker exploration.Our results provide further insights into genome annotation,novel gene discovery,molecular breeding and comparative genomics in C.rigescens and related grass species.
文摘The influenza A viruses have three gene segments, M, NS, and PB1, which code for more than one protein. The overlapping genes from the same segment entail their interdependence, which could be reflected in the evolutionary constraints, host distinction, and co-mutations of influenza. Most previous studies of overlapping genes focused on their unique evolutionary constraints, and very little was achieved to assess the potential impact of the overlap on other biological aspects of influenza. In this study, our aim was to explore the mutual dependence in host differentiation and co-mutations in M, NS, and PB1 of avian, human, 2009 H1N1, and swine viruses, with Random Forests, information entropy, and mutual information. The host markers and highly co-mutated individual sites and site pairs (P values < 0.035) in the three gene segments were identified with their relative significance between the overlapping genes calculated. Further, Random Forests predicted that among the three stop codons in the current PB1-F2 gene of 2009 H1N1, the significance of a mutation at these sites for host differentiation was, in order from most to least, that at 12, 58, and 88, i.e., the closer to the start of the gene the more important the mutation was. Finally, our sequence analysis surprisingly revealed that the full-length PB1-F2, if the three stop codons were all mutated, would function more as a swine protein than a human protein, although the PB1 of 2009 H1N1 was derived from human H3N2.
基金financed by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0101400)Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology(CB2018C06)
文摘Background: Cytoplasmic male sterility in flowering plants is a convenient way to use heterosis via hybrid breeding and may be restored by nuclear restorer-of-fertility(Rf) genes. In most cases, Rf genes encoded pentatricopeptide repeat(PPR) proteins and several Rf genes are present in clusters of similar Rf-PPR-like(RFL) genes. However, the Rf genes in cotton were not fully characterized until now.Results: In total, 35 RFL genes were identified in G. hirsutum, 16 in G. arboreum, and 24 in G. raimondii. Additionally,four RFL-rich regions were identified; the RFL-rich region in Gh_D05 is the probable location of Rf-PPR genes in cotton and will be studied further in the future. Furthermore, an insertion sequence was identified in the promoter sequence of Gh_D05 G3392 gene in the restorer line, as compared with the CMS-D2 line and maintainer lines. An InDel-R marker was then developed and could be used to distinguish the restorer line carrying Rfl from other genotypes without the Rf1 allele.Conclusion: In this study, genome-wide identification and analysis of RFL genes have identified the candidate Rf-PPR genes for CMS in Gossypium. The identification and analysis of RFL genes and sequence variation analysis will be useful for cloning Rf genes in the future and also for three-line hybrid breeding in cotton.
文摘High-density markers are necessary for map-based cloning of rice genes, but the currently available markers are not satisfactory enough. InDel (insertion-deletion length polymorphism) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) are the new generation of molecular markers and can basically meet the need of fine mapping. InDel and SNP markers can be developed through bioinformatics. These markers are valuable markers with the characters of low cost, high specificity and stability. This article introduced the methods for designing InDel and SNP markers, taking the mapping of a rice rolled leaf gene as an example. In addition, some key factors in improving the design efficiency were also discussed.
