Plate motion representing a remarkable Earth process is widely attributed to several primary forces such as ridge push and slab pull. Recently, we have presented that the ocean water pressure against the wall of conti...Plate motion representing a remarkable Earth process is widely attributed to several primary forces such as ridge push and slab pull. Recently, we have presented that the ocean water pressure against the wall of continents may generate enormous force on continents. Continents are physically fixed on the top of the lithosphere that has been already broken into individual plates, this attachment enables the force to be laterally transferred to the lithospheric plates. In this study, we combine the force and the existing plate driving forces (i.e., ridge push, slab pull, collisional, and shearing) to account for plate motion. We show that the modelled movements for the South American, African, North American, Eurasian, Australian, Pacific plates are well agreement with the observed movements in both speed and azimuth, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the modelled speed against the observed speed of 0.91, 3.76, 2.77, 2.31, 7.43, and 1.95 mm/yr, respectively.展开更多
This study focuses on analyzing the time series of DORIS beacon stations and plate motion of the Eurasian plate by applying Singular Spectrum Analysis(SSA)and Fast Fourier Transform(FFT).First,the rend terms and perio...This study focuses on analyzing the time series of DORIS beacon stations and plate motion of the Eurasian plate by applying Singular Spectrum Analysis(SSA)and Fast Fourier Transform(FFT).First,the rend terms and periodic signals are accurately separated by SSA,then,the periodic seasonal signals are detected using SSA,and finally,the main components of the time series are reconstructed successfully.The test results show that the nonlinear trends and seasonal signals of DORIS stations are detected successfully.The periods of the seasonal signals detected are year,half-year,and 59 days,etc.The contribution rates and slopes in E,N,and U directions of the trend items of each beacon station after reconstruction are obtained by least-square fitting.The velocities of these stations are compared with those provided by the GEODVEL2010 model,and it is found that they are in good agreement except the DIOB,MANB,and PDMB stations.Based on the DORIS coordinate time series,the velocity field on the Eurasian plate is constructed,and the test shows that the Eurasian plate moves eastward as a whole with an average velocity of 24.19±0.11 mm/y in the horizontal direction,and the average velocity of it is1.74±0.07 mm/y in the vertical direction.展开更多
Based on their Euler poles, we calculated the relative velocities between every two plates in the typical global plate motion models, respectively, and estimated the area change along these boundaries. In our calculat...Based on their Euler poles, we calculated the relative velocities between every two plates in the typical global plate motion models, respectively, and estimated the area change along these boundaries. In our calculations, plates on both sides accommodated area changes depending on the boundary types： extensional, convergent or transform, so we can estimate area change of each plate and then globally. Our preliminary results show that the area of the southern hemisphere increased while that of the northern hemisphere decreased over the past I million years, and global area has increased by 26,000km^2 to 36,000km^2, which corresponds to the 160m - 250m increment on the Earth＇s radius if all these area increments are attributed to Earth＇s expansion. Taking the NUVEL-1 model as an example, of the 14 plates in this model, 11 are decreasing, but the global area has increased because of the larger increment amount from Africa, North America and Antarctica. Finally, we also discussed factors affecting the global area change such as subduction zone retreating and back-arc spreading.展开更多
The global plate motion rates Ω are not uniform in time and space. The rotation rates were larger than 0. 545°/Ma for Cocos, Philippine Sea, Pacific, Nazca, Australia, India and Arabia plates, but smaller than 0...The global plate motion rates Ω are not uniform in time and space. The rotation rates were larger than 0. 545°/Ma for Cocos, Philippine Sea, Pacific, Nazca, Australia, India and Arabia plates, but smaller than 0. 315°/Ma. for other plates. Compared to 1997. 0, the Ω values of the three oceanic plates in 2000. 0 increased by,respectively,2.4% ,2. 1% and 41.7%, and the northward movement rates of the the India plate and western part of the Australia plate increased by 3.38 mm/a on the average. The spatial distribution of earthquakes was dependent on earthquake magnitude. Earthquakes of 5.0 ≤ Mw 〈 7.0 were located mainly in plate-margin zones and intra-plate crustal deformation zones joining the southern margin of Eurasia plate. Earthquakes of Mw≥7.0 concentrated basically in the circum-Pacific and South Asia zones, but hardly in midocean-ridge seismic zones. Earthquakes of Mw ≥ 8.0 were located only in the margin zones of the India, Aus- tralia,Pacific and Nazca plates orthogonal to the direction of plate motion. Compared with previous eighteen years, global earthquake activity enhanced obviously after 1994, especially after 2001. The Ω value of a plate was closely related to the activity of strong earthquakes. The largest earthquakes were located in the front-margin zones of plates having the largest Ω values. Energy released by strong earthquakes comes mainly from kinetic energy of the plates. Global seismicity enhancement was caused mainly by the acceleration of the three oceanic plates. Larger enhancement of global earthquake activity lagged behind the movement acceleration of the three oceanic plates by four years.展开更多
