Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)are a kind of serious pollutants in the ocean.Biodegradation is considered as an economical and safe way for PBDEs removal and reductive debromination dominates the initial pathway...Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)are a kind of serious pollutants in the ocean.Biodegradation is considered as an economical and safe way for PBDEs removal and reductive debromination dominates the initial pathway of anaerobic degradation.On the basis of experimental study,Octa-BDE 197,Hepta-BDE 183,Hexa-BDE 153,Penta-BDE 99 and Tetra-BDE 47 were selected as the initial degradation objects,and their debromination degradation were studied using density functional theory.The structures were optimized by Gaussian 09 program.Furthermore,the molecular orbitals and charge distribution were analyzed.All C-Br bond dissociation energies at different positions including ortho,meta and para bromine atoms were calculated and the sequence of debromination was obtained.There is a close relationship between molecular structure,charge,molecular orbital and C-Br bond.All PBDEs exhibited similar debromination pathways with preferential removal of meta and para bromines.展开更多
Objective To explore the effects of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)on placental size and birth outcomes.Methods Based on the perspective Wenzhou Birth Cohort,this nested case-control study i...Objective To explore the effects of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)on placental size and birth outcomes.Methods Based on the perspective Wenzhou Birth Cohort,this nested case-control study included 101 fetal growth restriction(FGR)and 101 healthy newborns.Maternal serum samples were collected during the third trimester and measured for PBDEs by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.The basic information of mother-newborn pairs was collected from questionnaires,whereas the placental size and birth outcomes of newborns were obtained from hospital records.Results A total of 19 brominated diphenyle ether(BDE)congeners were detected in maternal serum samples.Higher concentrations of BDE-207,-208,-209,and∑19PBDEs were detected in FGR cases than in controls.Increased BDE-207,-208,-209,and∑19PBDEs levels in maternal serum were related to decreased placental length,breadth,surface area,birth weight,birth length,gestational age,and Quetelet index of newborns.After adjusting for confounders,BDE-207 and∑19PBDE concentrations in maternal serum were significantly associated with an increased risk of FGR.Conclusion A negative association was found between PBDE levels in maternal serum and placental size and birth outcomes.Prenatal PBDE exposure may be associated with elevated risk of the incidence of FGR birth.展开更多
To understand potential ecotoxicological effects of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) recycling and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bioaccumulation in loaches, a semi-field experiment using Ch...To understand potential ecotoxicological effects of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) recycling and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bioaccumulation in loaches, a semi-field experiment using Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) as experimental fish was performed. Larval loaches were kept in net-cage for three months in an e-wastes recycling site and a reference site in Southeastern China. There was significant difference of the survival rate between the loaches from the e-wastes recycling site (27%, 19/70) and from reference site (70%, 49/70). Histopathological responses were also found in all the livers examined in loaches from the e-wastes recycling site. These results showed that mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling led to ecotoxicological effects on loaches. The bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the main pollutants in e-waste, in loaches was also studied, the mean concentration of total PBDEs in sediment was 6726.17 ng/g wet weight and in water samples was 4.08 ng/L (dissolved phase). BDE 209 was the dominant congener in sediment and with relatively high concentration in water. Relatively low concentration of BDE 209 (less than 0.01% of total PBDEs) and high concentration of BDE47 (up to 39.34% of total PBDEs) were detected in loaches.展开更多
We measured 39 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the muscle tissue of three species of fish (Sciaenops ocellatus,Sparus macrocephalus,and Lateolabrax japonicus) and four species of shellfish (Tegillarca granos...We measured 39 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the muscle tissue of three species of fish (Sciaenops ocellatus,Sparus macrocephalus,and Lateolabrax japonicus) and four species of shellfish (Tegillarca granosa,Cyclina sinensis,Sinonovacula constricta,and Ostrea cucullata) that were collected downstream of electronic-waste recycling plants in Taizhou,China.A total of 24 PBDE congeners (PBDE 24) in the samples were detected.The PBDE 24 (total PBDE) ranged from 545.4 to 1688.7 ng/kg ww (wet weight).The mean PBDE 24 concentration was 1382.6 ng/kg ww in fish and 858.1 ng/kg ww in shellfish.The lower brominated congeners were detected at relatively high concentrations in all species.The penta-products,produced from e-waste,were found at relatively low levels.A principal component analysis suggested a significant correlation among di-,tri-,tetra-,and hepta-BDEs for the three species of fish.Similarly,we found a significant correlation between mono-and tri-BDEs in the shellfish.Our results suggested that the processes of PBDE metabolism and elimination were similar in both fish and shellfish.In addition,the primary source of PBDEs appeared to be from the debromination of high brominated PBDEs.展开更多
Sixty sediment samples were collected from the main Songhua River in three years. Twelve polybrominated diphenyl ether( PBDE) congeners( BDE17,28,47,66,99,100,153,154,138,183,and BDE-209) were detected to state the po...Sixty sediment samples were collected from the main Songhua River in three years. Twelve polybrominated diphenyl ether( PBDE) congeners( BDE17,28,47,66,99,100,153,154,138,183,and BDE-209) were detected to state the pollution situation. The results showed that the total concentration of total PBDEs ranges from 0. 424 to 23. 0 ng / g dry weight,with the mean of 3. 02 ng / g,and the total PBDEs concentration is at relative low level compared with those worldwide. The congener profile showed that BDE-209 is the dominant congener that accounts for more than 80. 1% of total PBDEs in sediments,followed by BDE-47 and BDE-99. These profiles are consistent with a high consumption of Deca-BDEs for the brominated flame retardant market in China. The results of spatial and seasonal observations indicated that local sources,temperature variation, and hydrologic conditions are significant factors on PBDEs concentrations. Hazard quotients suggested that PBDEs pose no potential risk to benthic organisms in detected area at present.展开更多
