Thailand was implementing the policy of HIV/A1DS prevention in risky group, The youth is one of groups with sexual risk behaviors to HIV/AIDS. This research aims to elucidate the process of policy implementation at th...Thailand was implementing the policy of HIV/A1DS prevention in risky group, The youth is one of groups with sexual risk behaviors to HIV/AIDS. This research aims to elucidate the process of policy implementation at the national and regional levels, and to explain the obstacles of policy implementation. The method was qualitative study. The stakeholders were 88 people. The data were collected by in-depth interview and coded by a computer program. The policy was transferred from the national AIDS committee to the Department of Disease Control （DDC） and provincial level. This process was lacking budget support. The provincial AIDS committee was monitored by the provincial health office, cooperating with the central level. The major role was to transfer the policy to the school, Local Administration Organization （LAO） and associated organization. The activity was funded by provincial, global funds, and outside sources. In the community, the core activities were AIDS knowledge, establishing core youth groups, and building the network of AIDS. The obstacle at the national level was changing the policy process from one with a budget to one without budget. In the area of practice, the AIDS problem and the effects of the risk behavior in youth groups were slightly concerned.展开更多
It is not accurate to judge the decline or increase in China＇s state capacity totally, because it is selectively effective from the view of policy implementation. Chinese Communist Party has been striving to improve ...It is not accurate to judge the decline or increase in China＇s state capacity totally, because it is selectively effective from the view of policy implementation. Chinese Communist Party has been striving to improve its government ability over the past decades. Mass mobilization and political movement were widely used to monitor local agents as well as implement policy in Maoist era. But mobilization and political movement were inappropriate under market circumstance which demands social order, regulation and law. In order to enhance the ability to enforce policy effectively, the Party sets up cadre responsibility system consisting of targets management, responsibility contract and competitions between cadres at the same administrative hierarchical level. Through cadre responsibility system, the Party-state enhances its government ability and it also leads to selective implementation.展开更多
Since the reform and opening up, the local government has played a key role in promoting the economic and social development of our country, and the effective implementation of the local government has become an impor...Since the reform and opening up, the local government has played a key role in promoting the economic and social development of our country, and the effective implementation of the local government has become an important research topic. Therefore, based on the literature, the observation method of in-depth interviews, practice investigation and participation is adopted in this paper, which focuses on the implementation of special groups of social assistance policy. The theoretical framework of government' rational choice reveals the status of local government implementation policies and behavior behind the mechanism and organizational structure. The study found that:(1) the local government is easy to choose a quantifiable policy to implement;(2) there is a coexistence between the local government departments;(3) the local government selectively meets the needs of special personnel;(4) the local government's seeking political promotion and power leads to its behavior alienation.展开更多
The lunch of the National Fee Schedule （2012） triggered a new round of medical service price adjustment. In China, Qingdao is one of the early birds with best effects in implementing the new policy. This article ana...The lunch of the National Fee Schedule （2012） triggered a new round of medical service price adjustment. In China, Qingdao is one of the early birds with best effects in implementing the new policy. This article analyzed the process and experiences of price adjustment of medical service in Qingdao and suggested that local governments in the process of implementing the National Fee Schedule （2012） fully utilize various influencing factors such as tools, resources and environment of policy implementation in order to obtain better policy results.展开更多
Several research efforts have focused primarily on policy implementation and improving innovative actions to address disaster risks. Discussions are ongoing on how to measure the effectiveness of policy implementation...Several research efforts have focused primarily on policy implementation and improving innovative actions to address disaster risks. Discussions are ongoing on how to measure the effectiveness of policy implementation at the local level. But there is no definitive theory of effective policy implementation, and very few frameworks have been found acceptable as the basis of an analysis of the effectiveness of policy implementation, especially on droughts. Based on the 2009–2010 extreme drought in Yunnan, China, this article presents a modified framework to assess the effectiveness of policy implementation by defining policy, practice, and performance, as well as a feedback loop by which to share the lessons learned. Water conservancy projects in Luliang County and the agricultural diversity program in Longyang County in Yunnan Province were analyzed from a farmers' perspective. It was found that farmers are highly dependent on government policies and projects, and the effectiveness of policies is measured by short-term, immediate, and tangible benefits rather than long-term adaptation strategies. The results highlight the urgent need to reduce risks by developing better awareness about climate change and drought and its impacts, increased understanding of drought hazards, and implementation of appropriate measures for long-term adaptation.展开更多
