The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly use...The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.展开更多
The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of ...The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined.Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides.The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame.The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides,and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50%at 14 days after application.The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period.The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei.The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments.Compared with chemical insecticides,the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments.Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides.This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China,and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.展开更多
Tending management and pest control directly affect forest construction.Not only sustainable growth of timber but also continuous and permanent use of green mountains and water can be achieved by providing tending man...Tending management and pest control directly affect forest construction.Not only sustainable growth of timber but also continuous and permanent use of green mountains and water can be achieved by providing tending management measures for sustainable operations and implementing effective pest control measures.According to the demand of production practice,this paper studies the tending management and pest control measures of Pinus koraiensis forest during its growth period,so as to provide important scientific support for improving the quality of P.koraiensis forest in the future.展开更多
Plant-mediated RNA interference(RNAi)has emerged as a promising technology for insect control.The green peach aphid,Myzus persicae,feeds on over 400 species of host plants.Brassica napus(rape)is the second most import...Plant-mediated RNA interference(RNAi)has emerged as a promising technology for insect control.The green peach aphid,Myzus persicae,feeds on over 400 species of host plants.Brassica napus(rape)is the second most important oilseed crop worldwide.Myzus persicae is highly reproductive and causes severe damage to the rape plants due to its quite flexible life cycle.In this study,we tested the RNAi effects of transgenic rape plants on M.persicae.By in vitro feeding M.persicae with artificial diets containing double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs)targeting seven aphid genes,we identified a new gene encoding the partitioning-defective protein 6(Par6)as the most potent RNAi target.Tissue-and stage-expression analysis of Par6 suggested this gene is highly expressed in the embryo and adult stage of M.persicae.We next generated transgenic rape plants expressing ds Par6 by Agrobacteriummediated transformation and obtained nine independent transgenic lines.Compared to wild-type control plants,transgenic rape lines expressing ds Par6 showed strong resistance to M.persicae.Feeding assays revealed that feeding transgenic rape plants to M.persicae significantly decreased MpPar6 expression and survival rate and impaired fecundity.Furthermore,we showed that the resistance levels to M.persicae are positively correlated with ds Par6 expression levels in transgenic rape plants.Our study demonstrates that transgenic rape plants expressing ds Par6 are efficiently protected from M.persicae.Interfering with the genes involved in embryo development could be the effective RNAi targets for controlling aphids and potentially other insect pests.展开更多
Soil flame disinfestation(SFD) is a form of physical disinfestation that can be used both in greenhouses and on field crops. Its use for soil disinfestation in different crop growing conditions makes it increasingly a...Soil flame disinfestation(SFD) is a form of physical disinfestation that can be used both in greenhouses and on field crops. Its use for soil disinfestation in different crop growing conditions makes it increasingly attractive for controlling soilborne pathogens and weeds. But little is known about the effect on weeds and soilbrone diseases. This study reports on greenhouses and field crops in China that determined the efficacy of SFD to control weeds, nematodes and fungi. It also determined the impact of SFD on the soil physical and chemical properties(water content, bulk density, NO3^–-N content, NH4^+-N content, conductivity and organic matter) in three field trials. A second generation SFD machine was used in these trials. SFD treatment significantly reduced weeds(>87.8%) and root-knot nematodes(Meloidogyne incognita)(>98.1%). Plant height and crop yield was significantly increased with SFD treatment. NO3^–-N and NH4^+-N increased after the SFD treatment, and there was also an increase in soil conductivity. Water content, bulk density and organic matter decreased significantly in the soil after the SFD treatment compared to the control. Soil flame disinfestation is a potential technique for controlling weeds and diseases in greenhouses or in fields. SFD is a non-chemical, safe, environmentally-friendly soil disinfection method.展开更多
