Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the poten...Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the potential solution of using polyaluminum chloride(PAC)in the water jet.The effects of PAC are examined through a self-designed simulation system for deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and sediment samples from a potential deep-sea mining area.The experimental results showed that the optimal PAC dose was found to be 0.75 g/L.Compared with the test conditions without the addition of PAC,the presence of PAC leads to a reduction in volume,lower characteristic turbidity,smaller diffusion velocity,and shorter settling time of the plume.This indicates that PAC inhibits the entire development process of the plume.The addition of PAC leads to the flocculation of mm-sized particles,resulting in the formation of cm-sized flocs.The flocculation of particles decreases the rate of erosion on the seabed by around 30%.This reduction in erosion helps to decrease the formation of plumes.Additionally,when the size of suspended particles increases,it reduces the scale at which they diffuse.Furthermore,the settling velocity of flocs(around 10^(-2) m/s)is much higher that of compared to sediment particles(around 10^(-5) m/s),which effectively reduces the amount of time the plume remains in suspension.展开更多
Soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement is prepared with soda residue from ammonia soda process method,magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate as main raw materials,and its consolidation mechanism of chlo...Soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement is prepared with soda residue from ammonia soda process method,magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate as main raw materials,and its consolidation mechanism of chloride ion is studied.The results show that the hydration products of soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement are mainly 5-phase,gypsum and brucite,which exist in the matrix in needle rod shape,long plate shape and hexagonal plate shape,respectively.When the molar ratio of MgO/MgCl_(2) is 8:1,the concentration of MgSO_(4) is 29%,and the mass ratio of soda residue:magnesium oxide:magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is 45.8:36.4:17.8.The chloride ion consolidation effect of the sample is the best,and the chloride ion consolidation content of the 7 d sample is about 93%.The chloride ion consolidation content of the 28 d sample is about 96%.展开更多
The coagulation flocculation experiments for kaolinite suspension were carried out withpolyaluminurn chloride of various basicities. The rnicroelectrophoresis mobility and adsorption of alu-minum species were determin...The coagulation flocculation experiments for kaolinite suspension were carried out withpolyaluminurn chloride of various basicities. The rnicroelectrophoresis mobility and adsorption of alu-minum species were determined simultaneously. The quantitative re展开更多
Compared with traditional aluminum salts, polyaluminum chloride(PACl) has better coagulation-flocculation performance in turbidity removal. However, i t is still inferior to organic polymers in terms of bridging funct...Compared with traditional aluminum salts, polyaluminum chloride(PACl) has better coagulation-flocculation performance in turbidity removal. However, i t is still inferior to organic polymers in terms of bridging function. In order to improve the aggregating property of PACl, different composite PACl flocculant s were prepared with various organic polymers. The effect of organic polymer on the distribution of Al(III) species in composite flocculants was studied using 2 7Al NMR and Al-ferron complexation methods. The charge neutralization and surfac e adsorption characteristics of composite flocculants were also investigated. Ja r tests were conducted to evaluate the turbidity removal efficacy of organic pol ymer modified composite flocculants. The study shows that cationic polymer and a nionic polymer have significant influences on the coagulation-flocculation behav iors of PACl. Both cationic and anionic polymers can improve the turbidity remov al performance of PACl but the mechanisms are much different: cationic organic p olymer mainly increases the charge neutralization ability, but anionic polymer m ainly enhances the bridging function.展开更多
A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Alb or Alc. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Alc w...A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Alb or Alc. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Alc were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl3, PACl1 and PACl2 were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under different conditions. The effects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant effect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little effects on Alb and Alc distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl1 and PACl2. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl3 was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl1 and PACl2 with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less affected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.展开更多
