Helminthiases are neglected parasites that induce changes in the host’s immune response. The study assayed some immunological markers in helminth infections in children and adolescents. Stool and blood samples were c...Helminthiases are neglected parasites that induce changes in the host’s immune response. The study assayed some immunological markers in helminth infections in children and adolescents. Stool and blood samples were collected from 276 subjects resident in three rural communities of Rivers and Imo States. Of these, 98 (35.5%) were infected with one or more of 3 parasitic species, of which Ascaris lumbricoides 39 (39.8%), Ancylostoma duodenale 30 (30.6%) and Trichuris trichiura 29 (29.6%) were recovered. Intestinal helminth parasites were identified using formol-ether concentration. Of the infected subjects, 66 had single species infections and 32 had multiple infections with two or three helminth species and children of the 6 - 10 years age group had the highest incidence. Sera of 60 infected subjects and 30 controls were evaluated to define immunological serum levels of IgE, IL-5, IFN-γ and C3 using the ELISA technique, while white blood cell differential counts and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were evaluated using haematology auto-analyser. Elevation of IL-5, IgE, WBC and eosinophil levels were demonstrated in the infected groups (p < 0.01), higher in the multiple infected groups, compared to the control. Their concentrations across the different age groups were also significantly different (p = 0.0001), the highest in 6 - 5 years and the lowest in 0 - 5 years. Differences in IFN-γ and C3 levels among non-parasitized, single-parasitized and poly-parasitized groups were not statistically significant. Neutrophil, lymphocyte and NLR levels between control and helminth infected subjects were not significantly different. The result suggested that IgE, IL-5, total WBC and eosinophil increased in helminth infections, more in poly-parasitized and 6 - 10 years children.展开更多
Gastrointestinal（GI） parasitism is the most serious constraint throughout the world in small ruminants which causes significant production loss in animals.GI parasites are major contributor to reduce productivity in...Gastrointestinal（GI） parasitism is the most serious constraint throughout the world in small ruminants which causes significant production loss in animals.GI parasites are major contributor to reduce productivity in terms of meat,milk and wool in animals.Control of GI parasite is done primarily by anthelmintic treatment where choice and schedule of treatment is done after identification and quantitation of individual parasite.Identification of GI parasites is done through microscopic method by identifying specific morphological characteristics of egg and larva（L<sub>3</sub>）.Since most of parasite eggs are having similar morphological characteristics, identification up to species level through microscopy is not possible in most of cases.To address this issue,molecular techniques are the viable alternative for identification of species as well as molecular level differences within a species（isolates） of parasites.Different DNA based molecular techniques viz.PCR,AFLP,RAPD,RFLP,PCR-SSCP,real time PCR,DNA microarray etc.have been used for identification and to assess the genetic diversity among parasite population.For identification of species,the characteristic sequence of genomic DNA of different species should differ to allow the delineation of species,but at the same time,no/minor variation within the species should exist.In contrast,for purpose of identifying population variants（strains/isolates）, a considerable degree of variation in the sequence should exist within a species.Various target regions,including nuclear ribosomal DNA（rDNA）,mitochondrial DNA（mtDNA） or repetitive DNA elements（microsatellite loci）,which show considerable variation in the number of repeats within individuals have been employed to achieve the identification of parasites species or strain.展开更多
Objective:To determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HTV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.Methods:Cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/ AIDS patients att...Objective:To determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HTV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.Methods:Cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/ AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic from Aprill- May 30,2009. Convenient sampling technique was employed to identify the study subjects and hence a total of 248 subjects were included.A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data of patients.Stool samples were examined by direct saline,iodine wet mount, formol-ether sedimentation concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Results:Out of 248 enrolled in the study,171(69.0%)(90 males and 81 females) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites.The highest rate of intestinal parasites were observed among HIV/AIDS patients(80.3%,151/188),and the infection rate of HIV negative individuals was 33.3%(20/60).Cryptosporidum parvum(43.6%),Isospora belli(15.5%) and Blastocystis hominis (10.5%) were opportunistic parasites that were found only in HIV/AIDS patients.Conclusions: Opportunistic parasite infections are common health problem among HIV/ AIDS patients in the study area.Therefore,early detection and treatment of these parasites are important to improve the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the presence of gastrointestinal parasites on cattle in Indonesia because the prevalence of parasites varies between counlries depending on the terrain surrounding livestock farms and investigati...Objective:To evaluate the presence of gastrointestinal parasites on cattle in Indonesia because the prevalence of parasites varies between counlries depending on the terrain surrounding livestock farms and investigations in Indonesia have never been performed.Methods:Fecal samples from cattle at 35 farms in 7 districts in West Java,Indonesia,has been examined using the floatation or sedimentation methods,and a immunofluorescence assay and experimentally inoculation to mice for Cryptosporidium or Giardia spp.Results:153 of 394 examined cattle(38.8%)were infected with gastrointestinal parasites.The prevalence of Eimeria spp.,Nematoda spp.(including Oesophagustomum and Bunostomum-like),Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum spp.was 22.4%,11.2%,12.5%and 3.8%,respectively.Cryptosporidium andersoni(C.andersoni)was also found in two samples.One isolate of this parasite was confirmed to be transmitted to mice,in contrast to the isolates from other countries.Conclusions:although this survey is preliminary,the results shows that the infection of gastrointestinal parasites in Indonesia was not high,but these infected cattle could be as a potential source leading to economic losses in livestock production.展开更多
A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2010 to June 2011 in and around Gondar town to identify the species and determine prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys and horses. Gross examination, d...A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2010 to June 2011 in and around Gondar town to identify the species and determine prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys and horses. Gross examination, direct fecal smear, sedimentation and floatation techniques were utilized to identify the eggs and larvae of parasites in feces. A total of 384 horses and donkeys were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 92.71% (356 from 384) with 80.95% (85 from 105) and 97.13% (271 from 279) in horses and donkeys, respectively. Prevalence of Strongyle, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus and Gastrophilus intestinalis was 66.67%, 43.8%, 0.95%, 2.86%, and 0.95%, respectively in horses. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 87.81%, 42.29%, 4.30%, 5.73%, 1.43%, 3.58% and 0.72% for Strongyles, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Fasciola, Tricuris, Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus and Gastrophilus intestinalis in donkeys, respectively. There was a statisticcally significant difference between species, housing and among feed types in prevalence of equine gastrointestinal parasites展开更多