Using the molecular electronegativity distance vector descriptors derived directly from the molecular topological structures, the relative retention time (RRT) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were predicted....Using the molecular electronegativity distance vector descriptors derived directly from the molecular topological structures, the relative retention time (RRT) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were predicted. A four-variable regression model (M30) with the correlation coefficient of 0.9816 and the root mean square errors of 0.061 was developed using a training set including 30 PBDEs. The correlation coefficient of 0.9841 and the root mean square errors of 0.054 between the values of RRT predicted by M30 and the RRT observed for 16 external PBDEs show a good predictive potential of M30. The descriptors included in the M30 represent four interactions between four pairs of atom types, i.e., atom ?C= and C=, C= and >C=, >C= and >C=,C= and Br.展开更多
PBDEs are widely used brominated flame retardant, which are increasingly reported in the environment. Concentrations of thirteen PBDEs in a large number of channel catfish and fish feeds collected from Hubei province ...PBDEs are widely used brominated flame retardant, which are increasingly reported in the environment. Concentrations of thirteen PBDEs in a large number of channel catfish and fish feeds collected from Hubei province of China were investigated in this study. A fast isotopic dilution GC-MS method was firstly developed to simultaneously determine thirteen PBDEs in channel catfish and fish feeds in this study, and especially for the first time PBDEs in fish feeds. Pressurized liquid extraction and multi-layer silica gel column chromatography cleanup were used, some important steps and crucial parameters were modified and intensified compared with other literatures, and GC and MS conditions were optimized. The limits of quantitation values of 0.25 - 5 μg·kg-1 wet weight in channel catfish were calculated for PBDEs;so did 1 - 20 μg·kg-1 wet weight in fish feeds. In addition, good repeatability and accuracy of the whole method were achieved. The established methods were therefore suitable for the simultaneous determinations of thirteen PBDEs in these samples at trace contamination levels. Using the established methods, PBDEs emerged in 10 of 180 channel catfish and 13 of 115 fish feeds, and the dominant PBDEs homologues were PBDE-28, PBDE-47, PBDE-100, PBDE-99, PBDE-154, PBDE-153 and PBDE-183. The detection rates of seven PBDEs congeners were in turn respectively 1.74%, 7.83%, 4.35%, 5.22%, 3.48%, 2.61% and 2.61% in fish feeds, and detection rates of seven PBDEs congeners were in turn respectively 1.11%, 3.89%, 2.22%, 1.67%, 1.11%, 1.11% and 1.11% in channel catfish. There was significant correlation in PBDEs between matching channel catfish and fish feeds (R2 = 0.742, P < 0.001, n = 30), suggesting that fish feeds contaminated with PBDEs possibly resulted in PBDEs residual in channel catfish through biological transfer.展开更多
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)are widely used as brominated flame retardants,which had attracted amounts of attention due to their harmful characteristics of high toxicity,environmental persistence and potentia...Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)are widely used as brominated flame retardants,which had attracted amounts of attention due to their harmful characteristics of high toxicity,environmental persistence and potential bioaccumulation.Many chemical reductive debromination technologies have been developed for the debromination of PBDEs,including photolysis,photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,zero-valent metal reduction,chemically catalytic reduction and mechanochemical method.This review aims to provide information about the degradation thermodynamics and kinetics of PBDEs and summarize the degradation mechanisms in various systems.According to the comparative analysis,the rapid debromination to generate bromine-free products in an electron-transfer process,of which photocatalysis is a representative one,is found to be relatively difficult,because the degradation rate of PBDEs depended on the Br-rich phenyl ring with the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)localization.On the contrary,the complete debromination occurs easily in other systems with active hydrogen atoms as the main reactive species,such as chemically catalytic reduction systems.The review provides the knowledge on the chemical reductive technique of PBDEs,which would greatly help not only clarify the degradation mechanism but also design the more efficient system for the rapid and deep debromination of PBDEs in the future.展开更多
This review focuses on the occurrence and interactions of engineered nanoparticles(ENPs)and brominated flame retardants(BFRs)such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in water systems and the generation of highly c...This review focuses on the occurrence and interactions of engineered nanoparticles(ENPs)and brominated flame retardants(BFRs)such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in water systems and the generation of highly complex compounds in the environment.The release of ENPs and BFRs(e.g.PBDEs)to aquatic environments during their usage and disposal are summarised together with their key interaction mechanisms.The major interaction mechanisms including electrostatic,van derWaals,hydrophobic,molecular bridging and steric,hydrogen andπ-bonding,cation bridging and ligand exchange were identified.The presence of ENPs could influence the fate and behaviour of PBDEs through the interactions as well as induced reactions under certain conditions which increases the formation of complex compounds.The interaction leads to alteration of behaviour for PBDEs and their toxic effects to ecological receptors.The intermingled compound(ENPs-BFRs)would show different behaviour from the parental ENPs or BFRs,which are currently lack of investigation.This review provided insights on the interactions of ENPs and BFRs in artificial,environmental water systems and wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),which are important for a comprehensive risk assessment.展开更多
Surfactant enhanced elution is an effective method for removing hydrophobic organic pollutants from soils.The key to the development of leaching technology is selective removal of targeted pollutants in soil washing e...Surfactant enhanced elution is an effective method for removing hydrophobic organic pollutants from soils.The key to the development of leaching technology is selective removal of targeted pollutants in soil washing effluent and recycling of surfactant solutions.In this study,a molecular imprinting technique was applied to selectively sorb polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in soil washing effluent.The novel molecular imprinted polymers(MIPs)using different template molecules were synthesized by precipitation polymerization.Adsorption behaviors andmechanisms ofMIPs were studied through experiments and theoretical calculations.The results show that 4-bromo-4'-hydroxybiphenyl and toluene can be effective imprinting molecule for MIPs synthesis.The maximal adsorption capacity of selected dummy molecular imprinted polymer(D1-MIP)was 1032.36μmol/g,and that of part molecular imprinted polymer(P-MIP)was 981.13μmol/g.Their imprinting factors in 5 PBDEs adsorption ranged from 2.13 to 5.88,the recovery percentage of Triton X-100 can reach 99.09%,confirming the feasibility of reusing surfactant.Various PBDEs could be removed by MIPs,and Quantitative Structure Property Relationship analysis revealed that PBDEs’molecular volume,planarity,polarity,and hydrophobicity have major influences on their adsorption performance.DFT calculation revealed that Van derWaals force and hydrogen bonding played important roles during selective adsorption.These results can provide effective theoretical guidance for surfactant enhanced soil elution in practical engineering applications.展开更多
