Japanese medical expenditures have increased rapidly in recent years and are predicted to continue rising. Indeed, it remains uncertain whether the current Japanese medical system can be sustained. In this paper, we a...Japanese medical expenditures have increased rapidly in recent years and are predicted to continue rising. Indeed, it remains uncertain whether the current Japanese medical system can be sustained. In this paper, we analyzed the medical expenditures for educational hospitalization of patients with type 2 diabetes. A dataset of 6173 patients from 36 hospitals was used in the analysis. The sample period was from July 2008 to March 2012. We analyzed the medical expenditures in two ways. First, we analyzed the length of hospital stay (LOS). Next, we analyzed the daily expenditure per patient. The Box-Cox transformation model was used in the first analysis and the ordinary least squares method in the second. Comorbidities and complications prolonged LOS and increased daily expenditures. The LOS was significantly different among hospitals. On the other hand, the differences in daily expenditures among hospitals were relatively small, such that LOS was the main determinant of medical expenditures. Previous studies suggested that LOS could be shortened without degradation of medical quality. Moreover, LOS could be controlled by introducing proper critical paths and improving and standardizing educational programs. Hence, it would be possible to control the medical expenditures for this disease.展开更多
Increasing caloric expenditure in physical education is considered an effective school-based approach to addressing the child obesity epidemic.This study was designed to determine synergistic influences of student cha...Increasing caloric expenditure in physical education is considered an effective school-based approach to addressing the child obesity epidemic.This study was designed to determine synergistic influences of student characteristics and lesson factors o caloric expenditure in elementary and middle school physical education.Methods:The study used a multi-level design.Level-1 factors included personal characteristics:age,gender,and body mass index.Level-2 factors included lesson length,content,and school level.Based on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention age-gender adjusted growth chart,students in 87 classes from 14 elementary and 15 middle schools were pre-screened into "Overweight","Healthy weight",or “Thin” groups.One boy and one girl were randomly selected from each group in each class as data providers(264 elementary and 294 middle school students).Caloric expenditure was measured in 243 physical education lessons using accelerometers.Results:Analysis of variance revealed and hierarchical linear modeling confirmed separate age by body mass index,age by gender,and content by lesson-length interaction effects,suggesting that the personal and lesson factors influenced caloric expenditure independently.Older male and heavier students burned more calories in all lessons.Students burned more calories in 45-60 min sport skill or fitness lessons than in shorter (30 min)or longer(75-90 min)game or multi-activity lessons.Conclusions:The hypothesized cross-level interaction was not observed in the data.Caloric expenditure can be optimized in 45-60 min sport skill or fitness development lessons.It can be recommended that schools adopt 45-60 min lesson length and provide skill and fitness development tasks in physical education to maximize caloric expenditure.Copyright(c)2012,Shanghai University of Sport.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.展开更多
It is meaningful to study trends in food and education expenditure as proportions of total household expenditure.In this study,based on year 2006 to 2017 data from Heilongjiang province in China and Ontario province i...It is meaningful to study trends in food and education expenditure as proportions of total household expenditure.In this study,based on year 2006 to 2017 data from Heilongjiang province in China and Ontario province in Canada,a linear regression model is used to forecast the Engel’s coefficients(proportion spent on food)and the education proportion from year 2018 to 2027 for those two regions.The results suggest that in both regions the Engel’s coefficients show a decreasing trend,while the education expenditure proportions show an increasing trend.The ratios of education expenditure to food expenditure in both places show an increasing trend.展开更多
Educational equity is important foundation to achieve social equity and to build a harmonious society,and fiscal expenditure is an important means for the government to allocate resources. However,educational inequity...Educational equity is important foundation to achieve social equity and to build a harmonious society,and fiscal expenditure is an important means for the government to allocate resources. However,educational inequity is very common in China at present. Through logical analysis of the relationship between the fiscal expenditure and the educational equity in this paper,it is found that the insufficiency of total fiscal expenditure is the main reason for educational inequity at the present stage; the total fiscal expenditure on education shows positive correlation with the educational equity; the optimization degree of the structure of the fiscal expenditure on education shows positive correlation with the educational equity. Therefore,the government shall expand the scale of the fiscal expenditure on education and optimize the structure of the fiscal expenditure on education.展开更多
