The production and consumption of avocado pears generates tons of wastes, mainly the pear peels which are usually discarded, although they have been reported to contain important phyto-chemicals with biological activi...The production and consumption of avocado pears generates tons of wastes, mainly the pear peels which are usually discarded, although they have been reported to contain important phyto-chemicals with biological activities. The adverse health effect associated with the consumption of saturated lipid based foods has ignited research on reformulation of lipid based foods to eliminate Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs). This study was thus aimed at the extraction and characterization of oil from Avocado Peels (APO) and evaluation of the quality of margarine produced from it. Five verities of pear were used for oil extraction by soxhlet method and physiochemical, oxidative, functional and antioxidant characterization was done. Margarines were formulated using a central composite design using oil blends of APO and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with an oil ratio of 10:90, 40:60, 70:30 respectively, varied blending speed, blending time, and chitosan concentration. Samples were characterized and the effect of process parameters on the physiochemical and functional properties of the margarine studied. Optimized conditions were used to produce samples for sensory evaluation. Color, spreadability, aroma, taste and general acceptability was evaluated using ranking difference test. The results showed that the yield, density, and iodine values of APOs oils ranged from 14.91 ± 0.18 to 11.76 ± 0.46;0.93 ± 0.001 to 0.99 ± 0.1;46.63 ± 1.70 to 52.4 ± 0.63, their acid values, TBA and PV values ranged from 1.42 ± 0.39 to 1.97 ± 0.5;0.11 ± 0.002 to 0.18 ± 0.04;and 2.72 ± 0.14 to 4.43 ± 0.36 respectively, with Brogdon avocado peel variety having the overall best properties prepared blends of trans-free APO margarines showed that increase in APO ratio decreased melting point, increased oxidative stability and reduced moisture content of margarine samples. Chitosan addition leads to decrease moisture content and increase functional properties. VCO lead to increase in phenolic and flavonoid content of the margarines. Samples were spreadable and palatable with R20 being most palatable and the most accepted being R26 with a mean score of 7.07 ± 0.70. Decrease in color intensity increased acceptability. This study therefore demonstrated that avocado peel waste biomass can be valorized by using it as raw material for oil extraction, which can serve as good material for the production of trans-free margarines with good oxidative stability, functional and antioxidant properties.展开更多
Only 42% of Uganda’s population has access to electricity. The population continues to use firewood and charcoal as a source of energy, which leads to depletion of forests thus to climate change. The purpose of this ...Only 42% of Uganda’s population has access to electricity. The population continues to use firewood and charcoal as a source of energy, which leads to depletion of forests thus to climate change. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of biogas production from jackfruit waste, banana peels, and pineapple peels when co-digested with cow dung as an alternative energy source. Substrates for each waste were co-digested with varying proportions (0%, 25%, and 50%) of cow dung using laboratory-scale 250 mL anaerobic digestors. The total biogas generation for jackfruit waste, banana peels, and pineapple peels after 30 days of anaerobic digestion was 82.3, 189, and 262 mL, respectively. When jack fruit waste, pineapple peels and banana peels were co-digested with 25% cow dung, the total amount of biogas produced increased by a factor of two and three, respectively. However, 50% of cow dung only significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved for jack fruit waste by two folds. Therefore, the results indicated that jackfruit waste, banana and pineapple peels can be used for biogas production to augment energy supply. .展开更多
Cancer is one of the two leading human fatal diseases.Drug development for cancer intervention has progressed well in past decades yet existing drugs face many limitations in applications and effectiveness and are oft...Cancer is one of the two leading human fatal diseases.Drug development for cancer intervention has progressed well in past decades yet existing drugs face many limitations in applications and effectiveness and are often associated with serious of side effects,which can further deteriorate the patients’quality of life.Recent development of natural product based and therapeutically sound anti-cancer agents have gained popularity in the field of functional foods,in which a few have demonstrated efficacy and minimal toxicity toward the prevention and treatment of carcinogenesis.With multiple active molecular components,citrus peels and derived extracts have demonstrated potent efficacious properties against various cancers due in large part to the rich content of flavonoids present in citrus peels.This review summarizes the results of currently available data regarding the in vivo anti-cancer activity of citrus peel flavonoids,and identifies opportunities for subsequent human clinical trials to assess preventive and therapeutic effects in the near future.展开更多
In this study,an alternative precursor for production of activated carbon was introduced using dragon fruit(Hylocereus costaricensis)peel(DFP).Moreover,KOH was used as a chemical activator in the thermal carbonization...In this study,an alternative precursor for production of activated carbon was introduced using dragon fruit(Hylocereus costaricensis)peel(DFP).Moreover,KOH was used as a chemical activator in the thermal carbonization process to convert DFP into activated carbon(DFPAC).In order to accomplish this research,several approaches were employed to examine the elemental composition,surface properties,amorphous and crystalline nature,essential active group,and surface morphology of the DFPAC.The BrunauerEmmettTeller test demonstrated a mesoporous structure of the DFPAC has a high surface area of 756.3 m2g 1.The cationic dye Methylene Blue(MB)was used as a probe to assess the efficiency of DFPAC towards the removal of MB dye from aqueous solution.The effects of adsorption input factors(e.g.DFPAC dose(A:0.040.12 g L 1),pH(B:310),and temperature(C:3050℃))were investigated and optimized using statistical analysis(i.e.BoxBehnken design(BBD)).The adsorption kinetic model can be best categorized as the pseudofirst order(PFO).Whereas,the adsorption isotherm model can be best described by Langmuir model,with maximum adsorption capacity of DFPAC for MB dye was 195.2 mg g 1 at 50℃.The adsorption mechanism of MB by DFPAC surface was attributed to the electrostatic interaction,pp interaction,and Hbonding.Finally,the results support the ability of DFP to be a promising precursor for production of highly porous activated carbon suitable for removal of cationic dyes(e.g.MB).展开更多
Pomegranate peels were studied for the effect of gamma irradiation on microbial decontamination along with its effect on total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity. Gamma irradiation was applied at vario...Pomegranate peels were studied for the effect of gamma irradiation on microbial decontamination along with its effect on total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity. Gamma irradiation was applied at various dose levels (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 25.0 kGy) on pomegranate peel powder. Both the values of total phenolic content and in vitro antioxi- dant activity were positively correlated and showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) for 10.0 kGy irradiated dose level immediately after irradiation and 60 days of post irradiation storage. At 5.0 kGy and above dose level, gamma irradia- tion has reduced microbial count of pomegranate peel powder to nil. Post irradiation storage studies also showed that, the irradiated peel powder was microbiologically safe even after 90 days of storage period.展开更多
