Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of st...Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.展开更多
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamin...The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided.展开更多
The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for d...The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure.展开更多
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are emerging environmental contaminants,whose potential risk for the ecological environment has caused wide attention in recent years.In China,quite a large amount of P...Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are emerging environmental contaminants,whose potential risk for the ecological environment has caused wide attention in recent years.In China,quite a large amount of PPCPs were annually emitted into the environment.Their existence in different matrix has been reported frequently,including river water,sediment and soil.However,the contribution from different sources was seldom reported and still unclear in China.Wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)was usually considered to be the main source to the urban river,but livestock and aquaculture farms were also reported as significant pollution sources of PPCPs due to poor environmental management in China.This study summarized environmental discharges of different PPCPs from various sources and obtained the discharge data through different environment media in Beijing,the statistical source of PPCPs was analyzed in detail.The sources comprised WWTPs,excess sludge,hospital wastewater,municipal untreated wastewater,aquaculture wastewater and landfill leachate.This article helps understand the general situation and the potential risk of PPCPs in Beijing.展开更多
Endocrine disrupting compounds （EDCs）, pharmaceuticals and personal care products （PPCPs） have attracted much attention due to widespread contamination in aquatic environment. In this study, we determined 13 EDCs ...Endocrine disrupting compounds （EDCs）, pharmaceuticals and personal care products （PPCPs） have attracted much attention due to widespread contamination in aquatic environment. In this study, we determined 13 EDCs and PPCPs in fish blood, bile and muscle by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The limits of quantitation （LOQ） were in the ranges of 0.23-2.54, 0.22-2.36ng·mL^-1, and 0.24-2.57 ng· g^-1 dry weight （dw） for fish blood, bile and muscle, respectively. Recoveries of target compounds spiked into sample matrices and passed through the entire analytical procedure ranged from 65% to 95%, from 60% to 92% and from 62% to 91% for blood, bile and muscle, respectively. The methods were applied to the analysis of fish from a lake in California. Target compounds were relatively low in bile, and only bisphenol A （BPA） and diclofenac were measurable near the LOQ. Seven of 13 compounds were detected in blood, with total concentrations up to 39 ng· g^-1. Only BPA was frequently found in muscle, with mean concentration of 7.26 ng· g^-1 dw. The estimated daily intake of BPA through fish consumption for U.S. resident was significantly lower than the tolerable daily intake recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. This study showed that the exposure to the bisphenol A from fish diet is unlikely to pose a health risk.展开更多
This study mainly focused on the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in sewage dewatered sludge and their discharges through sludge disposal from wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).The data w...This study mainly focused on the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in sewage dewatered sludge and their discharges through sludge disposal from wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).The data were obtained and calculated from seven PPCPs in dewatered sludge collected from 12WWTPs in two typical cities,Beijing and Shenzhen in China.Four of seven PPCPs,diclofenac acid,carbamazepine,mefenamic acid and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide were detectable in dewatered sludge from Beijing and Shenzhen with concentration up to 4240,11,060,92 and 219μg/kg respectively.While,the other three compounds,trimethoprim,chloramphenicol and bezafibrate were not detected in collected samples from these two cities.The highest discharge of diclofenac acid and carbamazepine were 1023 g/d and 494 g/d respectively.In addition,the total discharge of these four detected PPCPs from each plant ranged from 5 to 1092 g/d in Beijing and 4e497 g/d in Shenzhen.Thus,PPCP discharge through sludge disposal cannot be neglected,and further research on transfer of PPCPs during sludge disposal onto agriculture land and influence of sludge application is required and essential.展开更多