Conventional jar tests and on-line size monitoring were used to investigate the effects of slow-mixing intensity and duration on residual turbidity and floc size during charge neutralization coagulation and sweep floc...Conventional jar tests and on-line size monitoring were used to investigate the effects of slow-mixing intensity and duration on residual turbidity and floc size during charge neutralization coagulation and sweep flocculation with polyaluminum chloride. The compensatory effect of slow-mixing on coagulation performance following inadequate or excessive rapid-mixing was also examined. It is found that slow-mixing intensity has a more marked positive effect on charge neutralization coagulation than on sweep flocculation. The optimal root-meansquare velocity gradient, G, for slow-mixing is 15s-1 for both coagulation mechanisms, and charge neutralization coagulation requires a longer slow-mixing duration. The optimal slow-mixing duration, based on residual turbidity, is longer than the time to form the largest mean flocs. The optimal product of G and mixing duration, GT, for slow-mixing during charge neutralization coagulation (13500) are higher than that during sweep flocculation (4500) and both are less than the range of values recommended by the American Water Works Association (24000-84000). The optimal GT value under various slow-mixing conditions increases with G. Appropriate extension of slow-mixing duration during charge neutralization coagulation can improve coagulation performance after an inadequate or excessive rapid-mixing duration, but during sweep flocculation, appropriate shortening of slow-mixing duration after an excessive rapid-mixing or appropriate extension of slow-mixing duration after an inadequate rapid-mixing is favorable.展开更多
In this paper a polyaluminum chloride solution with high Al13 content was prepared and used as raw material for preparation ofγ-Al2O3.The texture and crystalline phase of the prepared alumina samples were characteriz...In this paper a polyaluminum chloride solution with high Al13 content was prepared and used as raw material for preparation ofγ-Al2O3.The texture and crystalline phase of the prepared alumina samples were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) ,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscope(TEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses.The effects of alkaline solution and calcination temperature were investigated.The results showed that alkaline solution including NH3·H2O and NaOH had little effect on the alumina sample formation.The impurities of NH4Cl and NaCl in solution can be removed through repeated washing by EDX analysis.Calcination temperature had a significant effect on alumina crystal phase.The alumina sample can transform completely toγ-Al2O3 in the subsequent heating from 600°C to 800°C.It is very interesting that Al13 can be existed inγ-Al2O3 phase even after calcinations.The results indicate that polyaluminum chloride with high Al13 content is an effective material to prepareγ-Al2O3.展开更多
The leaching kinetics of silver and lead simultaneously from zinc residue by chloride was investigated.The effects of stirring speed,temperature,sodium chloride concentration,particle size and liquid/solid ratio on Ag...The leaching kinetics of silver and lead simultaneously from zinc residue by chloride was investigated.The effects of stirring speed,temperature,sodium chloride concentration,particle size and liquid/solid ratio on Ag and Pb dissolution in sodium chloride were studied.It was determined that the dissolution rates increased with increasing sodium chloride concentration,temperature and decreasing particle size.The dissolution kinetics followed a shrinking core model,with inter-diffusion through gangue layer as the rate determining step.This finding is in accordance with the apparent activation energy(E_a) of 26.8 kJ·mol^(-1)(Ag) and 26.5 kJ·mol^(-1)(Pb),and a linear relationship between the rate constant and the reciprocal of squared particle size.The orders of reaction with respect to sodium chloride concentration,temperature and particle size were also achieved.The rate of reaction based on diffusion-controlled process can be expressed by semi-empirical equations.展开更多
A process with potentially reduced environmental impacts and occupational hazards of lead-bearing zinc plant residue was studied to achieve a higher recovery of lead via a cost-effective and environmentally friendly p...A process with potentially reduced environmental impacts and occupational hazards of lead-bearing zinc plant residue was studied to achieve a higher recovery of lead via a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process. This paper describes an optimization study on the leaching of lead from zinc leach residue using acidic calcium chloride aqueous solution. Six main process conditions, i.e., the solution p H value, stirring rate, concentration of Ca Cl2 aqueous solution, liquid-to-solid(L/S) ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time, were investigated. The microstructure and components of the residue and tailing were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). On the basis of experimental results, the optimum reaction conditions were determined to be a solution p H value of 1, a stirring rate of 500 r·min–1, a Ca Cl2 aqueous solution concentration of 400 g·L–1, a liquid-to-solid mass ratio of 7:1, a leaching temperature of 80°C, and a leaching time of 45 min. The leaching rate of lead under these conditions reached 93.79%, with an iron dissolution rate of 19.28%. Silica did not take part in the chemical reaction during the leaching process and was accumulated in the residue.展开更多
