Dietary fiber is associated with impaired nutrient utilization and reduced net energy values. However, fiber has to be included in the diet to maintain normal physiological functions in the digestive tract. Moreover, ...Dietary fiber is associated with impaired nutrient utilization and reduced net energy values. However, fiber has to be included in the diet to maintain normal physiological functions in the digestive tract. Moreover, the negative impact of dietary fiber will be determined by the fiber properties and may differ considerably between fiber sources. Various techniques can be applied to enhance nutritional value and utilization of available feed resources. In addition, the extent of fiber utilization is affected by the age of the pig and the pig breed. The use of potential prebiotic effects of dietary fiber is an attractive way to stimulate gut health and thereby minimize the use of anti-microbial growth promoters. Inclusion of soluble non-starch polysaccharides （NSP） in the diet can stimulate the growth of commensal gut microbes, inclusion of NSP from chicory results in changes in gut micro-environment and gut morphology of pigs, while growth performance remains unaffected and digestibility was only marginally reduced. The fermentation products and pH in digesta responded to diet type and were correlated with shifts in the microbiota. Interestingly, fiber intake will have an impact on the expression of intestinal epithelial heat-shock proteins in the pig. Heat-shock proteins have an important physiological role in the gut and carry out crucial housekeeping functions in order to maintain the mucosal barrier integrity. Thus, there are increasing evidence showing that fiber can have prebiotic effects in pigs due to interactions with the gut micro-environment and the gut associated immune system.展开更多
Biosecurity measures are essential for protecting pig health, however, these practices are not always utilized by smallholder farmers in Cambodia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices, in terms of pi...Biosecurity measures are essential for protecting pig health, however, these practices are not always utilized by smallholder farmers in Cambodia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices, in terms of pig biosecurity measures, of individual stakeholders involved in pig production in rural and peri-urban households in Cambodia. A survey tool was developed and administered using Kobotoolbox, an online electronic survey tool. Surveys were conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, and Battambang during December 2017 to September 2018. There were 225 pig farmers, 43 village animal health workers (VAHWs), 3-district veterinarians (DVs), and 81 feed store owners enrolled in the study. Results showed that several biosecurity guidelines are not followed or well understood by farmers. Specific concerning practices included using natural boars, sharing pig equipment (e.g. scales), feeding kitchen waste, managing other livestock, handling manure, and not restricting access by visitors (VAHWs or DVs, boar owners, pig buyers, neighbors, and meat sellers). Thus, education of pig smallholder farmers and VAHWs on pig biosecurity is needed for improving pig health and production, economic value, and livelihood of smallholder farmers in Cambodia.展开更多
Campylobacter species belong to the most important foodborne bacteria which cause gastroenteritis in humans in both developed and developing countries. Applied hygienic measures result only partially efficient, as dem...Campylobacter species belong to the most important foodborne bacteria which cause gastroenteritis in humans in both developed and developing countries. Applied hygienic measures result only partially efficient, as demonstrated by the high number of reported cases in the human population. Alternative strategies to prevent the disease though a direct action at primary production level have been explored. Preliminary data showed that cattle and pigs fed with bamboo and olive by-products, respectively, were free from Campylobacter, suggesting potential sustainable prevention strategy. In addition, biochemical analysis showed high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in red meat and meat products, adequate for the application of health claims in line with EU food law.展开更多