Grassroots policy implementation is an important link in China’s governance practice.Previous studies have analyzed the causes of divergence from policy goals or distorted implementation from the perspective of admin...Grassroots policy implementation is an important link in China’s governance practice.Previous studies have analyzed the causes of divergence from policy goals or distorted implementation from the perspective of administrative control,or explored the impact of informal institutions on policy processes from the perspective of policy mobilization.However,both perspectives incline to static or fragmentary analysis and tend to be confined within the bureaucracy,ignoring the government’s mobilization of society.Our case study analysis of County T in Province Z shows that people engaged in implementing grassroots policy can develop varying mobilization strategies on the basis of different combinations of administrative control and social mobilization capacity.In the course of policy implementation,the boundaries and relationships between hierarchical control and social mobilization and between government departments and grassroots society can evolve according to the requirements of policy performance.This implementation process is generally expressed as“adaptive social mobilization.”Our findings could lead to a rethinking of the nature of social governance in contemporary China and explain the paradox of the simultaneous strengthening of administrative control and social participation.展开更多
The language policy and curriculum in Taiwan have been balancing academic needs, ideology and political intention. This is an exploratory case study whose purpose is to explore the interrelationship between teachers a...The language policy and curriculum in Taiwan have been balancing academic needs, ideology and political intention. This is an exploratory case study whose purpose is to explore the interrelationship between teachers and administrators and immigrants＇ perceptions of this language policy. Four teachers, three administrators and a male immigrant were interviewed. Data were collected through interviews and a classroom observation in northern and central Taiwan. This study found that present policy has caused teachers＇ difficulty in teaching these new immigrants due to diverse student body that contained elder Taiwan Residents and new immigrants with different Mandarin proficiency. Also, the textbook and limited resources and facility also had become the challenge for local schools to implement RCCC （Recognizing Chinese Character Class）.展开更多
＂Mass entrepreneurship and innovation＂ as become the new engine of China＇s economic development. In this paper, based on the policy network theory, to conduct the thorough research to the college students＇ innovat...＂Mass entrepreneurship and innovation＂ as become the new engine of China＇s economic development. In this paper, based on the policy network theory, to conduct the thorough research to the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy in yunnan province, and connecting with the present situation of college students＇ innovative undertaking in yunnan, through to explain the framework For the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy change for empirical analysis. In order to further promote the innovation and entrepreneurship of yuunan university students, it also needs to solve the problems of policy overlap, reintroduction, light execution, and long management.展开更多
When implementing open access, policy pioneers and flagship institutions alike have faced considerable challenges in meeting their own aims and achieving a recognized success. Legitimate authority, sufficient resource...When implementing open access, policy pioneers and flagship institutions alike have faced considerable challenges in meeting their own aims and achieving a recognized success. Legitimate authority, sufficient resources and the right timing are crucial, but the professionals charged with implementing policy still need several years to accomplish significant progress. This study defines a methodological standard for evaluating the first generation of open access policies. Evaluating implementation establishes evidence, enables reflection, and may foster the emergence of a second generation of open access policies.While the study is based on a small number of cases, these case studies cover most of the pioneer institutions, present the most significant issues and offer an international overview.Each case is reconstructed individually on the basis of public documents and background information, and supported by interviews with professionals responsible for open access implementation. This article presents the highlights from each case study. The results are utilized to indicate how a second generation of policies might define open access as a key component of digital research infrastructures that provide inputs and outputs for research,teaching and learning in real time.展开更多
Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right...Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right to live and develop in a free and equal manner.展开更多
Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and th...Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and the reduction of the country’s reliance on foreign fuels which are expensive and an economic burden on a country with an extremely high poverty index in Africa. Green energies like hydropower, solar energy and biomass are already in use with biomass leading, followed by hydropower. This paper explores and analyses the use of hydropower and biomass in Mozambique with the focus being on the extent of their use in the country and the impacts associated with their use. It also aims to look at policies that have been implemented to promote the use of these renewable sources of energy, and it discusses the success of the implementation of these policies and if they have helped in making the use of biomass and hydropower sustainable. The environmental impact of the use of green energies is minimum if compared to fossil fuels but this paper aims to show that there is concern in their use, especially the use of Biomass as there is little consideration being given to its environmental footprint. Mozambique has great potential for hydropower and bioenergy, but potential does not depict the reality as there are several issues to consider before the implementation of such in a developing country like Mozambique and this work explores the existence of issues that affect or hinder the growth and the sustainability of the use Biomass and Hydropower, and this is crucial in policy revision and implementation.展开更多
China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchang...China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchanging homestead for urban housing, and "double exchanges." Based on a study on urbanization development, the paper analyzes the institutional innovation in the case of exchanging homestead for house in Huaming Town, as well as the jeopardization of "double exchanges," before summarizing the applicability of the "urban-rural land linking" policy. At the end, the paper emphasizes that in order to address the problems emerging during various kinds of urbanization, the linking policy should be carried out in accordance with local conditions and circumstances.展开更多
In order to revamp school bilingualism in FPE （Francophone primary education） in Cameroon some changes were brought about after the release of a new education orientation law in 1998. Those changes include the insti...In order to revamp school bilingualism in FPE （Francophone primary education） in Cameroon some changes were brought about after the release of a new education orientation law in 1998. Those changes include the institution of NSE （new syllabuses of English）, the institution of an English paper at the end-of-primary school examination, the adoption new course books, the decision requesting all FPE teachers to teach English alongside other subjects This paper the data of which stem from a survey of teachers （n = 222）, pupils （n = 589）, parents （n = 293）, and head teachers （n = 23） in some 30 schools of Yaounde proposes some strategies to help curb the crucial lack of qualified teachers, the high cost of teaching and learning materials and the glaring lack of motivation of teachers. Strategies include how to train specialist teachers in numbers, the institution of a BPB （bilingualism promotion bonus） to generate sustained motivation to teach, a substantial subsidization of course book production With these measures the promotion of French/English school bilingualism in Cameroon primary education may turn from the myth of Sisyphus it has become into a successful undertaking展开更多
Immigration relocation of the poor in rural areas is an effective targeted measure to help people out of poverty in the new normal. The structural constraints lie in the heavy pressure of land resources and environmen...Immigration relocation of the poor in rural areas is an effective targeted measure to help people out of poverty in the new normal. The structural constraints lie in the heavy pressure of land resources and environmental carrying capacity, high cost of immigration settlement and delayed counterpart funds, insufficient industrial support and difficulty in living-making. To realize the goal of targeted poverty alleviation, it demands determination and capability from the policy designer, as well the social basis. The effect imposed by the structural constraints to implementation of such policy should be paid adequate attention by public sectors. It is supposed to change the guiding direction of the policy timely and to relieve financial burden of immigration settlement and resource environmental bearing capacity through mechanism of joint efforts from internal and more external support.展开更多
Indonesian National Sport Committee, hereinafter called KONI, is the government body which has the authority to organize sport development in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the social capital of regional KONI i...Indonesian National Sport Committee, hereinafter called KONI, is the government body which has the authority to organize sport development in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the social capital of regional KONI in Central Java which potentially support the implementation of the National Sport System Law. It also aims to analyze the relevant strategy to empower the social energy of KONI and to design the most appropriate model of KONI to solve problems raised after the law imposed. This study used qualitative approach with the idea of learning from people. This approach is a tool to understand the reality which moves the social capital of KONl. The result describes that the activities inside KONI reflect the reality of social capital. KONI as the social capital is a need for the development of the productive cooperation in the society. The existence of the article 40 might influence the characteristics of KONI as the social capital. The model of KONI as an organization of sport should be built in five potential elements： （1） democracy as an ideology, （2） freedom as a purpose, （3） empowerment as a function, （4） social justice as policy, and （5） discretion as a method.展开更多