In many parts of the global plates,including subduction zones,mid-ocean ridges and even the interior of the continental plates,seismic anisotropy has a certain correlation with image of absolute plate motion( APM),or ...In many parts of the global plates,including subduction zones,mid-ocean ridges and even the interior of the continental plates,seismic anisotropy has a certain correlation with image of absolute plate motion( APM),or is in accord with the predominant direction of the intraplate stress field. In our study,a statistical analysis is done on the correlations of plate motion with seismic anisotropy as well as a stress field within nine plate boundaries which contain major subduction zones in the globe. Results indicate that absolute or relative plate motion( RPM) controls the seismic anisotropy and stress field of the plate boundary,which is especially obvious for the RPM. It can also be inferred that the correlation of RPM is better than that of APM. Because of the complexity of subduction mechanism and diversity of controlling factors at plate boundaries containing subduction zones,the correlation becomes much complex. Sources of anisotropy at various depths show different characteristics,and stress state is controlled by many factors,thus further discussions on the correlations are required.展开更多
Based on eight published plate motion models, we separately estimated the net area changes of tectonic plates and the area change of the solid Earth surface over geological time using the Euler vectors of plates with ...Based on eight published plate motion models, we separately estimated the net area changes of tectonic plates and the area change of the solid Earth surface over geological time using the Euler vectors of plates with determined boundaries. Then, under the context of a currently expanding Earth, we inferred the change rate of the Earth’s mean radius from the estimated net area changes. The results show that the total increases and decreases in the areas of different plates cannot be compensated. Specifically, the area of the Northern Hemisphere decreases while that of the Southern Hemisphere increases, but the net area of the solid Earth surface slightly increases in th computing period(0.01 Ma). For the latest NNRMORVEL56 plate motion model, the area of the Southern Hemisphere increases by 7802 km2 while the area of the Northern Hemisphere decreases by 7711 km^2. This indicates a net area increase of 91 km2 in the solid Earth surface corresponding to an expansion rate of 0.06 mm/a for the Earths mean radius.This result coincides with the slow rate of expansion derived from geodetic measurements and geophysical modeling.展开更多
The investigation aims to understand how external forces influence tectonic plate movement, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Our emphasis was on calculating perigee forces at various moon-Earth distances. O...The investigation aims to understand how external forces influence tectonic plate movement, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Our emphasis was on calculating perigee forces at various moon-Earth distances. Our initial concern is the fluctuating perigee distance between the Moon and Earth. Later, we will cover Earth’s mass fluctuations caused by crustal inhomogeneity. Gravitational force depends on distance and Earth’s mass variations. Wobbling’s Earth and translation around Sun are additional factors. Tidal variations from the Moon trigger subduction zone earthquakes. Volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are influenced by plate movement on fractures and faults.展开更多
Plate tectonics describes the horizontal motions of lithospheric plates,the Earths outer shell,and interactions among them across the Earths surface.Since the establishment of the theory of plate tectonics about half ...Plate tectonics describes the horizontal motions of lithospheric plates,the Earths outer shell,and interactions among them across the Earths surface.Since the establishment of the theory of plate tectonics about half a century ago,considerable debates have remained regarding the driving forces for plate motion.The early"Bottom up"view,i.e.,the convecting mantledriven mechanism,states that mantle plumes originating from the core-mantle boundary act at the base of plates,accelerating continental breakup and driving plate motion.Toward the present,however,the"Top down"idea is more widely accepted,according to which the negative buoyancy of oceanic plates is the dominant driving force for plate motion,and the subducting slabs control surface tectonics and mantle convection.In this regard,plate tectonics is also known as subduction tectonics."Top down"tectonics