Fruit wastes which are perishable pose a big problem to pollution monitoring agencies;however these problems can be reduced by utilizing the high value compounds present in the food waste. Banana peels contain a reaso...Fruit wastes which are perishable pose a big problem to pollution monitoring agencies;however these problems can be reduced by utilizing the high value compounds present in the food waste. Banana peels contain a reasonable number of antioxidant compounds such as gallocatechin and dopamine. This paper investigates the anti-oxidant potential of two different varieties of Banana peels (Dwarf cavandish and Musa omini). The peels were extracted with two different solvents (Methanol and Ethanol) using the soxhlet extractor. The results show that ethanolic extracts have higher phenolics and flavonoid contents (336.83 - 383.83 mgGAE/100g, 242.83 - 252.82 mgRutin/100g) compared to the methanolic extracts of the same banana varieties (299.42 - 344 mgGAE/100g, 240.77 - 241.23 mgRutin/100g). However methanolic extracts exhibit higher DPPH Antioxidants Activity (30.82% - 51.66%) compared to ethanolic extracts (25.44% - 30.27%). This implies that antioxidative compounds other than phenolics and flavonoids were also involved in inhibiting the DPPH Radicals. It was also observed that at any concentration between 0.5 - 2.5 mg, ethanol extracts of both dwarf cavandish and musa omini had higher reducing power than the other two varieties.展开更多
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is one of the most important food plants in West Africa. Its peels are made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. This lignocellulolytic biomass can be converted using microbia...Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is one of the most important food plants in West Africa. Its peels are made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. This lignocellulolytic biomass can be converted using microbial enzymes to fermentable sugars which have wide range of biotechnological relevance in many fermentation processes. The aim of this study is to screen filamentous fungi from decaying cassava peels that are good producers of xylanases and cellulases. Decaying parts of cassava peels were obtained and brought to the laboratory for further work. Fungi were isolated, identified and screened for cellulase and xylanase production. Isolate with highest frequency of occurrence and enzyme production was identified using phenotypic and molecular method. Optimisation of growth conditions for enzymes production was monitored using the DNSA method, also saccharification of cassava peel were carried out using the enzymes obtained from the isolate. Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 was the predominant fungus. It produces cellulases and xylanases optimally at 40°C, pH 6 and 8, utilising carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or xylose and yeast extracts as its carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Saccharification of the peels yielded 584 mg/L glucose, 78 mg/L xylose and 66 mg/L rhamnose. Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 obtained from cassava peels have the ability to produce high concentration cellulases and xylanases which effectively hydrolysed the lignocelluloses’ biomass to fermentable sugars.展开更多
Waste disposal management and the energy crisis are important challenges facing most countries.The fruit-processing industry generates daily several tons of wastes,of which the major share comes from banana farms.Anae...Waste disposal management and the energy crisis are important challenges facing most countries.The fruit-processing industry generates daily several tons of wastes,of which the major share comes from banana farms.Anaerobic digestion(AD)technology has been applied to the treatment of wastewater,animal slurry,food waste,and agricultural residues,with the primary goals of energy production and waste elimination.This study examines the effect of organic loading(OL)and cow manure(CM)addition on AD performance when treating banana peel waste(BPW).The maximum daily biogas production rates of banana peels(BPs)with a CM content of 10%,20%,and 30%at 18 and 22 g of volatile solids(gvs)per liter were 50.20,48.66,and 62.78 mL (gvs.d)^-1 and 40.49,29.57,and 46.54 mL (gvs.d)^-1,respectively.However,the daily biogas yield showed no clear interdependence with OL or CM content.In addition,a kinetic analysis using first-order and cone models showed that the kinetic parameters can be influenced by the process parameters.展开更多
The study was carried out to determine the influence of sweet potato peels and cashew nut shell supplemented with Ocimum gratissium leaves, using growth indices and blood constituents by goats. Eighteen goats with an ...The study was carried out to determine the influence of sweet potato peels and cashew nut shell supplemented with Ocimum gratissium leaves, using growth indices and blood constituents by goats. Eighteen goats with an average weight of 8.11 kg and aged between 8 and 9 months old were allotted to three dietary treatments with six animals per treatment in a complete randomized design. The compared diets which comprised combination of sweet potato peels and cashew nut shell with concentrate respectively were in different ratios which included diet I (30:25:45), diet II (25:30:45) and diet III (20:35:45). Each goat also received 8 grams of Ocimum gratissium leaves as supplement in the diet. The results showed that average feed intake (6.42 kg) and fed conversion ratio (2.15) were highest in diet I and significantly different from other diets. Diet II had the highest significant (P 3/L), lymphocytes (56.01%), monocytes (1.06%), total protein (7.65 g/dl), albumin (3.58 g/dl), globulin (4.07 g/dl) and triglyceride (2.29 mmol/L). White blood cell (7.01 × 103/L), neutrophils (49.82%), cholesterol (42.34 mmol/L), creatnine (1.59 mg/dl) and urea (18.29 mg/dl) were (P < 0.05) best in diet III, whereas initial bodyweight, average daily weight gain, eosinophils and basophils were not significantly different (P < 0.05). It is concluded that diet II has the potential to enhance growth rate and blood constituents of goats.展开更多
Cassava peels are rich in lignocellulolytic materials which are not readily amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis;hence, there is a need for a suitable pretreatment method that will support enzymatic hydrolysis. This study...Cassava peels are rich in lignocellulolytic materials which are not readily amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis;hence, there is a need for a suitable pretreatment method that will support enzymatic hydrolysis. This study was designed to investigate lignocellulolytic organisms that would effectively support the bioconversion of organosolv pretreated cassava peels to fermentable sugars. Decaying cassava peels were collected into sterile bottles and microorganisms isolated, characterized and screened for lignocellulolytic enzymes production. Optimum temperature, pH and nutrient sources for enzyme production were determined. Organosolv pretreatment was carried out using methanol with varied concentration of catalyst (0.01 - 3 M), reaction time (15 - 60 min) and substrate size. Crude enzymes (cellulase and xylanase) from the isolates were added to the pretreated peels and bioconversion was monitored by measuring the concentration of reducing sugar and calculating the percentage peel hydrolysis. The fermentable sugars produced were quantified using gas chromatography. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Aspergillus terreus were isolated. P. fluorescens produces 2.8 u/mL of crude enzymes optimally at 50°C and pH 8 while A. terreus produces 3.4 u/mL optimally at 40°C, pH 6. Both isolates utilizes CarboxyMethylCellulose (CMC) and yeast extract as their best carbon and nitrogen sources. Highest percentage of peel hydrolysis was 67% for P. fluorescens at 0.01 M and 0.05 M for A. terreus (94%). Highest concentration of fermentable sugar was produced by A. terreus crude enzyme (331.79 mg/L glucose, 45.3 mg/L rhamnose and 46.52 mg/L xylose). P. fluorescens and A. terreus effectively supported the bioconversion of organosolv pretreated cassava peels to fermentable sugars.展开更多