This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the current state,influencing factors,and strategies for the distribution of educational resources between urban and rural areas in China.It aims to provide an empirical fou...This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the current state,influencing factors,and strategies for the distribution of educational resources between urban and rural areas in China.It aims to provide an empirical foundation and specific recommendations for policymakers and educational practitioners.The research reveals significant disparities in teacher allocation,teaching facilities,and educational funding between urban and rural regions,which adversely impact the quality and equity of education.Despite national policies promoting educational equity,discrepancies in local implementation hinder the effectiveness of these policies.The study underscores the profound influence of education on social development,noting that educational gaps can restrict individual social mobility and affect overall societal progress and economic growth.Policy recommendations include increasing investment in rural education,establishing dynamic resource allocation mechanisms,enhancing rural teacher remuneration and social status,and promoting the application of educational technology.The study acknowledges limitations in sample selection and data collection,suggesting future research directions such as the impact of educational policies on specific groups and the psychosocial effects of educational inequality.Interdisciplinary research and systematic policy evaluation and feedback mechanisms are encouraged to ensure policies adapt to new educational demands.展开更多
The third UN World Congress on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Sendai, Japan in March 2015, agreed on a new framework to guide disaster risk reduction policy and practice for the next 15 years. The Sendai Framework f...The third UN World Congress on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Sendai, Japan in March 2015, agreed on a new framework to guide disaster risk reduction policy and practice for the next 15 years. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR) leaves important implementation issues unspecified and potentially creates both problems and opportunities for complex,multilevel governance systems in coping with hazards and disastrous events. Early warning systems(EWS), if built into the mainstream of planning for development and disaster relief and recovery, could present a significant opportunity to realize many SFDRR goals. We explore the complexities of using hydrometeorological EWS to prepare for drought and flood disasters in the densely populated communities of Pakistan’s Indus River Basin in contrast to the African Sahel’s less densely settled grasslands. Multilevel governance systems are often dominated by a topdown, technocentric, centralized management bias and have great difficulty responding to the needs of peripheral and vulnerable populations. People-centered, bottom-up approaches that incorporate disaggregated communities with local knowledge into a balanced, multilevel disaster risk management and governance structure have adramatically better chance of realizing the SFDRR goals for disaster risk reduction.展开更多
The paper examines the outcomes of and responses to the policy system （the ＂obligatory indicator system＂） used by the Chinese central government to induce provincial governments to meet energy-saving targets durin...The paper examines the outcomes of and responses to the policy system （the ＂obligatory indicator system＂） used by the Chinese central government to induce provincial governments to meet energy-saving targets during the llth Five Year Plan. The institutional mechanisms underlying the policy system that promotes implementation of energy saving are identified. An analytical framework is developed to identify the strategic responses of provincial governments and the factors shaping their responses. Comprehensive sets of provincial data on economic and energy performance are collected and analyzed. The findings indicate that the central government ＇s credible commitment to implement the policy system drove the initially disparate attitudes of provinces to a converged outcome. However, the outcome is significantly constrained by provinces ＇ initial energy intensity. In particular, provincial governments have applied strategies of ceremonial implementation, efficiency-oriented efforts and effectiveness-focused efforts to attain specific targets. This paper discusses the implications in comparison with the modified obligatory indicator system in the 12th Five Year Plan and offers policy suggestions accordingly.展开更多
文摘Thailand was implementing the policy of HIV/A1DS prevention in risky group, The youth is one of groups with sexual risk behaviors to HIV/AIDS. This research aims to elucidate the process of policy implementation at the national and regional levels, and to explain the obstacles of policy implementation. The method was qualitative study. The stakeholders were 88 people. The data were collected by in-depth interview and coded by a computer program. The policy was transferred from the national AIDS committee to the Department of Disease Control （DDC） and provincial level. This process was lacking budget support. The provincial AIDS committee was monitored by the provincial health office, cooperating with the central level. The major role was to transfer the policy to the school, Local Administration Organization （LAO） and associated organization. The activity was funded by provincial, global funds, and outside sources. In the community, the core activities were AIDS knowledge, establishing core youth groups, and building the network of AIDS. The obstacle at the national level was changing the policy process from one with a budget to one without budget. In the area of practice, the AIDS problem and the effects of the risk behavior in youth groups were slightly concerned.