AIM To investigate the putative role of protozoan parasites in the development of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS The study included 109 IBS consecutive adult patients fulfilling the Rome Ⅲ criteria and 100 hea...AIM To investigate the putative role of protozoan parasites in the development of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS The study included 109 IBS consecutive adult patients fulfilling the Rome Ⅲ criteria and 100 healthy control subjects. All study subjects filled a structured questionnaire, which covered demographic information and clinical data. Fresh stool samples were collected from patients and control subjects and processed within less than 2 h of collection. Iodine wet mounts and Trichrome stained smears prepared from fresh stool and sediment concentrate were microscopically examined for parasites. Blastocystis DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and Cryptosporidium antigens were detected by ELISA.RESULTS A total of 109 IBS patients(31 males, 78 females) with a mean age ± SD of 27.25 ± 11.58 years(range: 16-60 years) were enrolled in the study. The main IBS subtype based on the symptoms of these patients was constipation-predominant(88.7% of patients). A hundred healthy subjects(30 males, 70 females) with a mean ± SD age of 25.0 ± 9.13 years(range 18-66 years) were recruited as controls. In the IBS patients, Blastocystis DNA was detected in 25.7%, Cryptosporidium oocysts were observed in 9.2%, and Giardia cysts were observed in 11%. In the control subjects, Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 9%, 0%, and 1%, respectively. The difference in the presence of Blastocystis(P = 0.0034), Cryptosporidium(P = 0.0003), and Giardia(P = 0.0029) between IBS patients and controls was statistically significant by all methods used in this study.CONCLUSION Prevalence of Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia is higher in IBS patients than in controls. These parasites are likely to have a role in the pathogenesis of IBS.展开更多
Twenty-six stocker cattle (286.1 ± 25.7 kg) were used to quantify the effect of commercial plant tannin extracts (control vs. mimosa and chestnut tannins) on animal performance, gastrointestinal parasites control...Twenty-six stocker cattle (286.1 ± 25.7 kg) were used to quantify the effect of commercial plant tannin extracts (control vs. mimosa and chestnut tannins) on animal performance, gastrointestinal parasites control and plasma metabolite changes in heifers grazing winter wheat forage (Triticum aestivum L. var. “cutter”). The forage biomass and crude protein content were generally similar among treatments. Initial live-weight (LW) was similar among treatments, although final LW (P = 0.1) and average daily gain (ADG;P P Ostertagia was lower (P P P < 0.02) for chestnut tannins group than for control, and intermediate for mimosa tannins. However, cholesterol level was similar among treatment after 20 days cessation of tannins treatments. Our data suggest that heifers grazing winter wheat forage supplemented with plant tannins rather than control (non-tannins group) increased ADG (8% to 19%) for mimosa and chestnut tannins groups, respectively with no detectable detrimental effects on animal health. The increase in ADG may be due to decrease fecal parasites infections.展开更多
Nowadays, the fast development of nanobiotechnology, has led to rapid diagnosis of important infectious diseases such as arboviruses-borne diseases, vector-borne infections and waterborne parasites diseases and others...Nowadays, the fast development of nanobiotechnology, has led to rapid diagnosis of important infectious diseases such as arboviruses-borne diseases, vector-borne infections and waterborne parasites diseases and others in order to reduce and avoid further dissemination of the infections within the general population. Furthermore, new nanomedicines based on the application of silver and gold nanoparticles which are less toxic, more effective, and that does not generate resistance could help to solve the problems of parasitic disease like leishmaniasis and chagas disease. It turns out that the combination of nanoparticles with antibiotics not only reduces the toxicity of both agents towards human cells but also enhances their ability to destroy bacteria by facilitating the binding of antibiotics to the microbes. Moreover, combining nanoparticles with antimicrobial peptides and essential oils with nanoparticles generates genuine synergy against microbial resistance.展开更多
Objective: To determine the prevalence of the filarial parasites, ie., Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi(B. pahangi), Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens(D. repens)in domestic and stray cats. Methods: A total of 17...Objective: To determine the prevalence of the filarial parasites, ie., Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi(B. pahangi), Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens(D. repens)in domestic and stray cats. Methods: A total of 170 blood sample were collected from domestic and stray cats and examined for i larial worm parasites in two localities, Pulau Carey and Bukit Gasing, Selangor State, Malaysia. Results: The overall prevalence of infection was 23.5%(40/170; 95% CI=17.4–30.6). Of this, 35%(14/40; 95% CI=22.1–50.5) and 50%(20/40; 95% CI=35.2–64.8) were positive for single B. pahangi and D. repens, respectively. The remaining of 15%(6/40; 95% CI=7.1–29.1) were positive for mixed B. pahangi and D. repens. In addition, 75% of the infected cats were domestic, and 25% were strays. No Brugia malayi and Dirofilaria immitis was detected. Eighty-four cats were captured at Pulau Carey, of which 35.7%(30/84) were infected. Among the cats determined to be infected, 93%(28/30; 95% CI=78.7–98.2) were domestic, and only 6.7%(2/30; 95% CI=19.0–21.3) were strays. Conversely, the number of infected cats was three times lower in Bukit Gasing than in Pulau Carey, and most of the cats were stray. Conclusions: B. pahangi and D. repens could be the major parasites underlying i lariasis in the study area. Adequate prophylactic plans should be administrated in the cat population in study area.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to provide a current survey of metazoan parasites of the Mediterranean garfish Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 off Tunisian coast and their potential use as biological tags for discr...The aim of the present study was to provide a current survey of metazoan parasites of the Mediterranean garfish Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 off Tunisian coast and their potential use as biological tags for discriminate stocks. Parasitological analysis of 453 specimens of B. b. gracilis along the eastern Tunisian coast revealed the presence of ten species of metazoan parasites: one monogenean Axine belones Abildgaard, 1794;four digeneansLecithostaphylus retroflexus (Molin, 1859), Tergestia acanthocephala (Stossich, 1887) Stossich, 1899, Aponurus laguncula Looss, 1907 and Condylocotyla pilodora(metacercaria) Pearson et Prévot, 1985;one copepod Bomolochus bellonesBurmeister, 1835;two isopods Irona nana Schioedte et Meinert, 1884 andNerocila orbignyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1832);1 acanthocephalan Telosentis exiguus (Von Linstow, 1901) and one nematod Anisakid larvae. Discriminant analysis using parasites as biological tags, allowed identifying two stocks ofB. b. gracilis. Digenea L. retroflexus, A. laguncula and Anisakid larvae were the most important species in determining the position of sampled fishes from the central coast off Tunisia. Metacercaria C. pilodora characterized specimens from the Southern coast off Tunisia. These results were corroborated by comparing parameters of prevalence and mean abundance between zones. Discriminant analysis used for the separation of B. b. gracilis between seasons in both localities showed that a seasonal variation affected mainly specimens from the center suggesting seasonal move of fishes.展开更多