The electrokinetic characteristics and coagulation behaviors of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were studied and compared by streaming current (SC) measurement and jar test metho...The electrokinetic characteristics and coagulation behaviors of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were studied and compared by streaming current (SC) measurement and jar test method. The experimental results showed that the interaction between polysilicic acid characterized negative charge and hydrolyzed aluminum species result in a decrease of the charge neutralizing ability of PASiC, compared to PAC. The decrease has a close relationship with the basicity ( B ) and Al/Si molar ratio in PASiC. The less the B value and the Al/Si molar ratio, the lower the charge neutralizing ability of PASiC is. In contrast, the preparation technique for PASiC affects the charge-neutralization of PASiC to a smaller extent. In addition, compared with PAC, PASiC may enhance aggregating efficiency and give better coagulating effects.展开更多
Al 13 or Alb is usually regarded as the most efficient species of polyaluminum chloride(PAC), the performance flocculant for water treatment. This paper was intended to report a new method to synthesize PAC with high ...Al 13 or Alb is usually regarded as the most efficient species of polyaluminum chloride(PAC), the performance flocculant for water treatment. This paper was intended to report a new method to synthesize PAC with high content Al b, by using the membrane reactor. NaOH solutions were managed to permeate slowly through the micropores of ultrafiltration membrane into AlCl 3 solutions under the suitable transmembrane pressure(TMP). Meanwhile NaOH drops size was limited to nano scale, resulting in dramatical reduction of the characteristic diffusion time and great increment of contact interface between the strong base and Al ions in solution to favor the formation of Al(OH) - 4, the precursor of Al 13 , so few precipitates and much Al b are produced. When the initial concentration of AlCl 3/NaOH is 0 40/2 0 (mol/L), MWCO =10000, TMP =0 0085 MPa, T =305 K and B (molar ratio of OH -/Al 3+ )=2 25, the quantity of Al b attains about 80%. The results of 27 Al NMR determination showed that the Al 13 content is equal to Al b content. And our PAC product has shown better flocculation effects than the commercial product.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52225107,U2106224,U1906234,51822904,and U1706223)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.202041004)
文摘Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the potential solution of using polyaluminum chloride(PAC)in the water jet.The effects of PAC are examined through a self-designed simulation system for deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and sediment samples from a potential deep-sea mining area.The experimental results showed that the optimal PAC dose was found to be 0.75 g/L.Compared with the test conditions without the addition of PAC,the presence of PAC leads to a reduction in volume,lower characteristic turbidity,smaller diffusion velocity,and shorter settling time of the plume.This indicates that PAC inhibits the entire development process of the plume.The addition of PAC leads to the flocculation of mm-sized particles,resulting in the formation of cm-sized flocs.The flocculation of particles decreases the rate of erosion on the seabed by around 30%.This reduction in erosion helps to decrease the formation of plumes.Additionally,when the size of suspended particles increases,it reduces the scale at which they diffuse.Furthermore,the settling velocity of flocs(around 10^(-2) m/s)is much higher that of compared to sediment particles(around 10^(-5) m/s),which effectively reduces the amount of time the plume remains in suspension.
基金Funded by Science and Technology Support Plan Project of the 13th Five-year Plan (No.2018YFD1101002-03)。
文摘Soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement is prepared with soda residue from ammonia soda process method,magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate as main raw materials,and its consolidation mechanism of chloride ion is studied.The results show that the hydration products of soda residue-magnesium oxychloride cement are mainly 5-phase,gypsum and brucite,which exist in the matrix in needle rod shape,long plate shape and hexagonal plate shape,respectively.When the molar ratio of MgO/MgCl_(2) is 8:1,the concentration of MgSO_(4) is 29%,and the mass ratio of soda residue:magnesium oxide:magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is 45.8:36.4:17.8.The chloride ion consolidation effect of the sample is the best,and the chloride ion consolidation content of the 7 d sample is about 93%.The chloride ion consolidation content of the 28 d sample is about 96%.