Colorado potato beetle(CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineata,is a notorious destructive pest that mainly feeds on the leaves of potato and several other solanaceous plants.CPB is widely recognized for its adaptation to a rem...Colorado potato beetle(CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineata,is a notorious destructive pest that mainly feeds on the leaves of potato and several other solanaceous plants.CPB is widely recognized for its adaptation to a remarkable variety of host plants and diverse climates,and its high resistance to insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis toxins.RNA interference(RNAi)is a sequence-specific,endogenous gene silencing mechanism evoked by small RNA molecules that is used as a robust tool for virus and pest control.RNAi has been extensively tested for CPB management by employing various target genes and delivery methods.This article reviews the screening of RNAi target genes,efficient RNAi delivery systems,and factors affecting RNAi efficiency in CPB,which may help understand the mechanisms of RNAi and its application in CPB control strategy.展开更多
Cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera) is an important agricultural pest that causes severe yield loss to crops,particularly to cotton.Transgenic Bt crops have been successful in
To sustain agricultural production,pesticides are highly recommanded.In sub-Saharan Africa,two regulatory bodies are in charge of pesticide registration,for more than 10 years of duty,the impact of their activity has ...To sustain agricultural production,pesticides are highly recommanded.In sub-Saharan Africa,two regulatory bodies are in charge of pesticide registration,for more than 10 years of duty,the impact of their activity has not yet best carried out.The present investigation aimed to evaluate the evolution in the quality of pesticides in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa.Registration of pesticides began in Cameroon in 1996.There,less than 5%of pesticides used in 2004 were registered and more than 80%of producers were not aware of this legal process.In 2014,85%of pesticides used are registered.In sub-Saharan Africa,Highly Hazardous Pesticides(HHPs)registered are rondenticides,insecticides and nematocides.They are frequently used for the protection of stored products.Ilicit Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)(heptachlore,chlorobenzene)and HHP(alluminium phosphide,terbufos,abamectine,ethropophos,etc.)are frequently used to protect stored grains.And 40%are registered for use in intensive bananas production(28%for nematodes control alone and 10%for control of both insects and nematodes).Moreover,20%of HHPs registered are for the control of rondents.展开更多
Cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis, is considered one of the most common arthropod pests that contribute to crop devastation of cotton. Previously, agricultural pests were controlled through the application of ch...Cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis, is considered one of the most common arthropod pests that contribute to crop devastation of cotton. Previously, agricultural pests were controlled through the application of chemical insecticides. However, insecticide-resistant insect populations emergence, as well as increasing concerns about the environmental and human health risks. Venomous animals introduce valuable sources of bioactive compounds which are employed for defence. Some of these toxins have high phyletic specificity, making them appropriate for use in IPM programs. This study aims to test the insecticidal effects of Polistes dominulus and Apis mellifera venoms. Crude venoms were examined for their insecticidal effect against cotton leaf worms by four different application methods including: leaf dipping, integument dropping, spraying, and injection. The data demonstrated a strong response to purified (Polistes dominulus) venom at an initial time than that of honey bee (Apis mellifera) which increases response with increasing the dose and the time interval. A dosage of 0.015 - 0.16 ml of both venoms had notably varied in LD<sub>50</sub> values on Spodoptera littoralis that showed higher wasp venom toxicity. Cotton leaf worms showed more susceptibility and mortality to the Polistes sp. venom than that of honey bees.展开更多
Background Apolygus lucorum is a worldwide omnivorous pest damaging a range of crops and causing great economic losses.Symbiotic bacteria living in insects play a key role in the nutrition,physiology,and behavior of h...Background Apolygus lucorum is a worldwide omnivorous pest damaging a range of crops and causing great economic losses.Symbiotic bacteria living in insects play a key role in the nutrition,physiology,and behavior of hosts.Here,we present an experiment using Illumina HiSeq sequencing targeting the V3–V4 regions of bacteria’s 16S rRNA throughout the entire life cycle of A.lucorum.Results The first and second instar nymphs have the largest alpha diversity compared with other life stages of the insect.Bacterial phyla Proteobacteria(72.29%),Firmicutes(15.24%),Actinobacteria(7.76%)exhibit the largest relative abundance in all developmental stages.Erwinia(23.97%)and Lactococcus(10.62%)are the two genera with the high-est relative abundance.The relative abundance of Erwinia in the nymph stage is significantly greater than the adult stage,and the relative abundance of Lactococcus in 6-day-old and 9-day-old adult females is higher compared with adult males.Conclusions These results reveal that microbial community composition and relative abundance shift dynamically at different life stages,implying that different bacterial phyla and genera may have specific roles in specific life stages such as metabolism,nutrition absorption,detoxification,and reproduction.This study reveals for the first time the community composition and ecological dynamics of symbiotic bacteria throughout the life stages of A.lucorum,and thus may provide insight to new strategies for pest control.展开更多