In this study,a hydrophilic resin named GCHM was fabricated based on poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-codivinylbenzene),characterized,and applied as a solid-phase extraction(SPE)material.Up to 44 pharmaceuticals and personal ...In this study,a hydrophilic resin named GCHM was fabricated based on poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-codivinylbenzene),characterized,and applied as a solid-phase extraction(SPE)material.Up to 44 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)belonging to 10 classes were recovered in environmental water samples.Different variables affecting extraction,such as adsorbent amount,sample pH,and loading speed,were optimized.Under optimal conditions,the average absolute recovgy of 44 PPCPs was 75.6%using GCHM,indicating a better performance than the commercial Oasis^HLB.SPE with home-made hydrophilic polymeric sorbent followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was validated,and the method achieved good linearity(r2>0.991,for all analytes).In addition,the method detection limits of target compounds ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 ng/L.The developed method was applied to determine PPCPs in 10 environmental water samples taken from the Yangtze River,Huaihe River,and Taihu Lake,1 groundwater sample from Changzhou in Jiangsu Province,1 wastewater sample from Xiamen and 2 seawater samples from the Jiulong River in Fujian Province,China.In these samples,22 compounds were determined at levels ranging from 0.5 to 1590 ng/L.展开更多
Pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity.They have wide octanol-water partition ...Pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity.They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients(K_(ow))and different ionization constants(pK_(a))resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency.A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances.This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years:from sampling to instrumental methods.Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation.A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required.Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_(ow)(-7.53 to 10.80)were summed up.High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products,which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution.Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail.The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review,including sample matrix,target compounds characteristics,extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent.This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.展开更多
Photocatalytic membranes offer an effective strategy to overcome the difficulties of solid-liquid separation and secondary contamination of powdered photocatalysts.MXene is a 2D material of layered Ti_(3)C_(2),which i...Photocatalytic membranes offer an effective strategy to overcome the difficulties of solid-liquid separation and secondary contamination of powdered photocatalysts.MXene is a 2D material of layered Ti_(3)C_(2),which is considered to limit electron-hole separation and contribute to photocatalysis.In this work,the etched Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene was loaded on the surface of ceramic membranes using polydopamine(PDA)as a binder,followed by one-step calcination to produce TiO_(2) nanoparticles(NPs)in situ.The characterizations supported that the TiO_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2) ceramic membranes had high mechanical strength while retaining the layered structure of Ti_(3)C_(2),which was conducive to the inhibition of electron and hole complexation,improving the photocatalytic performance.Degradation experiments revealed that the material showed enhanced degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)such as ciprofloxacin(CIP),tetracycline(TCN)and ibuprofen(IBP).The LC-MS and toxicity prediction models indicated that the developmental toxicity of CIP degradation products decreased with prolonged photocatalytic reaction,exhibiting no acute toxicity to fish.The MT650 exhibited significantly enhanced water flux properties(320 L/(m^(2)·h).The TiO_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2) ceramic membranes explored in this work are expected to target the treatment of PPCPs with excellent engineering promise.展开更多
Emerging contaminants(ECs)have aroused great concerns due to their widespread presence as well as their potential health and ecological risks.Currently monitoring data about ECs in Chinese rural areas are still limite...Emerging contaminants(ECs)have aroused great concerns due to their widespread presence as well as their potential health and ecological risks.Currently monitoring data about ECs in Chinese rural areas are still limited.In this study,Taige Canal basin was selected as a typical rural area for a pilot study.The occurrence of ECs,including pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs),pesticides,plasticizers and flame retardants,in surface water and aquaculture ponds,as well as in wastewater treatment facilities,was comprehensively investigated.The effectiveness of rural decentralized wastewater treatment facilities and centralized wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)in removing ECs was also analyzed.Among 126 commonly used pesticides for target analysis,25 compounds were detected in surface water with high frequency of>80%.Besides,55 PPCPs,21 pesticides and 18 other industrial products were identified by non-target analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS).Totally 18 compounds were detected in surface water with a frequency of>60%and 6 of them were found in all samples,including irbesartan,valsartan,propazine,buprofezin,bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)and tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCPP),with mean concentrations of 3022,195,125,218,3738 and 545 ng/L,respectively.There are 29 compounds(11 PPCPs,8 pesticides and 10 other industrial products)detected in water samples from the aquaculture ponds,of which 13 compounds were found in all three ponds.The removal efficiencies of ECs in wastewater treatment facilities are generally limited,except valsartan(82%–86%),nobiletin(100%)and diisodecylphthalate(100%)were found to be significantly removed.展开更多