文摘Two yield-enhancing genes (yld1.1 and yld2.1) are located on chromosomes 1 and 2 respectivelyin a weedy relative of cultivated rice, Oryza rufipogon. SSR markers RM9 and RM166 are closelylinked with the two loci respectively. Minghui63 (MH63) has been a widely used restorationline in hybrid rice production in China during the past two decades. The F1 of cross "MH63O.rufipogon" was backcrossed with MH63 generation by generation. RM9 and RM166 were used toselect the plants from the progeny of the backcross populations. The results were as follows:(1) In BC2F1 population, the percentage of the individuals which have RM9 and RM166 amplifiedbands simultaneously was 12.2%, while in the BC3F1 population, that was 16.3%. (2) Among 400individuals of BC3F1, four yield-promising plants were obtained, with yield being 30% more thanthat of MH63. (3) The products amplified by primer RM166 in O. rufipogon and MH63 weresequenced. It was found that the DNA fragment sequence amplified by RM166 from MH63 was 101 bpshorter than that from O. rufipogon. The 101bp sequence is a part of an intron of the PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen) gene.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571687,31571690,and 31371646)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(1708085MC69)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China(JCIC-MCP)the Fund of Transgenic Breeding for Soybean Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus,China(2016ZX08004-004)
文摘Soybean mosaic virus(SMV)is one of the major viral pathogens affecting soybean crops worldwide.Three SMV resistance genes,R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q),have been identified and mapped on soybean chromosomes 14,2,and 13 from Dabaima,Kefeng 1,and Qihuang 1 cultivars,respectively.Soybean cultivar Nannong 1138-2 is widely grown in the Yangtze River Valley of China.In this study,crosses were made between Qihuang 1×Kefeng 1 and Dabaima×Nannong 1138-2.Ten simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers linked to three resistance loci(R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q))were used to assist pyramided breeding.Pyramided families containing three resistance loci(R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q))were evaluated by inoculating them with 21 SMV strains from China.Results indicated that the 10 markers can be used effectively to assist the selection of resistant individuals containing R_(SC4),R_(SC8),and R_(SC14Q).A total of 53 F_6 plants were confirmed to contain three homozygous alleles conferring resistance to SMV.Five F_7 homozygous pyramided families exhibited resistance to 21 strains of SMV and showed desirable agronomic traits using dual selection.The strategy of pyramiding resistance gene derived from different varieties has practical breeding value in providing broad-spectrum resistance against the existing strains of SMV in China.
文摘AIM: To determine the gene expression profile data for the whole liver during development of dimethylni-trosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic fibrosis.METHODS: Marker genes were identified for different types of hepatic cells, including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer cells (including other inflammatory cells), and hepatocytes, using independent temporal DNA microarray data obtained from isolated hepatic cells. RESULTS: The cell-type analysis of gene expression gave several key results and led to formation of three hypotheses: (1) changes in the expression of HSC-specific marker genes during fibrosis were similar to gene expression data in in vitro cultured HSCs, suggesting a major role of the self-activating characteristics of HSCs in formation of fibrosis; (2) expression of mast cell-specific marker genes reached a peak during liver fibrosis, suggesting a possible role of mast cells in formation of fibrosis; and (3) abnormal expression of hepatocyte-specific marker genes was found across several metabolic pathways during fibrosis, including sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and drug metabolism, suggesting a mechanistic relationship between these abnormalities and symptoms of liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Analysis of marker genes for specific hepatic cell types can identify the key aspects of fibro-genesis. Sequential activation of inflammatory cells and the self-supporting properties of HSCs play an important role in development of fibrosis.
基金supported by the Project of the National Ministry of Science and Technology,China (Grant No.2006AA10Z1C8)the Knowledge Innovative Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos.KSCX-YW-N-009-02 and KSCX1-YW-03)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2009CB126004)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province,China (Grant No.309019)
文摘Field resistances of nine accessions of common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and one rice variety(IR24) were evaluated by using nine strains of bacterial blight pathogen(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae) from the Philippines.IR24 was highly susceptible to all the strains,and six common wild rice accessions resisted all the nine strains,with a resistance frequency of 67%.The accessions Yulin and Wanning were only susceptible to PXO280 and PXO71,respectively.The accession Gaozhou was susceptible to the three strains PXO79,PXO99 and PXO339,whereas resistant to the other six strains.It could be concluded that there is at least one resistance gene in each common wild rice accession.The functional markers of the genes xa5,xa13,Xa21 and Xa27 were used to detect the presence of these resistance genes in the nine tested wild rice accessions,and it was found that four wild rice accessions contained heterozygous xa13.Among the nine common wild rice accessions,five were homozygous for Xa27 and three homozygous for xa27,and the accession Laibin contained neither xa27 nor Xa27.In addition,there were no xa5 and Xa21 in all of these accessions.