has received wide supports from numerous geological and geophysical observations.On the other hand,recent studies indicate that the acceleration/deceleration of individual plates over the million-year timescale may reflect the effects of mantle plumes.It is also suggested that surface uplift and subsidence within stable cratonic areas are correlated with plumerelated magmatic activities over the hundred-million-year timescale.On the global scale,the cyclical supercontinent assembly and breakup seem to be coupled with superplume activities during the past two billion years.These correlations over various spatial and temporal scales indicate the close relationship and intensive interactions between plate tectonics and plume tectonics throughout the history of the Earth and the considerable influence of plumes on plate motion.Indeed,we can acquire a comprehensive understanding of the driving forces for plate motion and operation mechanism of the Earth's dynamic system only through joint analyses and integrated studies on plate tectonics and plume tectonics.展开更多
Due to the dynamic stiffness characteristics of human joints, it is easy to cause impact and disturbance on normal movements during exoskeleton assistance. This not only brings strict requirements for exoskeleton cont...Due to the dynamic stiffness characteristics of human joints, it is easy to cause impact and disturbance on normal movements during exoskeleton assistance. This not only brings strict requirements for exoskeleton control design, but also makes it difficult to improve assistive level. The Variable Stiffness Actuator (VSA), as a physical variable stiffness mechanism, has the characteristics of dynamic stiffness adjustment and high stiffness control bandwidth, which is in line with the stiffness matching experiment. However, there are still few works exploring the assistive human stiffness matching experiment based on VSA. Therefore, this paper designs a hip exoskeleton based on VSA actuator and studies CPG human motion phase recognition algorithm. Firstly, this paper puts forward the requirements of variable stiffness experimental design and the output torque and variable stiffness dynamic response standards based on human lower limb motion parameters. Plate springs are used as elastic elements to establish the mechanical principle of variable stiffness, and a small variable stiffness actuator is designed based on the plate spring. Then the corresponding theoretical dynamic model is established and analyzed. Starting from the CPG phase recognition algorithm, this paper uses perturbation theory to expand the first-order CPG unit, obtains the phase convergence equation and verifies the phase convergence when using hip joint angle as the input signal with the same frequency, and then expands the second-order CPG unit under the premise of circular limit cycle and analyzes the frequency convergence criterion. Afterwards, this paper extracts the plate spring modal from Abaqus and generates the neutral file of the flexible body model to import into Adams, and conducts torque-stiffness one-way loading and reciprocating loading experiments on the variable stiffness mechanism. After that, Simulink is used to verify the validity of the criterion. Finally, based on the above criterions, the signal mean value is removed using feedback structure to complete the phase recognition algorithm for the human hip joint angle signal, and the convergence is verified using actual human walking data on flat ground.展开更多
This paper presents the contemporary motion and active deformation of South America plate and relative motion of Nazca-South America plate using space geodetic data. The South America plate is moving at average 14.5 m...This paper presents the contemporary motion and active deformation of South America plate and relative motion of Nazca-South America plate using space geodetic data. The South America plate is moving at average 14.5 mm/a with an azimuth of 15.2° and shrinking in the west-east at 10.9 mm/a. The geodetic deformations of sites with respect to the South America plate are in quite good agreement with the estimated deformations from NNR-NUVEL1A, but the deformation of the western South America regions is very large.展开更多
In this paper, in the light of the Boltzmann superpositionprinciple in linear viscoelastic- ity, a mathematical model ofperturbed motion on viscoelastic thin place is established. Thecorre- sponding variational princi...In this paper, in the light of the Boltzmann superpositionprinciple in linear viscoelastic- ity, a mathematical model ofperturbed motion on viscoelastic thin place is established. Thecorre- sponding variational principle is obtained in a convolutionbilinear form. For application the problems of free vibration, forcedvibration and stability of a viscoelastic simply-supportedrectangular thin plate are considered. The results show thatnumerical solutions agree well with analytical solutions.展开更多