This work was carried out to evaluate the insecticidal effect of mono,bi and trimetallic nanoparticles(NPs)from leaf extract of habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)on the red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum herbs...This work was carried out to evaluate the insecticidal effect of mono,bi and trimetallic nanoparticles(NPs)from leaf extract of habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)on the red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum herbst.)and cotton mealybug(Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley).The results showed that Cu NPs,Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs had high insecticidal effect against T.castaneum(63%-80% mortality after 96 h).The Cu NPs and Zn/Cu NPs showed also insecticidal effect against P.solenopsis,but to a lesser extent(20%–28% after 96 h).With regards to the physicochemical characterization,Cu NPs had a zeta potential of 21.1 mV,whereas Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs exhibited zeta potentials of 200 mV.The polydispersity index(PDI)values for Cu NPs,Cu/Mn NPs,and Zn/Cu NPs were 10.1,29.16,and 14.34,respectively.The TF-IR spectra of the NPs varied from 600 to 4000 cm−1.The EDX weight percentages showed the presence of Cu(0.29%–2.4%),Mn(1.4%),and Zn(2.6%)in Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs,respectively.展开更多
The edible safety factor of fruit can be greatly improved by the following measures:avoiding industrial and mining pollution areas in orchard construction;reasonable shaping and trimming to maintain good light and ven...The edible safety factor of fruit can be greatly improved by the following measures:avoiding industrial and mining pollution areas in orchard construction;reasonable shaping and trimming to maintain good light and ventilation conditions;strengthening soil,fertilizer and water management,and increasing the application of organic fertilizer to enhance the resistance of trees to bacterial infection;growing grass and mulching to avoid the exposure of soil surface and prevent the spread of harmful soil-derived bacteria;trapping pests and delaying their damage in the tree,to facilitate centralized killing;preventing and treating diseases and pests through biological and physical non-pharmaceutical means such as underplanting,solar insecticidal lamps,sex attractant,sweet and sour liquid,ozonizer,etc.;strengthening the use of mineral-based,plant-derived and biological agents,and reducing the use of chemical pesticides to avoid pesticide residues.展开更多
Strawberry‘Kaorino’is one of the perfect early-maturing strawberry varieties with high quality and high yield due to its anthracnose resistance,early maturity and good quality.The variety has become more and more po...Strawberry‘Kaorino’is one of the perfect early-maturing strawberry varieties with high quality and high yield due to its anthracnose resistance,early maturity and good quality.The variety has become more and more popular with the promotion over the last few years,but there are great differences from other varieties in cultivation.Based on its varietal characteristics and cultivation performance in production over the last few years,we summarized the seedling cultivation techniques,planting management techniques,main disease control techniques and harvesting and storage techniques,aiming to provide reference for better promotion and application of‘Kaorino’.展开更多
The exposure patterns of pest control and disinfection workers have changed after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,but the health risks of chemical exposure have not been assessed.We identified these wor...The exposure patterns of pest control and disinfection workers have changed after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,but the health risks of chemical exposure have not been assessed.We identified these workers’chemical exposure patterns and risks before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.We used data conducted between 2018(pre-pandemic)and 2021(post-pandemic)from three-year cross-sectional surveys on pest control and disinfection workers.Inhalation and dermal exposure concentrations were estimated using equations based on a biocidal product risk assessment model from the Korean National Institute of Environmental Research.The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of chemicals were calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment model.We found that the annual work frequency(50^(th)percentile)of foggers using disinfectants increased the most among all the work types,from 140 uses/year to 176 uses/year after the COVID-19 outbreak.Moreover,all chemicals’non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks increased regardless of exposure routes.In the worst scenario(95^(th)percentile),the margin of exposure for citric acid,benzethonium chloride,benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides,and sodium chlorite of inhalation exposure,and isopropyl alcohol and benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides of dermal exposure were acceptable(>100)before the COVID-19outbreak but became unacceptable(<100)after the COVID-19 outbreak.Carcinogenic risks of dichlorvos from inhalation and dermal exposure were above acceptable levels(>10^(-6))before and after the COVID-19 outbreak but comparatively high after the COVID-19 outbreak.Additionally,significantly more workers experienced health symptoms after the COVID-19outbreak(p<0.05),with the most common being muscle lethargy(31%),skin/face stinging(28.7%),and breath shortness/neck pain(24.1%).展开更多
The entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae,was evaluated for control of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella,under laboratory conditions.We evaluated different concentrations of S.carpocapsae for c...The entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae,was evaluated for control of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella,under laboratory conditions.We evaluated different concentrations of S.carpocapsae for control of 2 nd,3 rd,and 4 th instar P.operculella.The median lethal concentration(LC50)of S.carpocapsae infective juveniles(IJs)to 2 nd,3 rd and 4 th instar larvae of P.operculella was 200,363,181 IJs mL–1,respectively.With the extension of treatment time,the cumulative mortality increased for 2 nd,3 rd,and 4 th instar larvae and pupae of P.operculella.Fourth instars were the most susceptible for all observation periods.Therefore,our results suggest that S.carpocapsae could be an effective biological control agent for P.operculella.展开更多
Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing o...Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing or reducing overwintering length,changes in population growth rates,number of generations,crop-pest relationship,and therefore affecting their expansion.Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)is one of the main pests affecting potatoes worldwide.Adults oviposit single or multiple eggs in leaves,stems,and tubers,while the larvae in immature stage mine leaves or burrows into tubers turning them unmarketable.Traditional control methods are effective in controlling P.operculella,but many factors determine the success of the control chosen.This review provides key highlights of current information available that could be used as a resource to fight this pest.展开更多
Agricultural sustainability has benefited from the broad adoption of conservation agriculture(CA)practices for decades,in which the reduction of mechanical disturbances to soil(also known as reduced tillage,RT)is one ...Agricultural sustainability has benefited from the broad adoption of conservation agriculture(CA)practices for decades,in which the reduction of mechanical disturbances to soil(also known as reduced tillage,RT)is one of the most essential principles for CA implementation.Many studies have recommended the advantages of CA practices in the promotion of biodiversity,but the integrated impacts on crop productivity and biodiversity remain unclear.Since CA has been applied in rice production in the subtropical area of southern China for several years,the effects of CA,particularly the RT methods,need to be evaluated for the local and long-term adoption.In this study,we established an integrated network to illustrate how the reduction of tillage intensity influenced organisms including invertebrates(such as rice pests and their predators),pathogens and weeds,and then led to an impact on rice yield.The two-year study demonstrated that major rice pests,such as rice planthoppers,stem borers and apple snails,were effectively controlled by RT practice.Similarly,the occurrence of common diseases declined with less tillage.Compared to the conventional tillage(CT)treatment,the density of weeds in paddy fields deceased significantly in the RT treatment.In addition,the diversity and richness of pest predators increased remarkably in paddy fields where either reduced or no tillage was applied,which highlighted the significance of a CA strategy for the promotion of biodiversity in the agroecosystem.More importantly,the rice yield gradually increased after the two-year reduction of tillage.Taken together,our results suggest that the reduction of tillage intensity is beneficial for the protection of rice crops from various pests,and facilitates the sustainability of the agroecosystem and rice yield,which provides a solid basis and novel insights for the establishment of sustainable agroecosystems by CA-related practices in rice production in southern China.展开更多
Choriogenesis is the last step of insect oogenesis,a process by which the chorion polypeptides are produced by the follicular cells and deposited on the surface of oocytes in order to provide a highly specialized prot...Choriogenesis is the last step of insect oogenesis,a process by which the chorion polypeptides are produced by the follicular cells and deposited on the surface of oocytes in order to provide a highly specialized protective barrier to the embryo.The essential features of chorion genes have yet to be clearly understood in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella,a worldwide Lepidoptera pest attacking cruciferous crops and wild plants.In this study,complete sequences for 15 putative chorion genes were identified,and grouped into A and B classes.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both classes were highly conserved and within each,branches are also species-specific.Chorion genes from each class were located in pairs on scaffolds of the P.xylostella genome,some of which shared the common promoter regulatory region.All chorion genes were highly specifically expressed in the P.xylostella adult females,mostly in the ovary with full yolk,which is a crucial period to build the shells of the eggs.RNAi-based knockdown of chorion-1,which is located on the Px_scaffold 6 alone,although had no effect on yolk deposition,resulted in smaller eggs and sharply reduced hatchability.Additionally,inhibition of PxCho-1 expression caused a less dense arrangement of the columnar layers,reduced exochorion roughness and shorter microvilli.Our study provides the foundation for exploring molecular mechanisms of female reproduction in P.xylostella,and for making use of chorion genes as the potential genetic-based molecular target to better control this economically important pest.展开更多
基金funded by grants from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou,China(202002020029)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(2019B020217003)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD02003)the National Key Technology Support Program of China(201303019-02)。
文摘The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.