Several studies have shown that sickle cell disease (SCD) is made worse by infections;it was necessary to carry out this study to ascertain the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections to the number of SCD patien...Several studies have shown that sickle cell disease (SCD) is made worse by infections;it was necessary to carry out this study to ascertain the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections to the number of SCD patients infected compared to Non-SCD patients, the impact of the infections on Pack cell volume (PCV) of the SCD patients in Nigeria populace. A total of 140 stool samples were collected from both SCD patients and Non-SCD patients. 3 ml of venous blood, seventy samples in total were collected from the SCD patients only. The blood and stool samples were collected from September 2005 to November 2005;structured questionnaire was administered to each of the patient that gave consent to be part of the study alongside with questionnaire interview. The stool samples were analysed macroscopically and microscopically using saline, iodine and formal-ether concentration technique. The blood samples were analysed by micro-heamatocrit method. The findings showed that a total of six parasites were identified among the SCD patients and a total of thirteen parasites were identified among Non-SCD patients. Although the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was low among the research participates, the identified parasites fell into the 4 major categories of intestinal parasites, an indication that SCD patients can be susceptible to any of the intestinal worms/protozoa. Despite a low prevalence of intestinal parasites among the studied individual at the time of this study, it is however, necessary for regular laboratory investigations for intestinal worm/protozoa since they are still a public health problem.展开更多
Quantitative variations in parasites were investigated with respect to sex and size of Clarias gariepinus, season and localities sampled. Parasitic infection in male and female fish was not significantly different;pre...Quantitative variations in parasites were investigated with respect to sex and size of Clarias gariepinus, season and localities sampled. Parasitic infection in male and female fish was not significantly different;prevalence (Man-Whitney paired sample test, U = 135.5, p = 0.7697), mean intensity (U = 136, p = 0.7829). Based on Kruskal-Wallis test analysis, the prevalence and mean intensity of five parasite species varied significantly among the three localities sampled. Adult parasites in Clarias gariepinus showed high abundance during the dry season while the larval forms showed high abundance in the wet season. In most of the parasite species analyzed the abundance varied significantly with host size. The abundance of Dolops ranarum, Paracamallanus cyatopharynx and Eumasenia bangweulensis for instance, increased with fish size, while that of Diplostomum mashonense, Tylodelphys species, Astiotrema reniferum, piscicolid leeches and Monobothrioides woodlandi increased initially but decreased as fish length reached 31 - 40 cm. Total parasite burden increased in fish of 20 - 40 cm standard length. Generally, most parasites were highly overdispersed and the negative binomial model described their distribution.展开更多
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the intestinal parasite prevalence in puppies from six different kennels;four kennels were in Guadalajara and Zapopan cities (Jalisco State) and two kennels were in M...The purpose of this investigation was to determine the intestinal parasite prevalence in puppies from six different kennels;four kennels were in Guadalajara and Zapopan cities (Jalisco State) and two kennels were in Mexico City. From October 2006 to November 2007, we collected 441 fecal samples from 147 puppies, both male and female, ranging from 1 to 36 months of age. Three samples from every puppy were analyzed by using the Faust technique. The prevalence found were as follows: Giardia intestinalis (genotype A and B) 6.8%;Cystoisospora 21.08%;Uncinaria 7.48%;Toxocara canis 12.29% and multiparasitism (Giardia, Toxocara and Uncinaria) 4.76%. The highest prevalence for both Giardia and Cystoisospora were found in 2-3- month-old puppies;the highest prevalence for Toxocara canis was found in 3-4-month-old puppies. In the kennels of Mexico City we found mainly Giardia intestinalis, Cystoisospora to be most prevalent in Zapopan and Toxocara canis in Guadalajara. The high prevalence of intestinal parasites found in this study demonstrates an increased risk for infection in humans, as these animals are usually a common pet in many homes. This zoonotic phenomenon represents an important health problem for any community.展开更多
Background: The concomitant presence of intestinal parasite infections (IP) and tuberculosis (TB) has relevance. M. tuberculosis immune response is associated with type 1 T helper cell (Th1) while IP is associated wit...Background: The concomitant presence of intestinal parasite infections (IP) and tuberculosis (TB) has relevance. M. tuberculosis immune response is associated with type 1 T helper cell (Th1) while IP is associated with type Th2 cell. However, there are several contradictory reports on cytokine production under coinfection and this could be in association to the mycobacterial antigens used in the studies. Aim: To get insight into the effects of different M. tuberculosis-specific antigens (ESAT-6/CFP-10 and 38 kDa/CFP-10) in generating of appropriate cytokines on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IPTB co infected patients. Method: ELISA assessed IFN-γ and other 16 cytokines production and plasm IgE. In 18 months, we documented demographic, economic, clinical characteristics and IP frequency in individuals from Brazil. Results: An overall 10/35 (28.5%) were IPTB co infected and 40/76 (52.6%;p = 0.024) asymptomatic intestinal parasite infected community controls (IPCC). Endo-limax nana (40%) and Entamoeba coli (22%), were the most nonpathogenic protozoan identified and Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Strongyloides stercoralis were the pathogenic species (40%). IgE was higher in IPCC (p = 0.036). Cytokine profiles were significantly biased toward a Th2 type IL-5 (p = 0.001) and IL-13 (p = 0.033), pro-inflammatory GM-CSF (p = 0.019) and borderline lower IL-1β in IPTB, all associated with ESAT-6/CFP-10, while IL-7 was borderline lower, but 38 kDa/CFP-10 associated;as well as IL-8 higher (p < 0.049) vs CC/IPCC. The TB/IPTB IFN-γ levels were similar to both antigens stimuli (p ≥ 0.208). Conclusion: Therefore, coin-cident IPTB coinfection did not exert a significant inhibitory effect in IFN-γ production in response to either of the two antigens, but the partial discrepancy in Th1/Th2 response, is associated with the antigen priming cells.