Fermentation has been exploited to improve agricultural waste products. Fermentation of Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) peels was carried out by soaking in clean water for 96 hours ...Fermentation has been exploited to improve agricultural waste products. Fermentation of Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) peels was carried out by soaking in clean water for 96 hours at room temperature during which samples were collected daily for microbial, physico-chemical and proximate analysis. Microbial load of both peels ranged from 9.0 × 105 to 8.6 × 106 cfu/ml;1.5 × 106 to 7.4 × 106 sfu/ml and 1.2 × 106 to 2.0 × 106 sfu/ml for bacteria, fungi and yeast respectively. The pH value of both peels decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with corresponding increase in the total titratable acidity (TTA) (P ≤ 0.05) and temperature (P ≥ 0.05) with time during fermentation. The percentage composition of moisture, ash, fat and protein content of both peels increased insignificantly (P ≥ 0.05) with values ranging from 8.91ab ± 0.62 to 12.19b ± 0.51, 3.69a ± 0.41 to 5.77a ± 0.58, 1.86a ± 0.54 to 4.57c ± 0.51 and 4.55a ± 0.45 to 7.74b ± 0.51 respectively, while the crude fiber and carbohydrate composition decreased insignificantly (P ≥ 0.05) with values ranging from 2.16a ± 0.43 to 3.97bc ± 0.64 and 41.83a ± 2.64 to 70.05bc ± 2.55 respectively, until the last day of fermentation as compared with the unfermented peels at 0 hour. However, there was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the proximate composition of both peels. The results obtained from this study revealed that fermentation can bring about desirable changes in the nutrient composition of potato peels.展开更多
The adsorption of Cr (III) ion from aqueous solution using orange peels as adsorbent was investigated using batch equilibrium technique. The research is significant as it’s aimed at investigating the suitability of o...The adsorption of Cr (III) ion from aqueous solution using orange peels as adsorbent was investigated using batch equilibrium technique. The research is significant as it’s aimed at investigating the suitability of orange peel, a waste product as adsorbent for the adsorption of Cr (III) ions from aqueous solution. Orange peel as an adsorbent is resource-saving and has an environmental friendly behavior. Adsorption envelope experiment was conducted using a constant Cr (III) ion concentration of 0.1 M, adsorbent dose of 2.5 g and a temperature of 30°C at varying solution pH of 2, 4, 7, 9 and 12 respectively with pH of 2 having the highest adsorption and therefore it was selected for use in the adsorption isotherm experiment. Adsorption isotherm experiment was conducted at varying temperatures (30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C), concentration (0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.3 M) Cr(NO3)3. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH, ΔHr, ΔA, and ΔS were calculated from the experimental data which showed that the adsorption process is feasible, spontaneous and followed physisorption mechanism 9H2O and adsorbent dosage (1 g, 1.5 g and 2 g) respectively. The experimental results were tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, Linear and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. The experimental data best fitted the Freundlich isotherm model. The experimental results revealed the suitability of orange peel which is a waste product as effective adsorbent for the sorption of chromium (III) ions from aqueous solution.展开更多
Adsorption techniques using meshed groundnut husks and plantain peels have provided cheap alternative to the conventional methods of crude oil spillage control and also for good waste management approach. The biodegra...Adsorption techniques using meshed groundnut husks and plantain peels have provided cheap alternative to the conventional methods of crude oil spillage control and also for good waste management approach. The biodegradable nature of these adsorbents makes it a better alternative to the non biodegradable synthetic polymers. Dry unripe plantain peels and groundnut husks were used to prepare the adsorbents. The adsorption and percentage removal of crude oil from effluent produce water was dependent on adsorbent dosage, contact time,temperature and particle size. The particle size of the adsorbents should not be less than 150 μm to avoid making the particles so loosed thus posing difficulty in recovery. The two adsorbents exhibit high affinity for oil adsorption with time especially at 75 μm, groundnut husk has a better performance because of its larger surface area and the presence of residual oil in the plantain peels. Agitation at 150 r.min-1 and contact time between 15 - 75 min are recommended. The optimum adsorption temperature ranged between 25°C - 45°C and 15°C - 45°C for groundnut husks and plantain peels respectively. The adsorption data indicated that a pseudo-second- order equation could be used to study the adsorption kinetics of both adsorbents.展开更多
Mango peels,which constitute a significant proportion of urban waste,have been modified with phosphoric acid for use as a biosorbent in the removal of methylene blue from wastewater.The characterization of the obtaine...Mango peels,which constitute a significant proportion of urban waste,have been modified with phosphoric acid for use as a biosorbent in the removal of methylene blue from wastewater.The characterization of the obtained biosorbent showed that cellulose is the primary constituent followed by lignin and hemicellulose.The high water content and the low value of ash content indicate that the studied biosorbent is a porous material containing a low proportion of inorganic,inert,amorphous and unusable part for biosorbent production.The zero charge point(pHpzc)assessment showed that the overall surface charge of the biosorbent is negative and therefore plays a key role in the adsorption process.The adsorption of methylene blue by mango peels biosorbent is a two-step process:a rapid first step in which over 90%methylene blue is removed in less than 10 min followed by a slowdown of the adsorption rate when approaching the adsorption equilibrium.Among pseudo-first,pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetics models studies,pseudo-second order was the best applicable to describe methylene blue adsorption,suggesting a two-step mechanism:the transfer of methylene blue molecules from the solution to the mango peels biosorbent surface,followed by the interaction between adsorbates and surface.The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir,Freundlich and Temkin isotherms models.Among them,Langmuir was the best model to describe adsorption,indicating the existence of homogeneous distribution of adsorption sites on mango peels biosorbent surface and a mono-layer adsorption of methylene blue molecules.The low value of Temkin’s constant B relative to the interaction energy between methylene blue molecules and the surface of the biosorbent shows that the adsorption involved is a physisorption process.展开更多