基金supported by China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-34).
文摘The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined.Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides.The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame.The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides,and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50%at 14 days after application.The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period.The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei.The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments.Compared with chemical insecticides,the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments.Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides.This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China,and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.
文摘Tending management and pest control directly affect forest construction.Not only sustainable growth of timber but also continuous and permanent use of green mountains and water can be achieved by providing tending management measures for sustainable operations and implementing effective pest control measures.According to the demand of production practice,this paper studies the tending management and pest control measures of Pinus koraiensis forest during its growth period,so as to provide important scientific support for improving the quality of P.koraiensis forest in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102297 and 32272634)。
文摘Plant-mediated RNA interference(RNAi)has emerged as a promising technology for insect control.The green peach aphid,Myzus persicae,feeds on over 400 species of host plants.Brassica napus(rape)is the second most important oilseed crop worldwide.Myzus persicae is highly reproductive and causes severe damage to the rape plants due to its quite flexible life cycle.In this study,we tested the RNAi effects of transgenic rape plants on M.persicae.By in vitro feeding M.persicae with artificial diets containing double-stranded RNAs(dsRNAs)targeting seven aphid genes,we identified a new gene encoding the partitioning-defective protein 6(Par6)as the most potent RNAi target.Tissue-and stage-expression analysis of Par6 suggested this gene is highly expressed in the embryo and adult stage of M.persicae.We next generated transgenic rape plants expressing ds Par6 by Agrobacteriummediated transformation and obtained nine independent transgenic lines.Compared to wild-type control plants,transgenic rape lines expressing ds Par6 showed strong resistance to M.persicae.Feeding assays revealed that feeding transgenic rape plants to M.persicae significantly decreased MpPar6 expression and survival rate and impaired fecundity.Furthermore,we showed that the resistance levels to M.persicae are positively correlated with ds Par6 expression levels in transgenic rape plants.Our study demonstrates that transgenic rape plants expressing ds Par6 are efficiently protected from M.persicae.Interfering with the genes involved in embryo development could be the effective RNAi targets for controlling aphids and potentially other insect pests.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0201600)the Beijing Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System, China (BAIC01-2017)
文摘Soil flame disinfestation(SFD) is a form of physical disinfestation that can be used both in greenhouses and on field crops. Its use for soil disinfestation in different crop growing conditions makes it increasingly attractive for controlling soilborne pathogens and weeds. But little is known about the effect on weeds and soilbrone diseases. This study reports on greenhouses and field crops in China that determined the efficacy of SFD to control weeds, nematodes and fungi. It also determined the impact of SFD on the soil physical and chemical properties(water content, bulk density, NO3^–-N content, NH4^+-N content, conductivity and organic matter) in three field trials. A second generation SFD machine was used in these trials. SFD treatment significantly reduced weeds(>87.8%) and root-knot nematodes(Meloidogyne incognita)(>98.1%). Plant height and crop yield was significantly increased with SFD treatment. NO3^–-N and NH4^+-N increased after the SFD treatment, and there was also an increase in soil conductivity. Water content, bulk density and organic matter decreased significantly in the soil after the SFD treatment compared to the control. Soil flame disinfestation is a potential technique for controlling weeds and diseases in greenhouses or in fields. SFD is a non-chemical, safe, environmentally-friendly soil disinfection method.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31572071)
文摘Colorado potato beetle(CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineata,is a notorious destructive pest that mainly feeds on the leaves of potato and several other solanaceous plants.CPB is widely recognized for its adaptation to a remarkable variety of host plants and diverse climates,and its high resistance to insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis toxins.RNA interference(RNAi)is a sequence-specific,endogenous gene silencing mechanism evoked by small RNA molecules that is used as a robust tool for virus and pest control.RNAi has been extensively tested for CPB management by employing various target genes and delivery methods.This article reviews the screening of RNAi target genes,efficient RNAi delivery systems,and factors affecting RNAi efficiency in CPB,which may help understand the mechanisms of RNAi and its application in CPB control strategy.