1 Plate Motions and Earthquakes Modern space technology such as very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), satellite laser ranging (SLR) and global positioning system (GPS) opens a new way to measure and study the eart...1 Plate Motions and Earthquakes Modern space technology such as very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), satellite laser ranging (SLR) and global positioning system (GPS) opens a new way to measure and study the earth’s motions with high accuracy. It is one of the frontiers of today’s earth sciences to use these space technologies to learn plate-scale tectonics, kinematics and dynamics. During the 1980s, the NASA Program in Crustal Dynamics succeeded展开更多
Using thelast 5 years' (1983—1988) global Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data of satellite Lageos, we have determined the present-day change rate of the baseline length among those SLR stations located in the Nort...Using thelast 5 years' (1983—1988) global Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data of satellite Lageos, we have determined the present-day change rate of the baseline length among those SLR stations located in the North America, South America, Indaia, Pacific and Eurasia plates. The precision estimated is better than 1 cm/a. The results of this determination agree with those obtained by the geologic tectonic rate model of Minster and Jordan (1978). This indicates that the motion of those regions located faraway from the plate boundary is probably stable in the past million years. In some regions at the plate boundary the result is found disagreed with the M/J model. For example, the determined change rate of the Monumeny Peak-Ouincy baseline across the famous San-Andreas transform fault is 2.9cm/a (M/J:5.3 cm/a). This might be explained with the hypothesis that periodic deformations occurring at the plate boundary and sudden deformations occurring only in the plate boundary zone. We have also found the intraplate motion at the rate 1 cm/a between the east and the west in the North America plate.A brief introduction is also given to the principle and the estimation method called 'multistage-multiarc' for determining the plate motion by the SLR technique along with an analysis of error sources in determinations.展开更多
In this paper an equation of motion is presented for a general thick viscoelastic plate, including the effects of shear deformation, extrusion deformation and rotatory inertia. This equation is the generalization of e...In this paper an equation of motion is presented for a general thick viscoelastic plate, including the effects of shear deformation, extrusion deformation and rotatory inertia. This equation is the generalization of equations of motion for the corresponding thick elastic plate, and it can be degenerated into several types of equations for various special cases.展开更多
The circum Pacific tectonic system that contains of convergent, divergent and transform boundaries, is the most active region of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world, and involves many important theoretical question...The circum Pacific tectonic system that contains of convergent, divergent and transform boundaries, is the most active region of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world, and involves many important theoretical questions in geosciences. The relative motion and deformation of Pacific plate is still an active subject of research. In this note, we analyze the deformation of Pacific plate and obtain reliable results of the relative motion rates at the circum Pacific boundaries based on space geodetic data, which reveals the present day motion characteristics of Pacific plate.展开更多
Waterside creatures or aquatic organisms use a fin or web to generate a thrust force. These fins or webs have a non-convex section, referred to as a non-convex shape. We investigate the drag force acting on ...Waterside creatures or aquatic organisms use a fin or web to generate a thrust force. These fins or webs have a non-convex section, referred to as a non-convex shape. We investigate the drag force acting on a non-convex plate during unsteady motion. We perform the experiment in a water tank during free fall. We fabricate the non-convex plate by cutting isosceles triangles from the side of a convex hexagonal plate. The base angle of the triangle is between 0° to 45°. The base angle is 0 indicates the convex hexagonal thin plate. We estimate the drag coefficient with the force balance acting on the model based on the image analysis technique. The results indicate that increasing the base angle by more than 30° increased the drag coefficient. The drag coefficient during unsteady motion changed with the growth of the vortex behind the model. The vortex has small vortices in the shear layer, which is related to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities.展开更多
Around 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans with depths that exceed several kilometers, while continents are geographically enclosed by these vast bodies of water. The principle of fluid mechanics stipulat...Around 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans with depths that exceed several kilometers, while continents are geographically enclosed by these vast bodies of water. The principle of fluid mechanics stipulates that water yields pressure everywhere in the container that holds it, and the water pressure against the wall of container generates force. Ocean basins are naturally gigantic containers of water, in which continents form the walls of the containers. In this study, we present that the ocean water pressure against the walls of continents generates enormous force, and determine the distribution of this force around continents and estimate its amplitude to be of the order of 1017 N per kilometer of continent width. Our modelling suggests that the stresses yielded by this force are mostly concentrated on the upper part of the continental crust, and their magnitudes reach up to 2.0 - 6.0 MPa. Our results suggest that the force may have significantly impacted the dynamics of continent (lithospheric plate) and its evolution.展开更多