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)have been used as flame retardants in various building materials,plastic and other polymers,airplanes,electronics,etc.All or some of their congeners have been already banned in man...Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)have been used as flame retardants in various building materials,plastic and other polymers,airplanes,electronics,etc.All or some of their congeners have been already banned in many countries,due to their persistency and adverse health effects.In this study,we are focusing on e-wastes as a source of emission of PBDEs in ambient air during reclamation processes.The ambient air particulate matter(PM)samples were collected at and near an e-waste reclamation site in Bangkok,Thailand.Results showed the presence of various homologues,viz:tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,and hepta-PBDEs in both PM2.5 and total suspended particle(TSP)samples.The comparison of samples as a function of distance from the reclamation site indicated elevated levels of PBDEs in close proximity to the e-waste site.Interestingly,a shift in the congener pattern was observed with lower brominated PBDEs being more prevalent in nearby off-site samples as compared to the PM collected at the e-waste site.The total penta-PBDEs concentration is almost double in the e-waste site PM2.5 compared to the control site samples.For TSP,tetra,penta,and hepta-PBDEs congeners are at higher concentrations at the e-waste sites and its vicinity compared to reference sites.Overall,a clear trend can be observed indicating a debromination of PBDEs to more toxic tri and tetra congeners during the reclamation process and PBDEs are being translocated from treated materials to ambient air PM.BDE 30 is uniquely detected in our studies as a dominant final debromination product,that can be used as a marker of thermal e-waste activity.This work indicates potential hazards related to the reclamation of e-wastes and remediation of sites containing PBDEs.In particular,thermal treatment methods can lead to congener transformation and increased emissions of more toxic lower brominated congeners.展开更多
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in atmosphere and soil samples taken in winter and summer at a PBDE production area of Laizhou Bay in China.The concentrations of 11 PBDE were 0.017-1.17 ng/m 3 in ...Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in atmosphere and soil samples taken in winter and summer at a PBDE production area of Laizhou Bay in China.The concentrations of 11 PBDE were 0.017-1.17 ng/m 3 in gaseous phase,0.5-161.1 ng/m 3 in particulate phase,and 73-2629 ng/g dry weight in soil samples.The PBDE congener pattern in the gaseous phase differed from that in the particulate phase,and the PBDE congener pattern in the particulate phase was similar with that in soil.This demonstrated that there was little difference with atmospheric particle-soil transfer efficiency among PBDE congeners.In addition,there were seasonal variations in percentages on particle for lower brominated congeners.The BDE-28 was mostly in the gaseous phase in summer (88.3%),whereas the average proportion of BDE-28 in gaseous phase in winter was 38.9%.Higher brominated congeners (i.e.,BDE-206,BDE207,BDE-208,and BDE-209) were bound to the atmospheric particulate phase,and their potentials for long-range migration were mainly affected by the environmental behavior of atmospheric particles.Results indicated that PBDE congeners in summer were closer to gas-particle partition equilibrium than in winter.Temperature should be considered the main factor causing nonequilibrium in winter.展开更多
Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE).The co...Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE).The concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in sediments ranged from 5.5 to 300.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 68.2 ng/g dw,respectively.Their levels in sediments in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.Compared to data from other regions,the PBDE levels in surface sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River were in the medium to lower range.Among the PBDE congeners,BDE209 was predominant,with contributions to the total PBDEs ranging from 79.4% to 97.3% in sediment samples.For the lowly brominated congeners (tri-to hepta-BDE),BDE47 and BDE99 were the most abundant,which contributed 52.1% and 44.1% to the sum of tri-to hepta-BDEs in the sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River,respectively.The compositional patterns of PBDEs in Baiyangdian Lake sediments indicated that technical deca-BDE mixture was the major pollutant sources with a minor contribution of penta-BDE mixture.The present study suggested that the importance of Fuhe River as a possibly potential sources of PBDEs contamination in Baiyangdian Lake.展开更多
Accelerated industrialization and urbanization,and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment(e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants(BFRs).This rev...Accelerated industrialization and urbanization,and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment(e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants(BFRs).This review summarized the levels,trends,and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes(HBCDs),1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane(BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane(DBDPE) in wildlife from China.PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia,and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America.However,wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world,suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions.The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife,revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals,in addition to PBDEs.Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s,but decreased from the middle of 2000s,followed by relatively steady levels.In contrast,HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007,indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years.Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts,aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE28 and 209,respectively,suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs.Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed.Additionally,focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination,and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.展开更多
