Aims Clonal growth is associated with invasiveness in introduced plant species,but few studies have compared invasive and noninvasive introduced clonal species to investigate which clonal traits may underlie invasiven...Aims Clonal growth is associated with invasiveness in introduced plant species,but few studies have compared invasive and noninvasive introduced clonal species to investigate which clonal traits may underlie invasiveness.To test the hypothesis that greater capacity to increase clonal growth via physiological integration of connected ramets increases invasiveness in clonal plants,we compared the effects of severing connections on accumulation of mass in the two species of the creeping,succulent,perennial,herbaceous genus Carpobrotus that have been introduced on sand dunes along the Pacific Coast of northern California,the highly invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and the co-occurring,noninvasive species Carpobrotus chilensis.Methods Pairs of ramets from four mixed populations of the species from California were grown in a common garden for 3 months with and without severing the stem connecting the ramets.To simulate the effect of clones on soils in natural populations,the older ramet was grown in sand amended with potting compost and the younger in sand alone.Important Findings Severance decreased net growth in mass by~60%in C.edulis and~100%in C.chilensis,due mainly to the negative effect of severance on the shoot mass of the younger ramet within a pair.Contrary to the hypothesis,this suggests that physiological integration increases growth more in the less invasive species.However,severance also decreased allocation of mass to roots in the older ramet and increased it in the younger ramet in a pair,and the effect on the younger ramet was about twice as great in C.edulis as in C.chilensis.This indicates that the more invasive species shows greater phenotypic plasticity in response to physiological integration,in particular greater capacity for division of labor.This could contribute to greater long-term growth and suggests that the division of labor may be a trait that underlies the association between clonal growth and invasiveness in plants.展开更多
The preceding parts of the review concerned kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment, ergometry, systemic responses and adaptations. Main teachings of this third part of the whole review follow. At th...The preceding parts of the review concerned kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment, ergometry, systemic responses and adaptations. Main teachings of this third part of the whole review follow. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Game, most vitamin users (91 percent) were boxers. After 18 days of endurance training at the altitude of 1800 m, in boxers, 1) erythropoietin and reticulocytes values increased, 2) remained unchanged parameters of iron metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake values, 3) iron supplementation decreased total body hemoglobin values. Zinc supplementation and/or regularity while boxing influenced plasma levels of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc in boxers. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased punches frequency and time to fatigue in boxers. Boxing-induced thermal dehydration yielded 1) body and muscle masses decrease compensated by increased neural input to muscle, to maintain muscle strength, but 2) a 26.8 percent performance fall. In boxers, fluid and food intake restriction 1) changed neither blood vitamin status nor plasma glutathione levels, 2) yielded a) a negative mood profile and a performance decrease, when resulted in body mass fall by 5.16 percent but b) no performance decrease when fall was by three percent. Diet protein or protein and caloric components decrease increased, in boxers, protein catabolism and, for the same submaximal workload, heart rate and oxygen intake. In food-restricted boxers, myoprotein catabolism increased with decreasing meal intake frequency. Competition and no-competition boxers utilize massage. Massage increased perceptions of recovery after a whole boxing performance. High level of cardiorespiratory fitness accelerates recovery process between boxing rounds.展开更多
The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the revi...The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the review has dealt with kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment and ergometry. The following and third part of the review is going to deal with dietary supplementation, weight control, recovery, altitude, faith, life expectancy, gender and childhood. Search engines and printed documents have helped gather the information that have been commented in the present and second part: responses and/or adaptations relating to 1) metabolism, 2) skeleton, 3) nervous system, 4) endocrine system, 5) cardiovascular system, 6) urinary tract and 7) pulmonary system. Detailed titles and subtitles of this part of the review are found at the end of the journal paper introduction. The main teachings from the present journal paper may be acquired through the consultation of the tables and figures that are positioned in the text, not forgetting the reminders and advice(s) that appear at the end of each of the seven parts of the journal paper (2.1.6., 2.2.2., 2.3.2., 2.4.2., 2.5.4, 2.6.4. and 2.7.3.).展开更多