Rural domestic reclaimed water(RDRW)is rural domestic sewage that being safely treated,the irrigation and reuse of RDRW are an effective way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources ...Rural domestic reclaimed water(RDRW)is rural domestic sewage that being safely treated,the irrigation and reuse of RDRW are an effective way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in South China.In this study,four kinds of irrigation water sources(primary and secondary treated water R1 and R2,purified water R3 and river water CK)and three kinds of water level regulations(low,medium,and high field water level control of W1,W2 and W3)were set to study the impact of RDRW on soil and crop safety,water and nitrogen utilization and biodiversity for establishing the regulation mechanism of RDRW irrigation with field experiment,and monitoring was carried out in RDRW irrigation demonstration area to assess the effectiveness of RDRW.The results showed that,under RDRW irrigation,the contents of Cd and Pb increased slightly,while the contents of Cr,Cu and Zn decreased in paddy soil.The heavy metals content decreased along the direction of stem,leaf and grain in rice plants,but did not increase significantly in rice grains.With the increase of field water level,pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)content in 60-80 cm soil layer was accumulated,and the PPCPs content in rice husks was higher than that in grains,but it was at a very low level.Compared to CK,RDRW irrigation can effectively increase rice yield,rainwater use efficiency(RUE)and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)by 5.4%-7.6%,6.7%-9.4%and 21.7%-24.2%,respectively,and the species diversity,community diversity and richness in rice fields were improved.Additionally,water level regulation of W3 with R2 water resource irrigation was conducive to the exertion of comprehensive benefits.The monitoring of demonstration area showed that the consumption of fresh water was reduced by 530 mm,yield was increased by 9.6%,and the soil and crop were both safety.Short-term irrigation of RDRW did not cause soil and crops pollution,however,it is still necessary to track and monitor the effect of the system on soil,crop,and underground water with long-term reclaimed water irrigation.展开更多
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)have received increasing attention.However,their transformation products(TPs)and metabolites,sometimes even with environmental concentration and/or toxicity higher than...Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)have received increasing attention.However,their transformation products(TPs)and metabolites,sometimes even with environmental concentration and/or toxicity higher than their parent compounds,received attention far from enough.This study gives useful insight on the occurrence,fate and toxicity of PPCP TPs or metabolites in WWTPs,surface water and even drinking water,highlighting the necessity of studying the PPCP TPs formation,occurrence,toxicity and environment risk,and further evaluating the environmental risk caused by PPCPs comprehensively.展开更多
The formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs） from the degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide（DEET） and ibuprofen（IBP） by the ultraviolet irradiation（UV）/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlor...The formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs） from the degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide（DEET） and ibuprofen（IBP） by the ultraviolet irradiation（UV）/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination was investigated and compared with the UV/H_2O_2 process.The pseudo first-order rate constants of the degradation of DEET and IBP by the UV/chlorine process were 2 and 3.1 times higher than those by the UV/H_2O_2 process, respectively, under the tested conditions. This was due to the significant contributions of both reactive chlorine species U（RCS） and hydroxyl radicals（HO） in the UV/chlorine process. Trichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone and dichloroacetic acid were the major known DBPs formed after 90% of both DEET and IBP that were degraded by the UV/chlorine process. Their yields increased by over 50%after subsequent 1-day post-chlorination. The detected DBPs after the degradation of DEET and IBP comprised 13.5% and 19.8% of total organic chlorine（TOCl）, respectively, and the proportions increased to 19.8% and 33.9% after subsequent chlorination, respectively. In comparison to the UV/H_2O_2 process accompanied with post-chlorination, the formation of DBPs and TOCl in the UV/chlorine process together with post-chlorination was 5%–63% higher,Ulikely due to the generation of more DBP precursors from the attack of RCS, in addition to HO.展开更多