Objective:To study the jelly formulation produced by Musa acuminata Colla(AAA Group) peels and evaluate its antioxidant properties which are related to the product quality.Methods:The formulations of peel jelly were e...Objective:To study the jelly formulation produced by Musa acuminata Colla(AAA Group) peels and evaluate its antioxidant properties which are related to the product quality.Methods:The formulations of peel jelly were established under two-level full factorial designs within two blocks and one center point.Regarding response optimizer,the amount of sugar and citric acid was obtained;hence,the peel jellies were produced.The evaluation of antioxidant properties was conducted by using total phenolic content(TPC)assay and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical assay.Results:The TPC of peel powder varied from 91.8 to 602.26 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry weight,and 5%-7% peel jellies had phenolic content ranging from 29.38 to 48.31 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry weight.The results of DPPH test indicated that at 10 mg/mL,the peel powder showed 89% DPPH inhibition,while 7% peel jelly prominently exhibited 84% DPPH inhibition.The correlation between DPPH IC50 value and TPC of peel powder as well as peel jelly was quite reasonably high with correlation coefficient ranging from 0.843 7 to 0.995.Conclusions:TPC can be used as an indicator in assessing the antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables.The present investigation reveals that TPC is mainly responsible for DPPH free radical scavenging capacity.展开更多
Eight types of spongy sheet were prepared by freeze-drying aqueous solutions of hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) with or without bioactive components including vitamin C derivative (VC), glucosylc...Eight types of spongy sheet were prepared by freeze-drying aqueous solutions of hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) with or without bioactive components including vitamin C derivative (VC), glucosylceramide (GC), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Spongy sheets were categorized into the following groups: Group I (HA/PGA), Group II (HA/PGA + VC), Group III (HA/PGA + GC), Group IV (HA/PGA + VC, GC), Group V (HA/PGA + EGF), Group VI (HA/PGA + VC, EGF), Group VII (HA/PGA + GC, EGF), and Group VIII (HA/PGA + VC, GC, EGF). In the first experiment, we examined fibroblast proliferation in conditioned medium that had been prepared by immersing each spongy sheet in a conventional culture medium. EGF-incorporating spongy sheets (Groups V-VIII) enhanced fibroblast proliferation more than EGF-free spongy sheets (Groups I-IV). In the second experiment, cytokine production by fibroblasts was evaluated using a wound surface model. This involved elevation of fibroblasts-incorporating collagen gel sheets to the air-liquid interface, on which a spongy sheet (Groups I, IV, V and VIII) was placed and cultured for 1 week. EGF-incorporating spongy sheets (Groups V and VIII) enhanced the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by fibroblasts more than EGF-free spongy sheets (Groups I and IV). The effect of these four types of spongy sheet on wounds was investigated in animal experiments. Chemical peel was performed by contacting 50% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) on the dorsal region of mice, after which a spongy sheet was placed, and the wound condition was then observed in a two-week period. Angiogenesis was facilitated to a greater degree in Group VIII compared with Groups I, IV and V. This finding indicates that Group VIII spongy sheet is a promising aid for skin recovery after chemical peel.展开更多
The flavonoid content in orange peels of different Brazilian citrus varieties such as bahia, lima, lima-of-persian, morcote, pera, ponkan, seleta, cravo, kinkan and pomelo was assessed. Industry processing juice waste...The flavonoid content in orange peels of different Brazilian citrus varieties such as bahia, lima, lima-of-persian, morcote, pera, ponkan, seleta, cravo, kinkan and pomelo was assessed. Industry processing juice wastes such as bagasse, bagasse residues, animal feeding bagasse, pulp WEUE and CORE-wash were also analyzed. The HPLC analysis indicates that the most abundant flavonoids found in these Brazilian citrus peels are hesperidin and naringin. The solvents used are selective for flavonoid extraction, and depending on their polarity, glycoside or aglycone flavonoids are extracted. The use of multivariate analysis shows that DMSO is the best solvent to extract glycosides flavanones while hexane displays high selectivity in the extraction of polymethoxylated flavones. The flavonoids present in the orange wastes, obtained at different stages of the industrial processing, are qualitative and quantitatively different. The identification and quantification of the flavonoid composition in each Brazilian citrus variety were evaluated and allowed the selection of the best solvent for the extraction of each specific class of flavonoids. These compounds were found to be more abundant in the fruit peels than in their juices, revealing their great industrial potential. The residual portion of the processing juices is also rich in flavonoids, depending on the processing step.展开更多
In the present study,composites of Polyaniline and some fruit peels were synthesized in various conditions and used for lead removal from aqueous solutions.Adsorption tests were conducted in batch mode using the most ...In the present study,composites of Polyaniline and some fruit peels were synthesized in various conditions and used for lead removal from aqueous solutions.Adsorption tests were conducted in batch mode using the most efficient adsorbent,and the effects of medium pH,initial lead concentration,contact time,adsorbent dosage,and adsorption isotherms were investigated.The results showed that all composites were more efficient in lead removal compared to the fruit peels alone.The highest removal percentage was related to the composite of banana peel and Polyaniline that synthesized in the aqueous solution in the presence of 2 g·L^(-1) Poly ethylene glycol.This composite showed 95.96%lead adsorption at pH=6,the contact time of 90 min,the initial lead concentration of 25 mg·L^(-1),and an adsorbent concentration of 8 g·L^(-1).Adsorption isotherm study showed that adsorption of lead by synthesized composite could be fitted by both Langmuir and Freundlich models,but the Langmuir model was more fitted than Freundlich.Besides,some characteristics of the composites,such as chemical composition(XRD analysis),structure,and morphology(SEM analysis)and functional groups(FTIR analysis),were studied.展开更多
Heavy metal polluted water threatens the integrity of ecosystem.The use of agricultural waste as adsorbent becomes popular due to its biodegradability and availability.However,limited research works has been done to p...Heavy metal polluted water threatens the integrity of ecosystem.The use of agricultural waste as adsorbent becomes popular due to its biodegradability and availability.However,limited research works has been done to process agricultural waste for heavy metal adsorption purpose.The objective of this study is to propose a new approach to treat banana peel using ZnCl_(2) prior to alkali and acid treatment and explore the potential of dragon fruit peels as the adsorbent for Cu^(2+)adsorption.Seven adsorption isotherm was adopted to identify the adsorption mechanism and four statistical parameters were calculated for model verification purpose.The experiment was conducted by dispersing ZnCl_(2) treated and untreated adsorbents into Cu^(2+) solution.Results showed that ZnCl_(2) treated adsorbents performed better in terms of Cu^(2+) removal compared with untreated adsorbents due to higher surface area for Cu^(2+) adsorption.The treated banana peel(Act.-B)performed approximately 30%better than the treated dragon fruit peel(Act.-D)due to the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of Act.-B was 1872.8 mg Cu^(2+)/g and the experimental data fitted Freundlich isotherm well with R^(2)=0.9978,0.0161 of residual sum of error(SSE),0.0068 of χ^(2),and 0.0567 of root mean square error(RMSE)values.This suggests non⁃linear adsorption and multilayer adsorption on heterogenous surfaces.Thus,it is recommended to further improve the surface properties of Act.-B by steam pyrolysis and surface modification.展开更多