本研究采用了2个能值体系(代谢能、净能)×2种油脂来源(大豆油、复合油脂)的析因试验,探讨了在保育猪饲粮中添加复合油脂等量替代大豆油的可行性。试验选用了192头初始体重为(8.40±1.04)kg的健康杜×长×大三元断奶仔...本研究采用了2个能值体系(代谢能、净能)×2种油脂来源(大豆油、复合油脂)的析因试验,探讨了在保育猪饲粮中添加复合油脂等量替代大豆油的可行性。试验选用了192头初始体重为(8.40±1.04)kg的健康杜×长×大三元断奶仔猪,根据初始体重按照随机区组的原则分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复(栏),每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。根据NRC(2012)推荐,分别采用净能和代谢能2套能值体系,配制7~11 kg和12~25 kg 2个阶段饲粮。对照组为玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组用2%的复合油脂等量替代2%的大豆油,饲喂35 d。饲养结束后,从饲喂净能体系饲粮的2个组中分别选择6头体重接近重复平均体重的猪屠宰,采集空肠组织做形态学观测,收集空肠黏膜、结肠内容物和新鲜粪便,分别用于检测紧密连接蛋白表达、抗氧化指标、挥发性脂肪酸含量以及微生物组成。结果表明:饲粮中添加2%的复合油脂替代等量的大豆油对保育猪的生长性能和腹泻率没有显著影响(P>0.05);复合油脂代替大豆油有提高血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)(P=0.09)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量(P=0.06)的趋势,但对血清中炎症因子含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),血清中脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05),而且血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P=0.06)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P=0.06)也有升高的趋势。代谢能体系饲粮饲喂的猪的血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和GSH-Px活性以及T-AOC显著高于净能体系饲粮饲喂的猪(P<0.05)。净能体系下,复合油脂等量替代大豆油显著升高了猪肠道黏膜中GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),有升高T-AOC(P=0.09)和CAT活性(P=0.08)的趋势;复合油脂组紧密连接蛋白-1(Claudin-1)和闭锁小带蛋白-2(ZO-2)的蛋白表达显著提高(P<0.05),闭合蛋白(Occludin)的蛋白表达也有升高的趋势(P=0.09);复合油脂等量代替大豆油显著提高了猪结肠内容物中乙酸的含量(P<0.05),而且粪便微生物门水平的Beta多样性显著变化(P<0.05),表现为采食复合油脂显著提高了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度(P<0.05)。综上所述,保育猪饲粮中添加2%的复合油脂等量替代大豆油,不影响保育猪的生长性能和健康,而且有助于提高机体免疫力、抗氧化能力和维护肠道屏障功能。展开更多
It is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the overall health and production of the pig.This has led to intensified research on the composition of the gastroin...It is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the overall health and production of the pig.This has led to intensified research on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota,factors affecting it,and the impact of the microbiota on health,growth performance,and more recently,behavior of the host.Swine production research has been heavily focused on assessing the effects of feed additives and dietary modifications to alter or take advantage of select characteristics of gastrointestinal microbes to improve health and feed conversion efficiency.Research on faecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) as a possible tool to improve outcomes in pigs through manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome is very recent and limited data is available.Results on FMT in humans demonstrating the transfer of phenotypic traits from donors to recipients and the high efficacy of FMT to treat Clostridium difficile infections in humans,together with data from pigs relating GI-tract microbiota composition with growth performance has likely played an important role in the interest towards this strategy in pig production.However,several factors can influence the impact of FMT on the recipient,and these need to be identified and optimized before this tool can be applied to pig production.There are obvious inherent biosecurity and regulatory issues in this strategy,since the donor's microbiome can never be completely screened for all possible non-desirable microorganisms.However,considering the success observed in humans,it seems worth investigating this strategy for certain applications in pig production.Further,FMT research may lead to the identification of specific bacterial group(s) essential for a particular outcome,resulting in the development of banks of clones which can be used as targeted therapeutics,rather than the broader approach applied in FMT.This review examines the factors associated with the use of FMT,and its potential application to swine production,and includes research on using the pig as model for human medical purposes.展开更多
Background: Deoxynivalenol(DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species in the field, commonly found in cereal grains, which negatively affects performances and health of animals. Mycotoxin binders are supposed to...Background: Deoxynivalenol(DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species in the field, commonly found in cereal grains, which negatively affects performances and health of animals. Mycotoxin binders are supposed to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins.Method: The effect of a mycotoxin binder(containing acid-activated bentonite, clinoptilolite, yeast cell walls and organic acids) on growth performance and gut health was studied. Hundred and twenty weaning piglets were allocated to 4 treatments, with 5 pens of 6 piglets each, arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design: control diet; control diet with 1 kg/t binder; control diet with DON; and control diet with DON and 1 kg/t binder. From d0–14,the diet of DON-challenged groups was artificially contaminated with a mixture of DON(2.6 mg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol(0.1 mg/kg) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol(0.3 mg/kg), after which the total contamination level was reduced to 1 mg/kg, until d37. On d14, one pig from each pen was euthanized and distal small intestinal mucosa samples were collected for the assessment of intestinal permeability, and gene expression of tight junction proteins, toll-like receptor 4, inflammatory cytokines and intestinal alkaline phosphatase.Results: After 37 d, there were no differences in growth performance