文摘The coagulation flocculation experiments for kaolinite suspension were carried out withpolyaluminurn chloride of various basicities. The rnicroelectrophoresis mobility and adsorption of alu-minum species were determined simultaneously. The quantitative re
文摘Compared with traditional aluminum salts, polyaluminum chloride(PACl) has better coagulation-flocculation performance in turbidity removal. However, i t is still inferior to organic polymers in terms of bridging function. In order to improve the aggregating property of PACl, different composite PACl flocculant s were prepared with various organic polymers. The effect of organic polymer on the distribution of Al(III) species in composite flocculants was studied using 2 7Al NMR and Al-ferron complexation methods. The charge neutralization and surfac e adsorption characteristics of composite flocculants were also investigated. Ja r tests were conducted to evaluate the turbidity removal efficacy of organic pol ymer modified composite flocculants. The study shows that cationic polymer and a nionic polymer have significant influences on the coagulation-flocculation behav iors of PACl. Both cationic and anionic polymers can improve the turbidity remov al performance of PACl but the mechanisms are much different: cationic organic p olymer mainly increases the charge neutralization ability, but anionic polymer m ainly enhances the bridging function.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 50708109, 20577061,40673003)the National Hi-Tech Research and Develop-ment Key Program (863) of China (No 2007AA06Z339)the Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry (No 09Y02ESPCR,09Z01ESPCR)
文摘A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Alb or Alc. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Alc were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl3, PACl1 and PACl2 were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under different conditions. The effects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant effect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little effects on Alb and Alc distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl1 and PACl2. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl3 was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl1 and PACl2 with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less affected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（50708109 21076219） the National High Technology Research and Development Key Program of China（2007AA06Z339 2009AA062901）
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2009AA063901)the Special Funds for Technological Development of Research Institutes from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2010EG111022, 2011EG111307)+1 种基金the Budding Program (2011A-12-L)the Program for Innovative Research Team(IG201204N) of Beijing Academy of Science and Technology
文摘Conventional jar tests and on-line size monitoring were used to investigate the effects of slow-mixing intensity and duration on residual turbidity and floc size during charge neutralization coagulation and sweep flocculation with polyaluminum chloride. The compensatory effect of slow-mixing on coagulation performance following inadequate or excessive rapid-mixing was also examined. It is found that slow-mixing intensity has a more marked positive effect on charge neutralization coagulation than on sweep flocculation. The optimal root-meansquare velocity gradient, G, for slow-mixing is 15s-1 for both coagulation mechanisms, and charge neutralization coagulation requires a longer slow-mixing duration. The optimal slow-mixing duration, based on residual turbidity, is longer than the time to form the largest mean flocs. The optimal product of G and mixing duration, GT, for slow-mixing during charge neutralization coagulation (13500) are higher than that during sweep flocculation (4500) and both are less than the range of values recommended by the American Water Works Association (24000-84000). The optimal GT value under various slow-mixing conditions increases with G. Appropriate extension of slow-mixing duration during charge neutralization coagulation can improve coagulation performance after an inadequate or excessive rapid-mixing duration, but during sweep flocculation, appropriate shortening of slow-mixing duration after an excessive rapid-mixing or appropriate extension of slow-mixing duration after an inadequate rapid-mixing is favorable.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（50708109 40673003） the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars State Education Ministry（ITLXHG2009071702） the Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry（09Y02ESPCR）
文摘In this paper a polyaluminum chloride solution with high Al13 content was prepared and used as raw material for preparation ofγ-Al2O3.The texture and crystalline phase of the prepared alumina samples were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) ,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscope(TEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses.The effects of alkaline solution and calcination temperature were investigated.The results showed that alkaline solution including NH3·H2O and NaOH had little effect on the alumina sample formation.The impurities of NH4Cl and NaCl in solution can be removed through repeated washing by EDX analysis.Calcination temperature had a significant effect on alumina crystal phase.The alumina sample can transform completely toγ-Al2O3 in the subsequent heating from 600°C to 800°C.It is very interesting that Al13 can be existed inγ-Al2O3 phase even after calcinations.The results indicate that polyaluminum chloride with high Al13 content is an effective material to prepareγ-Al2O3.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China (No.ZR2010EL006)High Education Science Technology Program of Shangdong Province (No. J12LA04)
文摘The leaching kinetics of silver and lead simultaneously from zinc residue by chloride was investigated.The effects of stirring speed,temperature,sodium chloride concentration,particle size and liquid/solid ratio on Ag and Pb dissolution in sodium chloride were studied.It was determined that the dissolution rates increased with increasing sodium chloride concentration,temperature and decreasing particle size.The dissolution kinetics followed a shrinking core model,with inter-diffusion through gangue layer as the rate determining step.This finding is in accordance with the apparent activation energy(E_a) of 26.8 kJ·mol^(-1)(Ag) and 26.5 kJ·mol^(-1)(Pb),and a linear relationship between the rate constant and the reciprocal of squared particle size.The orders of reaction with respect to sodium chloride concentration,temperature and particle size were also achieved.The rate of reaction based on diffusion-controlled process can be expressed by semi-empirical equations.