Water,minerals,nutrients,etc.,can be shared by physiological integration among inter-connected ramets of clonal plants.Nitrogen plays an important role in alleviating cadmium(Cd)stress for clonal plants.But how differ...Water,minerals,nutrients,etc.,can be shared by physiological integration among inter-connected ramets of clonal plants.Nitrogen plays an important role in alleviating cadmium(Cd)stress for clonal plants.But how different forms of nitrogen affect growth performance of clonal plants subjected to heterogeneous Cd stress still remains poorly understood.A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the differential effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth performance of Glechoma longituba under heterogeneous Cd stress.In the experiment,parent ramets of Glechoma longituba clonal fragments were respectively supplied with modified Hoagland solution containing 7.5 mM ammonium,7.5 mM nitrate or the same volume of nutrient solution without nitrogen.Cd solution with different concentrations(0,0.1 or 2.0 mM)was applied to offspring ramets of the clonal fragments.Compared with control(N-free),nitrogen addition to parent ramets,especially ammonium,significantly improved antioxidant capacity[glutathione(GSH),proline(Pro),peroxidase(POD,)superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)],PSII activity[maximum quantum yield of PSII(F_(v)/F_(m))and effective quantum yield of PSII(ΦPSII)],chlorophyll content and biomass accumulation of the offspring ramets suffering from Cd stress.In addition,negative effects of nitrate on growth performance of whole clonal fragments were observed under Cd stress with high concentration(2.0 mM).Transportation or sharing of nitrogen,especially ammonium,can improve growth performance of clonal plants under heterogeneous Cd stress.The experiment provides insight into transmission mechanism of nitrogen among ramets of clonal plants suffering from heterogeneous nutrient supply.Physiological integration might be an important ecological strategy for clonal plants adapting to heterogeneous environment stress conditions.展开更多
Present long range interactions for signals, as well as large scale rare phenomena at Earthquakes are subjects of wave dynamics with large impact. Here, that will be addressed in a general (science fiction) format. Th...Present long range interactions for signals, as well as large scale rare phenomena at Earthquakes are subjects of wave dynamics with large impact. Here, that will be addressed in a general (science fiction) format. The method used is based on energy balance for a continuum and kinematics of noncircular orbits, nco. Released vortex formation in a process invoking escape velocity for beamed up Dinosaurs, is modeled with fluid dynamics of a Helix. It is found that elasticity in terms of volumetric changes and vorticities interact giving large velocities and interchange of potential and kinetic energies. The model is an example of atmosphere integrative physiology.展开更多
Aims Clonal integration,i.e.resource sharing between interconnected ramets,can help clonal plants tolerate abiotic stress.However,few studies have directly examined the ecological significance of clonal integration in...Aims Clonal integration,i.e.resource sharing between interconnected ramets,can help clonal plants tolerate abiotic stress.However,few studies have directly examined the ecological significance of clonal integration in the ability of clonal plants to tolerate biotic stress such as herbivory.Methods We grew clonal fragments of an invasive clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides,each consisting of an apical part(relatively young)and a basal part(relatively old),at two levels(low and high)of soil nitrogen(N).For each fragment,the apical part was subjected to either no herbivory or herbivory for 2 weeks by a specialist insect,Agasicles hygrophila,and was either connected with or discon-nected from the basal part not subjected to herbivory.Important Findings Herbivory in the apical part severely reduced leaf growth(leaf mass,leaf number or leaf area)and ramet production of both apical and basal parts,and increased root to shoot ratio of the apical part.Irrespective of herbivory and soil N,stem connection between the apical and the basal part decreased root to shoot ratio of the ap-ical part,but did not change its growth measures.Meanwhile,con-nection increased stem N concentration of the apical part growing under high-N supply and decreased stem carbon(C)concentration of the apical part under low-N supply.By contrast,connection in-creased root to shoot ratio of the basal part,but reduced its leaf and ramet production.Connection also increased leaf and stem C concentrations of the basal part under low-N supply.Thus,clonal integration can be beneficial for the early development of young A.philoxeroides ramets,but not for their local adaptation to herbivory damage by A.hygrophila.展开更多