文摘Cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera) is an important agricultural pest that causes severe yield loss to crops,particularly to cotton.Transgenic Bt crops have been successful in
基金Authors are grateful to the Belgian University Cooperation for Development for the findings received through the project Store Protect PIC 2003 and to the European Union through the project VALRENA implemented by Regional Pole for Agricultural Research in Central Africa(PRASAC)and Agency for Cooperation and Agricultural Research(ACRA)from 2009 to 2013.
文摘To sustain agricultural production,pesticides are highly recommanded.In sub-Saharan Africa,two regulatory bodies are in charge of pesticide registration,for more than 10 years of duty,the impact of their activity has not yet best carried out.The present investigation aimed to evaluate the evolution in the quality of pesticides in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa.Registration of pesticides began in Cameroon in 1996.There,less than 5%of pesticides used in 2004 were registered and more than 80%of producers were not aware of this legal process.In 2014,85%of pesticides used are registered.In sub-Saharan Africa,Highly Hazardous Pesticides(HHPs)registered are rondenticides,insecticides and nematocides.They are frequently used for the protection of stored products.Ilicit Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)(heptachlore,chlorobenzene)and HHP(alluminium phosphide,terbufos,abamectine,ethropophos,etc.)are frequently used to protect stored grains.And 40%are registered for use in intensive bananas production(28%for nematodes control alone and 10%for control of both insects and nematodes).Moreover,20%of HHPs registered are for the control of rondents.
文摘Cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis, is considered one of the most common arthropod pests that contribute to crop devastation of cotton. Previously, agricultural pests were controlled through the application of chemical insecticides. However, insecticide-resistant insect populations emergence, as well as increasing concerns about the environmental and human health risks. Venomous animals introduce valuable sources of bioactive compounds which are employed for defence. Some of these toxins have high phyletic specificity, making them appropriate for use in IPM programs. This study aims to test the insecticidal effects of Polistes dominulus and Apis mellifera venoms. Crude venoms were examined for their insecticidal effect against cotton leaf worms by four different application methods including: leaf dipping, integument dropping, spraying, and injection. The data demonstrated a strong response to purified (Polistes dominulus) venom at an initial time than that of honey bee (Apis mellifera) which increases response with increasing the dose and the time interval. A dosage of 0.015 - 0.16 ml of both venoms had notably varied in LD<sub>50</sub> values on Spodoptera littoralis that showed higher wasp venom toxicity. Cotton leaf worms showed more susceptibility and mortality to the Polistes sp. venom than that of honey bees.
基金This research was supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Background Apolygus lucorum is a worldwide omnivorous pest damaging a range of crops and causing great economic losses.Symbiotic bacteria living in insects play a key role in the nutrition,physiology,and behavior of hosts.Here,we present an experiment using Illumina HiSeq sequencing targeting the V3–V4 regions of bacteria’s 16S rRNA throughout the entire life cycle of A.lucorum.Results The first and second instar nymphs have the largest alpha diversity compared with other life stages of the insect.Bacterial phyla Proteobacteria(72.29%),Firmicutes(15.24%),Actinobacteria(7.76%)exhibit the largest relative abundance in all developmental stages.Erwinia(23.97%)and Lactococcus(10.62%)are the two genera with the high-est relative abundance.The relative abundance of Erwinia in the nymph stage is significantly greater than the adult stage,and the relative abundance of Lactococcus in 6-day-old and 9-day-old adult females is higher compared with adult males.Conclusions These results reveal that microbial community composition and relative abundance shift dynamically at different life stages,implying that different bacterial phyla and genera may have specific roles in specific life stages such as metabolism,nutrition absorption,detoxification,and reproduction.This study reveals for the first time the community composition and ecological dynamics of symbiotic bacteria throughout the life stages of A.lucorum,and thus may provide insight to new strategies for pest control.