Emerging contaminants(ECs)represent a small fraction of the large chemical pollution puzzle where a wide variety of potentially hazardous chemicals reach the environment,and new compounds are continuously synthesized ...Emerging contaminants(ECs)represent a small fraction of the large chemical pollution puzzle where a wide variety of potentially hazardous chemicals reach the environment,and new compounds are continuously synthesized and released in wastewater treatment plants and ultimately in effluent and biosolids.ECs have been classified into various categories;however,this article focuses on the fate of major categories,namely pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs),per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),flame retardants,surfactants,endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs),and microplastics(MPs).These ECs when discharged to sewer and downstream wastewater treatment plants can undergo further transformations and either degrade,persist or convert into by-products which have the potential in some cases to be more hazardous.Because of potential dangerous impacts of the availability of these contaminants in the environment,information on the fate and behavior of these pollutants is highly important to develop new strategies,such as the regulation of chemicals imported into Australia and Australian consumer goods and environmental policies to mitigate them in a sustainable way.Moreover,advanced technologies are required for the detection and identification of novel contaminants emerging in the environment at ultra low levels.The application of chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectroscopy has provided attractive breakthroughs to detect new emerging contaminants.However,it is crucially important to understand the sensitivity and robustness of these analytical techniques when dealing with complex matrices such as biosolids.In addition,most of the literature was focused on selected compounds or a family of compounds and the existing reviews have paid less attention to examine the formation of metabolites during the wastewater treatment process and their impacts on the ecosystem.This review presents an overview of the presence of different classes of ECs around the world,their quantification from different sources like wastewater(influents or effluents),sludge and biosolids.In addition,the transformation of ECs during the treatment process,the formation of intermediate products and their impacts on the environment are also critically discussed.Three major steps of ECs analysis include sample preparation,extraction and clean-up,and analysis;hence,different methods employed for extraction and clean-up,and analytical techniques for identification are thoroughly discussed,their advantages and limitations are also highlighted.This comprehensive review article is believed to enhance the understanding of ECs in sewage sludge and would be useful to the readers of the relevant communities and various stakeholders to investigate potential technologies to maximize destruction of ECs.展开更多
S-scheme heterojunction engineering is an effective strategy to attain distinctive photocatalysts.Herein,a carbon dots modulated S-scheme hetero-structured photocatalyst of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S nanoparticles/Bi_(2)MoO_(6...S-scheme heterojunction engineering is an effective strategy to attain distinctive photocatalysts.Herein,a carbon dots modulated S-scheme hetero-structured photocatalyst of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S nanoparticles/Bi_(2)MoO_(6) microspheres/carbon dots (CZCBM),aiming to conquer the photo-corrosion and strengthen the photocatalytic property of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S,was developed via a facile solvothermal route.Under visible light,the optimal CZCBM-2 affords a 1.8-,1.5-,or 0.6-time reinforcement in the oxytetracycline degradation rate constant compared to Bi_(2)MoO_(6),Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S or Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6),which is credited to the strengthened visible-light response,increased reactive sites,and efficient dissolution of photo-carriers with optimal redox capacity because of the co-effect of carbon dots and S-scheme heterostructure.Significantly,the photo-corrosion of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S is significantly suppressed and CZCBM-2 affords superior stability and reusability during cycling tests.Besides,CZCBM-2 can be well adapted to various environments.The toxicology appraisement unravels the decreased eco-toxicity of most intermediates compared to oxytetracycline.Lastly,an S-scheme charge transfer mechanism with carbon dots as electron reservoir in CZCBM is deduced,which uncloses that •O_(2)− and h+ dominantly account for oxytetracycline eradication and detoxification.This study demonstrates the design of unique carbon dots favored S-scheme heterostructures as an effective “Two Birds with One Stone” strategy to achieve high anti-photo-corrosion performance and reinforced photocatalytic performance of sulfides.展开更多
文摘Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(51208199,51408425)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22A201514057)+1 种基金Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control,the Foundation of The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,China(PCRRG 11017)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20130072120033).