Aims Many invasive alien plant species are clonal and can greatly propa-gate and spread through clonal integration(sharing resources between connected ramets)in heterogeneous and variable environ-ments.Here,we tested ...Aims Many invasive alien plant species are clonal and can greatly propa-gate and spread through clonal integration(sharing resources between connected ramets)in heterogeneous and variable environ-ments.Here,we tested whether water variability influences clonal integration of invasive alien plant species and consequently facili-tates their growth and dominance in a native community.Methods We selected four typical invasive clonal plant species in China.Connected(with clonal integration)and disconnected(without clonal integration)clonal fragments were established either under constant watering or variable watering condition in an experimental native plant community consisting of three naturally co-occurring grassland species.Proximal part of the container received high nu-trient and distal part received low nutrient.Important Findings Clonal integration significantly increased biomass,aboveground mass and belowground mass of invasive alien plants in the proximal ramets,the distal ramets and the whole clone and de-creased the growth of native community.Interestingly,clonal in-tegration significantly increased the growth of invasive plants in variable watering.The positive effect of clonal integration was stronger in variable watering than in constant watering.Invasive plants with clonal integration had high biomass proportion(>0.6)in the whole community.Our results suggest that invasive clonal plants benefit more from clonal integration in variable water en-vironments when established in a native community,and to some extent,clonal integration potentially contribute greatly to the inva-siveness of alien clonal plants when they enter a new community with resource variability.展开更多
Aims One of the key traits associated with clonal growth in plants is the capacity for physiological integration,which allows resource sharing between connected ramets within a clonal system.Resource transport is expe...Aims One of the key traits associated with clonal growth in plants is the capacity for physiological integration,which allows resource sharing between connected ramets within a clonal system.Resource transport is expected to occur following a source–sink relationship:from ramets established in rich patches to ramets growing in poor patches.However,some experiments have shown that acropetal transport(from basal to apical modules)usually exceeds basipetal transport(from apical to basal ramets).In this study,we aimed to determine the resource transport directionality in physiologically integrated modules of the invader Carpobrotus edulis.Methods We conducted two manipulative experiments under common garden conditions that studied the effect of different nutrient levels located at different positions(basal,medial and apical)on connected and disconnected clonal systems of C.edulis.We compared the biomass partitioning patterns and final biomass of ramets to elucidate whether the effect of physiological integration is affected by the directionality of the resource transport.Important Findings Results indicate a prevalent acropetal transport of resources in C.edulis,with a developmentally programmed division of labor where basal ramets were specialized in obtaining soil-based resources and apical ramets specialized in aboveground growth.This biomass partitioning pattern was not affected by the nutrient conditions in which basal or apical ramets were growing,although the highest benefit was achieved by apical ramets growing under the most stressed conditions.This developmentally programmed division of labor is expected to increase the lateral growth of C.edulis,and therefore could have meaningful implications for the expansion of this invasive species.展开更多
Aims Soil heterogeneity is common in natural habitats.It may trigger for-aging responses(placing more ramets and/or roots in nutrient-rich patches than in nutrient-poor patches)and further affect the growth of plants....Aims Soil heterogeneity is common in natural habitats.It may trigger for-aging responses(placing more ramets and/or roots in nutrient-rich patches than in nutrient-poor patches)and further affect the growth of plants.However,the impact of soil heterogeneity on competitive interactions has been little tested.Methods We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of soil heterogeneity on intraspecific competition with a stolonif-erous herb Hydrocotyle vulgaris.We grew one(without com-petition)or nine ramets(with competition)of H.vulgaris under a homogeneous environment and two heterogeneous environ-ments differing in patch size(large or small patches).In the het-erogeneous treatment,the soil consisted of the same number of nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor patches arranged in a chessboard manner,and in the homogeneous treatment,the soil was an even mixture of the same amount of the nutrient-rich and the nutrient-poor soil.Important Findings Irrespective of intraspecific competition,H.vulgaris showed for-aging responses to soil heterogeneity in the large patch treatment,e.g.it produced significantly more biomass,ramets,aboveground mass and root mass in the nutrient-rich patches than in the nutrient-poor patches.In the small patch treatment,foraging responses were observed when intraspecific competition was present,but responses were not observed when there was no competition.However,we find a significant effect of soil heterogeneity on neither overall growth nor competitive intensity of H.vulgaris.Our results suggest that foraging responses to soil heterogeneity may not necessarily be adaptive and intraspecific competition may not be influenced by soil heterogeneity.展开更多