Areas containing industrial facilities belonging to three diferent typical industries that may cause pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in Beijing, China were investigated. Specifically, the areas cont...Areas containing industrial facilities belonging to three diferent typical industries that may cause pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in Beijing, China were investigated. Specifically, the areas contained a solid waste incineration plant, a chemical factory, and a heat and power plant. Investigation of the pollution status of PBDEs in the surface soil from areas around these industries revealed the highest concentration of 42 PBDE congeners(118 ng/g, dry mass) at the solid waste incineration plant. In the other two plants, the highest concentrations were both 26 ng/g(dry mass). Among the PBDE homologues, the PBDE contamination at all sites showed similar congener compositions, with BDE 209 being the dominant congener. Our findings established the first contamination status of three typical industrial areas in Beijing. Furthermore, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners tended to decrease as the distance from the investigated plants increased. Overall, these plants were identified as potential pollution sources of PBDEs in Beijing. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the major PBDE source in Beijing may be associated with the technical deca-BDE and penta-BDE mixture. Based on the data obtained in this preliminary investigation, further study of the potential of these sources to emit PBDEs in Beijing is warranted.展开更多
The levels and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in chicken tissues from an electronic waste(e-waste) recycling area in southeast China were investigated.Human dietary intake by local residents vi...The levels and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in chicken tissues from an electronic waste(e-waste) recycling area in southeast China were investigated.Human dietary intake by local residents via chicken muscle and eggs was estimated.The mean PBDEs concentrations in tissues ranged from 15.2 to 3138.1 ng/g lipid weight(lw) and in egg the concentration was 563.5 ng/g lw.The results showed that the level of total PBDEs(ΣPBDEs) in the chicken tissue was 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported in the literature.The large difference of ΣPBDEs concentrations between tissues confirmed that the distribution of PBDEs in tissues depend on tissue-specificity rather than the "lipid-compartment".BDE-209 was the predominant congener(82.5%-94.7% of ΣPBDEs) in all chicken tissues except in brain(34.7% of ΣPBDEs),which indicated that deca-BDE(the major commercial PBDE formulation comprising 65%-70% of total production) was major pollution source in this area and could be bioaccumulated in terrestrial animals.The dietary PBDEs intake of the local residents from chicken muscle and egg,assuming only local bred chickens and eggs were consumed,ranged from 2.2 to 22.5 ng/(day·kg body weight(bw)) with a mean value of 13.5 ng/(day·kg bw),which was one order of magnitude higher than the value reported in previous studies for consumption of all foodstuffs.展开更多
The spatial,temporal,and vertical distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in water columns from the Zhujiang River Estuary were examined,and the partition behavior of PBDEs between particle and dissolve...The spatial,temporal,and vertical distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in water columns from the Zhujiang River Estuary were examined,and the partition behavior of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases was investigated in the present study.The results show that the distributions of PBDEs concentrations in the water varied with the sampling seasons.The PBDEs concentrations in water samples were lower in May 2005,when the brackish water was dominant in the estuary,than in October 2005,when fresh water from river runoff dominated the estuary.The spatial distribution of PBDEs in October 2005 indicated that the river runoff was the major mode to input PBDEs to the estuary,and the concentration of PBDEs in water might be dissolved organic carbon(DOC) dependence.The spatial and vertical distributions of PBDEs in May 2005 were relatively homogeneous,and SPM was the major factor on controlling the levels of PBDEs in this sampling time.Both DOC and POC could play certain roles in determining the distribution and partition of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases,but their effects varied with the water properties.展开更多
Concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE) congeners were measured in river sediments, paddy soils and three species of paddy-field organisms(crab, loach and carp) collected from the Liaohe River Basin, ...Concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE) congeners were measured in river sediments, paddy soils and three species of paddy-field organisms(crab, loach and carp) collected from the Liaohe River Basin, northeastern China. The total contents of PBDEs(∑_(16)PBDEs) in sediments and paddy soils were in the ranges of 273.4–3246.3 pg/g dry weight(dw), and 192.1–1783.8 pg/g dw, respectively. BDE 209 was the dominant congener both in sediments and paddy soils. The concentrations of ∑_(16)PBDEs in sediments were significantly higher than those in the adjacent paddy soils, indicating a potential transport of PBDEs from river to paddy ecosystems via river water irrigation. The biota–soil accumulation factor(BSAF) was calculated as the ratio between the lipid-normalized concentration in paddyfield organisms and the total organic carbon-normalized concentration in paddy soil. The average BSAF values of ∑15PBDEs followed the sequence of crab(3.6) > loach(3.3) > carp(2.1). BDE 154 had the highest BSAF value, and a parabolic trend between BSAF values of individual PBDE congeners and their log KOWvalues was observed. In view of the fact that crab had the larger BSAF value and higher lipid content, the ecological risk and health risk for crab cultivation in paddy fields should be of particular concern.展开更多
The growth, cellular total lipids, bioaccumulation amount, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 2,4,4 ′ -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ ,5-pentab...The growth, cellular total lipids, bioaccumulation amount, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 2,4,4 ′ -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) in a semi-continuous culture of Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied in relation to nitrate (0, 128, and 512 μmol/L) and phosphate (0, 8, and 32 μmol/L) concentrations. The BDE28, BDE47, and BDE99 content per cell under 0 μmol N/L were 3.77 × 10 6 , 3.95 × 10 6 , and 4.32 × 10 6 ng/cell, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. A nearly 5-fold increase in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) content per algal cell was found between 0 and 8 μmol P/L and between 8 and 32 μmol P/L. With increasing N and P concentrations, the PBDE content per volume of algal culture and the accumulation percentage of available PBDEs declined slightly. The BAFs for the PBDEs based on lipids showed that the logBAF lip under 0 μmol N/L was higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. The logBAF lip under 0 μmol P/L was higher than that under 8 μmol P/L but lower than that under 32 μmol P/L. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between nutrient concentration and cellular total lipids, as well as the PBDE content per cell. The results indicate that different N and P concentrations change the total lipids content of P. donghaiense, thereby resulting in varying PBDE accumulation.展开更多
Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals in two sediment cores, taken from the Dagu Drainage River, were determined. The contamination trends of these...Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals in two sediment cores, taken from the Dagu Drainage River, were determined. The contamination trends of these three kinds of compounds were obtained. The results showed that concentrations of PBDEs increased in recent years; there were new contamination sources for OCPs in this area; contamination levels of heavy metals had no significant change in the last several years. Comparing the results of these two cores, erosion and dilution of seawater had different effects on the transportation of these compounds.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41406090,42176045)the Science Foundation of Qingdao Agricultural University(No.631302)+1 种基金the Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials,Minjiang University(No.MJUKF-FMSM202102)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2019 MB020,ZR2020MB119)。
文摘Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)are a kind of serious pollutants in the ocean.Biodegradation is considered as an economical and safe way for PBDEs removal and reductive debromination dominates the initial pathway of anaerobic degradation.On the basis of experimental study,Octa-BDE 197,Hepta-BDE 183,Hexa-BDE 153,Penta-BDE 99 and Tetra-BDE 47 were selected as the initial degradation objects,and their debromination degradation were studied using density functional theory.The structures were optimized by Gaussian 09 program.Furthermore,the molecular orbitals and charge distribution were analyzed.All C-Br bond dissociation energies at different positions including ortho,meta and para bromine atoms were calculated and the sequence of debromination was obtained.There is a close relationship between molecular structure,charge,molecular orbital and C-Br bond.All PBDEs exhibited similar debromination pathways with preferential removal of meta and para bromines.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China[No.21577026]。
文摘Objective To explore the effects of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)on placental size and birth outcomes.Methods Based on the perspective Wenzhou Birth Cohort,this nested case-control study included 101 fetal growth restriction(FGR)and 101 healthy newborns.Maternal serum samples were collected during the third trimester and measured for PBDEs by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.The basic information of mother-newborn pairs was collected from questionnaires,whereas the placental size and birth outcomes of newborns were obtained from hospital records.Results A total of 19 brominated diphenyle ether(BDE)congeners were detected in maternal serum samples.Higher concentrations of BDE-207,-208,-209,and∑19PBDEs were detected in FGR cases than in controls.Increased BDE-207,-208,-209,and∑19PBDEs levels in maternal serum were related to decreased placental length,breadth,surface area,birth weight,birth length,gestational age,and Quetelet index of newborns.After adjusting for confounders,BDE-207 and∑19PBDE concentrations in maternal serum were significantly associated with an increased risk of FGR.Conclusion A negative association was found between PBDE levels in maternal serum and placental size and birth outcomes.Prenatal PBDE exposure may be associated with elevated risk of the incidence of FGR birth.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No. KZCX2-YW-420-3)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2003CB415005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20437020, 20677074)
文摘To understand potential ecotoxicological effects of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) recycling and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bioaccumulation in loaches, a semi-field experiment using Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) as experimental fish was performed. Larval loaches were kept in net-cage for three months in an e-wastes recycling site and a reference site in Southeastern China. There was significant difference of the survival rate between the loaches from the e-wastes recycling site (27%, 19/70) and from reference site (70%, 49/70). Histopathological responses were also found in all the livers examined in loaches from the e-wastes recycling site. These results showed that mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling led to ecotoxicological effects on loaches. The bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the main pollutants in e-waste, in loaches was also studied, the mean concentration of total PBDEs in sediment was 6726.17 ng/g wet weight and in water samples was 4.08 ng/L (dissolved phase). BDE 209 was the dominant congener in sediment and with relatively high concentration in water. Relatively low concentration of BDE 209 (less than 0.01% of total PBDEs) and high concentration of BDE47 (up to 39.34% of total PBDEs) were detected in loaches.
基金supported by the Wenling Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province (No. 2007-35)
文摘We measured 39 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the muscle tissue of three species of fish (Sciaenops ocellatus,Sparus macrocephalus,and Lateolabrax japonicus) and four species of shellfish (Tegillarca granosa,Cyclina sinensis,Sinonovacula constricta,and Ostrea cucullata) that were collected downstream of electronic-waste recycling plants in Taizhou,China.A total of 24 PBDE congeners (PBDE 24) in the samples were detected.The PBDE 24 (total PBDE) ranged from 545.4 to 1688.7 ng/kg ww (wet weight).The mean PBDE 24 concentration was 1382.6 ng/kg ww in fish and 858.1 ng/kg ww in shellfish.The lower brominated congeners were detected at relatively high concentrations in all species.The penta-products,produced from e-waste,were found at relatively low levels.A principal component analysis suggested a significant correlation among di-,tri-,tetra-,and hepta-BDEs for the three species of fish.Similarly,we found a significant correlation between mono-and tri-BDEs in the shellfish.Our results suggested that the processes of PBDE metabolism and elimination were similar in both fish and shellfish.In addition,the primary source of PBDEs appeared to be from the debromination of high brominated PBDEs.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21277038)
文摘Sixty sediment samples were collected from the main Songhua River in three years. Twelve polybrominated diphenyl ether( PBDE) congeners( BDE17,28,47,66,99,100,153,154,138,183,and BDE-209) were detected to state the pollution situation. The results showed that the total concentration of total PBDEs ranges from 0. 424 to 23. 0 ng / g dry weight,with the mean of 3. 02 ng / g,and the total PBDEs concentration is at relative low level compared with those worldwide. The congener profile showed that BDE-209 is the dominant congener that accounts for more than 80. 1% of total PBDEs in sediments,followed by BDE-47 and BDE-99. These profiles are consistent with a high consumption of Deca-BDEs for the brominated flame retardant market in China. The results of spatial and seasonal observations indicated that local sources,temperature variation, and hydrologic conditions are significant factors on PBDEs concentrations. Hazard quotients suggested that PBDEs pose no potential risk to benthic organisms in detected area at present.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(2003CB415002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20377022) the Guangxi Natural Science Fund(No.0236063)for their financial supports.