文摘The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided.
文摘The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41503073)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program,and Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT1261).
文摘Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are emerging environmental contaminants,whose potential risk for the ecological environment has caused wide attention in recent years.In China,quite a large amount of PPCPs were annually emitted into the environment.Their existence in different matrix has been reported frequently,including river water,sediment and soil.However,the contribution from different sources was seldom reported and still unclear in China.Wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)was usually considered to be the main source to the urban river,but livestock and aquaculture farms were also reported as significant pollution sources of PPCPs due to poor environmental management in China.This study summarized environmental discharges of different PPCPs from various sources and obtained the discharge data through different environment media in Beijing,the statistical source of PPCPs was analyzed in detail.The sources comprised WWTPs,excess sludge,hospital wastewater,municipal untreated wastewater,aquaculture wastewater and landfill leachate.This article helps understand the general situation and the potential risk of PPCPs in Beijing.
文摘Endocrine disrupting compounds （EDCs）, pharmaceuticals and personal care products （PPCPs） have attracted much attention due to widespread contamination in aquatic environment. In this study, we determined 13 EDCs and PPCPs in fish blood, bile and muscle by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The limits of quantitation （LOQ） were in the ranges of 0.23-2.54, 0.22-2.36ng·mL^-1, and 0.24-2.57 ng· g^-1 dry weight （dw） for fish blood, bile and muscle, respectively. Recoveries of target compounds spiked into sample matrices and passed through the entire analytical procedure ranged from 65% to 95%, from 60% to 92% and from 62% to 91% for blood, bile and muscle, respectively. The methods were applied to the analysis of fish from a lake in California. Target compounds were relatively low in bile, and only bisphenol A （BPA） and diclofenac were measurable near the LOQ. Seven of 13 compounds were detected in blood, with total concentrations up to 39 ng· g^-1. Only BPA was frequently found in muscle, with mean concentration of 7.26 ng· g^-1 dw. The estimated daily intake of BPA through fish consumption for U.S. resident was significantly lower than the tolerable daily intake recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. This study showed that the exposure to the bisphenol A from fish diet is unlikely to pose a health risk.
基金supported by Tsinghua University e Veolia Environment Joint Research Center for Advanced Environment Technology and the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT1261).
文摘This study mainly focused on the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in sewage dewatered sludge and their discharges through sludge disposal from wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).The data were obtained and calculated from seven PPCPs in dewatered sludge collected from 12WWTPs in two typical cities,Beijing and Shenzhen in China.Four of seven PPCPs,diclofenac acid,carbamazepine,mefenamic acid and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide were detectable in dewatered sludge from Beijing and Shenzhen with concentration up to 4240,11,060,92 and 219μg/kg respectively.While,the other three compounds,trimethoprim,chloramphenicol and bezafibrate were not detected in collected samples from these two cities.The highest discharge of diclofenac acid and carbamazepine were 1023 g/d and 494 g/d respectively.In addition,the total discharge of these four detected PPCPs from each plant ranged from 5 to 1092 g/d in Beijing and 4e497 g/d in Shenzhen.Thus,PPCP discharge through sludge disposal cannot be neglected,and further research on transfer of PPCPs during sludge disposal onto agriculture land and influence of sludge application is required and essential.
基金Authors gratefully acknowledge the generous support provided by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2016YFE0112300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51678290,51438008 and 51778281)+3 种基金Jiangsu Natural Science Fund,China(No.B K 20171342)Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline(Laboratory)of China(No.Z D X K A 2016008)Jiangsu Preventive Medicine Project of China(No.Y2018081)The authors also thank Dr.Zhe Wang from Nanyang Technological University(Singapore)for his support on this project.