The feasibility of nutrient uptake by Chlorella vulgaris using a cheap carbon source such as plantain peel extract was studied and its biomass utilized for bioethanol production. Unripe plantain peels were obtained, p...The feasibility of nutrient uptake by Chlorella vulgaris using a cheap carbon source such as plantain peel extract was studied and its biomass utilized for bioethanol production. Unripe plantain peels were obtained, processed, infused for 48 hrs, extracted and cultivated with the Chlorella species for a period of fourteen days. The microalgal carbohydrate content was hydrolyzed with acid and enzyme while the hydrolysate fermented with 10% concentration of Saccharomyces sp. and Aspergillus sp. at 30°C and pH 4.5 using Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) and Separate Hydrolysis and Co-culture Fermentation (SHCF) methods. Results show that maximum cell growth of 1.56 (OD) and biomass concentration of 19 g/l were obtained with 48 hrs infusion. The result indicated that C. vulgaris utilized PPE medium as a sole carbon substrate and stimulated the secretion of biomass. The highest reducing sugar of 0.63 mg/ml was obtained after hydrolysis of the biomass, while the ethanol production yield of 0.33 g/l was obtained after fermentation. The ethanol production yield increased with the increase in fermentation time, while the reducing sugar was reduced after five days of fermentation. The highest ethanol percentage of 10.82% v/v was obtained from the distillate. This study showed that plantain peel can be utilized by C. vulgaris which provides a feasible route of reducing production cost of bioethanol from a cheap carbon substrate for biomass and bioenergy production.展开更多
文摘The production and consumption of avocado pears generates tons of wastes, mainly the pear peels which are usually discarded, although they have been reported to contain important phyto-chemicals with biological activities. The adverse health effect associated with the consumption of saturated lipid based foods has ignited research on reformulation of lipid based foods to eliminate Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs). This study was thus aimed at the extraction and characterization of oil from Avocado Peels (APO) and evaluation of the quality of margarine produced from it. Five verities of pear were used for oil extraction by soxhlet method and physiochemical, oxidative, functional and antioxidant characterization was done. Margarines were formulated using a central composite design using oil blends of APO and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with an oil ratio of 10:90, 40:60, 70:30 respectively, varied blending speed, blending time, and chitosan concentration. Samples were characterized and the effect of process parameters on the physiochemical and functional properties of the margarine studied. Optimized conditions were used to produce samples for sensory evaluation. Color, spreadability, aroma, taste and general acceptability was evaluated using ranking difference test. The results showed that the yield, density, and iodine values of APOs oils ranged from 14.91 ± 0.18 to 11.76 ± 0.46;0.93 ± 0.001 to 0.99 ± 0.1;46.63 ± 1.70 to 52.4 ± 0.63, their acid values, TBA and PV values ranged from 1.42 ± 0.39 to 1.97 ± 0.5;0.11 ± 0.002 to 0.18 ± 0.04;and 2.72 ± 0.14 to 4.43 ± 0.36 respectively, with Brogdon avocado peel variety having the overall best properties prepared blends of trans-free APO margarines showed that increase in APO ratio decreased melting point, increased oxidative stability and reduced moisture content of margarine samples. Chitosan addition leads to decrease moisture content and increase functional properties. VCO lead to increase in phenolic and flavonoid content of the margarines. Samples were spreadable and palatable with R20 being most palatable and the most accepted being R26 with a mean score of 7.07 ± 0.70. Decrease in color intensity increased acceptability. This study therefore demonstrated that avocado peel waste biomass can be valorized by using it as raw material for oil extraction, which can serve as good material for the production of trans-free margarines with good oxidative stability, functional and antioxidant properties.
文摘Only 42% of Uganda’s population has access to electricity. The population continues to use firewood and charcoal as a source of energy, which leads to depletion of forests thus to climate change. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of biogas production from jackfruit waste, banana peels, and pineapple peels when co-digested with cow dung as an alternative energy source. Substrates for each waste were co-digested with varying proportions (0%, 25%, and 50%) of cow dung using laboratory-scale 250 mL anaerobic digestors. The total biogas generation for jackfruit waste, banana peels, and pineapple peels after 30 days of anaerobic digestion was 82.3, 189, and 262 mL, respectively. When jack fruit waste, pineapple peels and banana peels were co-digested with 25% cow dung, the total amount of biogas produced increased by a factor of two and three, respectively. However, 50% of cow dung only significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved for jack fruit waste by two folds. Therefore, the results indicated that jackfruit waste, banana and pineapple peels can be used for biogas production to augment energy supply. .
文摘Cancer is one of the two leading human fatal diseases.Drug development for cancer intervention has progressed well in past decades yet existing drugs face many limitations in applications and effectiveness and are often associated with serious of side effects,which can further deteriorate the patients’quality of life.Recent development of natural product based and therapeutically sound anti-cancer agents have gained popularity in the field of functional foods,in which a few have demonstrated efficacy and minimal toxicity toward the prevention and treatment of carcinogenesis.With multiple active molecular components,citrus peels and derived extracts have demonstrated potent efficacious properties against various cancers due in large part to the rich content of flavonoids present in citrus peels.This review summarizes the results of currently available data regarding the in vivo anti-cancer activity of citrus peel flavonoids,and identifies opportunities for subsequent human clinical trials to assess preventive and therapeutic effects in the near future.
基金the Universiti Teknologi MARA,Institute of Research Management and Innovation(Institut Pengu-rusan Penyelidikan&Inovasi)for funding this project underLES-TARI grant(600-IRMI 5/3/LESTARI(037/2019)).The authors Zeid A.ALOthman and Mohammad Rizwan Khan are thankful to the Researchers Supporting Project(RSP-2020/138),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘In this study,an alternative precursor for production of activated carbon was introduced using dragon fruit(Hylocereus costaricensis)peel(DFP).Moreover,KOH was used as a chemical activator in the thermal carbonization process to convert DFP into activated carbon(DFPAC).In order to accomplish this research,several approaches were employed to examine the elemental composition,surface properties,amorphous and crystalline nature,essential active group,and surface morphology of the DFPAC.The BrunauerEmmettTeller test demonstrated a mesoporous structure of the DFPAC has a high surface area of 756.3 m2g 1.The cationic dye Methylene Blue(MB)was used as a probe to assess the efficiency of DFPAC towards the removal of MB dye from aqueous solution.The effects of adsorption input factors(e.g.DFPAC dose(A:0.040.12 g L 1),pH(B:310),and temperature(C:3050℃))were investigated and optimized using statistical analysis(i.e.BoxBehnken design(BBD)).The adsorption kinetic model can be best categorized as the pseudofirst order(PFO).Whereas,the adsorption isotherm model can be best described by Langmuir model,with maximum adsorption capacity of DFPAC for MB dye was 195.2 mg g 1 at 50℃.The adsorption mechanism of MB by DFPAC surface was attributed to the electrostatic interaction,pp interaction,and Hbonding.Finally,the results support the ability of DFP to be a promising precursor for production of highly porous activated carbon suitable for removal of cationic dyes(e.g.MB).