基金funded by Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico(TecNM),research call 2023,Specific Grant Numer 17932.23-P.
文摘This work was carried out to evaluate the insecticidal effect of mono,bi and trimetallic nanoparticles(NPs)from leaf extract of habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)on the red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum herbst.)and cotton mealybug(Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley).The results showed that Cu NPs,Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs had high insecticidal effect against T.castaneum(63%-80% mortality after 96 h).The Cu NPs and Zn/Cu NPs showed also insecticidal effect against P.solenopsis,but to a lesser extent(20%–28% after 96 h).With regards to the physicochemical characterization,Cu NPs had a zeta potential of 21.1 mV,whereas Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs exhibited zeta potentials of 200 mV.The polydispersity index(PDI)values for Cu NPs,Cu/Mn NPs,and Zn/Cu NPs were 10.1,29.16,and 14.34,respectively.The TF-IR spectra of the NPs varied from 600 to 4000 cm−1.The EDX weight percentages showed the presence of Cu(0.29%–2.4%),Mn(1.4%),and Zn(2.6%)in Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs,respectively.
文摘The edible safety factor of fruit can be greatly improved by the following measures:avoiding industrial and mining pollution areas in orchard construction;reasonable shaping and trimming to maintain good light and ventilation conditions;strengthening soil,fertilizer and water management,and increasing the application of organic fertilizer to enhance the resistance of trees to bacterial infection;growing grass and mulching to avoid the exposure of soil surface and prevent the spread of harmful soil-derived bacteria;trapping pests and delaying their damage in the tree,to facilitate centralized killing;preventing and treating diseases and pests through biological and physical non-pharmaceutical means such as underplanting,solar insecticidal lamps,sex attractant,sweet and sour liquid,ozonizer,etc.;strengthening the use of mineral-based,plant-derived and biological agents,and reducing the use of chemical pesticides to avoid pesticide residues.
文摘Strawberry‘Kaorino’is one of the perfect early-maturing strawberry varieties with high quality and high yield due to its anthracnose resistance,early maturity and good quality.The variety has become more and more popular with the promotion over the last few years,but there are great differences from other varieties in cultivation.Based on its varietal characteristics and cultivation performance in production over the last few years,we summarized the seedling cultivation techniques,planting management techniques,main disease control techniques and harvesting and storage techniques,aiming to provide reference for better promotion and application of‘Kaorino’.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2021R1F1A1063967)。
文摘The exposure patterns of pest control and disinfection workers have changed after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,but the health risks of chemical exposure have not been assessed.We identified these workers’chemical exposure patterns and risks before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.We used data conducted between 2018(pre-pandemic)and 2021(post-pandemic)from three-year cross-sectional surveys on pest control and disinfection workers.Inhalation and dermal exposure concentrations were estimated using equations based on a biocidal product risk assessment model from the Korean National Institute of Environmental Research.The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of chemicals were calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment model.We found that the annual work frequency(50^(th)percentile)of foggers using disinfectants increased the most among all the work types,from 140 uses/year to 176 uses/year after the COVID-19 outbreak.Moreover,all chemicals’non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks increased regardless of exposure routes.In the worst scenario(95^(th)percentile),the margin of exposure for citric acid,benzethonium chloride,benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides,and sodium chlorite of inhalation exposure,and isopropyl alcohol and benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides of dermal exposure were acceptable(>100)before the COVID-19outbreak but became unacceptable(<100)after the COVID-19 outbreak.Carcinogenic risks of dichlorvos from inhalation and dermal exposure were above acceptable levels(>10^(-6))before and after the COVID-19 outbreak but comparatively high after the COVID-19 outbreak.Additionally,significantly more workers experienced health symptoms after the COVID-19outbreak(p<0.05),with the most common being muscle lethargy(31%),skin/face stinging(28.7%),and breath shortness/neck pain(24.1%).