文摘In this study,a hydrophilic resin named GCHM was fabricated based on poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-codivinylbenzene),characterized,and applied as a solid-phase extraction(SPE)material.Up to 44 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)belonging to 10 classes were recovered in environmental water samples.Different variables affecting extraction,such as adsorbent amount,sample pH,and loading speed,were optimized.Under optimal conditions,the average absolute recovgy of 44 PPCPs was 75.6%using GCHM,indicating a better performance than the commercial Oasis^HLB.SPE with home-made hydrophilic polymeric sorbent followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was validated,and the method achieved good linearity(r2>0.991,for all analytes).In addition,the method detection limits of target compounds ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 ng/L.The developed method was applied to determine PPCPs in 10 environmental water samples taken from the Yangtze River,Huaihe River,and Taihu Lake,1 groundwater sample from Changzhou in Jiangsu Province,1 wastewater sample from Xiamen and 2 seawater samples from the Jiulong River in Fujian Province,China.In these samples,22 compounds were determined at levels ranging from 0.5 to 1590 ng/L.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41977142)the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment(No.2018ZX07111003)+1 种基金the Key Technologies Research and Development Program(No.2019YFC1806104)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.JD2006)。
文摘Pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity.They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients(K_(ow))and different ionization constants(pK_(a))resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency.A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances.This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years:from sampling to instrumental methods.Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation.A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required.Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_(ow)(-7.53 to 10.80)were summed up.High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products,which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution.Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail.The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review,including sample matrix,target compounds characteristics,extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent.This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.
基金supported by the grants from the Taishan Scholars Young Experts Program(China)(No.tsqn202103080)the Shandong Province Higher Educational Youth Innovation Science and Technology Program(China)(No.2021KJ043)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51978311).
文摘Photocatalytic membranes offer an effective strategy to overcome the difficulties of solid-liquid separation and secondary contamination of powdered photocatalysts.MXene is a 2D material of layered Ti_(3)C_(2),which is considered to limit electron-hole separation and contribute to photocatalysis.In this work,the etched Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene was loaded on the surface of ceramic membranes using polydopamine(PDA)as a binder,followed by one-step calcination to produce TiO_(2) nanoparticles(NPs)in situ.The characterizations supported that the TiO_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2) ceramic membranes had high mechanical strength while retaining the layered structure of Ti_(3)C_(2),which was conducive to the inhibition of electron and hole complexation,improving the photocatalytic performance.Degradation experiments revealed that the material showed enhanced degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)such as ciprofloxacin(CIP),tetracycline(TCN)and ibuprofen(IBP).The LC-MS and toxicity prediction models indicated that the developmental toxicity of CIP degradation products decreased with prolonged photocatalytic reaction,exhibiting no acute toxicity to fish.The MT650 exhibited significantly enhanced water flux properties(320 L/(m^(2)·h).The TiO_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2) ceramic membranes explored in this work are expected to target the treatment of PPCPs with excellent engineering promise.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment in China(No.2017ZX07202004).
文摘Emerging contaminants(ECs)have aroused great concerns due to their widespread presence as well as their potential health and ecological risks.Currently monitoring data about ECs in Chinese rural areas are still limited.In this study,Taige Canal basin was selected as a typical rural area for a pilot study.The occurrence of ECs,including pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs),pesticides,plasticizers and flame retardants,in surface water and aquaculture ponds,as well as in wastewater treatment facilities,was comprehensively investigated.The effectiveness of rural decentralized wastewater treatment facilities and centralized wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)in removing ECs was also analyzed.Among 126 commonly used pesticides for target analysis,25 compounds were detected in surface water with high frequency of>80%.Besides,55 PPCPs,21 pesticides and 18 other industrial products were identified by non-target analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS).Totally 18 compounds were detected in surface water with a frequency of>60%and 6 of them were found in all samples,including irbesartan,valsartan,propazine,buprofezin,bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)and tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCPP),with mean concentrations of 3022,195,125,218,3738 and 545 ng/L,respectively.There are 29 compounds(11 PPCPs,8 pesticides and 10 other industrial products)detected in water samples from the aquaculture ponds,of which 13 compounds were found in all three ponds.The removal efficiencies of ECs in wastewater treatment facilities are generally limited,except valsartan(82%–86%),nobiletin(100%)and diisodecylphthalate(100%)were found to be significantly removed.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program(2019YFC0408803)Basic Public Welfare Research Project of Zhejiang Province(LGN20E090001)and Water conservancy science and technology in Zhejiang Province(RC1918,RC2029).