基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education, China (No. 20110042120014)the Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51204036 and 51234009)the National Basic Research of Program of China (No. 2014CB643405)
文摘A process with potentially reduced environmental impacts and occupational hazards of lead-bearing zinc plant residue was studied to achieve a higher recovery of lead via a cost-effective and environmentally friendly process. This paper describes an optimization study on the leaching of lead from zinc leach residue using acidic calcium chloride aqueous solution. Six main process conditions, i.e., the solution p H value, stirring rate, concentration of Ca Cl2 aqueous solution, liquid-to-solid(L/S) ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time, were investigated. The microstructure and components of the residue and tailing were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). On the basis of experimental results, the optimum reaction conditions were determined to be a solution p H value of 1, a stirring rate of 500 r·min–1, a Ca Cl2 aqueous solution concentration of 400 g·L–1, a liquid-to-solid mass ratio of 7:1, a leaching temperature of 80°C, and a leaching time of 45 min. The leaching rate of lead under these conditions reached 93.79%, with an iron dissolution rate of 19.28%. Silica did not take part in the chemical reaction during the leaching process and was accumulated in the residue.
文摘The electrokinetic characteristics and coagulation behaviors of polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were studied and compared by streaming current (SC) measurement and jar test method. The experimental results showed that the interaction between polysilicic acid characterized negative charge and hydrolyzed aluminum species result in a decrease of the charge neutralizing ability of PASiC, compared to PAC. The decrease has a close relationship with the basicity ( B ) and Al/Si molar ratio in PASiC. The less the B value and the Al/Si molar ratio, the lower the charge neutralizing ability of PASiC is. In contrast, the preparation technique for PASiC affects the charge-neutralization of PASiC to a smaller extent. In addition, compared with PAC, PASiC may enhance aggregating efficiency and give better coagulating effects.
文摘Al 13 or Alb is usually regarded as the most efficient species of polyaluminum chloride(PAC), the performance flocculant for water treatment. This paper was intended to report a new method to synthesize PAC with high content Al b, by using the membrane reactor. NaOH solutions were managed to permeate slowly through the micropores of ultrafiltration membrane into AlCl 3 solutions under the suitable transmembrane pressure(TMP). Meanwhile NaOH drops size was limited to nano scale, resulting in dramatical reduction of the characteristic diffusion time and great increment of contact interface between the strong base and Al ions in solution to favor the formation of Al(OH) - 4, the precursor of Al 13 , so few precipitates and much Al b are produced. When the initial concentration of AlCl 3/NaOH is 0 40/2 0 (mol/L), MWCO =10000, TMP =0 0085 MPa, T =305 K and B (molar ratio of OH -/Al 3+ )=2 25, the quantity of Al b attains about 80%. The results of 27 Al NMR determination showed that the Al 13 content is equal to Al b content. And our PAC product has shown better flocculation effects than the commercial product.