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology(DBT),Government of India(Grant No.BT/PR11705/AGR/02/646/2008)
文摘Two major bacterial blight(BB) resistance genes(Xa21 and xa13) and a major gene for blast resistance(Pi54) were introgressed into an Indian rice variety MTU1010 through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Improved Samba Mahsuri(possessing Xa21 and xa13) and NLR145(possessing Pi54) were used as donor parents. Marker-assisted backcrossing was continued till BC2 generation wherein PCR based functional markers specific for the resistance genes were used for foreground selection and a set of parental polymorphic microsatellite markers were used for background selection at each stage of backcrossing. Selected BC2F1 plants from both crosses, having the highest recoveries of MTU1010 genome(90% and 92%, respectively), were intercrossed to obtain intercross F1(ICF1) plants, which were then selfed to generate 880 ICF2 plants possessing different combinations of the BB and blast resistance genes. Among the ICF2 plants, seven triple homozygous plants(xa13xa13Xa21Xa21Pi54Pi54) with recurrent parent genome recovery ranging from 82% to 92% were identified. All the seven ICF2 plants showed high resistance against the bacterial blight disease with a lesion lengths of only 0.53–2.28 cm, 1%–5% disease leaf areas and disease scoring values of ‘1' or ‘3'. The seven ICF2 plants were selfed to generate ICF3, which were then screened for blast resistance, and all were observed to be highly resistant to the diseases. Several ICF3 lines possessing high level of resistance against BB and blast, coupled with yield, grain quality and plant type on par with MTU1010 were identified and advanced for further selection and evaluation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31161140346 and 31461143021)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project,China(D151100004415003)+1 种基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2014BAD01B05)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-3-1-3)
文摘Stem lignin content(SLC) in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) contributes to lodging resistance. Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase(COMT) is a key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Characterization of TaCOMT genes and development of gene-specific markers could enable marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding. In the present study, the full-length genomic DNA(gDNA) sequences of TaCOMT genes located on chromosomes 3 A, 3 B, and 3 D were cloned by homologous cloning. Two allelic variants, TaCOMT-3 Ba and TaCOMT-3 Bb, were identified and differed by a 222-bp insertion/deletion(InDel) in the 3′-untranslated region(3′-UTR). A co-dominant gene-specific marker based on this InDel was developed and designated as Ta COMT-3 BM. A total of 157 wheat cultivars and advanced lines grown in four environments were used to validate the associations between allelic patterns and SLC. The SLC of cultivars with TaCOMT-3 Ba was significantly(P<0.01) higher than that of those with TaCOMT-3 Bb, and the marker TaCOMT-3 BM could be effectively used in wheat breeding.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30170602)the Biological Control Center of Plant Pathogens and Plant Pests of Hebei Province.
文摘Genetic resistance is the most economical method of reducing yield losses caused by wheat leaf rust. To identify the leaf rust resistance genes in commonly used parental germplasm and released cultivars become very important for utilizing the genetic resistance to wheat leaf rust fully. Up to date, about 90 leaf rust resistance genes have been found, of which 51 genes have been located and mapped to special chromosomes, and 56 genes have been designated officially according to the standards set forth in the Catalogue of Gene Symbols for wheat. Twenty-four wheat leaf rust resistance genes have been developed for their molecular markers. It is very important to isolate, characterize, and map leaf rust resistance genes due to the resistance losses of the genes caused by the pathogen continuously.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31930098,31772324)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young(Grant No.C2020204063)+6 种基金Natural Science Foundation and basic research project in Hebei Province(Grant No.18966925D)the Innovative Research Group Project of Hebei Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.C2020204111)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(Grant No.CAASXTCX2019025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672151)the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei(Grant No.16226304D-2)Science and Technology Research Project of Universities in Hebei Province(BJ2019020)the International Science and Technology Cooperation base Special Project of Hebei(Grant No.20592901D)。
文摘Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained several beneficial cabbage genes.Cabbage-specific molecular markers show that these genes were coming from chromosome C01 of cabbage.In this study,we investigated the inheritance of flowering time in a couple of translocation lines and analyzed the transmission rate of molecular markers in the offspring.Consequently,we obtained the late flowering Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation line‘AT7–4’in which the flowering time was later than that of‘85–1’by about 7 days under 4-week vernalization.Based on previous studies of the genomes of Chinese cabbage and cabbage,we located the cabbage-specific molecular markers that were closely linked at the top of the chromosome A01 in the F2mapping population generated by self-crossing F1s derived from a cross between the translocation line‘AT7–4’and Chinese cabbage‘14–36’.Five flowering-related genes in the alien fragment were found by functional annotation and their molecular markers were developed.This study lays the foundation for the future improvement of Chinese cabbage varieties using A-C translocation lines.