文摘Pomegranate peels were studied for the effect of gamma irradiation on microbial decontamination along with its effect on total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity. Gamma irradiation was applied at various dose levels (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 25.0 kGy) on pomegranate peel powder. Both the values of total phenolic content and in vitro antioxi- dant activity were positively correlated and showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) for 10.0 kGy irradiated dose level immediately after irradiation and 60 days of post irradiation storage. At 5.0 kGy and above dose level, gamma irradia- tion has reduced microbial count of pomegranate peel powder to nil. Post irradiation storage studies also showed that, the irradiated peel powder was microbiologically safe even after 90 days of storage period.
文摘Fruit wastes which are perishable pose a big problem to pollution monitoring agencies;however these problems can be reduced by utilizing the high value compounds present in the food waste. Banana peels contain a reasonable number of antioxidant compounds such as gallocatechin and dopamine. This paper investigates the anti-oxidant potential of two different varieties of Banana peels (Dwarf cavandish and Musa omini). The peels were extracted with two different solvents (Methanol and Ethanol) using the soxhlet extractor. The results show that ethanolic extracts have higher phenolics and flavonoid contents (336.83 - 383.83 mgGAE/100g, 242.83 - 252.82 mgRutin/100g) compared to the methanolic extracts of the same banana varieties (299.42 - 344 mgGAE/100g, 240.77 - 241.23 mgRutin/100g). However methanolic extracts exhibit higher DPPH Antioxidants Activity (30.82% - 51.66%) compared to ethanolic extracts (25.44% - 30.27%). This implies that antioxidative compounds other than phenolics and flavonoids were also involved in inhibiting the DPPH Radicals. It was also observed that at any concentration between 0.5 - 2.5 mg, ethanol extracts of both dwarf cavandish and musa omini had higher reducing power than the other two varieties.
文摘Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is one of the most important food plants in West Africa. Its peels are made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. This lignocellulolytic biomass can be converted using microbial enzymes to fermentable sugars which have wide range of biotechnological relevance in many fermentation processes. The aim of this study is to screen filamentous fungi from decaying cassava peels that are good producers of xylanases and cellulases. Decaying parts of cassava peels were obtained and brought to the laboratory for further work. Fungi were isolated, identified and screened for cellulase and xylanase production. Isolate with highest frequency of occurrence and enzyme production was identified using phenotypic and molecular method. Optimisation of growth conditions for enzymes production was monitored using the DNSA method, also saccharification of cassava peel were carried out using the enzymes obtained from the isolate. Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 was the predominant fungus. It produces cellulases and xylanases optimally at 40°C, pH 6 and 8, utilising carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or xylose and yeast extracts as its carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Saccharification of the peels yielded 584 mg/L glucose, 78 mg/L xylose and 66 mg/L rhamnose. Aspergillus terreus KJ829487 obtained from cassava peels have the ability to produce high concentration cellulases and xylanases which effectively hydrolysed the lignocelluloses’ biomass to fermentable sugars.
文摘Waste disposal management and the energy crisis are important challenges facing most countries.The fruit-processing industry generates daily several tons of wastes,of which the major share comes from banana farms.Anaerobic digestion(AD)technology has been applied to the treatment of wastewater,animal slurry,food waste,and agricultural residues,with the primary goals of energy production and waste elimination.This study examines the effect of organic loading(OL)and cow manure(CM)addition on AD performance when treating banana peel waste(BPW).The maximum daily biogas production rates of banana peels(BPs)with a CM content of 10%,20%,and 30%at 18 and 22 g of volatile solids(gvs)per liter were 50.20,48.66,and 62.78 mL (gvs.d)^-1 and 40.49,29.57,and 46.54 mL (gvs.d)^-1,respectively.However,the daily biogas yield showed no clear interdependence with OL or CM content.In addition,a kinetic analysis using first-order and cone models showed that the kinetic parameters can be influenced by the process parameters.
文摘The study was carried out to determine the influence of sweet potato peels and cashew nut shell supplemented with Ocimum gratissium leaves, using growth indices and blood constituents by goats. Eighteen goats with an average weight of 8.11 kg and aged between 8 and 9 months old were allotted to three dietary treatments with six animals per treatment in a complete randomized design. The compared diets which comprised combination of sweet potato peels and cashew nut shell with concentrate respectively were in different ratios which included diet I (30:25:45), diet II (25:30:45) and diet III (20:35:45). Each goat also received 8 grams of Ocimum gratissium leaves as supplement in the diet. The results showed that average feed intake (6.42 kg) and fed conversion ratio (2.15) were highest in diet I and significantly different from other diets. Diet II had the highest significant (P 3/L), lymphocytes (56.01%), monocytes (1.06%), total protein (7.65 g/dl), albumin (3.58 g/dl), globulin (4.07 g/dl) and triglyceride (2.29 mmol/L). White blood cell (7.01 × 103/L), neutrophils (49.82%), cholesterol (42.34 mmol/L), creatnine (1.59 mg/dl) and urea (18.29 mg/dl) were (P < 0.05) best in diet III, whereas initial bodyweight, average daily weight gain, eosinophils and basophils were not significantly different (P < 0.05). It is concluded that diet II has the potential to enhance growth rate and blood constituents of goats.
文摘Cassava peels are rich in lignocellulolytic materials which are not readily amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis;hence, there is a need for a suitable pretreatment method that will support enzymatic hydrolysis. This study was designed to investigate lignocellulolytic organisms that would effectively support the bioconversion of organosolv pretreated cassava peels to fermentable sugars. Decaying cassava peels were collected into sterile bottles and microorganisms isolated, characterized and screened for lignocellulolytic enzymes production. Optimum temperature, pH and nutrient sources for enzyme production were determined. Organosolv pretreatment was carried out using methanol with varied concentration of catalyst (0.01 - 3 M), reaction time (15 - 60 min) and substrate size. Crude enzymes (cellulase and xylanase) from the isolates were added to the pretreated peels and bioconversion was monitored by measuring the concentration of reducing sugar and calculating the percentage peel hydrolysis. The fermentable sugars produced were quantified using gas chromatography. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Aspergillus terreus were isolated. P. fluorescens produces 2.8 u/mL of crude enzymes optimally at 50°C and pH 8 while A. terreus produces 3.4 u/mL optimally at 40°C, pH 6. Both isolates utilizes CarboxyMethylCellulose (CMC) and yeast extract as their best carbon and nitrogen sources. Highest percentage of peel hydrolysis was 67% for P. fluorescens at 0.01 M and 0.05 M for A. terreus (94%). Highest concentration of fermentable sugar was produced by A. terreus crude enzyme (331.79 mg/L glucose, 45.3 mg/L rhamnose and 46.52 mg/L xylose). P. fluorescens and A. terreus effectively supported the bioconversion of organosolv pretreated cassava peels to fermentable sugars.