文摘Using the molecular electronegativity distance vector descriptors derived directly from the molecular topological structures, the relative retention time (RRT) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were predicted. A four-variable regression model (M30) with the correlation coefficient of 0.9816 and the root mean square errors of 0.061 was developed using a training set including 30 PBDEs. The correlation coefficient of 0.9841 and the root mean square errors of 0.054 between the values of RRT predicted by M30 and the RRT observed for 16 external PBDEs show a good predictive potential of M30. The descriptors included in the M30 represent four interactions between four pairs of atom types, i.e., atom ?C= and C=, C= and >C=, >C= and >C=,C= and Br.
文摘PBDEs are widely used brominated flame retardant, which are increasingly reported in the environment. Concentrations of thirteen PBDEs in a large number of channel catfish and fish feeds collected from Hubei province of China were investigated in this study. A fast isotopic dilution GC-MS method was firstly developed to simultaneously determine thirteen PBDEs in channel catfish and fish feeds in this study, and especially for the first time PBDEs in fish feeds. Pressurized liquid extraction and multi-layer silica gel column chromatography cleanup were used, some important steps and crucial parameters were modified and intensified compared with other literatures, and GC and MS conditions were optimized. The limits of quantitation values of 0.25 - 5 μg·kg-1 wet weight in channel catfish were calculated for PBDEs;so did 1 - 20 μg·kg-1 wet weight in fish feeds. In addition, good repeatability and accuracy of the whole method were achieved. The established methods were therefore suitable for the simultaneous determinations of thirteen PBDEs in these samples at trace contamination levels. Using the established methods, PBDEs emerged in 10 of 180 channel catfish and 13 of 115 fish feeds, and the dominant PBDEs homologues were PBDE-28, PBDE-47, PBDE-100, PBDE-99, PBDE-154, PBDE-153 and PBDE-183. The detection rates of seven PBDEs congeners were in turn respectively 1.74%, 7.83%, 4.35%, 5.22%, 3.48%, 2.61% and 2.61% in fish feeds, and detection rates of seven PBDEs congeners were in turn respectively 1.11%, 3.89%, 2.22%, 1.67%, 1.11%, 1.11% and 1.11% in channel catfish. There was significant correlation in PBDEs between matching channel catfish and fish feeds (R2 = 0.742, P < 0.001, n = 30), suggesting that fish feeds contaminated with PBDEs possibly resulted in PBDEs residual in channel catfish through biological transfer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21707170,21777194 and 22076052)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2021CFB535)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of South-Central MinZu University(No.CZT20019).
文摘Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)are widely used as brominated flame retardants,which had attracted amounts of attention due to their harmful characteristics of high toxicity,environmental persistence and potential bioaccumulation.Many chemical reductive debromination technologies have been developed for the debromination of PBDEs,including photolysis,photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,zero-valent metal reduction,chemically catalytic reduction and mechanochemical method.This review aims to provide information about the degradation thermodynamics and kinetics of PBDEs and summarize the degradation mechanisms in various systems.According to the comparative analysis,the rapid debromination to generate bromine-free products in an electron-transfer process,of which photocatalysis is a representative one,is found to be relatively difficult,because the degradation rate of PBDEs depended on the Br-rich phenyl ring with the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)localization.On the contrary,the complete debromination occurs easily in other systems with active hydrogen atoms as the main reactive species,such as chemically catalytic reduction systems.The review provides the knowledge on the chemical reductive technique of PBDEs,which would greatly help not only clarify the degradation mechanism but also design the more efficient system for the rapid and deep debromination of PBDEs in the future.
文摘This review focuses on the occurrence and interactions of engineered nanoparticles(ENPs)and brominated flame retardants(BFRs)such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in water systems and the generation of highly complex compounds in the environment.The release of ENPs and BFRs(e.g.PBDEs)to aquatic environments during their usage and disposal are summarised together with their key interaction mechanisms.The major interaction mechanisms including electrostatic,van derWaals,hydrophobic,molecular bridging and steric,hydrogen andπ-bonding,cation bridging and ligand exchange were identified.The presence of ENPs could influence the fate and behaviour of PBDEs through the interactions as well as induced reactions under certain conditions which increases the formation of complex compounds.The interaction leads to alteration of behaviour for PBDEs and their toxic effects to ecological receptors.The intermingled compound(ENPs-BFRs)would show different behaviour from the parental ENPs or BFRs,which are currently lack of investigation.This review provided insights on the interactions of ENPs and BFRs in artificial,environmental water systems and wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),which are important for a comprehensive risk assessment.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42077114 and 41771346)the Local Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project of Guangdong Special Support Program(No.2019BT02L218)Zhaoqing University Innovation Research Team Funding Project.
文摘Surfactant enhanced elution is an effective method for removing hydrophobic organic pollutants from soils.The key to the development of leaching technology is selective removal of targeted pollutants in soil washing effluent and recycling of surfactant solutions.In this study,a molecular imprinting technique was applied to selectively sorb polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in soil washing effluent.The novel molecular imprinted polymers(MIPs)using different template molecules were synthesized by precipitation polymerization.Adsorption behaviors andmechanisms ofMIPs were studied through experiments and theoretical calculations.The results show that 4-bromo-4'-hydroxybiphenyl and toluene can be effective imprinting molecule for MIPs synthesis.The maximal adsorption capacity of selected dummy molecular imprinted polymer(D1-MIP)was 1032.36μmol/g,and that of part molecular imprinted polymer(P-MIP)was 981.13μmol/g.Their imprinting factors in 5 PBDEs adsorption ranged from 2.13 to 5.88,the recovery percentage of Triton X-100 can reach 99.09%,confirming the feasibility of reusing surfactant.Various PBDEs could be removed by MIPs,and Quantitative Structure Property Relationship analysis revealed that PBDEs’molecular volume,planarity,polarity,and hydrophobicity have major influences on their adsorption performance.DFT calculation revealed that Van derWaals force and hydrogen bonding played important roles during selective adsorption.These results can provide effective theoretical guidance for surfactant enhanced soil elution in practical engineering applications.