Bodies of plants are modularly organized. Development proceeds by adding new modules to open endings with a potential for branching. Each module is autonomous to some extent. Development relies on the self-organized p...Bodies of plants are modularly organized. Development proceeds by adding new modules to open endings with a potential for branching. Each module is autonomous to some extent. Development relies on the self-organized patterns that emerge from the interactions of individual modules. Interactions include both competition and cooperation,and several types of positive and negative feedback loops are involved. Development can be open to external influences, thus enabling the plant to adjust its form to the environment,for example, to the spatial distribution of ecological resources. This paper provides a review on adaptive plasticity in plants.展开更多
Connected individuals(ramets)of clonal plants are frequently fragmented due to disturbance,and such clonal fragmentation may influence their growth.However,it is unclear whether different patterns of clonal fragmentat...Connected individuals(ramets)of clonal plants are frequently fragmented due to disturbance,and such clonal fragmentation may influence their growth.However,it is unclear whether different patterns of clonal fragmentation produce differential effects on plant growth and whether such differences vary with genotypes.We collected one group of connected ramets of the stoloniferous floating invasive macrophyte Pistia stratiotes from each of six provinces(Guangdong,Guangxi,Hubei,Jiangsu,Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces)of China,and assumed that these ramets belonged to different genotypes.After several generations of vegetative propagation to remove potential parental effects,new ramets(hereafter referred to as parent ramets)from each of these assumed genotypes were subjected to four patterns of clonal fragmentation,i.e.,all offspring ramets produced during the experiment remained connected to their parent ramet(control),or the primary(1°),secondary(2°)or tertiary(3°)offspring ramets were disconnected from their parent ramet.We found significant growth differences among the assumed genotypes,confirming that the ramets sampled from these six provinces were from different genotypes.Compared with the control,disconnecting the 1°,2°or 3°ramets did not significantly affect biomass of the whole clone(i.e.,the parent ramet plus all offspring ramets)of P.stratiotes.Disconnecting the 1°ramets significantly increased biomass of the parental ramet of all six genotypes compared with the control.However,disconnecting the 2°or 3°ramets had little effect on biomass of the parent ramet for all genotypes except the Guangxi genotype,for which disconnecting the 2°ramets decreased biomass of the parent ramet.Disconnecting the 1°,2°or 3°ramets had no impact on biomass or number of the 1°or the 3°ramets for any of the genotypes.However,disconnecting the 1°ramets decreased biomass of the 2°ramets for the Guangdong and Yunnan genotypes,but had no effect for the other four genotypes.We conclude that different patterns of clonal fragmentation can have different impacts on parent and offspring ramets of P.stratiotes and such an impact may vary with genotypes.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(Grant CGL2013-44519-R to S.R.R.).
文摘Aims Clonal growth is associated with invasiveness in introduced plant species,but few studies have compared invasive and noninvasive introduced clonal species to investigate which clonal traits may underlie invasiveness.To test the hypothesis that greater capacity to increase clonal growth via physiological integration of connected ramets increases invasiveness in clonal plants,we compared the effects of severing connections on accumulation of mass in the two species of the creeping,succulent,perennial,herbaceous genus Carpobrotus that have been introduced on sand dunes along the Pacific Coast of northern California,the highly invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and the co-occurring,noninvasive species Carpobrotus chilensis.Methods Pairs of ramets from four mixed populations of the species from California were grown in a common garden for 3 months with and without severing the stem connecting the ramets.To simulate the effect of clones on soils in natural populations,the older ramet was grown in sand amended with potting compost and the younger in sand alone.Important Findings Severance decreased net growth in mass by~60%in C.edulis and~100%in C.chilensis,due mainly to the negative effect of severance on the shoot mass of the younger ramet within a pair.Contrary to the hypothesis,this suggests that physiological integration increases growth more in the less invasive species.However,severance also decreased allocation of mass to roots in the older ramet and increased it in the younger ramet in a pair,and the effect on the younger ramet was about twice as great in C.edulis as in C.chilensis.This indicates that the more invasive species shows greater phenotypic plasticity in response to physiological integration,in particular greater capacity for division of labor.This could contribute to greater long-term growth and suggests that the division of labor may be a trait that underlies the association between clonal growth and invasiveness in plants.