文摘It is not accurate to judge the decline or increase in China＇s state capacity totally, because it is selectively effective from the view of policy implementation. Chinese Communist Party has been striving to improve its government ability over the past decades. Mass mobilization and political movement were widely used to monitor local agents as well as implement policy in Maoist era. But mobilization and political movement were inappropriate under market circumstance which demands social order, regulation and law. In order to enhance the ability to enforce policy effectively, the Party sets up cadre responsibility system consisting of targets management, responsibility contract and competitions between cadres at the same administrative hierarchical level. Through cadre responsibility system, the Party-state enhances its government ability and it also leads to selective implementation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71774027, 71273041, 71472027)
文摘Since the reform and opening up, the local government has played a key role in promoting the economic and social development of our country, and the effective implementation of the local government has become an important research topic. Therefore, based on the literature, the observation method of in-depth interviews, practice investigation and participation is adopted in this paper, which focuses on the implementation of special groups of social assistance policy. The theoretical framework of government' rational choice reveals the status of local government implementation policies and behavior behind the mechanism and organizational structure. The study found that:(1) the local government is easy to choose a quantifiable policy to implement;(2) there is a coexistence between the local government departments;(3) the local government selectively meets the needs of special personnel;(4) the local government's seeking political promotion and power leads to its behavior alienation.
基金Research Project of Guangdong Medical Price Ass ociation
文摘The lunch of the National Fee Schedule （2012） triggered a new round of medical service price adjustment. In China, Qingdao is one of the early birds with best effects in implementing the new policy. This article analyzed the process and experiences of price adjustment of medical service in Qingdao and suggested that local governments in the process of implementing the National Fee Schedule （2012） fully utilize various influencing factors such as tools, resources and environment of policy implementation in order to obtain better policy results.
基金supported by the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(UCAS)/Kunming Institute of Botany(KIB)the Himalayan Climate Change Adaptation Programme(HICAP) funded by the governments of Norway and Sweden+2 种基金core funds of the International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment(ICIMOD)supported the Summer Institute for Disaster and Risk Research implemented by Beijing Normal University (BNU)funded by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, Ministry of Education, and BNU
文摘Several research efforts have focused primarily on policy implementation and improving innovative actions to address disaster risks. Discussions are ongoing on how to measure the effectiveness of policy implementation at the local level. But there is no definitive theory of effective policy implementation, and very few frameworks have been found acceptable as the basis of an analysis of the effectiveness of policy implementation, especially on droughts. Based on the 2009–2010 extreme drought in Yunnan, China, this article presents a modified framework to assess the effectiveness of policy implementation by defining policy, practice, and performance, as well as a feedback loop by which to share the lessons learned. Water conservancy projects in Luliang County and the agricultural diversity program in Longyang County in Yunnan Province were analyzed from a farmers' perspective. It was found that farmers are highly dependent on government policies and projects, and the effectiveness of policies is measured by short-term, immediate, and tangible benefits rather than long-term adaptation strategies. The results highlight the urgent need to reduce risks by developing better awareness about climate change and drought and its impacts, increased understanding of drought hazards, and implementation of appropriate measures for long-term adaptation.
文摘Grassroots policy implementation is an important link in China’s governance practice.Previous studies have analyzed the causes of divergence from policy goals or distorted implementation from the perspective of administrative control,or explored the impact of informal institutions on policy processes from the perspective of policy mobilization.However,both perspectives incline to static or fragmentary analysis and tend to be confined within the bureaucracy,ignoring the government’s mobilization of society.Our case study analysis of County T in Province Z shows that people engaged in implementing grassroots policy can develop varying mobilization strategies on the basis of different combinations of administrative control and social mobilization capacity.In the course of policy implementation,the boundaries and relationships between hierarchical control and social mobilization and between government departments and grassroots society can evolve according to the requirements of policy performance.This implementation process is generally expressed as“adaptive social mobilization.”Our findings could lead to a rethinking of the nature of social governance in contemporary China and explain the paradox of the simultaneous strengthening of administrative control and social participation.
文摘The language policy and curriculum in Taiwan have been balancing academic needs, ideology and political intention. This is an exploratory case study whose purpose is to explore the interrelationship between teachers and administrators and immigrants＇ perceptions of this language policy. Four teachers, three administrators and a male immigrant were interviewed. Data were collected through interviews and a classroom observation in northern and central Taiwan. This study found that present policy has caused teachers＇ difficulty in teaching these new immigrants due to diverse student body that contained elder Taiwan Residents and new immigrants with different Mandarin proficiency. Also, the textbook and limited resources and facility also had become the challenge for local schools to implement RCCC （Recognizing Chinese Character Class）.