300 families were investigated,which belong to theFamily Investigation Net of Government Policy-makingInvestigating System of Shanghai Statistical Bureau.Thedata were analysed with SPSSWIN6.0 software.The re-gression ...300 families were investigated,which belong to theFamily Investigation Net of Government Policy-makingInvestigating System of Shanghai Statistical Bureau.Thedata were analysed with SPSSWIN6.0 software.The re-gression models showed that families with different edu-cation level have different clothing expenditure models,that is,different affecting factors of clothing consumingin the second quarter.High education families’clothingexpenditure is mainly affected by the family living spaceand husband’s income,while middle education familiesby wife’s occupation and low education farmilies by hus-band’s income.The descriptive statistics showed:fromApril to June,families with different education levelwere quite different on the following aspects:(1)theclothing expenditure of the whole family and its mem-bers;(2)the structure of clothing consuming;(3)thepurchasing price of clothing;(4)the selection of clothingpurchase places.展开更多
Purpose:This study uses data from the 2019 China Institute for Educational Finance Research-Household Survey to investigate expenditure on children's education in China.Design/Approach/Methods:Using descriptive an...Purpose:This study uses data from the 2019 China Institute for Educational Finance Research-Household Survey to investigate expenditure on children's education in China.Design/Approach/Methods:Using descriptive and regression analysis,this study analyzes the level and structure of household expenditure on children's education,the associated disparities,and household financial burden.Findings:The average household expenditure on regular full-time education nationwide was RMB 8,139 per child,accounting for 10.8%of total household expenditure.On average,24.4%and 15.5%of elementary and high school students participated in out-of-school subject-and interest-oriented tutoring in AY 2018-2019,respectively.On an average,it costs a household approximately RMB 233,000 to educate a child from preschool to the undergraduate level.The total investments in regular full-time education nationwide were estimated to be RMB 6.2 billion-6.87%of the national Gross Domestic product.Moreover,based on an overview of various statistics on school funding,this study found that several years of public investments in compulsory education and rural schools have significantly reduced the disparities in school funding among income groups.OriginalityValue:This research is the first report giving a comprehensive picture of household expenditures on education nationwide in China.It provides empirical evidence for exploring policy tools to realize the balanced development of education.展开更多
Gold and silver color embroidery is a process in which gold and silver platinum paper are wound on a silk thread to form gold and silver threads, which are then discarded into various patterns or contour lines, and th...Gold and silver color embroidery is a process in which gold and silver platinum paper are wound on a silk thread to form gold and silver threads, which are then discarded into various patterns or contour lines, and then colored lines are used to fasten the pattern lines on the base material. Gold and silver color embroidery has a long history as a representative embroidery skill in traditional embroidery techniques. It has complex techniques and deep deposits. Due to the particularity of its materials and techniques, it is faced with many problems in its inheritance in the off-campus education. This paper discusses the problems of the traditional gold and silver color embroidery techniques for off-campus education, the innovation in the process of teaching, the design of practical activities, and their significance, so that traditional skills can promote the national spirit in the new concept and teaching of out-ofschool education, inheriting the human civilization, serving the social harmonious and cultural development, thus achieving the goal of education.展开更多
Purpose:Countries with unique developmental paths and cultural lineages display significant variations in their out-of-school education systems.In this landscape,Belarus,a vestige of the disbanded Soviet Union,llustra...Purpose:Countries with unique developmental paths and cultural lineages display significant variations in their out-of-school education systems.In this landscape,Belarus,a vestige of the disbanded Soviet Union,llustrates a distinct out-of-school education system,profoundly shaped by both Soviet and European Union countries influences.A meticulous examination and scholarly investigation into the Belarusian out-of-school educational framework could enable a more profound comprehension of the metamorphosis and transitions in the out-of-school education systems of nations that surfaced following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.This knowledge could subsequently render a more transparent understanding of the patterns guiding the evolution of global out-of-school educational systems.Design/Approach/Methods:This article focuses on out-of-school education in Belarus and discusses its development status and the following main characteristics:the dimensions of its historical development stage,legislative guarantee,essence and extension,training goals,and typical cases.Findings:Influenced by historical and geopolitical factors,Belarusian out-of-school education is found to embody the characteristics of both the Soviet Union and European countries.National resources are found to play an important role in the development of out-of-school education,effectively reducing the cost of education for families and shaping students'positive values.OriginalityValue:This study analyzes both the history and the current situation of out-ofschool education in Belarus and summarizes the country's successful experience in the development of out-of-school education.It can provide a positive point of reference for optimizing the public out-of-school education system in China and exert a positive influence on related educational reforms.展开更多