文摘The preceding parts of the review concerned kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment, ergometry, systemic responses and adaptations. Main teachings of this third part of the whole review follow. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Game, most vitamin users (91 percent) were boxers. After 18 days of endurance training at the altitude of 1800 m, in boxers, 1) erythropoietin and reticulocytes values increased, 2) remained unchanged parameters of iron metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake values, 3) iron supplementation decreased total body hemoglobin values. Zinc supplementation and/or regularity while boxing influenced plasma levels of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc in boxers. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased punches frequency and time to fatigue in boxers. Boxing-induced thermal dehydration yielded 1) body and muscle masses decrease compensated by increased neural input to muscle, to maintain muscle strength, but 2) a 26.8 percent performance fall. In boxers, fluid and food intake restriction 1) changed neither blood vitamin status nor plasma glutathione levels, 2) yielded a) a negative mood profile and a performance decrease, when resulted in body mass fall by 5.16 percent but b) no performance decrease when fall was by three percent. Diet protein or protein and caloric components decrease increased, in boxers, protein catabolism and, for the same submaximal workload, heart rate and oxygen intake. In food-restricted boxers, myoprotein catabolism increased with decreasing meal intake frequency. Competition and no-competition boxers utilize massage. Massage increased perceptions of recovery after a whole boxing performance. High level of cardiorespiratory fitness accelerates recovery process between boxing rounds.
文摘The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the review has dealt with kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment and ergometry. The following and third part of the review is going to deal with dietary supplementation, weight control, recovery, altitude, faith, life expectancy, gender and childhood. Search engines and printed documents have helped gather the information that have been commented in the present and second part: responses and/or adaptations relating to 1) metabolism, 2) skeleton, 3) nervous system, 4) endocrine system, 5) cardiovascular system, 6) urinary tract and 7) pulmonary system. Detailed titles and subtitles of this part of the review are found at the end of the journal paper introduction. The main teachings from the present journal paper may be acquired through the consultation of the tables and figures that are positioned in the text, not forgetting the reminders and advice(s) that appear at the end of each of the seven parts of the journal paper (2.1.6., 2.2.2., 2.3.2., 2.4.2., 2.5.4, 2.6.4. and 2.7.3.).
基金This research was supported by Science and Technology Support Program of Sichuan Province(2016NYZ0021)Guizhou Environmental Protection Department(2016).
文摘Water,minerals,nutrients,etc.,can be shared by physiological integration among inter-connected ramets of clonal plants.Nitrogen plays an important role in alleviating cadmium(Cd)stress for clonal plants.But how different forms of nitrogen affect growth performance of clonal plants subjected to heterogeneous Cd stress still remains poorly understood.A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the differential effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth performance of Glechoma longituba under heterogeneous Cd stress.In the experiment,parent ramets of Glechoma longituba clonal fragments were respectively supplied with modified Hoagland solution containing 7.5 mM ammonium,7.5 mM nitrate or the same volume of nutrient solution without nitrogen.Cd solution with different concentrations(0,0.1 or 2.0 mM)was applied to offspring ramets of the clonal fragments.Compared with control(N-free),nitrogen addition to parent ramets,especially ammonium,significantly improved antioxidant capacity[glutathione(GSH),proline(Pro),peroxidase(POD,)superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)],PSII activity[maximum quantum yield of PSII(F_(v)/F_(m))and effective quantum yield of PSII(ΦPSII)],chlorophyll content and biomass accumulation of the offspring ramets suffering from Cd stress.In addition,negative effects of nitrate on growth performance of whole clonal fragments were observed under Cd stress with high concentration(2.0 mM).Transportation or sharing of nitrogen,especially ammonium,can improve growth performance of clonal plants under heterogeneous Cd stress.The experiment provides insight into transmission mechanism of nitrogen among ramets of clonal plants suffering from heterogeneous nutrient supply.Physiological integration might be an important ecological strategy for clonal plants adapting to heterogeneous environment stress conditions.
文摘Present long range interactions for signals, as well as large scale rare phenomena at Earthquakes are subjects of wave dynamics with large impact. Here, that will be addressed in a general (science fiction) format. The method used is based on energy balance for a continuum and kinematics of noncircular orbits, nco. Released vortex formation in a process invoking escape velocity for beamed up Dinosaurs, is modeled with fluid dynamics of a Helix. It is found that elasticity in terms of volumetric changes and vorticities interact giving large velocities and interchange of potential and kinetic energies. The model is an example of atmosphere integrative physiology.