文摘Fermentation has been exploited to improve agricultural waste products. Fermentation of Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) peels was carried out by soaking in clean water for 96 hours at room temperature during which samples were collected daily for microbial, physico-chemical and proximate analysis. Microbial load of both peels ranged from 9.0 × 105 to 8.6 × 106 cfu/ml;1.5 × 106 to 7.4 × 106 sfu/ml and 1.2 × 106 to 2.0 × 106 sfu/ml for bacteria, fungi and yeast respectively. The pH value of both peels decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with corresponding increase in the total titratable acidity (TTA) (P ≤ 0.05) and temperature (P ≥ 0.05) with time during fermentation. The percentage composition of moisture, ash, fat and protein content of both peels increased insignificantly (P ≥ 0.05) with values ranging from 8.91ab ± 0.62 to 12.19b ± 0.51, 3.69a ± 0.41 to 5.77a ± 0.58, 1.86a ± 0.54 to 4.57c ± 0.51 and 4.55a ± 0.45 to 7.74b ± 0.51 respectively, while the crude fiber and carbohydrate composition decreased insignificantly (P ≥ 0.05) with values ranging from 2.16a ± 0.43 to 3.97bc ± 0.64 and 41.83a ± 2.64 to 70.05bc ± 2.55 respectively, until the last day of fermentation as compared with the unfermented peels at 0 hour. However, there was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the proximate composition of both peels. The results obtained from this study revealed that fermentation can bring about desirable changes in the nutrient composition of potato peels.
文摘The adsorption of Cr (III) ion from aqueous solution using orange peels as adsorbent was investigated using batch equilibrium technique. The research is significant as it’s aimed at investigating the suitability of orange peel, a waste product as adsorbent for the adsorption of Cr (III) ions from aqueous solution. Orange peel as an adsorbent is resource-saving and has an environmental friendly behavior. Adsorption envelope experiment was conducted using a constant Cr (III) ion concentration of 0.1 M, adsorbent dose of 2.5 g and a temperature of 30°C at varying solution pH of 2, 4, 7, 9 and 12 respectively with pH of 2 having the highest adsorption and therefore it was selected for use in the adsorption isotherm experiment. Adsorption isotherm experiment was conducted at varying temperatures (30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C), concentration (0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.3 M) Cr(NO3)3. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH, ΔHr, ΔA, and ΔS were calculated from the experimental data which showed that the adsorption process is feasible, spontaneous and followed physisorption mechanism 9H2O and adsorbent dosage (1 g, 1.5 g and 2 g) respectively. The experimental results were tested using Langmuir, Freundlich, Linear and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. The experimental data best fitted the Freundlich isotherm model. The experimental results revealed the suitability of orange peel which is a waste product as effective adsorbent for the sorption of chromium (III) ions from aqueous solution.
文摘Adsorption techniques using meshed groundnut husks and plantain peels have provided cheap alternative to the conventional methods of crude oil spillage control and also for good waste management approach. The biodegradable nature of these adsorbents makes it a better alternative to the non biodegradable synthetic polymers. Dry unripe plantain peels and groundnut husks were used to prepare the adsorbents. The adsorption and percentage removal of crude oil from effluent produce water was dependent on adsorbent dosage, contact time,temperature and particle size. The particle size of the adsorbents should not be less than 150 μm to avoid making the particles so loosed thus posing difficulty in recovery. The two adsorbents exhibit high affinity for oil adsorption with time especially at 75 μm, groundnut husk has a better performance because of its larger surface area and the presence of residual oil in the plantain peels. Agitation at 150 r.min-1 and contact time between 15 - 75 min are recommended. The optimum adsorption temperature ranged between 25°C - 45°C and 15°C - 45°C for groundnut husks and plantain peels respectively. The adsorption data indicated that a pseudo-second- order equation could be used to study the adsorption kinetics of both adsorbents.
文摘Mango peels,which constitute a significant proportion of urban waste,have been modified with phosphoric acid for use as a biosorbent in the removal of methylene blue from wastewater.The characterization of the obtained biosorbent showed that cellulose is the primary constituent followed by lignin and hemicellulose.The high water content and the low value of ash content indicate that the studied biosorbent is a porous material containing a low proportion of inorganic,inert,amorphous and unusable part for biosorbent production.The zero charge point(pHpzc)assessment showed that the overall surface charge of the biosorbent is negative and therefore plays a key role in the adsorption process.The adsorption of methylene blue by mango peels biosorbent is a two-step process:a rapid first step in which over 90%methylene blue is removed in less than 10 min followed by a slowdown of the adsorption rate when approaching the adsorption equilibrium.Among pseudo-first,pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetics models studies,pseudo-second order was the best applicable to describe methylene blue adsorption,suggesting a two-step mechanism:the transfer of methylene blue molecules from the solution to the mango peels biosorbent surface,followed by the interaction between adsorbates and surface.The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir,Freundlich and Temkin isotherms models.Among them,Langmuir was the best model to describe adsorption,indicating the existence of homogeneous distribution of adsorption sites on mango peels biosorbent surface and a mono-layer adsorption of methylene blue molecules.The low value of Temkin’s constant B relative to the interaction energy between methylene blue molecules and the surface of the biosorbent shows that the adsorption involved is a physisorption process.
基金Supported by the Research University Grant Scheme of Tier 1 provided by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(Grant No.PY/2014/03649)
文摘Objective:To study the jelly formulation produced by Musa acuminata Colla(AAA Group) peels and evaluate its antioxidant properties which are related to the product quality.Methods:The formulations of peel jelly were established under two-level full factorial designs within two blocks and one center point.Regarding response optimizer,the amount of sugar and citric acid was obtained;hence,the peel jellies were produced.The evaluation of antioxidant properties was conducted by using total phenolic content(TPC)assay and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical assay.Results:The TPC of peel powder varied from 91.8 to 602.26 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry weight,and 5%-7% peel jellies had phenolic content ranging from 29.38 to 48.31 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry weight.The results of DPPH test indicated that at 10 mg/mL,the peel powder showed 89% DPPH inhibition,while 7% peel jelly prominently exhibited 84% DPPH inhibition.The correlation between DPPH IC50 value and TPC of peel powder as well as peel jelly was quite reasonably high with correlation coefficient ranging from 0.843 7 to 0.995.Conclusions:TPC can be used as an indicator in assessing the antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables.The present investigation reveals that TPC is mainly responsible for DPPH free radical scavenging capacity.