文摘Japanese medical expenditures have increased rapidly in recent years and are predicted to continue rising. Indeed, it remains uncertain whether the current Japanese medical system can be sustained. In this paper, we analyzed the medical expenditures for educational hospitalization of patients with type 2 diabetes. A dataset of 6173 patients from 36 hospitals was used in the analysis. The sample period was from July 2008 to March 2012. We analyzed the medical expenditures in two ways. First, we analyzed the length of hospital stay (LOS). Next, we analyzed the daily expenditure per patient. The Box-Cox transformation model was used in the first analysis and the ordinary least squares method in the second. Comorbidities and complications prolonged LOS and increased daily expenditures. The LOS was significantly different among hospitals. On the other hand, the differences in daily expenditures among hospitals were relatively small, such that LOS was the main determinant of medical expenditures. Previous studies suggested that LOS could be shortened without degradation of medical quality. Moreover, LOS could be controlled by introducing proper critical paths and improving and standardizing educational programs. Hence, it would be possible to control the medical expenditures for this disease.
文摘Increasing caloric expenditure in physical education is considered an effective school-based approach to addressing the child obesity epidemic.This study was designed to determine synergistic influences of student characteristics and lesson factors o caloric expenditure in elementary and middle school physical education.Methods:The study used a multi-level design.Level-1 factors included personal characteristics:age,gender,and body mass index.Level-2 factors included lesson length,content,and school level.Based on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention age-gender adjusted growth chart,students in 87 classes from 14 elementary and 15 middle schools were pre-screened into "Overweight","Healthy weight",or “Thin” groups.One boy and one girl were randomly selected from each group in each class as data providers(264 elementary and 294 middle school students).Caloric expenditure was measured in 243 physical education lessons using accelerometers.Results:Analysis of variance revealed and hierarchical linear modeling confirmed separate age by body mass index,age by gender,and content by lesson-length interaction effects,suggesting that the personal and lesson factors influenced caloric expenditure independently.Older male and heavier students burned more calories in all lessons.Students burned more calories in 45-60 min sport skill or fitness lessons than in shorter (30 min)or longer(75-90 min)game or multi-activity lessons.Conclusions:The hypothesized cross-level interaction was not observed in the data.Caloric expenditure can be optimized in 45-60 min sport skill or fitness development lessons.It can be recommended that schools adopt 45-60 min lesson length and provide skill and fitness development tasks in physical education to maximize caloric expenditure.Copyright(c)2012,Shanghai University of Sport.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
文摘It is meaningful to study trends in food and education expenditure as proportions of total household expenditure.In this study,based on year 2006 to 2017 data from Heilongjiang province in China and Ontario province in Canada,a linear regression model is used to forecast the Engel’s coefficients(proportion spent on food)and the education proportion from year 2018 to 2027 for those two regions.The results suggest that in both regions the Engel’s coefficients show a decreasing trend,while the education expenditure proportions show an increasing trend.The ratios of education expenditure to food expenditure in both places show an increasing trend.
文摘Educational equity is important foundation to achieve social equity and to build a harmonious society,and fiscal expenditure is an important means for the government to allocate resources. However,educational inequity is very common in China at present. Through logical analysis of the relationship between the fiscal expenditure and the educational equity in this paper,it is found that the insufficiency of total fiscal expenditure is the main reason for educational inequity at the present stage; the total fiscal expenditure on education shows positive correlation with the educational equity; the optimization degree of the structure of the fiscal expenditure on education shows positive correlation with the educational equity. Therefore,the government shall expand the scale of the fiscal expenditure on education and optimize the structure of the fiscal expenditure on education.