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the prevalence of enteric parasite contamination on hands and the potential role naturally contaminated hands may have in their transmission. METHODS: Prior to initiating the survey, the protocol w...AIM: To investigate the prevalence of enteric parasite contamination on hands and the potential role naturally contaminated hands may have in their transmission. METHODS: Prior to initiating the survey, the protocol was reviewed and approved by respective Institutional Review Boards of each survey site(Dhaka, Bangladesh and Kolkata, India). Both stool and corresponding hand wash samples collected, were analyzed for the presence of enteric parasitic ova/(oo)cysts employing conventional microscopy coupled with permanent staining techniques. Additionally molecular approachessuch as polymerase chain reaction(PCR) of enteric parasites recovered from both stool and corresponding hand wash samples, were also used to further confirm their identity. RESULTS: A total of 972 stool samples were collected from both sites surveyed(300 volunteers from Kolkata, India and 672 from Dhaka, Bangladesh). Parasitic analysis revealed, 113(38%) from Kolkata, India and 267(40%) of stool samples from Dhaka, Bangladesh were positive for parasitic ova/(oo)cysts. When the corresponding hand wash samples were analyzed, 43(14%) stool-positive volunteers in Kolkata, India and 47(7%) in Dhaka, Bangladesh were positive for enteric parasitic ova/(oo)cysts. Ascaris lumbricoides(A. lumbricoides) ova and Giardia lamblia(G. lamblia) cysts predominated in hands wash samples from both sites surveyed(from India, A. lumbricoides ova, 53%; G. lamblia cysts 31% and from Bangladesh, A. lumbricoides ova, 47%; G. lamblia cysts 19%). Genotypic analysis of enteric parasitic ova/(oo)cysts obtained from both stool and corresponding hand wash samples taken from the same person were found to be identical. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a possible role of hands contaminated with enteric parasites' ova/(oo)cysts in the transmission of these parasites highlighting another role of hand hygiene/proper hand washing in reducing the disease burden in low socioeconomic communities.展开更多
A total of 32 parasite species were documented from 658 clariid fishes examined. Thirteen species were nematodes, eleven digeneans, three cestodes, two crustaceans, and the Monogenea, Acanthocephala and Hirudinea were...A total of 32 parasite species were documented from 658 clariid fishes examined. Thirteen species were nematodes, eleven digeneans, three cestodes, two crustaceans, and the Monogenea, Acanthocephala and Hirudinea were each represented by one species. Of the parasites recovered 16 were identified to species level, 12 to genus and 4 parasites were not identified. Most of the parasites recorded in the present study have been reported in fish ofTanzaniaand elsewhere, however, there were a few first records, and these included Neogoezia sp., Comephoronema sp., Travnema sp., Quimperia sp. and Gendria tilapiae. It is stipulated that these parasites represent the original fauna of the lake prior to introduction of the alien species. The clariid fish species investigated were a good model for studying the parasites of fish in the lake because of having a variety of parasites some of which being specific to certain clariid fishes, for instance Diplostomum and Tylodelphys species infecting only C. gariepinus and the camallanids being typical of the clariid fishes.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of emerging parasites in two groups of immunosuppressed patients, including individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) (HIV) or having ac...The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of emerging parasites in two groups of immunosuppressed patients, including individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) (HIV) or having acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with or without diarrhea. Stool samples were collected from 96 HIV and 77 ALL patients from March 2010 through December 2011. Screening for opportunistic parasites was carried out by the coproparasitoscopic Faust method, Ziehl Neelsen staining, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results showed that 22.9% of HIV fecal samples were positive for emerging parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (7.3%), Microsporidium spp. (5.2%), Isospora belli (1.0%), Giardia intestinalis (2.6%), and Cyclospora spp. (7.3%). On the other hand, 32.5% of ALL fecal samples were positive for emerging parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (9.1%), Microsporidium spp. (19.5%), Isospora belli (1.3%), and Giardia intestinalis (2.6%). Our results highlighted the need for specific, efficient, and reliable diagnostic methods to identify the presence of emerging parasites in immunocompromised patients susceptible to different infectious diseases or neoplastic processes and avoid the consequences for the host as an increased disease rate, alterations in the clinical manifestation of the infection or even exacerbation of its course.展开更多
Out of the 48 fishes examined, 40 (83.3%) were infected by 759 parasites, which comprise of trematodes, monogeneans, crustaceans and acanthocephalans. Acanthocephalans and strigeid trematodes were the majority, 23 (47...Out of the 48 fishes examined, 40 (83.3%) were infected by 759 parasites, which comprise of trematodes, monogeneans, crustaceans and acanthocephalans. Acanthocephalans and strigeid trematodes were the majority, 23 (47.9%) of all the parasites, while crustaceans, Ergasilus was the minority (20.8%). Fish with length size greater than 160 mm were infected (prevalence 100%). Strigeids showed the highest prevalence (83.3%) and mean intensity (24.7) in fish of total length 160 - 189 mm while those greater than 219 mm had the least prevalence (20%) and mean intensity (2). Acanthocephalan showed the highest prevalence (87.5%) and mean intensity (15.7) in fish of total length 190 - 219 mm and least prevalence (30.4%) and mean intensity (5.6) in those with 130 - 159 mm in total length. Generally male fish had higher prevalence (88.5%) and mean intensity (21.6) than female fish. However, statistically these were not significant (P > 0.05). A total of 9 parasite taxa were recovered;5 from Oreochromis urolepis, 4 from Citharinus congicus, 2 from Clarias gariepinus and Synodontis maculipinna. Three groups of parasites were common in Oreochromis urolepis, these include Dactylogyrus, Acanthocephala, and strigid. Ergersilus lamelifer was common in Citharinus congicus and Clarias gariepinus. Nematodes, Procamalanus laevionchus and Oxyuridae were common in Synodontis maculipinna and Citharinus congicus respectively.展开更多
The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is generally considered to be one of the most important tropical catfish species for aquaculture purposes. Parasitological investigation was performed in two hundred naturally ...The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is generally considered to be one of the most important tropical catfish species for aquaculture purposes. Parasitological investigation was performed in two hundred naturally collected fish samples during the period of February to December 2014. The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites infecting C. gariepinus was investigated. A total of 249 helminth parasites belonging to four genera were recovered from 130 (65%) examined fish samples. They were digenea Orientocreadium batrachoides, cestode Polyonchobothrium clariae, and nematode Procamallanus laevionchus and Camallanus polypteri. Majority of the recorded parasites were found in the intestine. Female fish samples had higher prevalence rate 72 (90%) than males 58 (48.33%), and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in infestation rate between the two sexes. The relationship of host size (weight/length) and parasite infection showed that there was no significant difference in the parasitic infection among three classes, although fish of larger sizes had more infections. In addition, this study determines the effect of fish age on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites.展开更多