between control and DON-challenged groups(P > 0.05). Nevertheless, groups that received diets with binder had a significantly higher average daily gain(ADG) and average daily feed intake(ADFI) for the first 14 d as well as for the whole period, compared to groups without binder(P ≤ 0.05). Groups with binder in the diet also exhibited lower expression of toll-like receptor 4 in distal small intestinal mucosa at d14, compared to groups without binder(P ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, comparing the two DON treatments, piglets fed DON and binder had significantly higher ADFI and ADG compared to those with only DON for the first 14-d(P ≤ 0.05). Addition of binder to DON contaminated diets, also down-regulated the gene expression of toll-like receptor 4(P ≤ 0.05) and increased m RNA level zona occludens 1(P ≤ 0.10) as compared to DON.Conclusions: The present data provide evidence that the binder improves growth rate in piglets associated with reduction of toll-like receptor-4 and increase of tight junction protein gene expression. However, the current study does not allow to assess whether the effects of the binder are mediated by alterations in the toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin.展开更多
[Objectives] This study was conducted to illustrate the possible effects of heredity on the growth,reproduction and immune traits of Enshi Black pig.[Methods]The main growth,reproduction and immune traits of three pop...[Objectives] This study was conducted to illustrate the possible effects of heredity on the growth,reproduction and immune traits of Enshi Black pig.[Methods]The main growth,reproduction and immune traits of three populations( Goutou type,Shizitou type and an intermediate type between them) of Enshi Black pig were surveyed,and the correlations among these traits were analyzed.[Results]The health score of pregnant sows,average litter size and weight gain of piglets of intermediate type were all very significantly higher than those of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.01).The percentage of lymphocytes of intermediate type was significantly higher than that of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.05).The number of white blood cells( WBCs) and the number of neutrophils of intermediate type very were significantly higher than those of the other two types( P < 0.01).The percentages of CD3 + CD4 + double positive T cells( helper/inducer T lymphocytes) and CD3 + CD8 + double positive T cells( suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and the CD4 +/CD8 + ratio( the ratio of helper T cells/suppressor T cells) of intermediate type were all significantly higher than those of the other two types.Correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant positive correlation between health score and litter size( P < 0.01,R = 0.336),a significant negative correlation between the percentage of lymphocytes and the number of neutrophils( P < 0.05,R =-0.733),and a significant correlation between the percentage of CD3 + CD8 + T cells and the number of platelets( P < 0.05,R = 0.700).[Conclusions] The intermediate type Enshi Black pig inherits the excellent traits of both Goutou type and Shizitou types,and thus has better growth,reproduction and immune traits than the other two types.展开更多
文摘Dietary fiber is associated with impaired nutrient utilization and reduced net energy values. However, fiber has to be included in the diet to maintain normal physiological functions in the digestive tract. Moreover, the negative impact of dietary fiber will be determined by the fiber properties and may differ considerably between fiber sources. Various techniques can be applied to enhance nutritional value and utilization of available feed resources. In addition, the extent of fiber utilization is affected by the age of the pig and the pig breed. The use of potential prebiotic effects of dietary fiber is an attractive way to stimulate gut health and thereby minimize the use of anti-microbial growth promoters. Inclusion of soluble non-starch polysaccharides （NSP） in the diet can stimulate the growth of commensal gut microbes, inclusion of NSP from chicory results in changes in gut micro-environment and gut morphology of pigs, while growth performance remains unaffected and digestibility was only marginally reduced. The fermentation products and pH in digesta responded to diet type and were correlated with shifts in the microbiota. Interestingly, fiber intake will have an impact on the expression of intestinal epithelial heat-shock proteins in the pig. Heat-shock proteins have an important physiological role in the gut and carry out crucial housekeeping functions in order to maintain the mucosal barrier integrity. Thus, there are increasing evidence showing that fiber can have prebiotic effects in pigs due to interactions with the gut micro-environment and the gut associated immune system.