The relative Euler vectors of the Pacific, Philippine, Amurian, Okhotsk, N.Honshu and South China plates or blocks are deduced from earthquake slip vectors, transform faultazimuths and spreading rates, which are consi...The relative Euler vectors of the Pacific, Philippine, Amurian, Okhotsk, N.Honshu and South China plates or blocks are deduced from earthquake slip vectors, transform faultazimuths and spreading rates, which are consistent with new results derived from the InternationalTerrestrial Reference Frame ITRF2000 velocity field, the velocity field of GPS stations in China andthe GPS measurement data of the GEONET network in Japan. Based on the two groups of Euler vectors,analysis and comparative study of the relative motions and deformations of the tectonic blocks inEast Asia reveal the present-day motion characteristics of the blocks.展开更多
文摘Plate motion representing a remarkable Earth process is widely attributed to several primary forces such as ridge push and slab pull. Recently, we have presented that the ocean water pressure against the wall of continents may generate enormous force on continents. Continents are physically fixed on the top of the lithosphere that has been already broken into individual plates, this attachment enables the force to be laterally transferred to the lithospheric plates. In this study, we combine the force and the existing plate driving forces (i.e., ridge push, slab pull, collisional, and shearing) to account for plate motion. We show that the modelled movements for the South American, African, North American, Eurasian, Australian, Pacific plates are well agreement with the observed movements in both speed and azimuth, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the modelled speed against the observed speed of 0.91, 3.76, 2.77, 2.31, 7.43, and 1.95 mm/yr, respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41704015,41774001)the Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.ZR2017MD032,ZR2017MD003)+1 种基金a Project of Shandong Province Higher Education Science and Technology Program(Grant No.J17KA077)Talent introduction plan for Youth Innovation Team in universities of Shandong Province(innovation team of satellite positioning and navigation)。
文摘This study focuses on analyzing the time series of DORIS beacon stations and plate motion of the Eurasian plate by applying Singular Spectrum Analysis(SSA)and Fast Fourier Transform(FFT).First,the rend terms and periodic signals are accurately separated by SSA,then,the periodic seasonal signals are detected using SSA,and finally,the main components of the time series are reconstructed successfully.The test results show that the nonlinear trends and seasonal signals of DORIS stations are detected successfully.The periods of the seasonal signals detected are year,half-year,and 59 days,etc.The contribution rates and slopes in E,N,and U directions of the trend items of each beacon station after reconstruction are obtained by least-square fitting.The velocities of these stations are compared with those provided by the GEODVEL2010 model,and it is found that they are in good agreement except the DIOB,MANB,and PDMB stations.Based on the DORIS coordinate time series,the velocity field on the Eurasian plate is constructed,and the test shows that the Eurasian plate moves eastward as a whole with an average velocity of 24.19±0.11 mm/y in the horizontal direction,and the average velocity of it is1.74±0.07 mm/y in the vertical direction.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation (40574047),China
文摘Based on their Euler poles, we calculated the relative velocities between every two plates in the typical global plate motion models, respectively, and estimated the area change along these boundaries. In our calculations, plates on both sides accommodated area changes depending on the boundary types： extensional, convergent or transform, so we can estimate area change of each plate and then globally. Our preliminary results show that the area of the southern hemisphere increased while that of the northern hemisphere decreased over the past I million years, and global area has increased by 26,000km^2 to 36,000km^2, which corresponds to the 160m - 250m increment on the Earth＇s radius if all these area increments are attributed to Earth＇s expansion. Taking the NUVEL-1 model as an example, of the 14 plates in this model, 11 are decreasing, but the global area has increased because of the larger increment amount from Africa, North America and Antarctica. Finally, we also discussed factors affecting the global area change such as subduction zone retreating and back-arc spreading.