基金supported by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program,Grant number P42ES013648.
文摘Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)have been used as flame retardants in various building materials,plastic and other polymers,airplanes,electronics,etc.All or some of their congeners have been already banned in many countries,due to their persistency and adverse health effects.In this study,we are focusing on e-wastes as a source of emission of PBDEs in ambient air during reclamation processes.The ambient air particulate matter(PM)samples were collected at and near an e-waste reclamation site in Bangkok,Thailand.Results showed the presence of various homologues,viz:tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,and hepta-PBDEs in both PM2.5 and total suspended particle(TSP)samples.The comparison of samples as a function of distance from the reclamation site indicated elevated levels of PBDEs in close proximity to the e-waste site.Interestingly,a shift in the congener pattern was observed with lower brominated PBDEs being more prevalent in nearby off-site samples as compared to the PM collected at the e-waste site.The total penta-PBDEs concentration is almost double in the e-waste site PM2.5 compared to the control site samples.For TSP,tetra,penta,and hepta-PBDEs congeners are at higher concentrations at the e-waste sites and its vicinity compared to reference sites.Overall,a clear trend can be observed indicating a debromination of PBDEs to more toxic tri and tetra congeners during the reclamation process and PBDEs are being translocated from treated materials to ambient air PM.BDE 30 is uniquely detected in our studies as a dominant final debromination product,that can be used as a marker of thermal e-waste activity.This work indicates potential hazards related to the reclamation of e-wastes and remediation of sites containing PBDEs.In particular,thermal treatment methods can lead to congener transformation and increased emissions of more toxic lower brominated congeners.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20507023)the 985 Project of Minzu University of China (No. CUN985-3-3)the 111 Project of Minzu University of China (No. B08044)
文摘Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in atmosphere and soil samples taken in winter and summer at a PBDE production area of Laizhou Bay in China.The concentrations of 11 PBDE were 0.017-1.17 ng/m 3 in gaseous phase,0.5-161.1 ng/m 3 in particulate phase,and 73-2629 ng/g dry weight in soil samples.The PBDE congener pattern in the gaseous phase differed from that in the particulate phase,and the PBDE congener pattern in the particulate phase was similar with that in soil.This demonstrated that there was little difference with atmospheric particle-soil transfer efficiency among PBDE congeners.In addition,there were seasonal variations in percentages on particle for lower brominated congeners.The BDE-28 was mostly in the gaseous phase in summer (88.3%),whereas the average proportion of BDE-28 in gaseous phase in winter was 38.9%.Higher brominated congeners (i.e.,BDE-206,BDE207,BDE-208,and BDE-209) were bound to the atmospheric particulate phase,and their potentials for long-range migration were mainly affected by the environmental behavior of atmospheric particles.Results indicated that PBDE congeners in summer were closer to gas-particle partition equilibrium than in winter.Temperature should be considered the main factor causing nonequilibrium in winter.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973) of China(No. 2006CB403306)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30870311)
文摘Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE).The concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in sediments ranged from 5.5 to 300.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 68.2 ng/g dw,respectively.Their levels in sediments in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.Compared to data from other regions,the PBDE levels in surface sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River were in the medium to lower range.Among the PBDE congeners,BDE209 was predominant,with contributions to the total PBDEs ranging from 79.4% to 97.3% in sediment samples.For the lowly brominated congeners (tri-to hepta-BDE),BDE47 and BDE99 were the most abundant,which contributed 52.1% and 44.1% to the sum of tri-to hepta-BDEs in the sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River,respectively.The compositional patterns of PBDEs in Baiyangdian Lake sediments indicated that technical deca-BDE mixture was the major pollutant sources with a minor contribution of penta-BDE mixture.The present study suggested that the importance of Fuhe River as a possibly potential sources of PBDEs contamination in Baiyangdian Lake.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41103054,40821003,41073081)the Earmarked Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (No. OGL-200905)
文摘Accelerated industrialization and urbanization,and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment(e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants(BFRs).This review summarized the levels,trends,and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes(HBCDs),1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane(BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane(DBDPE) in wildlife from China.PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia,and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America.However,wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world,suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions.The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife,revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals,in addition to PBDEs.Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s,but decreased from the middle of 2000s,followed by relatively steady levels.In contrast,HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007,indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years.Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts,aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE28 and 209,respectively,suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs.Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed.Additionally,focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination,and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21177148)
文摘Areas containing industrial facilities belonging to three diferent typical industries that may cause pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in Beijing, China were investigated. Specifically, the areas contained a solid waste incineration plant, a chemical factory, and a heat and power plant. Investigation of the pollution status of PBDEs in the surface soil from areas around these industries revealed the highest concentration of 42 PBDE congeners(118 ng/g, dry mass) at the solid waste incineration plant. In the other two plants, the highest concentrations were both 26 ng/g(dry mass). Among the PBDE homologues, the PBDE contamination at all sites showed similar congener compositions, with BDE 209 being the dominant congener. Our findings established the first contamination status of three typical industrial areas in Beijing. Furthermore, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners tended to decrease as the distance from the investigated plants increased. Overall, these plants were identified as potential pollution sources of PBDEs in Beijing. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the major PBDE source in Beijing may be associated with the technical deca-BDE and penta-BDE mixture. Based on the data obtained in this preliminary investigation, further study of the potential of these sources to emit PBDEs in Beijing is warranted.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-YW-420-3,KZCX2-YW-Q-02-05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20437020,20677074)
文摘The levels and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in chicken tissues from an electronic waste(e-waste) recycling area in southeast China were investigated.Human dietary intake by local residents via chicken muscle and eggs was estimated.The mean PBDEs concentrations in tissues ranged from 15.2 to 3138.1 ng/g lipid weight(lw) and in egg the concentration was 563.5 ng/g lw.The results showed that the level of total PBDEs(ΣPBDEs) in the chicken tissue was 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported in the literature.The large difference of ΣPBDEs concentrations between tissues confirmed that the distribution of PBDEs in tissues depend on tissue-specificity rather than the "lipid-compartment".BDE-209 was the predominant congener(82.5%-94.7% of ΣPBDEs) in all chicken tissues except in brain(34.7% of ΣPBDEs),which indicated that deca-BDE(the major commercial PBDE formulation comprising 65%-70% of total production) was major pollution source in this area and could be bioaccumulated in terrestrial animals.The dietary PBDEs intake of the local residents from chicken muscle and egg,assuming only local bred chickens and eggs were consumed,ranged from 2.2 to 22.5 ng/(day·kg body weight(bw)) with a mean value of 13.5 ng/(day·kg bw),which was one order of magnitude higher than the value reported in previous studies for consumption of all foodstuffs.