This study was conducted in two districts in Mogadishu, particularly smallholders to determine the Common gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites of Somali Goats. During the last two years, researchers meet many cases of goa...This study was conducted in two districts in Mogadishu, particularly smallholders to determine the Common gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites of Somali Goats. During the last two years, researchers meet many cases of goats having diarrhea, anemia and loss of body weight. That is the reason to conduct this study. The methodology of this study is explanation research with using lab technician for studied current prevalence cases of gastro-intestinal parasite of goat in Mogadishu Somalia. Study areas were two districts (Dayniile and Wadajir) located in Mogadishu Benadir region, Somali. Researcher has collected sample of feces from Somali goats in smallholders and transported the fecal containing box to the laboratory Room at University campus. Researchers made examination of fecal using Direct Smear Fecal Exam and then used Light microscope for identification of parasite eggs and oocytes, with 10× or 40× objective magnification. Data analysis was percentage and P value ≤ 0.005. Result: The result of this study revealed an overall prevalence of Gastro-intestinal parasites of Somali goats in the investigated area was 72.1% that means 62 samples were positive, and 24 samples were negative of gastro-intestinal parasites. Haemonchus spp (Nematodes) and Coccidia (Eimeria spp) were the most prevalent parasites recorded in all the 62 positive samples, having Haemonchus 23 (26.74%) and Eimeria spp 38 (44.19%);the second highest groups were all nematode with percentage Strongyloides 22 (25.58%), and Trichostrongylus 17 (19.77%). This study revealed statistically significant difference (P 0.05 that equals to P = 0.235. Recommendation: Researcher recommends making seasonal deworming to Somali goats in small holders which will reduce the prevalence and incidence of gastro-intestinal parasites in Somali goats.展开更多
文摘Helminthiases are neglected parasites that induce changes in the host’s immune response. The study assayed some immunological markers in helminth infections in children and adolescents. Stool and blood samples were collected from 276 subjects resident in three rural communities of Rivers and Imo States. Of these, 98 (35.5%) were infected with one or more of 3 parasitic species, of which Ascaris lumbricoides 39 (39.8%), Ancylostoma duodenale 30 (30.6%) and Trichuris trichiura 29 (29.6%) were recovered. Intestinal helminth parasites were identified using formol-ether concentration. Of the infected subjects, 66 had single species infections and 32 had multiple infections with two or three helminth species and children of the 6 - 10 years age group had the highest incidence. Sera of 60 infected subjects and 30 controls were evaluated to define immunological serum levels of IgE, IL-5, IFN-γ and C3 using the ELISA technique, while white blood cell differential counts and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were evaluated using haematology auto-analyser. Elevation of IL-5, IgE, WBC and eosinophil levels were demonstrated in the infected groups (p < 0.01), higher in the multiple infected groups, compared to the control. Their concentrations across the different age groups were also significantly different (p = 0.0001), the highest in 6 - 5 years and the lowest in 0 - 5 years. Differences in IFN-γ and C3 levels among non-parasitized, single-parasitized and poly-parasitized groups were not statistically significant. Neutrophil, lymphocyte and NLR levels between control and helminth infected subjects were not significantly different. The result suggested that IgE, IL-5, total WBC and eosinophil increased in helminth infections, more in poly-parasitized and 6 - 10 years children.
基金the Director of Indian Veterinary Research Institute(Deemed University),Bareilly, Izatnagar,UP for providing financial support to conduct the research work
文摘Gastrointestinal（GI） parasitism is the most serious constraint throughout the world in small ruminants which causes significant production loss in animals.GI parasites are major contributor to reduce productivity in terms of meat,milk and wool in animals.Control of GI parasite is done primarily by anthelmintic treatment where choice and schedule of treatment is done after identification and quantitation of individual parasite.Identification of GI parasites is done through microscopic method by identifying specific morphological characteristics of egg and larva（L<sub>3</sub>）.Since most of parasite eggs are having similar morphological characteristics, identification up to species level through microscopy is not possible in most of cases.To address this issue,molecular techniques are the viable alternative for identification of species as well as molecular level differences within a species（isolates） of parasites.Different DNA based molecular techniques viz.PCR,AFLP,RAPD,RFLP,PCR-SSCP,real time PCR,DNA microarray etc.have been used for identification and to assess the genetic diversity among parasite population.For identification of species,the characteristic sequence of genomic DNA of different species should differ to allow the delineation of species,but at the same time,no/minor variation within the species should exist.In contrast,for purpose of identifying population variants（strains/isolates）, a considerable degree of variation in the sequence should exist within a species.Various target regions,including nuclear ribosomal DNA（rDNA）,mitochondrial DNA（mtDNA） or repetitive DNA elements（microsatellite loci）,which show considerable variation in the number of repeats within individuals have been employed to achieve the identification of parasites species or strain.
文摘Objective:To determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HTV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.Methods:Cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/ AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic from Aprill- May 30,2009. Convenient sampling technique was employed to identify the study subjects and hence a total of 248 subjects were included.A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data of patients.Stool samples were examined by direct saline,iodine wet mount, formol-ether sedimentation concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Results:Out of 248 enrolled in the study,171(69.0%)(90 males and 81 females) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites.The highest rate of intestinal parasites were observed among HIV/AIDS patients(80.3%,151/188),and the infection rate of HIV negative individuals was 33.3%(20/60).Cryptosporidum parvum(43.6%),Isospora belli(15.5%) and Blastocystis hominis (10.5%) were opportunistic parasites that were found only in HIV/AIDS patients.Conclusions: Opportunistic parasite infections are common health problem among HIV/ AIDS patients in the study area.Therefore,early detection and treatment of these parasites are important to improve the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients.
基金partly supported by the JICA Project of Capacity Development of Animal Health Laboratory and Grants-in-Aid for Scientifie Research from the Ministry of Education.Culture.Sports.Science and Technology.Japan(No.22700773 to M.M.)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the presence of gastrointestinal parasites on cattle in Indonesia because the prevalence of parasites varies between counlries depending on the terrain surrounding livestock farms and investigations in Indonesia have never been performed.Methods:Fecal samples from cattle at 35 farms in 7 districts in West Java,Indonesia,has been examined using the floatation or sedimentation methods,and a immunofluorescence assay and experimentally inoculation to mice for Cryptosporidium or Giardia spp.Results:153 of 394 examined cattle(38.8%)were infected with gastrointestinal parasites.The prevalence of Eimeria spp.,Nematoda spp.(including Oesophagustomum and Bunostomum-like),Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum spp.was 22.4%,11.2%,12.5%and 3.8%,respectively.Cryptosporidium andersoni(C.andersoni)was also found in two samples.One isolate of this parasite was confirmed to be transmitted to mice,in contrast to the isolates from other countries.Conclusions:although this survey is preliminary,the results shows that the infection of gastrointestinal parasites in Indonesia was not high,but these infected cattle could be as a potential source leading to economic losses in livestock production.