基金supported by the China National Key Basic Research Program (2007CB411702)the National Natural Science Fundation of China(40474036,40474039)
文摘The global plate motion rates Ω are not uniform in time and space. The rotation rates were larger than 0. 545°/Ma for Cocos, Philippine Sea, Pacific, Nazca, Australia, India and Arabia plates, but smaller than 0. 315°/Ma. for other plates. Compared to 1997. 0, the Ω values of the three oceanic plates in 2000. 0 increased by,respectively,2.4% ,2. 1% and 41.7%, and the northward movement rates of the the India plate and western part of the Australia plate increased by 3.38 mm/a on the average. The spatial distribution of earthquakes was dependent on earthquake magnitude. Earthquakes of 5.0 ≤ Mw 〈 7.0 were located mainly in plate-margin zones and intra-plate crustal deformation zones joining the southern margin of Eurasia plate. Earthquakes of Mw≥7.0 concentrated basically in the circum-Pacific and South Asia zones, but hardly in midocean-ridge seismic zones. Earthquakes of Mw ≥ 8.0 were located only in the margin zones of the India, Aus- tralia,Pacific and Nazca plates orthogonal to the direction of plate motion. Compared with previous eighteen years, global earthquake activity enhanced obviously after 1994, especially after 2001. The Ω value of a plate was closely related to the activity of strong earthquakes. The largest earthquakes were located in the front-margin zones of plates having the largest Ω values. Energy released by strong earthquakes comes mainly from kinetic energy of the plates. Global seismicity enhancement was caused mainly by the acceleration of the three oceanic plates. Larger enhancement of global earthquake activity lagged behind the movement acceleration of the three oceanic plates by four years.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41174084)
文摘In many parts of the global plates,including subduction zones,mid-ocean ridges and even the interior of the continental plates,seismic anisotropy has a certain correlation with image of absolute plate motion( APM),or is in accord with the predominant direction of the intraplate stress field. In our study,a statistical analysis is done on the correlations of plate motion with seismic anisotropy as well as a stress field within nine plate boundaries which contain major subduction zones in the globe. Results indicate that absolute or relative plate motion( RPM) controls the seismic anisotropy and stress field of the plate boundary,which is especially obvious for the RPM. It can also be inferred that the correlation of RPM is better than that of APM. Because of the complexity of subduction mechanism and diversity of controlling factors at plate boundaries containing subduction zones,the correlation becomes much complex. Sources of anisotropy at various depths show different characteristics,and stress state is controlled by many factors,thus further discussions on the correlations are required.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 41474086 and 41704080)the Basic Research Project of Institute of Earthquake Forecasting of China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. 2018IES0402)supported by Academia Sinica
文摘Based on eight published plate motion models, we separately estimated the net area changes of tectonic plates and the area change of the solid Earth surface over geological time using the Euler vectors of plates with determined boundaries. Then, under the context of a currently expanding Earth, we inferred the change rate of the Earth’s mean radius from the estimated net area changes. The results show that the total increases and decreases in the areas of different plates cannot be compensated. Specifically, the area of the Northern Hemisphere decreases while that of the Southern Hemisphere increases, but the net area of the solid Earth surface slightly increases in th computing period(0.01 Ma). For the latest NNRMORVEL56 plate motion model, the area of the Southern Hemisphere increases by 7802 km2 while the area of the Northern Hemisphere decreases by 7711 km^2. This indicates a net area increase of 91 km2 in the solid Earth surface corresponding to an expansion rate of 0.06 mm/a for the Earths mean radius.This result coincides with the slow rate of expansion derived from geodetic measurements and geophysical modeling.