文摘300 families were investigated,which belong to theFamily Investigation Net of Government Policy-makingInvestigating System of Shanghai Statistical Bureau.Thedata were analysed with SPSSWIN6.0 software.The re-gression models showed that families with different edu-cation level have different clothing expenditure models,that is,different affecting factors of clothing consumingin the second quarter.High education families’clothingexpenditure is mainly affected by the family living spaceand husband’s income,while middle education familiesby wife’s occupation and low education farmilies by hus-band’s income.The descriptive statistics showed:fromApril to June,families with different education levelwere quite different on the following aspects:(1)theclothing expenditure of the whole family and its mem-bers;(2)the structure of clothing consuming;(3)thepurchasing price of clothing;(4)the selection of clothingpurchase places.
基金supported by the National Office for Education Sciences Planning(grant number BFA201173).
文摘Purpose:This study uses data from the 2019 China Institute for Educational Finance Research-Household Survey to investigate expenditure on children's education in China.Design/Approach/Methods:Using descriptive and regression analysis,this study analyzes the level and structure of household expenditure on children's education,the associated disparities,and household financial burden.Findings:The average household expenditure on regular full-time education nationwide was RMB 8,139 per child,accounting for 10.8%of total household expenditure.On average,24.4%and 15.5%of elementary and high school students participated in out-of-school subject-and interest-oriented tutoring in AY 2018-2019,respectively.On an average,it costs a household approximately RMB 233,000 to educate a child from preschool to the undergraduate level.The total investments in regular full-time education nationwide were estimated to be RMB 6.2 billion-6.87%of the national Gross Domestic product.Moreover,based on an overview of various statistics on school funding,this study found that several years of public investments in compulsory education and rural schools have significantly reduced the disparities in school funding among income groups.OriginalityValue:This research is the first report giving a comprehensive picture of household expenditures on education nationwide in China.It provides empirical evidence for exploring policy tools to realize the balanced development of education.
文摘Gold and silver color embroidery is a process in which gold and silver platinum paper are wound on a silk thread to form gold and silver threads, which are then discarded into various patterns or contour lines, and then colored lines are used to fasten the pattern lines on the base material. Gold and silver color embroidery has a long history as a representative embroidery skill in traditional embroidery techniques. It has complex techniques and deep deposits. Due to the particularity of its materials and techniques, it is faced with many problems in its inheritance in the off-campus education. This paper discusses the problems of the traditional gold and silver color embroidery techniques for off-campus education, the innovation in the process of teaching, the design of practical activities, and their significance, so that traditional skills can promote the national spirit in the new concept and teaching of out-ofschool education, inheriting the human civilization, serving the social harmonious and cultural development, thus achieving the goal of education.
基金supported by the Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program,the Program for Professor of Special Appointment(Eastern Scholar)(grant numbers 2019PJC037,TP2019017).
文摘Purpose:Countries with unique developmental paths and cultural lineages display significant variations in their out-of-school education systems.In this landscape,Belarus,a vestige of the disbanded Soviet Union,llustrates a distinct out-of-school education system,profoundly shaped by both Soviet and European Union countries influences.A meticulous examination and scholarly investigation into the Belarusian out-of-school educational framework could enable a more profound comprehension of the metamorphosis and transitions in the out-of-school education systems of nations that surfaced following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.This knowledge could subsequently render a more transparent understanding of the patterns guiding the evolution of global out-of-school educational systems.Design/Approach/Methods:This article focuses on out-of-school education in Belarus and discusses its development status and the following main characteristics:the dimensions of its historical development stage,legislative guarantee,essence and extension,training goals,and typical cases.Findings:Influenced by historical and geopolitical factors,Belarusian out-of-school education is found to embody the characteristics of both the Soviet Union and European countries.National resources are found to play an important role in the development of out-of-school education,effectively reducing the cost of education for families and shaping students'positive values.OriginalityValue:This study analyzes both the history and the current situation of out-ofschool education in Belarus and summarizes the country's successful experience in the development of out-of-school education.It can provide a positive point of reference for optimizing the public out-of-school education system in China and exert a positive influence on related educational reforms.