文摘Eight types of spongy sheet were prepared by freeze-drying aqueous solutions of hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) with or without bioactive components including vitamin C derivative (VC), glucosylceramide (GC), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Spongy sheets were categorized into the following groups: Group I (HA/PGA), Group II (HA/PGA + VC), Group III (HA/PGA + GC), Group IV (HA/PGA + VC, GC), Group V (HA/PGA + EGF), Group VI (HA/PGA + VC, EGF), Group VII (HA/PGA + GC, EGF), and Group VIII (HA/PGA + VC, GC, EGF). In the first experiment, we examined fibroblast proliferation in conditioned medium that had been prepared by immersing each spongy sheet in a conventional culture medium. EGF-incorporating spongy sheets (Groups V-VIII) enhanced fibroblast proliferation more than EGF-free spongy sheets (Groups I-IV). In the second experiment, cytokine production by fibroblasts was evaluated using a wound surface model. This involved elevation of fibroblasts-incorporating collagen gel sheets to the air-liquid interface, on which a spongy sheet (Groups I, IV, V and VIII) was placed and cultured for 1 week. EGF-incorporating spongy sheets (Groups V and VIII) enhanced the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by fibroblasts more than EGF-free spongy sheets (Groups I and IV). The effect of these four types of spongy sheet on wounds was investigated in animal experiments. Chemical peel was performed by contacting 50% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) on the dorsal region of mice, after which a spongy sheet was placed, and the wound condition was then observed in a two-week period. Angiogenesis was facilitated to a greater degree in Group VIII compared with Groups I, IV and V. This finding indicates that Group VIII spongy sheet is a promising aid for skin recovery after chemical peel.
文摘The flavonoid content in orange peels of different Brazilian citrus varieties such as bahia, lima, lima-of-persian, morcote, pera, ponkan, seleta, cravo, kinkan and pomelo was assessed. Industry processing juice wastes such as bagasse, bagasse residues, animal feeding bagasse, pulp WEUE and CORE-wash were also analyzed. The HPLC analysis indicates that the most abundant flavonoids found in these Brazilian citrus peels are hesperidin and naringin. The solvents used are selective for flavonoid extraction, and depending on their polarity, glycoside or aglycone flavonoids are extracted. The use of multivariate analysis shows that DMSO is the best solvent to extract glycosides flavanones while hexane displays high selectivity in the extraction of polymethoxylated flavones. The flavonoids present in the orange wastes, obtained at different stages of the industrial processing, are qualitative and quantitatively different. The identification and quantification of the flavonoid composition in each Brazilian citrus variety were evaluated and allowed the selection of the best solvent for the extraction of each specific class of flavonoids. These compounds were found to be more abundant in the fruit peels than in their juices, revealing their great industrial potential. The residual portion of the processing juices is also rich in flavonoids, depending on the processing step.
文摘In the present study,composites of Polyaniline and some fruit peels were synthesized in various conditions and used for lead removal from aqueous solutions.Adsorption tests were conducted in batch mode using the most efficient adsorbent,and the effects of medium pH,initial lead concentration,contact time,adsorbent dosage,and adsorption isotherms were investigated.The results showed that all composites were more efficient in lead removal compared to the fruit peels alone.The highest removal percentage was related to the composite of banana peel and Polyaniline that synthesized in the aqueous solution in the presence of 2 g·L^(-1) Poly ethylene glycol.This composite showed 95.96%lead adsorption at pH=6,the contact time of 90 min,the initial lead concentration of 25 mg·L^(-1),and an adsorbent concentration of 8 g·L^(-1).Adsorption isotherm study showed that adsorption of lead by synthesized composite could be fitted by both Langmuir and Freundlich models,but the Langmuir model was more fitted than Freundlich.Besides,some characteristics of the composites,such as chemical composition(XRD analysis),structure,and morphology(SEM analysis)and functional groups(FTIR analysis),were studied.
文摘Heavy metal polluted water threatens the integrity of ecosystem.The use of agricultural waste as adsorbent becomes popular due to its biodegradability and availability.However,limited research works has been done to process agricultural waste for heavy metal adsorption purpose.The objective of this study is to propose a new approach to treat banana peel using ZnCl_(2) prior to alkali and acid treatment and explore the potential of dragon fruit peels as the adsorbent for Cu^(2+)adsorption.Seven adsorption isotherm was adopted to identify the adsorption mechanism and four statistical parameters were calculated for model verification purpose.The experiment was conducted by dispersing ZnCl_(2) treated and untreated adsorbents into Cu^(2+) solution.Results showed that ZnCl_(2) treated adsorbents performed better in terms of Cu^(2+) removal compared with untreated adsorbents due to higher surface area for Cu^(2+) adsorption.The treated banana peel(Act.-B)performed approximately 30%better than the treated dragon fruit peel(Act.-D)due to the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of Act.-B was 1872.8 mg Cu^(2+)/g and the experimental data fitted Freundlich isotherm well with R^(2)=0.9978,0.0161 of residual sum of error(SSE),0.0068 of χ^(2),and 0.0567 of root mean square error(RMSE)values.This suggests non⁃linear adsorption and multilayer adsorption on heterogenous surfaces.Thus,it is recommended to further improve the surface properties of Act.-B by steam pyrolysis and surface modification.
文摘The feasibility of nutrient uptake by Chlorella vulgaris using a cheap carbon source such as plantain peel extract was studied and its biomass utilized for bioethanol production. Unripe plantain peels were obtained, processed, infused for 48 hrs, extracted and cultivated with the Chlorella species for a period of fourteen days. The microalgal carbohydrate content was hydrolyzed with acid and enzyme while the hydrolysate fermented with 10% concentration of Saccharomyces sp. and Aspergillus sp. at 30°C and pH 4.5 using Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) and Separate Hydrolysis and Co-culture Fermentation (SHCF) methods. Results show that maximum cell growth of 1.56 (OD) and biomass concentration of 19 g/l were obtained with 48 hrs infusion. The result indicated that C. vulgaris utilized PPE medium as a sole carbon substrate and stimulated the secretion of biomass. The highest reducing sugar of 0.63 mg/ml was obtained after hydrolysis of the biomass, while the ethanol production yield of 0.33 g/l was obtained after fermentation. The ethanol production yield increased with the increase in fermentation time, while the reducing sugar was reduced after five days of fermentation. The highest ethanol percentage of 10.82% v/v was obtained from the distillate. This study showed that plantain peel can be utilized by C. vulgaris which provides a feasible route of reducing production cost of bioethanol from a cheap carbon substrate for biomass and bioenergy production.