文摘The investigation aims to understand how external forces influence tectonic plate movement, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Our emphasis was on calculating perigee forces at various moon-Earth distances. Our initial concern is the fluctuating perigee distance between the Moon and Earth. Later, we will cover Earth’s mass fluctuations caused by crustal inhomogeneity. Gravitational force depends on distance and Earth’s mass variations. Wobbling’s Earth and translation around Sun are additional factors. Tidal variations from the Moon trigger subduction zone earthquakes. Volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are influenced by plate movement on fractures and faults.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91855207 and 41688103)the Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA20070302)the independent project of the State Key Laboratory of the Lithospheric Evolution, IGGCAS (Grant No. SKLZ201704-11712180)
文摘Plate tectonics describes the horizontal motions of lithospheric plates,the Earths outer shell,and interactions among them across the Earths surface.Since the establishment of the theory of plate tectonics about half a century ago,considerable debates have remained regarding the driving forces for plate motion.The early"Bottom up"view,i.e.,the convecting mantledriven mechanism,states that mantle plumes originating from the core-mantle boundary act at the base of plates,accelerating continental breakup and driving plate motion.Toward the present,however,the"Top down"idea is more widely accepted,according to which the negative buoyancy of oceanic plates is the dominant driving force for plate motion,and the subducting slabs control surface tectonics and mantle convection.In this regard,plate tectonics is also known as subduction tectonics."Top down"tectonics has received wide supports from numerous geological and geophysical observations.On the other hand,recent studies indicate that the acceleration/deceleration of individual plates over the million-year timescale may reflect the effects of mantle plumes.It is also suggested that surface uplift and subsidence within stable cratonic areas are correlated with plumerelated magmatic activities over the hundred-million-year timescale.On the global scale,the cyclical supercontinent assembly and breakup seem to be coupled with superplume activities during the past two billion years.These correlations over various spatial and temporal scales indicate the close relationship and intensive interactions between plate tectonics and plume tectonics throughout the history of the Earth and the considerable influence of plumes on plate motion.Indeed,we can acquire a comprehensive understanding of the driving forces for plate motion and operation mechanism of the Earth's dynamic system only through joint analyses and integrated studies on plate tectonics and plume tectonics.
文摘Due to the dynamic stiffness characteristics of human joints, it is easy to cause impact and disturbance on normal movements during exoskeleton assistance. This not only brings strict requirements for exoskeleton control design, but also makes it difficult to improve assistive level. The Variable Stiffness Actuator (VSA), as a physical variable stiffness mechanism, has the characteristics of dynamic stiffness adjustment and high stiffness control bandwidth, which is in line with the stiffness matching experiment. However, there are still few works exploring the assistive human stiffness matching experiment based on VSA. Therefore, this paper designs a hip exoskeleton based on VSA actuator and studies CPG human motion phase recognition algorithm. Firstly, this paper puts forward the requirements of variable stiffness experimental design and the output torque and variable stiffness dynamic response standards based on human lower limb motion parameters. Plate springs are used as elastic elements to establish the mechanical principle of variable stiffness, and a small variable stiffness actuator is designed based on the plate spring. Then the corresponding theoretical dynamic model is established and analyzed. Starting from the CPG phase recognition algorithm, this paper uses perturbation theory to expand the first-order CPG unit, obtains the phase convergence equation and verifies the phase convergence when using hip joint angle as the input signal with the same frequency, and then expands the second-order CPG unit under the premise of circular limit cycle and analyzes the frequency convergence criterion. Afterwards, this paper extracts the plate spring modal from Abaqus and generates the neutral file of the flexible body model to import into Adams, and conducts torque-stiffness one-way loading and reciprocating loading experiments on the variable stiffness mechanism. After that, Simulink is used to verify the validity of the criterion. Finally, based on the above criterions, the signal mean value is removed using feedback structure to complete the phase recognition algorithm for the human hip joint angle signal, and the convergence is verified using actual human walking data on flat ground.
文摘This paper presents the contemporary motion and active deformation of South America plate and relative motion of Nazca-South America plate using space geodetic data. The South America plate is moving at average 14.5 mm/a with an azimuth of 15.2° and shrinking in the west-east at 10.9 mm/a. The geodetic deformations of sites with respect to the South America plate are in quite good agreement with the estimated deformations from NNR-NUVEL1A, but the deformation of the western South America regions is very large.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.19772027)the Shanghai Municipal Development Foundation of Science and Technology(No.98JC14032)
文摘In this paper, in the light of the Boltzmann superpositionprinciple in linear viscoelastic- ity, a mathematical model ofperturbed motion on viscoelastic thin place is established. Thecorre- sponding variational principle is obtained in a convolutionbilinear form. For application the problems of free vibration, forcedvibration and stability of a viscoelastic simply-supportedrectangular thin plate are considered. The results show thatnumerical solutions agree well with analytical solutions.