文摘A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2010 to June 2011 in and around Gondar town to identify the species and determine prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys and horses. Gross examination, direct fecal smear, sedimentation and floatation techniques were utilized to identify the eggs and larvae of parasites in feces. A total of 384 horses and donkeys were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 92.71% (356 from 384) with 80.95% (85 from 105) and 97.13% (271 from 279) in horses and donkeys, respectively. Prevalence of Strongyle, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus and Gastrophilus intestinalis was 66.67%, 43.8%, 0.95%, 2.86%, and 0.95%, respectively in horses. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 87.81%, 42.29%, 4.30%, 5.73%, 1.43%, 3.58% and 0.72% for Strongyles, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Fasciola, Tricuris, Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus and Gastrophilus intestinalis in donkeys, respectively. There was a statisticcally significant difference between species, housing and among feed types in prevalence of equine gastrointestinal parasites
基金Supported by Deanship of Research,Jordan University of Science and Technology,No.214/2013
文摘AIM To investigate the putative role of protozoan parasites in the development of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS The study included 109 IBS consecutive adult patients fulfilling the Rome Ⅲ criteria and 100 healthy control subjects. All study subjects filled a structured questionnaire, which covered demographic information and clinical data. Fresh stool samples were collected from patients and control subjects and processed within less than 2 h of collection. Iodine wet mounts and Trichrome stained smears prepared from fresh stool and sediment concentrate were microscopically examined for parasites. Blastocystis DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and Cryptosporidium antigens were detected by ELISA.RESULTS A total of 109 IBS patients(31 males, 78 females) with a mean age ± SD of 27.25 ± 11.58 years(range: 16-60 years) were enrolled in the study. The main IBS subtype based on the symptoms of these patients was constipation-predominant(88.7% of patients). A hundred healthy subjects(30 males, 70 females) with a mean ± SD age of 25.0 ± 9.13 years(range 18-66 years) were recruited as controls. In the IBS patients, Blastocystis DNA was detected in 25.7%, Cryptosporidium oocysts were observed in 9.2%, and Giardia cysts were observed in 11%. In the control subjects, Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 9%, 0%, and 1%, respectively. The difference in the presence of Blastocystis(P = 0.0034), Cryptosporidium(P = 0.0003), and Giardia(P = 0.0029) between IBS patients and controls was statistically significant by all methods used in this study.CONCLUSION Prevalence of Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium and Giardia is higher in IBS patients than in controls. These parasites are likely to have a role in the pathogenesis of IBS.
文摘Twenty-six stocker cattle (286.1 ± 25.7 kg) were used to quantify the effect of commercial plant tannin extracts (control vs. mimosa and chestnut tannins) on animal performance, gastrointestinal parasites control and plasma metabolite changes in heifers grazing winter wheat forage (Triticum aestivum L. var. “cutter”). The forage biomass and crude protein content were generally similar among treatments. Initial live-weight (LW) was similar among treatments, although final LW (P = 0.1) and average daily gain (ADG;P P Ostertagia was lower (P P P < 0.02) for chestnut tannins group than for control, and intermediate for mimosa tannins. However, cholesterol level was similar among treatment after 20 days cessation of tannins treatments. Our data suggest that heifers grazing winter wheat forage supplemented with plant tannins rather than control (non-tannins group) increased ADG (8% to 19%) for mimosa and chestnut tannins groups, respectively with no detectable detrimental effects on animal health. The increase in ADG may be due to decrease fecal parasites infections.
文摘Nowadays, the fast development of nanobiotechnology, has led to rapid diagnosis of important infectious diseases such as arboviruses-borne diseases, vector-borne infections and waterborne parasites diseases and others in order to reduce and avoid further dissemination of the infections within the general population. Furthermore, new nanomedicines based on the application of silver and gold nanoparticles which are less toxic, more effective, and that does not generate resistance could help to solve the problems of parasitic disease like leishmaniasis and chagas disease. It turns out that the combination of nanoparticles with antibiotics not only reduces the toxicity of both agents towards human cells but also enhances their ability to destroy bacteria by facilitating the binding of antibiotics to the microbes. Moreover, combining nanoparticles with antimicrobial peptides and essential oils with nanoparticles generates genuine synergy against microbial resistance.
基金funded by a Ministry of Higher Education Research Grant (FRGS FP011/2011A)the University of Malaya (PG085-2012B)
文摘Objective: To determine the prevalence of the filarial parasites, ie., Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi(B. pahangi), Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens(D. repens)in domestic and stray cats. Methods: A total of 170 blood sample were collected from domestic and stray cats and examined for i larial worm parasites in two localities, Pulau Carey and Bukit Gasing, Selangor State, Malaysia. Results: The overall prevalence of infection was 23.5%(40/170; 95% CI=17.4–30.6). Of this, 35%(14/40; 95% CI=22.1–50.5) and 50%(20/40; 95% CI=35.2–64.8) were positive for single B. pahangi and D. repens, respectively. The remaining of 15%(6/40; 95% CI=7.1–29.1) were positive for mixed B. pahangi and D. repens. In addition, 75% of the infected cats were domestic, and 25% were strays. No Brugia malayi and Dirofilaria immitis was detected. Eighty-four cats were captured at Pulau Carey, of which 35.7%(30/84) were infected. Among the cats determined to be infected, 93%(28/30; 95% CI=78.7–98.2) were domestic, and only 6.7%(2/30; 95% CI=19.0–21.3) were strays. Conversely, the number of infected cats was three times lower in Bukit Gasing than in Pulau Carey, and most of the cats were stray. Conclusions: B. pahangi and D. repens could be the major parasites underlying i lariasis in the study area. Adequate prophylactic plans should be administrated in the cat population in study area.
文摘The aim of the present study was to provide a current survey of metazoan parasites of the Mediterranean garfish Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 off Tunisian coast and their potential use as biological tags for discriminate stocks. Parasitological analysis of 453 specimens of B. b. gracilis along the eastern Tunisian coast revealed the presence of ten species of metazoan parasites: one monogenean Axine belones Abildgaard, 1794;four digeneansLecithostaphylus retroflexus (Molin, 1859), Tergestia acanthocephala (Stossich, 1887) Stossich, 1899, Aponurus laguncula Looss, 1907 and Condylocotyla pilodora(metacercaria) Pearson et Prévot, 1985;one copepod Bomolochus bellonesBurmeister, 1835;two isopods Irona nana Schioedte et Meinert, 1884 andNerocila orbignyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1832);1 acanthocephalan Telosentis exiguus (Von Linstow, 1901) and one nematod Anisakid larvae. Discriminant analysis using parasites as biological tags, allowed identifying two stocks ofB. b. gracilis. Digenea L. retroflexus, A. laguncula and Anisakid larvae were the most important species in determining the position of sampled fishes from the central coast off Tunisia. Metacercaria C. pilodora characterized specimens from the Southern coast off Tunisia. These results were corroborated by comparing parameters of prevalence and mean abundance between zones. Discriminant analysis used for the separation of B. b. gracilis between seasons in both localities showed that a seasonal variation affected mainly specimens from the center suggesting seasonal move of fishes.