文摘＂Mass entrepreneurship and innovation＂ as become the new engine of China＇s economic development. In this paper, based on the policy network theory, to conduct the thorough research to the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy in yunnan province, and connecting with the present situation of college students＇ innovative undertaking in yunnan, through to explain the framework For the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy change for empirical analysis. In order to further promote the innovation and entrepreneurship of yuunan university students, it also needs to solve the problems of policy overlap, reintroduction, light execution, and long management.
文摘When implementing open access, policy pioneers and flagship institutions alike have faced considerable challenges in meeting their own aims and achieving a recognized success. Legitimate authority, sufficient resources and the right timing are crucial, but the professionals charged with implementing policy still need several years to accomplish significant progress. This study defines a methodological standard for evaluating the first generation of open access policies. Evaluating implementation establishes evidence, enables reflection, and may foster the emergence of a second generation of open access policies.While the study is based on a small number of cases, these case studies cover most of the pioneer institutions, present the most significant issues and offer an international overview.Each case is reconstructed individually on the basis of public documents and background information, and supported by interviews with professionals responsible for open access implementation. This article presents the highlights from each case study. The results are utilized to indicate how a second generation of policies might define open access as a key component of digital research infrastructures that provide inputs and outputs for research,teaching and learning in real time.
文摘Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right to live and develop in a free and equal manner.
文摘Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and the reduction of the country’s reliance on foreign fuels which are expensive and an economic burden on a country with an extremely high poverty index in Africa. Green energies like hydropower, solar energy and biomass are already in use with biomass leading, followed by hydropower. This paper explores and analyses the use of hydropower and biomass in Mozambique with the focus being on the extent of their use in the country and the impacts associated with their use. It also aims to look at policies that have been implemented to promote the use of these renewable sources of energy, and it discusses the success of the implementation of these policies and if they have helped in making the use of biomass and hydropower sustainable. The environmental impact of the use of green energies is minimum if compared to fossil fuels but this paper aims to show that there is concern in their use, especially the use of Biomass as there is little consideration being given to its environmental footprint. Mozambique has great potential for hydropower and bioenergy, but potential does not depict the reality as there are several issues to consider before the implementation of such in a developing country like Mozambique and this work explores the existence of issues that affect or hinder the growth and the sustainability of the use Biomass and Hydropower, and this is crucial in policy revision and implementation.
文摘China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchanging homestead for urban housing, and "double exchanges." Based on a study on urbanization development, the paper analyzes the institutional innovation in the case of exchanging homestead for house in Huaming Town, as well as the jeopardization of "double exchanges," before summarizing the applicability of the "urban-rural land linking" policy. At the end, the paper emphasizes that in order to address the problems emerging during various kinds of urbanization, the linking policy should be carried out in accordance with local conditions and circumstances.
文摘In order to revamp school bilingualism in FPE （Francophone primary education） in Cameroon some changes were brought about after the release of a new education orientation law in 1998. Those changes include the institution of NSE （new syllabuses of English）, the institution of an English paper at the end-of-primary school examination, the adoption new course books, the decision requesting all FPE teachers to teach English alongside other subjects This paper the data of which stem from a survey of teachers （n = 222）, pupils （n = 589）, parents （n = 293）, and head teachers （n = 23） in some 30 schools of Yaounde proposes some strategies to help curb the crucial lack of qualified teachers, the high cost of teaching and learning materials and the glaring lack of motivation of teachers. Strategies include how to train specialist teachers in numbers, the institution of a BPB （bilingualism promotion bonus） to generate sustained motivation to teach, a substantial subsidization of course book production With these measures the promotion of French/English school bilingualism in Cameroon primary education may turn from the myth of Sisyphus it has become into a successful undertaking
基金supported by Shaanxi Agricultural Collaborative Innovation and Promotion Alliance Foundation (Grant No. LM20150015)Shaanxi Key Theoretical & Realistic Projects of Social Science Research Foundation (Grant No. 2015Z023)
文摘Immigration relocation of the poor in rural areas is an effective targeted measure to help people out of poverty in the new normal. The structural constraints lie in the heavy pressure of land resources and environmental carrying capacity, high cost of immigration settlement and delayed counterpart funds, insufficient industrial support and difficulty in living-making. To realize the goal of targeted poverty alleviation, it demands determination and capability from the policy designer, as well the social basis. The effect imposed by the structural constraints to implementation of such policy should be paid adequate attention by public sectors. It is supposed to change the guiding direction of the policy timely and to relieve financial burden of immigration settlement and resource environmental bearing capacity through mechanism of joint efforts from internal and more external support.