文摘1 Plate Motions and Earthquakes Modern space technology such as very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), satellite laser ranging (SLR) and global positioning system (GPS) opens a new way to measure and study the earth’s motions with high accuracy. It is one of the frontiers of today’s earth sciences to use these space technologies to learn plate-scale tectonics, kinematics and dynamics. During the 1980s, the NASA Program in Crustal Dynamics succeeded
文摘Using thelast 5 years' (1983—1988) global Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data of satellite Lageos, we have determined the present-day change rate of the baseline length among those SLR stations located in the North America, South America, Indaia, Pacific and Eurasia plates. The precision estimated is better than 1 cm/a. The results of this determination agree with those obtained by the geologic tectonic rate model of Minster and Jordan (1978). This indicates that the motion of those regions located faraway from the plate boundary is probably stable in the past million years. In some regions at the plate boundary the result is found disagreed with the M/J model. For example, the determined change rate of the Monumeny Peak-Ouincy baseline across the famous San-Andreas transform fault is 2.9cm/a (M/J:5.3 cm/a). This might be explained with the hypothesis that periodic deformations occurring at the plate boundary and sudden deformations occurring only in the plate boundary zone. We have also found the intraplate motion at the rate 1 cm/a between the east and the west in the North America plate.A brief introduction is also given to the principle and the estimation method called 'multistage-multiarc' for determining the plate motion by the SLR technique along with an analysis of error sources in determinations.
文摘In this paper an equation of motion is presented for a general thick viscoelastic plate, including the effects of shear deformation, extrusion deformation and rotatory inertia. This equation is the generalization of equations of motion for the corresponding thick elastic plate, and it can be degenerated into several types of equations for various special cases.
文摘The circum Pacific tectonic system that contains of convergent, divergent and transform boundaries, is the most active region of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world, and involves many important theoretical questions in geosciences. The relative motion and deformation of Pacific plate is still an active subject of research. In this note, we analyze the deformation of Pacific plate and obtain reliable results of the relative motion rates at the circum Pacific boundaries based on space geodetic data, which reveals the present day motion characteristics of Pacific plate.
文摘Waterside creatures or aquatic organisms use a fin or web to generate a thrust force. These fins or webs have a non-convex section, referred to as a non-convex shape. We investigate the drag force acting on a non-convex plate during unsteady motion. We perform the experiment in a water tank during free fall. We fabricate the non-convex plate by cutting isosceles triangles from the side of a convex hexagonal plate. The base angle of the triangle is between 0° to 45°. The base angle is 0 indicates the convex hexagonal thin plate. We estimate the drag coefficient with the force balance acting on the model based on the image analysis technique. The results indicate that increasing the base angle by more than 30° increased the drag coefficient. The drag coefficient during unsteady motion changed with the growth of the vortex behind the model. The vortex has small vortices in the shear layer, which is related to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities.
文摘Around 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans with depths that exceed several kilometers, while continents are geographically enclosed by these vast bodies of water. The principle of fluid mechanics stipulates that water yields pressure everywhere in the container that holds it, and the water pressure against the wall of container generates force. Ocean basins are naturally gigantic containers of water, in which continents form the walls of the containers. In this study, we present that the ocean water pressure against the walls of continents generates enormous force, and determine the distribution of this force around continents and estimate its amplitude to be of the order of 1017 N per kilometer of continent width. Our modelling suggests that the stresses yielded by this force are mostly concentrated on the upper part of the continental crust, and their magnitudes reach up to 2.0 - 6.0 MPa. Our results suggest that the force may have significantly impacted the dynamics of continent (lithospheric plate) and its evolution.
基金supported by the National Climbing Project of China(Grant No.970231003)the National Important Basic Research Project(Grant No.G1998040703)+1 种基金the Major Project for Basic Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KJ951-1-304)the Scientific and Technical Development Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.JC14012).
文摘The relative Euler vectors of the Pacific, Philippine, Amurian, Okhotsk, N.Honshu and South China plates or blocks are deduced from earthquake slip vectors, transform faultazimuths and spreading rates, which are consistent with new results derived from the InternationalTerrestrial Reference Frame ITRF2000 velocity field, the velocity field of GPS stations in China andthe GPS measurement data of the GEONET network in Japan. Based on the two groups of Euler vectors,analysis and comparative study of the relative motions and deformations of the tectonic blocks inEast Asia reveal the present-day motion characteristics of the blocks.