文摘Several studies have shown that sickle cell disease (SCD) is made worse by infections;it was necessary to carry out this study to ascertain the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections to the number of SCD patients infected compared to Non-SCD patients, the impact of the infections on Pack cell volume (PCV) of the SCD patients in Nigeria populace. A total of 140 stool samples were collected from both SCD patients and Non-SCD patients. 3 ml of venous blood, seventy samples in total were collected from the SCD patients only. The blood and stool samples were collected from September 2005 to November 2005;structured questionnaire was administered to each of the patient that gave consent to be part of the study alongside with questionnaire interview. The stool samples were analysed macroscopically and microscopically using saline, iodine and formal-ether concentration technique. The blood samples were analysed by micro-heamatocrit method. The findings showed that a total of six parasites were identified among the SCD patients and a total of thirteen parasites were identified among Non-SCD patients. Although the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was low among the research participates, the identified parasites fell into the 4 major categories of intestinal parasites, an indication that SCD patients can be susceptible to any of the intestinal worms/protozoa. Despite a low prevalence of intestinal parasites among the studied individual at the time of this study, it is however, necessary for regular laboratory investigations for intestinal worm/protozoa since they are still a public health problem.
文摘Quantitative variations in parasites were investigated with respect to sex and size of Clarias gariepinus, season and localities sampled. Parasitic infection in male and female fish was not significantly different;prevalence (Man-Whitney paired sample test, U = 135.5, p = 0.7697), mean intensity (U = 136, p = 0.7829). Based on Kruskal-Wallis test analysis, the prevalence and mean intensity of five parasite species varied significantly among the three localities sampled. Adult parasites in Clarias gariepinus showed high abundance during the dry season while the larval forms showed high abundance in the wet season. In most of the parasite species analyzed the abundance varied significantly with host size. The abundance of Dolops ranarum, Paracamallanus cyatopharynx and Eumasenia bangweulensis for instance, increased with fish size, while that of Diplostomum mashonense, Tylodelphys species, Astiotrema reniferum, piscicolid leeches and Monobothrioides woodlandi increased initially but decreased as fish length reached 31 - 40 cm. Total parasite burden increased in fish of 20 - 40 cm standard length. Generally, most parasites were highly overdispersed and the negative binomial model described their distribution.
文摘The purpose of this investigation was to determine the intestinal parasite prevalence in puppies from six different kennels;four kennels were in Guadalajara and Zapopan cities (Jalisco State) and two kennels were in Mexico City. From October 2006 to November 2007, we collected 441 fecal samples from 147 puppies, both male and female, ranging from 1 to 36 months of age. Three samples from every puppy were analyzed by using the Faust technique. The prevalence found were as follows: Giardia intestinalis (genotype A and B) 6.8%;Cystoisospora 21.08%;Uncinaria 7.48%;Toxocara canis 12.29% and multiparasitism (Giardia, Toxocara and Uncinaria) 4.76%. The highest prevalence for both Giardia and Cystoisospora were found in 2-3- month-old puppies;the highest prevalence for Toxocara canis was found in 3-4-month-old puppies. In the kennels of Mexico City we found mainly Giardia intestinalis, Cystoisospora to be most prevalent in Zapopan and Toxocara canis in Guadalajara. The high prevalence of intestinal parasites found in this study demonstrates an increased risk for infection in humans, as these animals are usually a common pet in many homes. This zoonotic phenomenon represents an important health problem for any community.
文摘Background: The concomitant presence of intestinal parasite infections (IP) and tuberculosis (TB) has relevance. M. tuberculosis immune response is associated with type 1 T helper cell (Th1) while IP is associated with type Th2 cell. However, there are several contradictory reports on cytokine production under coinfection and this could be in association to the mycobacterial antigens used in the studies. Aim: To get insight into the effects of different M. tuberculosis-specific antigens (ESAT-6/CFP-10 and 38 kDa/CFP-10) in generating of appropriate cytokines on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IPTB co infected patients. Method: ELISA assessed IFN-γ and other 16 cytokines production and plasm IgE. In 18 months, we documented demographic, economic, clinical characteristics and IP frequency in individuals from Brazil. Results: An overall 10/35 (28.5%) were IPTB co infected and 40/76 (52.6%;p = 0.024) asymptomatic intestinal parasite infected community controls (IPCC). Endo-limax nana (40%) and Entamoeba coli (22%), were the most nonpathogenic protozoan identified and Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Strongyloides stercoralis were the pathogenic species (40%). IgE was higher in IPCC (p = 0.036). Cytokine profiles were significantly biased toward a Th2 type IL-5 (p = 0.001) and IL-13 (p = 0.033), pro-inflammatory GM-CSF (p = 0.019) and borderline lower IL-1β in IPTB, all associated with ESAT-6/CFP-10, while IL-7 was borderline lower, but 38 kDa/CFP-10 associated;as well as IL-8 higher (p < 0.049) vs CC/IPCC. The TB/IPTB IFN-γ levels were similar to both antigens stimuli (p ≥ 0.208). Conclusion: Therefore, coin-cident IPTB coinfection did not exert a significant inhibitory effect in IFN-γ production in response to either of the two antigens, but the partial discrepancy in Th1/Th2 response, is associated with the antigen priming cells.
基金Supported by President’s Award,Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York and Reckitt Benckiser LLC,New Jersey,United States
文摘AIM: To investigate the prevalence of enteric parasite contamination on hands and the potential role naturally contaminated hands may have in their transmission. METHODS: Prior to initiating the survey, the protocol was reviewed and approved by respective Institutional Review Boards of each survey site(Dhaka, Bangladesh and Kolkata, India). Both stool and corresponding hand wash samples collected, were analyzed for the presence of enteric parasitic ova/(oo)cysts employing conventional microscopy coupled with permanent staining techniques. Additionally molecular approachessuch as polymerase chain reaction(PCR) of enteric parasites recovered from both stool and corresponding hand wash samples, were also used to further confirm their identity. RESULTS: A total of 972 stool samples were collected from both sites surveyed(300 volunteers from Kolkata, India and 672 from Dhaka, Bangladesh). Parasitic analysis revealed, 113(38%) from Kolkata, India and 267(40%) of stool samples from Dhaka, Bangladesh were positive for parasitic ova/(oo)cysts. When the corresponding hand wash samples were analyzed, 43(14%) stool-positive volunteers in Kolkata, India and 47(7%) in Dhaka, Bangladesh were positive for enteric parasitic ova/(oo)cysts. Ascaris lumbricoides(A. lumbricoides) ova and Giardia lamblia(G. lamblia) cysts predominated in hands wash samples from both sites surveyed(from India, A. lumbricoides ova, 53%; G. lamblia cysts 31% and from Bangladesh, A. lumbricoides ova, 47%; G. lamblia cysts 19%). Genotypic analysis of enteric parasitic ova/(oo)cysts obtained from both stool and corresponding hand wash samples taken from the same person were found to be identical. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a possible role of hands contaminated with enteric parasites' ova/(oo)cysts in the transmission of these parasites highlighting another role of hand hygiene/proper hand washing in reducing the disease burden in low socioeconomic communities.