基金This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1201101,2016YFC1202102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31500331,31670428)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2015ZCQ-BH-01)Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Beijing Forestry University(X201710022152).
文摘Aims Clonal integration,i.e.resource sharing between interconnected ramets,can help clonal plants tolerate abiotic stress.However,few studies have directly examined the ecological significance of clonal integration in the ability of clonal plants to tolerate biotic stress such as herbivory.Methods We grew clonal fragments of an invasive clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides,each consisting of an apical part(relatively young)and a basal part(relatively old),at two levels(low and high)of soil nitrogen(N).For each fragment,the apical part was subjected to either no herbivory or herbivory for 2 weeks by a specialist insect,Agasicles hygrophila,and was either connected with or discon-nected from the basal part not subjected to herbivory.Important Findings Herbivory in the apical part severely reduced leaf growth(leaf mass,leaf number or leaf area)and ramet production of both apical and basal parts,and increased root to shoot ratio of the apical part.Irrespective of herbivory and soil N,stem connection between the apical and the basal part decreased root to shoot ratio of the ap-ical part,but did not change its growth measures.Meanwhile,con-nection increased stem N concentration of the apical part growing under high-N supply and decreased stem carbon(C)concentration of the apical part under low-N supply.By contrast,connection in-creased root to shoot ratio of the basal part,but reduced its leaf and ramet production.Connection also increased leaf and stem C concentrations of the basal part under low-N supply.Thus,clonal integration can be beneficial for the early development of young A.philoxeroides ramets,but not for their local adaptation to herbivory damage by A.hygrophila.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770449,31270465)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0505605)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662016PY064)research on key technologies of forest fire monitoring and early warning linkage control(YLKY-2017-5).
文摘Aims Many invasive alien plant species are clonal and can greatly propa-gate and spread through clonal integration(sharing resources between connected ramets)in heterogeneous and variable environ-ments.Here,we tested whether water variability influences clonal integration of invasive alien plant species and consequently facili-tates their growth and dominance in a native community.Methods We selected four typical invasive clonal plant species in China.Connected(with clonal integration)and disconnected(without clonal integration)clonal fragments were established either under constant watering or variable watering condition in an experimental native plant community consisting of three naturally co-occurring grassland species.Proximal part of the container received high nu-trient and distal part received low nutrient.Important Findings Clonal integration significantly increased biomass,aboveground mass and belowground mass of invasive alien plants in the proximal ramets,the distal ramets and the whole clone and de-creased the growth of native community.Interestingly,clonal in-tegration significantly increased the growth of invasive plants in variable watering.The positive effect of clonal integration was stronger in variable watering than in constant watering.Invasive plants with clonal integration had high biomass proportion(>0.6)in the whole community.Our results suggest that invasive clonal plants benefit more from clonal integration in variable water en-vironments when established in a native community,and to some extent,clonal integration potentially contribute greatly to the inva-siveness of alien clonal plants when they enter a new community with resource variability.
基金This work was supported by funds from the Alien Species Network(Ref.ED431D 2017/20-Xunta de Galicia,Autonomous Government of Galicia).
文摘Aims One of the key traits associated with clonal growth in plants is the capacity for physiological integration,which allows resource sharing between connected ramets within a clonal system.Resource transport is expected to occur following a source–sink relationship:from ramets established in rich patches to ramets growing in poor patches.However,some experiments have shown that acropetal transport(from basal to apical modules)usually exceeds basipetal transport(from apical to basal ramets).In this study,we aimed to determine the resource transport directionality in physiologically integrated modules of the invader Carpobrotus edulis.Methods We conducted two manipulative experiments under common garden conditions that studied the effect of different nutrient levels located at different positions(basal,medial and apical)on connected and disconnected clonal systems of C.edulis.We compared the biomass partitioning patterns and final biomass of ramets to elucidate whether the effect of physiological integration is affected by the directionality of the resource transport.Important Findings Results indicate a prevalent acropetal transport of resources in C.edulis,with a developmentally programmed division of labor where basal ramets were specialized in obtaining soil-based resources and apical ramets specialized in aboveground growth.This biomass partitioning pattern was not affected by the nutrient conditions in which basal or apical ramets were growing,although the highest benefit was achieved by apical ramets growing under the most stressed conditions.This developmentally programmed division of labor is expected to increase the lateral growth of C.edulis,and therefore could have meaningful implications for the expansion of this invasive species.