文摘Biosecurity measures are essential for protecting pig health, however, these practices are not always utilized by smallholder farmers in Cambodia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices, in terms of pig biosecurity measures, of individual stakeholders involved in pig production in rural and peri-urban households in Cambodia. A survey tool was developed and administered using Kobotoolbox, an online electronic survey tool. Surveys were conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, and Battambang during December 2017 to September 2018. There were 225 pig farmers, 43 village animal health workers (VAHWs), 3-district veterinarians (DVs), and 81 feed store owners enrolled in the study. Results showed that several biosecurity guidelines are not followed or well understood by farmers. Specific concerning practices included using natural boars, sharing pig equipment (e.g. scales), feeding kitchen waste, managing other livestock, handling manure, and not restricting access by visitors (VAHWs or DVs, boar owners, pig buyers, neighbors, and meat sellers). Thus, education of pig smallholder farmers and VAHWs on pig biosecurity is needed for improving pig health and production, economic value, and livelihood of smallholder farmers in Cambodia.
文摘Campylobacter species belong to the most important foodborne bacteria which cause gastroenteritis in humans in both developed and developing countries. Applied hygienic measures result only partially efficient, as demonstrated by the high number of reported cases in the human population. Alternative strategies to prevent the disease though a direct action at primary production level have been explored. Preliminary data showed that cattle and pigs fed with bamboo and olive by-products, respectively, were free from Campylobacter, suggesting potential sustainable prevention strategy. In addition, biochemical analysis showed high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in red meat and meat products, adequate for the application of health claims in line with EU food law.
文摘本研究采用了2个能值体系(代谢能、净能)×2种油脂来源(大豆油、复合油脂)的析因试验,探讨了在保育猪饲粮中添加复合油脂等量替代大豆油的可行性。试验选用了192头初始体重为(8.40±1.04)kg的健康杜×长×大三元断奶仔猪,根据初始体重按照随机区组的原则分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复(栏),每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。根据NRC(2012)推荐,分别采用净能和代谢能2套能值体系,配制7~11 kg和12~25 kg 2个阶段饲粮。对照组为玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组用2%的复合油脂等量替代2%的大豆油,饲喂35 d。饲养结束后,从饲喂净能体系饲粮的2个组中分别选择6头体重接近重复平均体重的猪屠宰,采集空肠组织做形态学观测,收集空肠黏膜、结肠内容物和新鲜粪便,分别用于检测紧密连接蛋白表达、抗氧化指标、挥发性脂肪酸含量以及微生物组成。结果表明:饲粮中添加2%的复合油脂替代等量的大豆油对保育猪的生长性能和腹泻率没有显著影响(P>0.05);复合油脂代替大豆油有提高血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)(P=0.09)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量(P=0.06)的趋势,但对血清中炎症因子含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),血清中脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05),而且血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P=0.06)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P=0.06)也有升高的趋势。代谢能体系饲粮饲喂的猪的血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和GSH-Px活性以及T-AOC显著高于净能体系饲粮饲喂的猪(P<0.05)。净能体系下,复合油脂等量替代大豆油显著升高了猪肠道黏膜中GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),有升高T-AOC(P=0.09)和CAT活性(P=0.08)的趋势;复合油脂组紧密连接蛋白-1(Claudin-1)和闭锁小带蛋白-2(ZO-2)的蛋白表达显著提高(P<0.05),闭合蛋白(Occludin)的蛋白表达也有升高的趋势(P=0.09);复合油脂等量代替大豆油显著提高了猪结肠内容物中乙酸的含量(P<0.05),而且粪便微生物门水平的Beta多样性显著变化(P<0.05),表现为采食复合油脂显著提高了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度(P<0.05)。综上所述,保育猪饲粮中添加2%的复合油脂等量替代大豆油,不影响保育猪的生长性能和健康,而且有助于提高机体免疫力、抗氧化能力和维护肠道屏障功能。
文摘It is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the overall health and production of the pig.This has led to intensified research on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota,factors affecting it,and the impact of the microbiota on health,growth performance,and more recently,behavior of the host.Swine production research has been heavily focused on assessing the effects of feed additives and dietary modifications to alter or take advantage of select characteristics of gastrointestinal microbes to improve health and feed conversion efficiency.Research on faecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) as a possible tool to improve outcomes in pigs through manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome is very recent and limited data is available.Results on FMT in humans demonstrating the transfer of phenotypic traits from donors to recipients and the high efficacy of FMT to treat Clostridium difficile infections in humans,together with data from pigs relating GI-tract microbiota composition with growth performance has likely played an important role in the interest towards this strategy in pig production.However,several factors can influence the impact of FMT on the recipient,and these need to be identified and optimized before this tool can be applied to pig production.There are obvious inherent biosecurity and regulatory issues in this strategy,since the donor's microbiome can never be completely screened for all possible non-desirable microorganisms.However,considering the success observed in humans,it seems worth investigating this strategy for certain applications in pig production.Further,FMT research may lead to the identification of specific bacterial group(s) essential for a particular outcome,resulting in the development of banks of clones which can be used as targeted therapeutics,rather than the broader approach applied in FMT.This review examines the factors associated with the use of FMT,and its potential application to swine production,and includes research on using the pig as model for human medical purposes.