文摘A total of 32 parasite species were documented from 658 clariid fishes examined. Thirteen species were nematodes, eleven digeneans, three cestodes, two crustaceans, and the Monogenea, Acanthocephala and Hirudinea were each represented by one species. Of the parasites recovered 16 were identified to species level, 12 to genus and 4 parasites were not identified. Most of the parasites recorded in the present study have been reported in fish ofTanzaniaand elsewhere, however, there were a few first records, and these included Neogoezia sp., Comephoronema sp., Travnema sp., Quimperia sp. and Gendria tilapiae. It is stipulated that these parasites represent the original fauna of the lake prior to introduction of the alien species. The clariid fish species investigated were a good model for studying the parasites of fish in the lake because of having a variety of parasites some of which being specific to certain clariid fishes, for instance Diplostomum and Tylodelphys species infecting only C. gariepinus and the camallanids being typical of the clariid fishes.
文摘The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of emerging parasites in two groups of immunosuppressed patients, including individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) (HIV) or having acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with or without diarrhea. Stool samples were collected from 96 HIV and 77 ALL patients from March 2010 through December 2011. Screening for opportunistic parasites was carried out by the coproparasitoscopic Faust method, Ziehl Neelsen staining, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results showed that 22.9% of HIV fecal samples were positive for emerging parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (7.3%), Microsporidium spp. (5.2%), Isospora belli (1.0%), Giardia intestinalis (2.6%), and Cyclospora spp. (7.3%). On the other hand, 32.5% of ALL fecal samples were positive for emerging parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (9.1%), Microsporidium spp. (19.5%), Isospora belli (1.3%), and Giardia intestinalis (2.6%). Our results highlighted the need for specific, efficient, and reliable diagnostic methods to identify the presence of emerging parasites in immunocompromised patients susceptible to different infectious diseases or neoplastic processes and avoid the consequences for the host as an increased disease rate, alterations in the clinical manifestation of the infection or even exacerbation of its course.
文摘Out of the 48 fishes examined, 40 (83.3%) were infected by 759 parasites, which comprise of trematodes, monogeneans, crustaceans and acanthocephalans. Acanthocephalans and strigeid trematodes were the majority, 23 (47.9%) of all the parasites, while crustaceans, Ergasilus was the minority (20.8%). Fish with length size greater than 160 mm were infected (prevalence 100%). Strigeids showed the highest prevalence (83.3%) and mean intensity (24.7) in fish of total length 160 - 189 mm while those greater than 219 mm had the least prevalence (20%) and mean intensity (2). Acanthocephalan showed the highest prevalence (87.5%) and mean intensity (15.7) in fish of total length 190 - 219 mm and least prevalence (30.4%) and mean intensity (5.6) in those with 130 - 159 mm in total length. Generally male fish had higher prevalence (88.5%) and mean intensity (21.6) than female fish. However, statistically these were not significant (P > 0.05). A total of 9 parasite taxa were recovered;5 from Oreochromis urolepis, 4 from Citharinus congicus, 2 from Clarias gariepinus and Synodontis maculipinna. Three groups of parasites were common in Oreochromis urolepis, these include Dactylogyrus, Acanthocephala, and strigid. Ergersilus lamelifer was common in Citharinus congicus and Clarias gariepinus. Nematodes, Procamalanus laevionchus and Oxyuridae were common in Synodontis maculipinna and Citharinus congicus respectively.
文摘The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is generally considered to be one of the most important tropical catfish species for aquaculture purposes. Parasitological investigation was performed in two hundred naturally collected fish samples during the period of February to December 2014. The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites infecting C. gariepinus was investigated. A total of 249 helminth parasites belonging to four genera were recovered from 130 (65%) examined fish samples. They were digenea Orientocreadium batrachoides, cestode Polyonchobothrium clariae, and nematode Procamallanus laevionchus and Camallanus polypteri. Majority of the recorded parasites were found in the intestine. Female fish samples had higher prevalence rate 72 (90%) than males 58 (48.33%), and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in infestation rate between the two sexes. The relationship of host size (weight/length) and parasite infection showed that there was no significant difference in the parasitic infection among three classes, although fish of larger sizes had more infections. In addition, this study determines the effect of fish age on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites.
文摘This study was conducted in two districts in Mogadishu, particularly smallholders to determine the Common gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites of Somali Goats. During the last two years, researchers meet many cases of goats having diarrhea, anemia and loss of body weight. That is the reason to conduct this study. The methodology of this study is explanation research with using lab technician for studied current prevalence cases of gastro-intestinal parasite of goat in Mogadishu Somalia. Study areas were two districts (Dayniile and Wadajir) located in Mogadishu Benadir region, Somali. Researcher has collected sample of feces from Somali goats in smallholders and transported the fecal containing box to the laboratory Room at University campus. Researchers made examination of fecal using Direct Smear Fecal Exam and then used Light microscope for identification of parasite eggs and oocytes, with 10× or 40× objective magnification. Data analysis was percentage and P value ≤ 0.005. Result: The result of this study revealed an overall prevalence of Gastro-intestinal parasites of Somali goats in the investigated area was 72.1% that means 62 samples were positive, and 24 samples were negative of gastro-intestinal parasites. Haemonchus spp (Nematodes) and Coccidia (Eimeria spp) were the most prevalent parasites recorded in all the 62 positive samples, having Haemonchus 23 (26.74%) and Eimeria spp 38 (44.19%);the second highest groups were all nematode with percentage Strongyloides 22 (25.58%), and Trichostrongylus 17 (19.77%). This study revealed statistically significant difference (P 0.05 that equals to P = 0.235. Recommendation: Researcher recommends making seasonal deworming to Somali goats in small holders which will reduce the prevalence and incidence of gastro-intestinal parasites in Somali goats.