基金Specific Programs in Graduate Science and Technology Innovation of Beijing Forestry University(BLYJ201204)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(TD-JC-2013-1)+1 种基金the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NECT-10-0234)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200314).
文摘Aims Soil heterogeneity is common in natural habitats.It may trigger for-aging responses(placing more ramets and/or roots in nutrient-rich patches than in nutrient-poor patches)and further affect the growth of plants.However,the impact of soil heterogeneity on competitive interactions has been little tested.Methods We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of soil heterogeneity on intraspecific competition with a stolonif-erous herb Hydrocotyle vulgaris.We grew one(without com-petition)or nine ramets(with competition)of H.vulgaris under a homogeneous environment and two heterogeneous environ-ments differing in patch size(large or small patches).In the het-erogeneous treatment,the soil consisted of the same number of nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor patches arranged in a chessboard manner,and in the homogeneous treatment,the soil was an even mixture of the same amount of the nutrient-rich and the nutrient-poor soil.Important Findings Irrespective of intraspecific competition,H.vulgaris showed for-aging responses to soil heterogeneity in the large patch treatment,e.g.it produced significantly more biomass,ramets,aboveground mass and root mass in the nutrient-rich patches than in the nutrient-poor patches.In the small patch treatment,foraging responses were observed when intraspecific competition was present,but responses were not observed when there was no competition.However,we find a significant effect of soil heterogeneity on neither overall growth nor competitive intensity of H.vulgaris.Our results suggest that foraging responses to soil heterogeneity may not necessarily be adaptive and intraspecific competition may not be influenced by soil heterogeneity.
基金This research was subsidized by the Hungarian National Research Fund(OTKA T35009,and NWOOTKA N34028),the Hungarian Ministry of Education(FKFP 0187/1990,Istvn Szchenyi Scolarship),and the International Program of the Santa Fe Institute,NM,USA.
文摘Bodies of plants are modularly organized. Development proceeds by adding new modules to open endings with a potential for branching. Each module is autonomous to some extent. Development relies on the self-organized patterns that emerge from the interactions of individual modules. Interactions include both competition and cooperation,and several types of positive and negative feedback loops are involved. Development can be open to external influences, thus enabling the plant to adjust its form to the environment,for example, to the spatial distribution of ecological resources. This paper provides a review on adaptive plasticity in plants.
基金We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 31800341).
文摘Connected individuals(ramets)of clonal plants are frequently fragmented due to disturbance,and such clonal fragmentation may influence their growth.However,it is unclear whether different patterns of clonal fragmentation produce differential effects on plant growth and whether such differences vary with genotypes.We collected one group of connected ramets of the stoloniferous floating invasive macrophyte Pistia stratiotes from each of six provinces(Guangdong,Guangxi,Hubei,Jiangsu,Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces)of China,and assumed that these ramets belonged to different genotypes.After several generations of vegetative propagation to remove potential parental effects,new ramets(hereafter referred to as parent ramets)from each of these assumed genotypes were subjected to four patterns of clonal fragmentation,i.e.,all offspring ramets produced during the experiment remained connected to their parent ramet(control),or the primary(1°),secondary(2°)or tertiary(3°)offspring ramets were disconnected from their parent ramet.We found significant growth differences among the assumed genotypes,confirming that the ramets sampled from these six provinces were from different genotypes.Compared with the control,disconnecting the 1°,2°or 3°ramets did not significantly affect biomass of the whole clone(i.e.,the parent ramet plus all offspring ramets)of P.stratiotes.Disconnecting the 1°ramets significantly increased biomass of the parental ramet of all six genotypes compared with the control.However,disconnecting the 2°or 3°ramets had little effect on biomass of the parent ramet for all genotypes except the Guangxi genotype,for which disconnecting the 2°ramets decreased biomass of the parent ramet.Disconnecting the 1°,2°or 3°ramets had no impact on biomass or number of the 1°or the 3°ramets for any of the genotypes.However,disconnecting the 1°ramets decreased biomass of the 2°ramets for the Guangdong and Yunnan genotypes,but had no effect for the other four genotypes.We conclude that different patterns of clonal fragmentation can have different impacts on parent and offspring ramets of P.stratiotes and such an impact may vary with genotypes.