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0200802)
文摘The entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae,was evaluated for control of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella,under laboratory conditions.We evaluated different concentrations of S.carpocapsae for control of 2 nd,3 rd,and 4 th instar P.operculella.The median lethal concentration(LC50)of S.carpocapsae infective juveniles(IJs)to 2 nd,3 rd and 4 th instar larvae of P.operculella was 200,363,181 IJs mL–1,respectively.With the extension of treatment time,the cumulative mortality increased for 2 nd,3 rd,and 4 th instar larvae and pupae of P.operculella.Fourth instars were the most susceptible for all observation periods.Therefore,our results suggest that S.carpocapsae could be an effective biological control agent for P.operculella.
文摘Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing or reducing overwintering length,changes in population growth rates,number of generations,crop-pest relationship,and therefore affecting their expansion.Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)is one of the main pests affecting potatoes worldwide.Adults oviposit single or multiple eggs in leaves,stems,and tubers,while the larvae in immature stage mine leaves or burrows into tubers turning them unmarketable.Traditional control methods are effective in controlling P.operculella,but many factors determine the success of the control chosen.This review provides key highlights of current information available that could be used as a resource to fight this pest.
基金supported by the Guangdong Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Project,China(GDAPC-CS1414 and MYWRZL-ZX1908)。
文摘Agricultural sustainability has benefited from the broad adoption of conservation agriculture(CA)practices for decades,in which the reduction of mechanical disturbances to soil(also known as reduced tillage,RT)is one of the most essential principles for CA implementation.Many studies have recommended the advantages of CA practices in the promotion of biodiversity,but the integrated impacts on crop productivity and biodiversity remain unclear.Since CA has been applied in rice production in the subtropical area of southern China for several years,the effects of CA,particularly the RT methods,need to be evaluated for the local and long-term adoption.In this study,we established an integrated network to illustrate how the reduction of tillage intensity influenced organisms including invertebrates(such as rice pests and their predators),pathogens and weeds,and then led to an impact on rice yield.The two-year study demonstrated that major rice pests,such as rice planthoppers,stem borers and apple snails,were effectively controlled by RT practice.Similarly,the occurrence of common diseases declined with less tillage.Compared to the conventional tillage(CT)treatment,the density of weeds in paddy fields deceased significantly in the RT treatment.In addition,the diversity and richness of pest predators increased remarkably in paddy fields where either reduced or no tillage was applied,which highlighted the significance of a CA strategy for the promotion of biodiversity in the agroecosystem.More importantly,the rice yield gradually increased after the two-year reduction of tillage.Taken together,our results suggest that the reduction of tillage intensity is beneficial for the protection of rice crops from various pests,and facilitates the sustainability of the agroecosystem and rice yield,which provides a solid basis and novel insights for the establishment of sustainable agroecosystems by CA-related practices in rice production in southern China.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172404)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2019J01666)+1 种基金the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars,China(xjq201903)the"111"Program-Innovation Center for Ecologically Based Pest Management of Subtropical Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Fo restry University,China。
文摘Choriogenesis is the last step of insect oogenesis,a process by which the chorion polypeptides are produced by the follicular cells and deposited on the surface of oocytes in order to provide a highly specialized protective barrier to the embryo.The essential features of chorion genes have yet to be clearly understood in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella,a worldwide Lepidoptera pest attacking cruciferous crops and wild plants.In this study,complete sequences for 15 putative chorion genes were identified,and grouped into A and B classes.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both classes were highly conserved and within each,branches are also species-specific.Chorion genes from each class were located in pairs on scaffolds of the P.xylostella genome,some of which shared the common promoter regulatory region.All chorion genes were highly specifically expressed in the P.xylostella adult females,mostly in the ovary with full yolk,which is a crucial period to build the shells of the eggs.RNAi-based knockdown of chorion-1,which is located on the Px_scaffold 6 alone,although had no effect on yolk deposition,resulted in smaller eggs and sharply reduced hatchability.Additionally,inhibition of PxCho-1 expression caused a less dense arrangement of the columnar layers,reduced exochorion roughness and shorter microvilli.Our study provides the foundation for exploring molecular mechanisms of female reproduction in P.xylostella,and for making use of chorion genes as the potential genetic-based molecular target to better control this economically important pest.