文摘Rural domestic reclaimed water(RDRW)is rural domestic sewage that being safely treated,the irrigation and reuse of RDRW are an effective way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in South China.In this study,four kinds of irrigation water sources(primary and secondary treated water R1 and R2,purified water R3 and river water CK)and three kinds of water level regulations(low,medium,and high field water level control of W1,W2 and W3)were set to study the impact of RDRW on soil and crop safety,water and nitrogen utilization and biodiversity for establishing the regulation mechanism of RDRW irrigation with field experiment,and monitoring was carried out in RDRW irrigation demonstration area to assess the effectiveness of RDRW.The results showed that,under RDRW irrigation,the contents of Cd and Pb increased slightly,while the contents of Cr,Cu and Zn decreased in paddy soil.The heavy metals content decreased along the direction of stem,leaf and grain in rice plants,but did not increase significantly in rice grains.With the increase of field water level,pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)content in 60-80 cm soil layer was accumulated,and the PPCPs content in rice husks was higher than that in grains,but it was at a very low level.Compared to CK,RDRW irrigation can effectively increase rice yield,rainwater use efficiency(RUE)and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)by 5.4%-7.6%,6.7%-9.4%and 21.7%-24.2%,respectively,and the species diversity,community diversity and richness in rice fields were improved.Additionally,water level regulation of W3 with R2 water resource irrigation was conducive to the exertion of comprehensive benefits.The monitoring of demonstration area showed that the consumption of fresh water was reduced by 530 mm,yield was increased by 9.6%,and the soil and crop were both safety.Short-term irrigation of RDRW did not cause soil and crops pollution,however,it is still necessary to track and monitor the effect of the system on soil,crop,and underground water with long-term reclaimed water irrigation.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21577075)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program(20131089193)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT1261).
文摘Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)have received increasing attention.However,their transformation products(TPs)and metabolites,sometimes even with environmental concentration and/or toxicity higher than their parent compounds,received attention far from enough.This study gives useful insight on the occurrence,fate and toxicity of PPCP TPs or metabolites in WWTPs,surface water and even drinking water,highlighting the necessity of studying the PPCP TPs formation,occurrence,toxicity and environment risk,and further evaluating the environmental risk caused by PPCPs comprehensively.
基金supported by the Hong Kong Research Grant Council (grant number 16208914)
文摘The formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs） from the degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide（DEET） and ibuprofen（IBP） by the ultraviolet irradiation（UV）/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination was investigated and compared with the UV/H_2O_2 process.The pseudo first-order rate constants of the degradation of DEET and IBP by the UV/chlorine process were 2 and 3.1 times higher than those by the UV/H_2O_2 process, respectively, under the tested conditions. This was due to the significant contributions of both reactive chlorine species U（RCS） and hydroxyl radicals（HO） in the UV/chlorine process. Trichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone and dichloroacetic acid were the major known DBPs formed after 90% of both DEET and IBP that were degraded by the UV/chlorine process. Their yields increased by over 50%after subsequent 1-day post-chlorination. The detected DBPs after the degradation of DEET and IBP comprised 13.5% and 19.8% of total organic chlorine（TOCl）, respectively, and the proportions increased to 19.8% and 33.9% after subsequent chlorination, respectively. In comparison to the UV/H_2O_2 process accompanied with post-chlorination, the formation of DBPs and TOCl in the UV/chlorine process together with post-chlorination was 5%–63% higher,Ulikely due to the generation of more DBP precursors from the attack of RCS, in addition to HO.