文摘Background:Postpartum depression(PPD)is a mild to severe non-psychotic depressive episode,one of the main factors leading to pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality,and a mental disorder that has not been fully diagnosed and treated.Compared with women without polycystic ovary syndrome,women with polycystic ovary syndrome are more likely to have a variety of pregnancy complications,including PPD.However,there is currently limited research on whether polycystic ovary syndrome is related to anxiety and depression during pregnancy,and whether this increases the risk of postpartum depression in women.Study design:The GSE10558 data set gene expression profile matrix was used for PPD expression profiles from Gene Expression Synthesis(GEO).The differentially expressed genes were selected and analyzed.Perform gene ontology(GO)enrichment and gene set variation analysis(GSVA)for annotation,visualization,and integrated discovery.At the same time,CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE were used to analyze the immune infiltration situation of the GSE10558 expression profile matrix,including the immune infiltration pattern of ovarian samples,and construct the immune cell infiltration(ICI)score.Then we screened the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)clustered with three groups of immune subtypes,and constructed a protein-protein interaction(PPI)and mRNA-miRNA-TF molecular interaction network.And further predicted the drug target of the hub gene and the target of small molecule compounds,and constructed a network.Based on the intersection of the phenotypic gene set,the pivot gene was identified.Finally,evaluate the expression differences of Hub genes between the data set groups,and generate receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves to verify the diagnostic value of differentially expressed genes(DEG).Finally,genes with high area under the curve(AUC)values are validated.Results:We analyzed 222 DEGs with statistically significant differences in the GSE10558 data set by bioinformatics methods,of which 18 DEGs have significant differences.GO analysis showed that most of the 18 significantly differentially expressed genes were rich in receptor ligand activity and cytokine receptor binding.It is worth noting that these genes are also enriched in functional areas related to immune inflammatory response and immune cell regulation.The GSVA package was used for GSVA analysis,and the results showed that it was significantly enriched in growth factor binding and other aspects.And according to the ssGSEA analysis to obtain immune clustering groupings,the DEGs found in the high,medium,and low immune score groups are mainly enriched in immune inflammatory response and immune cell regulation through GO analysis.CIBERSORT analysis found that there are significant differences in memory B cells of 22 types of immune cells in ovarian samples.By mining the phenotypic gene set,the DEGs that are significantly related to PPD are intersected respectively,and four overlapping genes APOA1,PLN,PRKCZ,and TRPV2 are obtained as the most important pivot genes.We also use box plots to show the expression differences between tissue samples.The results show that there are significant differences in expression of these genes between groups,which may serve as new potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of PPD.Subsequently,the ROC curve analysis of the four APOA1,PLN,PRKCZ,and TRPV2 that are significantly related to PPD showed significant prediction accuracy,and all AUCs were above 0.9,indicating that these new biomarkers can be further developed in PPD Research.Conclusion:The molecular markers APOA1,PLN,PRKCZ and TRPV2,which are closely related to immune cell function,can efficiently identify PPD.A diagnostic prediction model composed of these four immune function-related genes can distinguish PPD patients with different immune status.This discovery contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving the occurrence and development of PPD,which is critical for improving the diagnosis,prognosis and treatment of this disease.