文摘Indonesian National Sport Committee, hereinafter called KONI, is the government body which has the authority to organize sport development in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the social capital of regional KONI in Central Java which potentially support the implementation of the National Sport System Law. It also aims to analyze the relevant strategy to empower the social energy of KONI and to design the most appropriate model of KONI to solve problems raised after the law imposed. This study used qualitative approach with the idea of learning from people. This approach is a tool to understand the reality which moves the social capital of KONl. The result describes that the activities inside KONI reflect the reality of social capital. KONI as the social capital is a need for the development of the productive cooperation in the society. The existence of the article 40 might influence the characteristics of KONI as the social capital. The model of KONI as an organization of sport should be built in five potential elements： （1） democracy as an ideology, （2） freedom as a purpose, （3） empowerment as a function, （4） social justice as policy, and （5） discretion as a method.
文摘This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the current state,influencing factors,and strategies for the distribution of educational resources between urban and rural areas in China.It aims to provide an empirical foundation and specific recommendations for policymakers and educational practitioners.The research reveals significant disparities in teacher allocation,teaching facilities,and educational funding between urban and rural regions,which adversely impact the quality and equity of education.Despite national policies promoting educational equity,discrepancies in local implementation hinder the effectiveness of these policies.The study underscores the profound influence of education on social development,noting that educational gaps can restrict individual social mobility and affect overall societal progress and economic growth.Policy recommendations include increasing investment in rural education,establishing dynamic resource allocation mechanisms,enhancing rural teacher remuneration and social status,and promoting the application of educational technology.The study acknowledges limitations in sample selection and data collection,suggesting future research directions such as the impact of educational policies on specific groups and the psychosocial effects of educational inequality.Interdisciplinary research and systematic policy evaluation and feedback mechanisms are encouraged to ensure policies adapt to new educational demands.
基金funding from the National Science Foundation for EPS-1101317 project on ‘‘Research on Adaptation to Climate Change’’NSF-SESYNC/NIMBIOS DBI-1052875 project on ‘‘Integrating Human Risk Perception of Global Climate Change into Dynamic Earth System Models’’
文摘The third UN World Congress on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Sendai, Japan in March 2015, agreed on a new framework to guide disaster risk reduction policy and practice for the next 15 years. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR) leaves important implementation issues unspecified and potentially creates both problems and opportunities for complex,multilevel governance systems in coping with hazards and disastrous events. Early warning systems(EWS), if built into the mainstream of planning for development and disaster relief and recovery, could present a significant opportunity to realize many SFDRR goals. We explore the complexities of using hydrometeorological EWS to prepare for drought and flood disasters in the densely populated communities of Pakistan’s Indus River Basin in contrast to the African Sahel’s less densely settled grasslands. Multilevel governance systems are often dominated by a topdown, technocentric, centralized management bias and have great difficulty responding to the needs of peripheral and vulnerable populations. People-centered, bottom-up approaches that incorporate disaggregated communities with local knowledge into a balanced, multilevel disaster risk management and governance structure have adramatically better chance of realizing the SFDRR goals for disaster risk reduction.
文摘The paper examines the outcomes of and responses to the policy system （the ＂obligatory indicator system＂） used by the Chinese central government to induce provincial governments to meet energy-saving targets during the llth Five Year Plan. The institutional mechanisms underlying the policy system that promotes implementation of energy saving are identified. An analytical framework is developed to identify the strategic responses of provincial governments and the factors shaping their responses. Comprehensive sets of provincial data on economic and energy performance are collected and analyzed. The findings indicate that the central government ＇s credible commitment to implement the policy system drove the initially disparate attitudes of provinces to a converged outcome. However, the outcome is significantly constrained by provinces ＇ initial energy intensity. In particular, provincial governments have applied strategies of ceremonial implementation, efficiency-oriented efforts and effectiveness-focused efforts to attain specific targets. This paper discusses the implications in comparison with the modified obligatory indicator system in the 12th Five Year Plan and offers policy suggestions accordingly.