文摘Background: Deoxynivalenol(DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species in the field, commonly found in cereal grains, which negatively affects performances and health of animals. Mycotoxin binders are supposed to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins.Method: The effect of a mycotoxin binder(containing acid-activated bentonite, clinoptilolite, yeast cell walls and organic acids) on growth performance and gut health was studied. Hundred and twenty weaning piglets were allocated to 4 treatments, with 5 pens of 6 piglets each, arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design: control diet; control diet with 1 kg/t binder; control diet with DON; and control diet with DON and 1 kg/t binder. From d0–14,the diet of DON-challenged groups was artificially contaminated with a mixture of DON(2.6 mg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol(0.1 mg/kg) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol(0.3 mg/kg), after which the total contamination level was reduced to 1 mg/kg, until d37. On d14, one pig from each pen was euthanized and distal small intestinal mucosa samples were collected for the assessment of intestinal permeability, and gene expression of tight junction proteins, toll-like receptor 4, inflammatory cytokines and intestinal alkaline phosphatase.Results: After 37 d, there were no differences in growth performance between control and DON-challenged groups(P > 0.05). Nevertheless, groups that received diets with binder had a significantly higher average daily gain(ADG) and average daily feed intake(ADFI) for the first 14 d as well as for the whole period, compared to groups without binder(P ≤ 0.05). Groups with binder in the diet also exhibited lower expression of toll-like receptor 4 in distal small intestinal mucosa at d14, compared to groups without binder(P ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, comparing the two DON treatments, piglets fed DON and binder had significantly higher ADFI and ADG compared to those with only DON for the first 14-d(P ≤ 0.05). Addition of binder to DON contaminated diets, also down-regulated the gene expression of toll-like receptor 4(P ≤ 0.05) and increased m RNA level zona occludens 1(P ≤ 0.10) as compared to DON.Conclusions: The present data provide evidence that the binder improves growth rate in piglets associated with reduction of toll-like receptor-4 and increase of tight junction protein gene expression. However, the current study does not allow to assess whether the effects of the binder are mediated by alterations in the toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(36120006)University-enterprise Cooperation Project(34120016)
文摘[Objectives] This study was conducted to illustrate the possible effects of heredity on the growth,reproduction and immune traits of Enshi Black pig.[Methods]The main growth,reproduction and immune traits of three populations( Goutou type,Shizitou type and an intermediate type between them) of Enshi Black pig were surveyed,and the correlations among these traits were analyzed.[Results]The health score of pregnant sows,average litter size and weight gain of piglets of intermediate type were all very significantly higher than those of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.01).The percentage of lymphocytes of intermediate type was significantly higher than that of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.05).The number of white blood cells( WBCs) and the number of neutrophils of intermediate type very were significantly higher than those of the other two types( P < 0.01).The percentages of CD3 + CD4 + double positive T cells( helper/inducer T lymphocytes) and CD3 + CD8 + double positive T cells( suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and the CD4 +/CD8 + ratio( the ratio of helper T cells/suppressor T cells) of intermediate type were all significantly higher than those of the other two types.Correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant positive correlation between health score and litter size( P < 0.01,R = 0.336),a significant negative correlation between the percentage of lymphocytes and the number of neutrophils( P < 0.05,R =-0.733),and a significant correlation between the percentage of CD3 + CD8 + T cells and the number of platelets( P < 0.05,R = 0.700).[Conclusions] The intermediate type Enshi Black pig inherits the excellent traits of both Goutou type and Shizitou types,and thus has better growth,reproduction and immune traits than the other two types.