文摘Emerging contaminants(ECs)represent a small fraction of the large chemical pollution puzzle where a wide variety of potentially hazardous chemicals reach the environment,and new compounds are continuously synthesized and released in wastewater treatment plants and ultimately in effluent and biosolids.ECs have been classified into various categories;however,this article focuses on the fate of major categories,namely pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs),per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),flame retardants,surfactants,endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs),and microplastics(MPs).These ECs when discharged to sewer and downstream wastewater treatment plants can undergo further transformations and either degrade,persist or convert into by-products which have the potential in some cases to be more hazardous.Because of potential dangerous impacts of the availability of these contaminants in the environment,information on the fate and behavior of these pollutants is highly important to develop new strategies,such as the regulation of chemicals imported into Australia and Australian consumer goods and environmental policies to mitigate them in a sustainable way.Moreover,advanced technologies are required for the detection and identification of novel contaminants emerging in the environment at ultra low levels.The application of chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectroscopy has provided attractive breakthroughs to detect new emerging contaminants.However,it is crucially important to understand the sensitivity and robustness of these analytical techniques when dealing with complex matrices such as biosolids.In addition,most of the literature was focused on selected compounds or a family of compounds and the existing reviews have paid less attention to examine the formation of metabolites during the wastewater treatment process and their impacts on the ecosystem.This review presents an overview of the presence of different classes of ECs around the world,their quantification from different sources like wastewater(influents or effluents),sludge and biosolids.In addition,the transformation of ECs during the treatment process,the formation of intermediate products and their impacts on the environment are also critically discussed.Three major steps of ECs analysis include sample preparation,extraction and clean-up,and analysis;hence,different methods employed for extraction and clean-up,and analytical techniques for identification are thoroughly discussed,their advantages and limitations are also highlighted.This comprehensive review article is believed to enhance the understanding of ECs in sewage sludge and would be useful to the readers of the relevant communities and various stakeholders to investigate potential technologies to maximize destruction of ECs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.U1809214 and 51708504)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Nos.LY20E080014 and LTGN23E080001)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Province Industrial Innovation Service Complex "Opening list and Hanging" Project (No.YY-2021C1006)and the Science and Technology Project of Zhoushan (No.2022C41011).
文摘S-scheme heterojunction engineering is an effective strategy to attain distinctive photocatalysts.Herein,a carbon dots modulated S-scheme hetero-structured photocatalyst of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S nanoparticles/Bi_(2)MoO_(6) microspheres/carbon dots (CZCBM),aiming to conquer the photo-corrosion and strengthen the photocatalytic property of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S,was developed via a facile solvothermal route.Under visible light,the optimal CZCBM-2 affords a 1.8-,1.5-,or 0.6-time reinforcement in the oxytetracycline degradation rate constant compared to Bi_(2)MoO_(6),Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S or Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6),which is credited to the strengthened visible-light response,increased reactive sites,and efficient dissolution of photo-carriers with optimal redox capacity because of the co-effect of carbon dots and S-scheme heterostructure.Significantly,the photo-corrosion of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S is significantly suppressed and CZCBM-2 affords superior stability and reusability during cycling tests.Besides,CZCBM-2 can be well adapted to various environments.The toxicology appraisement unravels the decreased eco-toxicity of most intermediates compared to oxytetracycline.Lastly,an S-scheme charge transfer mechanism with carbon dots as electron reservoir in CZCBM is deduced,which uncloses that •O_(2)− and h+ dominantly account for oxytetracycline eradication and detoxification.This study demonstrates the design of unique carbon dots favored S-scheme heterostructures as an effective “Two Birds with One Stone” strategy to achieve high anti-photo-corrosion performance and reinforced photocatalytic performance of sulfides.