基金Supported by the State Key Basic Research Project (973 Project) of China (Grant No. 2003CB415002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40525012,20507018 and 40632012)
文摘The spatial,temporal,and vertical distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) in water columns from the Zhujiang River Estuary were examined,and the partition behavior of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases was investigated in the present study.The results show that the distributions of PBDEs concentrations in the water varied with the sampling seasons.The PBDEs concentrations in water samples were lower in May 2005,when the brackish water was dominant in the estuary,than in October 2005,when fresh water from river runoff dominated the estuary.The spatial distribution of PBDEs in October 2005 indicated that the river runoff was the major mode to input PBDEs to the estuary,and the concentration of PBDEs in water might be dissolved organic carbon(DOC) dependence.The spatial and vertical distributions of PBDEs in May 2005 were relatively homogeneous,and SPM was the major factor on controlling the levels of PBDEs in this sampling time.Both DOC and POC could play certain roles in determining the distribution and partition of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases,but their effects varied with the water properties.
基金supported by the Chinese Public Welfare Projects on Environmental Protection (No. 201309030)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21077102 and 41201491)
文摘Concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether(PBDE) congeners were measured in river sediments, paddy soils and three species of paddy-field organisms(crab, loach and carp) collected from the Liaohe River Basin, northeastern China. The total contents of PBDEs(∑_(16)PBDEs) in sediments and paddy soils were in the ranges of 273.4–3246.3 pg/g dry weight(dw), and 192.1–1783.8 pg/g dw, respectively. BDE 209 was the dominant congener both in sediments and paddy soils. The concentrations of ∑_(16)PBDEs in sediments were significantly higher than those in the adjacent paddy soils, indicating a potential transport of PBDEs from river to paddy ecosystems via river water irrigation. The biota–soil accumulation factor(BSAF) was calculated as the ratio between the lipid-normalized concentration in paddyfield organisms and the total organic carbon-normalized concentration in paddy soil. The average BSAF values of ∑15PBDEs followed the sequence of crab(3.6) > loach(3.3) > carp(2.1). BDE 154 had the highest BSAF value, and a parabolic trend between BSAF values of individual PBDE congeners and their log KOWvalues was observed. In view of the fact that crab had the larger BSAF value and higher lipid content, the ecological risk and health risk for crab cultivation in paddy fields should be of particular concern.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40906061)the "Two Districts" Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No.2011-Yellow-19)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Plan Projects of Qingdao (No.12-1-3-64-nsh)the Talent Foundation of Qingdao Agricultural University (No.630642)
文摘The growth, cellular total lipids, bioaccumulation amount, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 2,4,4 ′ -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) in a semi-continuous culture of Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied in relation to nitrate (0, 128, and 512 μmol/L) and phosphate (0, 8, and 32 μmol/L) concentrations. The BDE28, BDE47, and BDE99 content per cell under 0 μmol N/L were 3.77 × 10 6 , 3.95 × 10 6 , and 4.32 × 10 6 ng/cell, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. A nearly 5-fold increase in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) content per algal cell was found between 0 and 8 μmol P/L and between 8 and 32 μmol P/L. With increasing N and P concentrations, the PBDE content per volume of algal culture and the accumulation percentage of available PBDEs declined slightly. The BAFs for the PBDEs based on lipids showed that the logBAF lip under 0 μmol N/L was higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. The logBAF lip under 0 μmol P/L was higher than that under 8 μmol P/L but lower than that under 32 μmol P/L. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between nutrient concentration and cellular total lipids, as well as the PBDE content per cell. The results indicate that different N and P concentrations change the total lipids content of P. donghaiense, thereby resulting in varying PBDE accumulation.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2003CB415001)Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-431)
文摘Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals in two sediment cores, taken from the Dagu Drainage River, were determined. The contamination trends of these three kinds of compounds were obtained. The results showed that concentrations of PBDEs increased in recent years; there were new contamination sources for OCPs in this area; contamination levels of heavy metals had no significant change in the last several years. Comparing the results of these two cores, erosion and dilution of seawater had different effects on the transportation of these compounds.
